US20040190828A1 - Wavelength tunable filter device for fiber optic systems - Google Patents

Abstract

A wavelength tunable filter for optical communication systems has an optical fiber containing a Bragg grating disposed within a compliant support block. A length of the fiber is wrapped in a spiral of fixed pitch around the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical polymer support block. The support block is placed within a support frame to which a micrometer screw assembly is attached and oriented to apply a variable mechanical load substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical support block. Application of the load introduces a strain on the support block, changing the period of the refractive index in the fiber Bragg grating with a resulting shift in the Bragg reflection peak.

Description

BACKGROUND
• 1. Field of Invention[0001]
• This invention relates to devices for use in optical communication systems. More specifically, it relates to tunable filters for optical communications systems.[0002]
• 2. Discussion of Related Art[0003]
• The current trend towards increased channel density in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication systems, with increasing numbers of channels per fiber and increasingly narrow channel bandwidths, has intensified the need for simple, efficient methods to precisely control signal flow and content. A basic requirement for this technology is the availability of a tunable optical filter. Such a device may be used as a dynamic channel selector in a WDM system, as part of a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer, or as a component in an optical monitor. Desired device characteristics include a well-defined passband and a small insertion loss. Chromatic and polarization-mode dispersion attributable to the filter should also be minimized.[0004]
• Conventional fiber Bragg gratings are commonly used in fiber optic systems for selectively controlling and modifying specific wavelength bands of light. A grating reflects light in a well-defined, narrow bandwidth centered around a wavelength directly related to the period of the grating. Such a device may be used as a tunable filter if the grating period can be controllably and reversibly altered. This has been accomplished in the past with such methods as the application of heat to a material rigidly attached to the grating fiber, with the subsequent thermally induced strain to the grating and temperature dependent changes in the refractive index altering the grating period, and thus shifting the reflected waveband peak. One drawback to such an approach is a relatively slow response time. Others have employed piezoelectric actuators attached to the portion of fiber containing the Bragg grating in such a fashion as to stretch it on application of an applied voltage. The strain produced by piezoelectric actuation however, is relatively small, which limits the tuning range of the device. Another potential disadvantage of this method is the need for continuous application of relatively high voltages.[0005]
• A copending patent application commonly assigned to the same assignee as this application describes a tunable dispersion compensating device in which a fiber Bragg grating is embedded in a compliant material at an angle to a load-bearing surface (“Tunable Dispersion Compensating Bandwidth Device for Fiber Optic System,” Application No. 09/957,022 filed Sep. 21, 2001), the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. In that device, a non-linear strain results from an applied load on the load bearing surface to result in a chirped Bragg grating within the fiber.[0006]
SUMMARY
• A wavelength tunable filter device for fiber optic systems has a compliant support block that has a longitudinal axis and a load-receiving surface oriented substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The load receiving surface is capable of receiving a load substantially orthogonal to said surface. The device also has a portion of fiber containing a Bragg grating disposed in the compliant support block and extending substantially along, and at an angle to said longitudinal axis.[0007]
• A wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system has a plurality of optical transmitters, an optical multiplexer in optical communication with the plurality of optical transmitters, a signal transmission waveguide in optical communication with the optical multiplexer, a wavelength tunable optical filter unit in optical communication with the signal transmission waveguide, an optical demultiplexer in optical communication with the signal transmission waveguide, and a plurality of receivers in communication with the demultiplexers.[0008]
• The wavelength tunable optical filter unit has a compliant support block having a longitudinal axis and a load-receiving surface oriented substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The load-receiving surface is suitable to receive an applied load in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. A portion of fiber containing a Bragg grating is disposed in the compliant support block and extends substantially along, and at an angle to, the longitudinal axis of the compliant support block.[0009]
• A method of making a wavelength tunable optical filter device for optical communications systems includes disposing a portion of fiber containing a Bragg grating into a cylindrical mold, pouring support material into the cylindrical mold, said support material being compliant when it sets, and attaching a load-supplying assembly to a top surface of the support material.[0010]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent and more readily apparent and more readily appreciated from the following detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:[0011]
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a wavelength-tunable optical filter according to an embodiment of the invention;[0012]
• FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wavelength-tunable optical filter according to an embodiment of the invention wherein glass microspheres are dispersed within the compliant support block;[0013]
• FIG. 3 shows the reflection spectra of a wavelength-tunable optical filter unit, according to an embodiment of the invention, for several values of applied load;[0014]
• FIG. 4 is a plot of applied load, as related to micrometer setting, as a function of the reflected wavelength peak for a wavelength tunable optical filter unit according to an embodiment of the invention;[0015]
• FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an optical add/drop multiplexer which utilizes a plurality of wavelength tunable optical filters according to the present invention; and[0016]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system which utilizes a wavelength tunable optical filter unit according to an embodiment of the invention.[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
• In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular optical and electrical circuits, circuit components, techniques, etc. in order to facilitate a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, the invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. The terms optical and light are used in a broad sense in this description to include both visible and non-visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Currently, infrared light is used extensively in transmitting signals in optical communications systems. Infrared light is included within the broad meaning of the term light as used herein.[0018]
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the invention. A wavelength-tunable[0019]optical filter110 has a cylindrically shapedcompliant support block112 that has alongitudinal axis114 and a load-receivingsurface116 oriented substantially orthogonal to thelongitudinal axis114. A portion ofoptical fiber118 having at least a section with a fiber Bragg grating written therein is disposed within the cylindrically shapedcompliant support block112, a fiber Bragg grating being a length of optical fiber along which the refractive index varies periodically and which reflects light in a narrow wavelength band centered about a wavelength directly related to the periodicity. In one embodiment of the invention, said portion ofoptical fiber118 is wrapped around a pre-set cylindrical or conically shapedpiece130. Thecylindrical support block112 is placed within asupport frame120. The side of saidcylindrical support block112 is left exposed so as to allow for expansion on application of an applied load in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. A machinedfixture122, suitable to hold a micrometer screw assembly, is attached to the support frame. Arigid plate124 is placed proximate to one end face of saidcylindrical support block112. Amicrometer screw assembly126 is attached to themachined fixture122 proximate to therigid plate124. Amicrometer screw128 is in contact with the rigidcircular plate124, and oriented substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis114 of thecylindrical support block112.
• The[0020]support block112 is composed of a material which may be compressed or stretched by an applied force in a substantially reversible fashion, such that its initial shape is substantially restored on removal of the applied force. Suitable materials from which to make thecompliant support block112 include elastic and visco-elastic polymers, but are not limited to those materials. In an alternative embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2,glass microspheres210 may be dispersed within thecompliant support block112 in order to alter the mechanical properties of the block.
• In one embodiment the[0021]compliant support block112 is fabricated by pouring the selected support block material into a cylindrical mold within which said portion offiber118 containing the fiber Bragg grating is held in place. This may be accomplished by wrapping said portion offiber118 containing the fiber Bragg grating around said pre-set cylindrical or conically shapedpiece130, or other suitably shaped piece, comprised of the material of which the compliant support block is to be made. Said portion offiber118 containing the fiber Bragg grating may then be held in place on the piece around which it is wrapped with a suitable adhesive, and said piece is then inserted into the cylindrical mold before pouring of the support block material into the mold. Said portion offiber118 may also be pre-coated with support block material before pouring to assure good adhesion to the fiber. In one embodiment said portion offiber118 is wrapped in a spiral fashion, at a fixed pitch and radius, within thecompliant support block112. The axis of the fiber spiral is coincident with the longitudinal axis of thecylindrical support block112. In a prototype of the current invention an8 mm length of fiber was embedded within the support block. The optical fiber enters and exits through the side of thecylindrical support block112 in the prototype, but other entrance and exit locations are possible.
• An aluminum alloy is a suitable material for said[0022]rigid plate124. However, saidplate124 is not limited to only aluminum alloys.
• In the described embodiment the[0023]micrometer screw assembly126 has onemicrometer screw128, but themicrometer screw assembly126 may have a plurality of micrometer screws in other embodiments.
• In this embodiment the invention functions by adjustment of the[0024]micrometer screw128 to apply a downward variable load to therigid plate124, the direction of the load being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of thecylindrical support block112 and substantially uniform over the area of the cylinder end face. The load is transferred through therigid plate118 to thecylindrical support block112, resulting in a radial deformation of thecylindrical support block112. This deformation produces an axial strain on the embedded portion offiber118, with the exact strain profile dependent on the precise location and orientation of the fiber within thesupport block112. The resultant strain on the embedded portion offiber118 causes an expansion in the period of the Bragg grating contained therein, and thus an upward shift in the Bragg wavelength of the device.
• It should be noted that the applied load may be generated in any number of ways, including a stepper motor, a DC motor, piezoelectric elements, etc., instead of a micrometer(s).[0025]
• It should also be noted that the invention may be configured such that the portion of fiber containing a Bragg grating is subject to a compressive force. As optical fibers are more tolerant of compression, this may lead to larger tuning ranges.[0026]
• The invention may be used in either a transmission or reflection mode, with no restrictions as to how the signal is routed, including the use of a circulator.[0027]
• The reflection spectra of the invention were measured with an optical spectrum analyzer for a range of applied loads. Reflection spectra are shown as a function of micrometer setting in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 is a graph of the Bragg reflection peak as a function of micrometer setting.[0028]
• A wavelength tunable optical filtering device according to the invention may be installed at various points within an optical communication system. Such a device may be used as a dynamic channel selector in a WDM system, as part of a reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer, or as a component in an optical monitor; but would not be limited to those applications.[0029]
• FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of an add-[0030]drop multiplexer500 which utilizes wavelength tunable optical filters according to an embodiment of the present invention. Theincoming signal502, containing a plurality of wavelengths, entersinterleaver504 and exits interleaver504 split intooptical signal path506 andoptical signal path508. Each optical signal enters a separate circulator.Optical signal path506 entersfirst circulator510 atport512 and exits atport514 to be directed intopath516. Inpath516 are disposed a series of tunable fiber-Bragg grating assemblies517A,517B,517C, etc. for selecting respectively wavelength λ₁₁, λ₁₂and λ₁₃. Each tunable fiber Bragg grating assembly may be a tunable fitter according to the invention such as thetunable filter110. While three Bragg gratings are shown inpath516, it is understood that there can be one grating, two or more gratings. Each fiber Bragg grating is configured to reflect a portion of optical wavelengths, included in the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal, to circulatorport514 while transmitting the remaining wavelengths, that is wavelengths other than λ₁₁, λ₁₁and λ₁₃. The wavelengths being transmitted correspond to the optical channels to be dropped while the wavelengths reflected towardscirculator port514, to be output bycirculator510 through theoptical port518, correspond to the through channel.
• Similarly,[0031]optical signal path508 enterssecond circulator520 atport522 and exits atport524 to be directed intopath526. Inpath526 are disposed a series of fiber-Bragg gratings527A,527B,527C for selecting respectively wavelength λ₂₁, λ₂₂, λ₂₃. While three Bragg gratings are shown inpath526, it is understood that that there can also be one grating, two or more than three gratings. Each fiber Bragg grating is configured to reflect a portion of optical wavelengths included in the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal tocirculator port524 while transmitting the remaining wavelengths, that is wavelengths other than λ₂₁, λ₂₂, λ₂₃. The wavelengths being transmitted correspond to the optical channels to be dropped while the wavelengths reflected towardscirculator port524, to be output bycirculator520 through theoptical port528, correspond to the through channel.
• [0032]Optical path519, optically communicating with thethird circulator port518, is configured to receive optical wavelengths output by thethird circulator port518 corresponding to the channels not dropped from the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal inpath506. The channels in theoptical path519, consisting of λ₁₁, λ₁₂, and λ₁₃correspond to the through channels.
• Similarly,[0033]Optical path529, optically communicating with thethird circulator port528, is configured to receive optical wavelengths output by thethird circulator port528 corresponding to the channels not dropped from the wavelength division multiplexed optical communication signal inpath508. The channels in theoptical path529, consisting of λ₂₁, λ₂₂, and λ₂₃correspond to the through channels.
• [0034]Optical path519 connected to the third optical port of thefirst circulator510 carrying wavelengths λ₁₁, λ₁₂, and λ₁₃andoptical path529 connected to the third optical port of thesecond circulator520 carrying wavelengths λ₂₁, λ₂₂, and λ₂₃are connected to processing unit530 comprising optical amplification, channel equalization, recombination and addition. Processing unit530 amplifies, equalizes, combines and adjusts the two signals carried by the twopaths519 and529.
• The optical[0035]channel control unit540 allows for maintaining the fiber Bragg grating within the band guard for selecting the desired wavelengths. In other words, channel-monitoring unit540, allows for precise wavelength monitoring and feedback to tuning elements as described previously.
• The reconfigurable add/drop multiplexer illustrated demonstrates both flexibility and scalability. It is shown that two optical signals can be treated at the same time, and more than two optical signals can be treated in this way by splitting the incoming optical signal into more optical sub-signals and adding circulators and fiber Bragg grating lines to select wavelengths in each optical sub-signal.[0036]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a wavelength division multiplexed[0037]optical communication system600 that utilizes a wavelength tunableoptical filter unit110 according to an embodiment of the invention. The wavelength division multiplexedoptical communication system600 has a plurality ofoptical transmitters602, anoptical multiplexer604 in communication with the plurality ofoptical transmitters602, asignal transmission waveguide606 in optical communication with theoptical multiplexer604, anoptical demultiplexer608 in optical communication with thesignal transmission waveguide606 and a plurality ofreceivers610 in optical communication with the optical demultiplexer. The wavelength tunableoptical filter unit110 may be inserted at various points within theoptical communication system600, such as along the path of thesignal transmission waveguide606, at either end of thesignal transmission waveguide606, between any one of theoptical transmitters602 andoptical multiplexer604, or between any one of theoptical receivers610 and theoptical demultiplexer608. FIG. 6 illustrates the example in which the wavelength tunableoptical filter unit110 is inserted along the path of thesignal transmission waveguide606. One may also include more than one wavelength tunable optical filter unit within an optical communication system, as needed.

Claims (12)

1-12. Cancelled.

13. A method of filtering an optical signal, comprising:

coupling an optical signal into an optical fiber;

receiving a filtered optical signal out of said optical fiber; and

varying a load applied to a compliant support block having at least a portion of said optical fiber embedded therein,

wherein said portion of said optical fiber embedded in said compliant support block has a periodic variation in refractive index along at least a portion thereof to form a fiber Bragg grating in said optical fiber.

14. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 13,

wherein said varying said load applied to said compliant support block changes a transmission characteristic of said fiber Bragg grating.

15. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 13,

wherein said compliant support block has a substantially cylindrical shape, and

wherein said varying said load applied to said compliant support block comprises changing a compressional force applied between opposing ends of said compliant support block.

16. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 13, wherein said filtered optical signal is reflected from said fiber Bragg grating.

17. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 13, wherein said filtered optical signal is transmitted through said fiber Bragg grating.

18. Canceled

19. A method of making a tunable optical filter, comprising:

disposing an optical fiber having at least a fiber Bragg grating portion into a substantially cylindrical mold;

pouring support material into a substantially cylindrical mold, said support material being compliant when it sets; and

allowing said support material to set.

20. A method of making a tunable optical filter according toclaim 19, further comprising attaching a load-supplying assembly to said support material.

21. A method of making a tunable optical filter according toclaim 19, further comprising attaching said optical fiber having said fiber Bragg grating portion to a core of pre-set support material prior to said pouring support material into said substantially cylindrical mold.

22. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 13, wherein said optical signal coupled into said optical fiber is a wavelength division multiplexed optical signal having a plurality of signal channels.

23. A method of filtering an optical signal according toclaim 22, wherein said filtered optical signal is a single channel selected from said plurality of signal channels.

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