US20040185116A1 - Polyoxometalate materials, metal-containing materials, and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a polyoxometalate topical composition for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising a topical carrier and at least one polyoxometalate, with the proviso that the polyoxometalate is not H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅Si(H₂O)Mn_IIIW₁₁O₃₉; K₄Si(H₂O)Mn^IVW₁₁O₃₉; or K₅Co^IIIW₁₂O₄₀. The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting the polyoxometalate topical composition of the present invention with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment. The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a polyoxometalate powder or a polyoxometalate coating with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment. The invention further relates to a modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, or a combination thereof. The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a modified material with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate. The invention further relates to a modified material for removing a contaminant from an environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material comprising a topical carrier, a powder, a coating, or a fabric, and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate. The invention further relates to an article comprising the modified material of the present invention.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims priority upon U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/158,952, filed on Oct. 12, 1999, and the contents of which are herein incorporated by this reference in their entirety.[0001]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to materials containing a polyoxometalate or a metal compound, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate. The invention further relates to methods for removing a contaminant from an environment by contacting the environment with a polyoxometalate material or a non-polyoxometalate material.[0002]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Decreasing the potential danger of contaminants from the environment has long been a significant issue. For example, the removal of offensive odors originating from cigarette smoke, sweat, exhaust gases, and rotten food in the work place, the home, and elsewhere would be quite beneficial to the public-at-large. Additionally, materials that can remove highly toxic contaminants, such as chemical warfare agents (CWAs), from the environment can ultimately reduce a soldier's exposure to the agent. Examples of materials that would be useful include creams, powders, coatings, and fabrics.[0003]
• Creams, also referred to as topical skin protectants (TSPs), have been developed to protect soldiers from the threat of dermal exposure to chemical warfare agents. TSPs require an inert material which can be applied on the skin in a thin layer to form an antipenetrant barrier to CWAs or other contact irritants that will not interfere excessively with normal skin functions. A preferred TSP affords protection against CWAs and other toxic or irritating materials in all of the forms in which they might be encountered (e.g., liquid, aerosolized liquid and vapor). Perhaps the best-known vesicant CWA is 2,2′-dichlorodiethylsulfide (also known as “HD” or “sulfur mustard”), which was first used during World War I. Improved TSPs, however, are needed for protecting military personnel and civilians from percutaneous exposure to CWAs and protecting the skin from contact dermatitis arising from other sources as well.[0004]
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,979 to McCreery discloses topical creams formed from about 35% to about 50% fine particulates of certain poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) resins dispersed in perfluorinated polyether oils having viscosities from about 20 cSt to about 350 cSt. The creams afford protection against chemical warfare agents such as sulfur mustard (HD), lewisite (L), sulfur mustard/Lewisite mixtures (HL), pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman or GD), thickened soman (TGD) and O-ethyl-S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX). These creams, however, can only provide limited exposure to a CWA for a short period of time. Furthermore, the creams cannot convert the CWA to an inactive form, which will reduce the overall toxicity of the CWA.[0005]
• Thus, there is a need for a material, which is also referred to herein as a support, that can remove a contaminant from the environment for an extended period of time. The incorporation of a polyoxometalate (herein referred to as “POM”) into a material such as a cream, coating, powder, or fabric, is one approach to removing a contaminant from an environment. Gall et al. ([0006]Chem. Mat.8, pp. 2523-2527, 1996) disclose the immobilization of H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀on carbon cloth in order to determine the ability of H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀to remove sulfur containing compounds from toluene. Johnson et al. (Proc. ERDEC Sci. Conf. Chem. Biol. Def. Res.,1998, pp. 393-399) disclose suspending H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅Si(H₂O)Mn^IIIW₁₁O₃₉; K₄Si(H₂O )Mn^IVW₁₁O₃₉; or K₅Co^IIIW₁₂O₄₀in a perflouropolyether barrier cream to determine the creams ability to detect the presence of mustard gas. Johnson et al., however, is not concerned with the removal of the mustard gas from the gas phase.
• The prior art also discloses the incorporation of polyoxometalates into powders and coatings. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,469 to Curcio et al. disclose a metal pigment composition suitable for the formation of a coating composition. The coating composition is composed of a solvent, a metal pigment, at least one phosphosilicate pigment, and at least one heteropoly anion. The metal pigment particles possess increased stability against attack by water. Japanese patent application number 4054127 to Terumo Corp. discloses the use of heteropoly acid salts as anti-tumor agents. The heteropoly acid salts can be administered in the form of a powder or suspended in solution. Although the prior art discloses a number of different applications of polyoxometalate powders or coatings, the art does not disclose the use of a powder or coating containing a polyoxometalate to remove a contaminant from the environment.[0007]
• In light of the above, it would be very desirable to have an article and a method of using an article for the removal of toxic and/or malodorous compounds without adding stoichiometric amounts of additives or compounds to the article. The present invention solves such a need in the art while providing surprising advantages. The present invention herein incorporates a polyoxometalate (POM) into a material such as a topical carrier, powder, or coating, which greatly increases the ability of the to remove a contaminant from the environment. The present invention also incorporates a metal compound, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate, into a in order to remove a contaminant from the environment.[0008]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 shows the consumption of oxygen and formation of CEESO as a function of time.[0009]
• FIG. 2 shows CEESO formation as a function of time using 1Au/2Cu/3NO[0010]₃; 2Cu/3NO₃; and 1Au/3NO₃.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with the purpose(s) of this invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, this invention, in one aspect, relates to a polyoxometalate topical composition for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising a topical carrier and at least one polyoxometalate, with the proviso that the polyoxometalate is not H[0011]₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅Si(H₂O)Mn^IIIW₁₁O₃₉; K₄Si(H₂O )Mn^IVW₁₁O₃₉; or K₅Co^IIIW₁₂O₄₀.
• The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting the polyoxometalate topical composition of the present invention with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.[0012]
• The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a polyoxometalate powder or a polyoxometalate coating with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.[0013]
• The invention further relates to a modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, or a combination thereof.[0014]
• The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a modified material with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate.[0015]
• The invention further relates to a modified material for removing a contaminant from an environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material comprising a topical carrier, a powder, a coating, or a fabric, and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate.[0016]
• The invention further relates to an article comprising the modified of the present invention.[0017]
• Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention.[0018]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention and the Examples included therein.[0019]
• Before the present methods and articles are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to specific synthetic methods or to particular formulations, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.[0020]
• In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:[0021]
• The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.[0022]
• “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.[0023]
• In accordance with the purpose(s) of this invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, this invention, in one aspect, relates to a polyoxometalate topical composition for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising a topical carrier and at least one polyoxometalate, with the proviso that the polyoxometalate is not H[0024]₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅Si(H₂O)Mn^IIIW₁₁O₃₉; K₄Si(H₂O)Mn^IVW₁₁O₃₉; or K₅Co^IIIW₁₂O₄₀.
• The invention further relates to a modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, or a combination thereof.[0025]
• The invention further relates to a modified material for removing a contaminant from an environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material comprising a topical carrier, a powder, a coating, or a fabric, and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate.[0026]
• The invention further relates to an article comprising the modified material of the present invention.[0027]
• Many polyoxometalates known in the art can be used in the present invention to remove a contaminant from an environment. Polyoxometalates are also referred to in the art as heteropoly compounds, heteropoly acids, isopoly compounds, and isopoly acids, which are subsets of polyoxometalates. Examples of polyoxometalates useful in the present invention are disclosed in Pope, M. T. in[0028]Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates,Springer Verlag, 1983, andChemical Reviews, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 1-389, 1998, which are incorporated by this reference in their entirety.
• The selection of the polyoxometalate used in the present invention is dependent upon the contaminant or contaminants to be removed from the environment. In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate has the[0029]formula 1 of [V_kMo_mW_nNb_oTa_pM_qX_rO_s]^y−[A], wherein M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, or tantalum; X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element, wherein X is not oxygen; k is from 0 to 30; m is from 0 to 160; n is from 0 to 160; o is from 0 to 10; p is from 0 to 10; q is from 0 to 30; r is from 0 to 30; s is sufficiently large that y is greater than zero; and y is greater than zero, wherein the sum of k, m, n, o, and p is greater than or equal to four; and the sum of k, m, and q is greater than zero, and A is one or more different counterions. In one embodiment, s is from 19 to 460. The charge on the POM, y, is dictated by the values of k, m, n, o, p, q, r and s. The p-, d-, and f-block elements can exist in any oxidation state.
• Generally, M can be any d-block element having at least one d-electron or f-block element having at least one f-electron. Typically, M comprises titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, copper, rhodium, silver, palladium, platinum, mercury, ruthenium, cerium, or europium. In a preferred embodiment, M comprises manganese, cobalt, or ruthenium In another embodiment, X comprises phosphorus, silicon, aluminum boron, cobalt, zinc, or iron. When the polyoxometalate has the Keggin structure XM[0030]₁₂, then it is possible for X and at least one M to be the same d- or f-block element. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the metal ion M of the polyoxometalate of the present invention is responsible for removing the contaminant from the gas phase, while X, when present, provides structural integrity to the polyoxometalate.
• In one embodiment, the sum of k and q is greater than or equal to one, the sum of k, m, n, o, p, and q is 12, and s is 40. In yet another embodiment, k is not zero. In another embodiment, q is not zero.[0031]
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0032]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_b^j+M_c^h+Z_12−b−cⁱ⁺O_x]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one p, d-, or f-block element; g is greater than or equal to 2; M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium; h is from 1 to 7; i is from 5 to 6; j is from 4 to 5; x is 39 or 40; Z is tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; b is from 0 to 6; c is from 0 to 6; u is from 3 to 9; and A is a counterion. The values of u, x, i b, c, g, h, and j will vary depending upon the selection of X, M, and Z. The variables are related to one another and can be derived by the following formula:
• u=2(x)−i(12−b−c)−g−c(h)−b(j)
• The values of h, i and j are average charges, and depend upon the selection and number of X, M, Z, and V present in the POM. For example, when Z is Nb[0033]⁺⁵and Nb⁺6 (i.e., two Nb atoms present in the POM), the value of i+ is 5.5.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0034]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_b^j+Z_12−bⁱ⁺O₄₀]^u−[A], where X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; b is from 1 to 6, and u is from 3 to 9.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0035]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the structure [X^g+M_c^h+Z_12−cⁱ⁺O₄₀]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; c is from 1 to 6, and u is from 3 to 9.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0036]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+V_u^s+M_v^t+Z_18−u−v^y+O_z]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element; r is greater than or equal to 1; M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium; t is from 1 to 7; s is from 4 to 5; Z is tungsten, molybdenum niobium, or a combination thereof; u is from 0 to 9; v is from 0 to 9; y is from 5 to 6; z is 61 or 62; w is greater than or equal to 4; and A is a counterion. Similar to the formula above, the values of r, s, t, u, v, w, y, and z, will vary depending upon the selection of X, M, and Z. The variables are related to one another and can be derived by the following formula:
• w=2(z)−y(18−u−v)−2r−v(t)−u(s)
• The values of r, s, t, and y are also average charges, and depend upon the selection and number of X, M, Z, and V atoms present in the POM.[0037]
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0038]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+V_u^s+Z_18−u^y+O₆₂]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; u is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0039]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+M_v^t+Z_18−v^y+O₆₂]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; v is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0040]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [YV_pZ_12−pO₄₀][A], wherein Y is phosphorus, silicon, or aluminum; Z is tungsten or molybdenum; p is from 1 to 6, and A is a counterion. In one embodiment, Y is phosphorus and Z is molybdenum. In one embodiment, Y is phosphorus and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is silicon and Z is molybdenum. In one embodiment, Y is silicon and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is aluminum and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is aluminum and Z is molybdenum.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0041]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_bM^h+_cZ_12−b−cO₄₀]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element; g+ is the charge of X; M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium; h+ is the charge of M; Z is tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; b is from 0 to 6; c is from 0 to 6, wherein the sum of b and c is greater than or equal to one; u is greater than 3; and A is a counterion.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0042]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_bZ_12−bO₄₀]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; Z comprises tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; b is from 1 to 6; and u is greater than 3.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0043]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+M^h+_cZ_12−cO₄₀]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; Z comprises tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; M^h+ is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron; c is from 1 to 6; and u is greater than 3.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0044]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [Xⁱ⁺₂V_uM^j+_vZ_18−u−vO₆₂]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element; i+ is the charge of X; M is at least one d- or f-block element, wherein M is not vanadium; j+ is the charge of M; Z is tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof, u is from 0 to 9; v is from 0 to 9, wherein the sum of u and v is greater than or equal to one; w is greater than or equal to 4; and A is a counterion.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0045]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [Xⁱ⁺₂V_uZ_18−uO₆₂]^w−[A] wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; Z comprises tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; u is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0046]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [Xⁱ⁺₂M^j+_vZ_18−vO₆₂]^w−[A] wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; Z comprises tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; M^j+ is at least one d- or f-block element; v is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.
• In a more specific embodiment, when the polyoxometalate has the[0047]formula 1, the polyoxometalate has the formula [YV_xZ_12−xO₄₀][A], wherein Y is phosphorus, silicon, or aluminum; Z is tungsten or molybdenum; x is from 1 to 6, and A is a counterion. In one embodiment, Y is phosphorus and Z is molybdenum. In one embodiment, Y is phosphorus and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is silicon and Z is molybdenum. In one embodiment, Y is silicon and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is aluminum and Z is tungsten. In one embodiment, Y is aluminum and Z is molybdenum.
• Polyoxometalates having an organic group, such as an alkyl group or aryl group, an organosilyl group, or other p- or d-block organometallic groups bonded to the POM can also be used in the present invention. The organic group can be branched or straight chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group or an aryl group of C[0048]₁to C₃₀. The alkyl group can also be a polyether or polyol. Not wishing to be bound by theory, the organic group is bonded to the polyoxometalate as depicted inScheme 1, where R is the organic group and Met is generally vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, or tantalum.

  
• The reaction between an alcohol and the polyoxometalate I results in the loss of water and the formation of the polyoxometalate II, wherein the organic group is bonded to an oxygen atom of the polyoxometalate. Any alcohol known in the art can be used in the present invention. Examples of alcohol that can be used include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, or tris(hydroxymethyl)methane. The polyoxometalates having organic groups bonded to the POM that are disclosed in Gouzerh et al.,[0049]Chem. Rev.,98, pp. 77-111, 1998, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, are useful in the present invention.
• In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate I can be reacted with a compound having the generic formula YL[0050]_oR_4−o, wherein Y is silicon, tin, or an other p- or d-block element; L is a leaving group; R is an organic group, such as an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group or an aryl group of C₁to C₃₀; and o is from 1 to 4. Suitable leaving groups for L include, but are not limited to, halides and alkoxides. In Scheme I, the oxygen of polyoxometalate I displaces L from YLR₃to form a new Y—O bond. (compound III). Any silyl, tin, or organic derivative of a p- or d-block element known in the art can be used in the present invention, provided that the compound has at least one leaving group.
• The counterion A can be any counterion known in the art. Examples of counterions include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium cation, proton, alkali metal cation, alkaline earth metal cation, ammonium cation, d-block cations, f-block cations, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate is an acid, wherein the counterion A is hydrogen (H[0051]⁺). In one embodiment, the counterion is a d- or f-block metal complex. In one embodiment, the counterion is trimethyl-triazacyclononane manganese. In another embodiment, the counterion A is hydrogen, lithium (Li⁺), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, A is not hydrogen or potassium.
• In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate comprises a modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a pre-modified polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, a copper compound, a cobalt compound, or a combination thereof. The term “admixture” can refer to the reaction product between the polyoxometalate and the cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, platinum compound, or a combination thereof. For example, the cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, or platinum compound can undergo ion exchange with the counterion of the polyoxometalate. The cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, or platinum compound can also react with the polyoxometalate by a redox reaction. The term “admixture” can also refer to when the cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, or platinum compound do not react at all with the polyoxometalate. For example, the polyoxometalate may absorb the cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, or platinum compound.[0052]
• In one embodiment, when the POM is the sodium, lithium, or potassium salt or the acid form (A is H[0053]⁺), the POM can undergo ion exchange with a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, or a combination thereof. For example, Ag₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀is produced by the ion exchange of Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀with a stoichiometric amount AgNO₃. Any of the POMs described above can undergo ion exchange with a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound.
• Depending upon the type, and amounts of POM and cerium compound, silver compound, gold compound, or platinum compound used, the ion exchange reaction may or may not go to completion. When the ion exchange does not go to completion, there may be small population of Na[0054]⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, or H⁺ in the modified-polyoxometalate. For example, when H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀is admixed with AgNO₃, the resultant POM may be expressed by the formula Ag_xH_5-xPV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, where x is from 1 to 5. Here, varying amounts of H⁺ may be present in the POM.
• An example of a cerium compound useful in the present invention includes, but is not limited to, (NH[0055]₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆. Examples of silver compounds useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, AgNO₃and AgClO₄. Examples of gold compounds useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, HAuCl₄and salts thereof. An example of a platinum compound useful in the present invention includes, but is not limited to, H₂PtCl₆.
• In one embodiment, the counterion is cerium, silver, gold, platinum, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, A is, independently, cerium, silver, gold, or platinum. In another embodiment, A is (1) cerium and silver; (2) cerium and platinum; (3) cerium and gold; or (4) silver and gold.[0056]
• In another embodiment, A comprises (1) hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, or a combination thereof, and (2) cerium, silver, gold, platinum, or a combination thereof.[0057]
• In one embodiment, (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H[0058]₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof, and (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆. In another embodiment, (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the gold compound is HAuCl₄. In another embodiment, (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the platinum compound is H₂PtCl₆. In another embodiment, (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate comprises Na₄PVMo₁₁O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Na₅H₂PV₄W₈O₄₀; Na₉PV₆Mo₆O₄₀; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅MnPW₁₁O₃₉; K₅CoPW₁₁O₃₉; (n-Dec₄)₆HMnNb₃P₂W₁₅O₆₂; or K₁₂Cu₃(W₉PO₃₄O)₂, and (2) the gold compound is HAuCl₄. In another embodiment, (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀and (2) the silver compound is AgNO₃, AgClO₄, or a combination thereof.
• In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate comprises K[0059]₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉; K₈SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; K₇SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; Na₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉; Ag₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Ag₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Ag₈CoVW₁₁O₄₀; Ag₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; Na₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; K₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; Na₅PCuW₁₁O₃₉; H₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; or K₅Cu^IIPW₁₁O₃₉. In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate is not H₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀.
• Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that some counterions of the present invention can be reduced to the corresponding metal when the polyoxometalate contacts the contaminant. For example, when the cation is Ag[0060]⁺¹or Au⁺³, these cations can be reduced to silver metal or Au⁺¹, respectively, depending upon the contaminant that is to be removed. Thus, the counterion A can exist in multiple valence states.
• The phrase “metal compound” refers to one or more transition metal compounds, actinide compounds, lanthanide compounds, or a combination thereof. When the metal compound is only one compound, then the material is directly treated with the metal compound using techniques described below. When the metal compound is composed of two or more compounds, the material can be sequentially treated with the compounds, or alternatively, the metal compounds can be admixed prior to treating the material with the metal compounds. Depending upon the metal compounds that are selected, the metal compounds may react with one another to form a new species, or they may not react at all with each other to produce a composition or mixture. Materials that contain a metal compound of the present invention are referred to herein as “non-POM materials.”[0061]
• In one embodiment, the metal compound comprises a cerium compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, a silver compound, or a combination thereof. Any of the cerium compounds, gold compounds, platinum compounds, or silver compounds listed above can be used as the metal compound. In another embodiment, the metal compound is a cerium compound and a platinum compound, preferably (NH[0062]₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆and H₂PtCl₆, respectively. In another embodiment, the metal compound is a cerium compound and a gold compound, preferably (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆and HAuCl₄, respectively. In another embodiment, the metal compound is a silver compound and a gold compound, preferably AgNO₃and/or AgClO₄and HAuCl₄, respectively. In an other embodiment, the metal compound is a cerium compounds, preferably (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆.
• In another embodiment, the metal compound comprises (1) gold, copper, and nitrate; (2) gold, iron, and nitrate; (3) gold, manganese, and nitrate; (4) gold, titanium, and nitrate; (5) gold, cobalt, and nitrate; (6) gold and nitrate; (7) copper and nitrate; (8) iron and nitrate; (9) gold, vanadium, and nitrate; (10) gold, nickel, and nitrate; (11) gold, silver, and nitrate; or (12) gold, chloride, and nitrate. In a preferred embodiment, the metal compound comprises gold, chloride, and nitrate. In another embodiment, the metal compound comprises mixing (NEt[0063]₄)AuCl₂with varying amounts of CuSO₄, MnSO₄, VOSO₄; Ti(SO₄)₂, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, NiSO₄, ZnSO₄, Cr₂(SO₄)₃, MgSO₄, CoSO₄, Pd(NO₃)₄, Na₂SO₃, and/or NBu₄NO₃. In another embodiment, the metal compound is produced by mixing (NEt₄)AuBr₂and NBu₄NO₂.
• When the metal compound comprises two or more compounds, the compounds can be admixed using techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, the metal compound can be produced by admixing two or more metal salts. The anion of the salt can be any anion known in the art. Examples of anions include, but are not limited to, sulfate, carbonate, acetate, nitrate, chloride, and stearate. In one embodiment, when two or more; compounds are used to produce the metal compound, the compounds are mixed in the presence of a solvent, preferably an organic solvent. In one embodiment, After the compounds have been sufficiently admixed, the solvent is removed, and the metal compound is optionally dried. In one embodiment, the drying step is by vacuum.[0064]
• Any POM or metal compound of the present invention can be incorporated into a material in order to remove a contaminant from the environment. Examples of materials include, but are not limited to, a topical carrier, a coating, a powder, or a fabric. As described above, a material as used herein refers to a support that holds the POM or metal compound.[0065]
• In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate and the metal compound can be incorporated sequentially into the material In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate is incorporated into the material followed by the incorporation of the metal compound into the material In another embodiment, the metal compound is incorporated into the material followed by the incorporation of the polyoxometalate into the material[0066]
• A wide variety of topical carriers can be used in the present invention. Suitable topically acceptable pharmaceutical carriers are those which typically are used in the topical application of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Examples of such carriers include, but are not limited to, lotions, creams, ointments, and gels. Topical carriers are also referred to in the art as barrier creams and topical skin protectants. Any of the topical carriers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,979 to McCreery can be used in the present invention, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the topical carrier comprises a perfluorinated polymer. In another embodiment, the topical carrier comprises a perfluoropolyether. An example of a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) useful in the present invention has the general formula CF[0067]₃O[—CF(CF₃)CF₂O—]_x(—CF₂O—)_yCF₃). In one embodiment, the topical carrier comprises a perflourinated polymer and one or more unfluorinated polymers. In another embodiment, the topical carrier comprises a perfluoropolyether and one or more unfluorinated polyethers.
• In one embodiment, the topical carrier may further contain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmito-oleic acid, cetyl or oleyl alcohols, stearic acid, fluorinated acids, fluorinated alcohols (e.g., tetrafluoroethanol), or combinations thereof. The cream may also optionally contain one or more surfactants, such as a non-ionic surfactant.[0068]
• In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate topical composition is composed of a perfluoropolyether and the counterion A of the POM is silver. In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate topical composition is composed of a perfluoropolyether and the metal compound is a silver compound, a gold compound, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the non-POM material comprises a topical carrier composed of a perfluoropolyether and the metal compound comprises a silver compound, preferably AgNO[0069]₃or AgClO₄.
• In another embodiment, the non-POM topical composition is composed a perfluoropolyether and the metal compound comprises a cerium compound, a silver compound, a palladium compound, a platinum compound, or a silver compound.[0070]
• A wide variety of powders and coatings known in the art can be used as the material of the present invention. In one embodiment, the powder comprises activated carbon.[0071]
• Any fabric known in the art can be used to produce a polyoxometalate fabric or non-POM fabric of the present invention. In one embodiment, fabrics used to prepare garments, draperies, carpets, and upholstery can be used and articles made from them are a part of this invention In another embodiment, the fabric can be a knit or non-woven fabric. Useful fibers include, but are not limited to, polyamide, cotton, polyacrylic, polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polyvinylidine, polyolefin, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, or carbon cloth, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the fabric is prepared from cotton, polyacrylic, or polyacrylontrile. In one embodiment, the fabric is prepared from a cationic fiber. In another embodiment, the fabric comprises (1) a 50/50 blend of nylon-6,6 and cotton or (2) stretchable carbon blended with polyurethane.[0072]
• Any cellulosic fiber can be incorporated by a POM or metal compound to produce the polyoxometalate fibers or non-POM fibers of the present invention. Examples of useful cellulosic fibers include, but are not limited to, wood or paper. In a preferred embodiment, a polyoxometalate or the metal compound of the present invention can be incorporated in paper in order to remove a contaminant from the gas or liquid phase. In one embodiment, the paper is wallpaper.[0073]
• The amount of polyoxometalate or metal compound incorporated into the material varies depending upon the contaminant to be removed and the material that is selected. There is no restriction on the amount of POM or metal compound that can be incorporated into the material. In one embodiment, the amount of polyoxometalate or metal compound incorporated in the material is from 0.1 to 95% by weight of the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material. In one embodiment, the lower limit of polyoxometalate or metal compound by weight is 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%, and the upper limit is 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95%. In one embodiment, when the material is a topical carrier, the polyoxometalate or metal compound is from 5 to 30% by weight of topical composition.[0074]
• The present invention is capable of removing a single contaminant or multiple contaminants from an environment. The term “environment” as used herein refers to any media that contains at least one contaminant. In one embodiment, the environment comprises a liquid phase. In another embodiment, the environment comprises a gas phase.[0075]
• The term “remove” refers to, but is not limited to, the degradation of the contaminant, the conversion of the contaminant into another compound that is either less toxic or nontoxic and/or malodorous, or the adsorption of the contaminant by the polyoxometalate or the metal compound. The POM and metal compound can degrade the contaminant by a number of different mechanisms For example, the POM can aerobically oxidize the contaminant acetaldehyde (CH[0076]₃CHO). Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the aerobic oxidation of CH₃CHO proceeds by a radical chain mechanism (i.e., the initiation of the radical chain by CH₃CHO+POM_ox−>CH₃CO⁻+HPOM_red).
• Contaminants that can be removed by using the present invention include, but are not limited to, an aldehyde, an aliphatic nitrogen compound, a sulfur compound, an aliphatic oxygenated compound, a halogenated compound, an organophosphate compound, a phosphonothioate compound, a phosphorothioate compound, an arsenic compound, a chloroethyl-amine compound, a phosgene compound, a cyanic compound, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the contaminant is acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, styrene, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, iso-valeric acid, pyridine, formaldehyde, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate materials and non-polyoxometalate materials can remove microbial life from the gas or liquid phase. Examples of microbial life include, but are not limited to, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.[0077]
• In another embodiment, the contaminant is a chemical warfare agent (CWA). The chemical warfare agents disclosed in Marrs, Timothy C.; Maynard, Robert. L; Sidell, Frederick R.;[0078]Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, England, 1996; Compton, James A. F.Military Chemical and Biological Agents Chemical and Toxicological Properties; The Telford Press: Caldwell, N.J., 1988; Somani; Satu M.Chemical Warfare Agents;Academic Press: San Diego, 1992, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, can be removed by the polyoxometalate materials of the present invention.
• The present invention can remove a contaminant from the environment in the gas phase under mild conditions. In one embodiment, the contaminant can be removed from −50° C. to 250° C. at a pressure of from 0.1 ppb to 30 atm, preferably from 25° C. to 105° C. at 1 atm. In another embodiment, the lower temperature limit is −50, −40, −30, −20, −10, 0, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, or 150° C., and the upper temperature limit is 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250° C. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention can remove a contaminant from the environment at room temperature (approximately 25° C.) and at 1 atm. In another embodiment, the present invention can remove a contaminant from the gas phase that has a partial pressure of from 0.1 ppb to 2 atm, 10 ppb to 2 atm, 100 ppb to 2 atm, 200 ppb to 2 atm, and 0.5 ppm to 2 atm. Similarly, the present invention can remove a contaminant under mild conditions when the environment is a liquid phase. In one embodiment, the contaminant can be removed from a liquid media at from 0° C. to 200° C. The temperature depends upon the liquid media that is being contacted and the contaminant to be removed.[0079]
• The POMs and metal compounds are typically used in the presence of an oxidizer to remove a contaminant from the environment. In one embodiment, the POMs and/or metal compounds are used in the presence of air, which oxidizes the POM and/or metal compound. In another embodiment, additional oxidizers can be used in combination with air to oxidize the POM and/or metal compound. Examples of oxidizers include, but are not limited to, peroxides and peracids. In a preferred embodiment, air is used as the oxidizer.[0080]
• The environment containing the contaminant can be contacted by the polyoxometalate materials or non-POM materials using a variety of techniques. For example, when the contaminant is in the liquid phase, the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material can be dipped or submersed into the liquid phase. Alternatively, the liquid phase can be filtered or passed through the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material When the contaminant is in the gas phase, the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material is typically placed in an open or closed environment that contains the contaminant(s).[0081]
• The polyoxometalate materials or non-POM materials of the present invention have a number of advantages over the prior art materials that do not use a polyoxometalate to remove a contaminant from the environment. One advantage is that the present invention can remove a contaminant from the environment starting within milliseconds of contact and can remove the contaminant for extended periods of time, ranging from several days to indefinitely. The POMs and metal compounds used in the present invention are capable of being regenerated to an active form that permits the removal of the contaminant. Another advantage is that some POMs and metal compounds can render the material more water resistant and increase the surface area of the material. Finally, when the material is a fabric or cellulosic fiber, the POM and metal compound can enhance the dyeability, light fastness, color fastness, and weaving properties of the fabric or cellulosic fiber.[0082]
• The polyoxometalate and metal compound can be incorporated into the material using techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, when the material is a topical carrier, powder, or coating, the polyoxometalate or metal compound is directly added to and admixed with the material. In another embodiment, the material (topical carrier, powder, coating, or fabric) is contacted with a mixture comprising the polyoxometalate or metal compound and a solvent. The polyoxometalate or metal compound can be soluble, partially soluble, or insoluble in the solvent, depending upon the polyoxometalate or metal compound and solvent selected. In one embodiment, the solvent is water. In another embodiment, the solvent can be an organic solvent. Examples of organic solvents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, acetone, toluene, carbon dioxide, xylenes, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide, or an alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, or 2-propanol.[0083]
• In one embodiment, when the material is a fabric or cellulosic fiber, the polyoxometalate or metal compound mixture is from 0.1 to 20% by weight polyoxometalate or metal compound and from 80 to 99.9% by weight water, preferably from 0.3 to 15% by weight polyoxometalate or metal compound and 85 to 99.7% water. Generally, the fabric or cellulosic fiber is dipped or immersed into the mixture containing the POM or metal compound for several hours to days at a temperature of from 0° C. to 100° C., preferably for 2 hours to 2 days at from 25° C. to 80° C. In another embodiment, the POM or metal compound can be admixed with a resin or adhesive, and the resultant adhesive is applied to the surface of or admixed with the fabric or cellulosic fiber.[0084]
• Typically, once the material has been contacted with the POM or metal compound mixture, the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material is dried in order to remove residual solvent. In one embodiment, the polyoxometalate materials or non-POM material is heated from 0° C. to 220° C. at or below atmospheric pressure, preferably from 25° C. to 100° C. In another embodiment, the polyoxometalate material or non-POM material is dried in vacuo (i.e., less than or equal to 10 torr).[0085]
• In another embodiment, when the material is a fabric or cellulosic fiber, the POM or metal compound can be incorporated into the fabric or cellulosic fiber by depositing the POM or metal compound on the surface of an existing fabric or cellulosic fiber, covalently bonding the POM or metal compound to the fibers of the fabric or cellulosic fiber, impregnating or intimately mixing the POM or metal compound with the fabric or cellulosic fiber, electrostatically bonding the POM or metal compound to the fabric or cellulosic fiber, or datively bonding the POM or metal compound to the fabric or cellulosic fiber via the coordination of a d- or f-block metal ion on the surface of the POM or metal compound with a functional group on the fabric. In the case of electrostatically bonding the POM to the fabric or cellulosic fiber, the positively charged functional groups on the fabric or cellulosic fiber and the negatively charged POM can form an electrostatic bond. In one embodiment, when the counterion of the polyoxometalate is a proton or the metal compound is an acid, the fabric or cellulosic fiber can be protonated by the polyoxometalate or metal compound to produce a positively charged fiber, which then electrostatically bonds to the polyoxometalate or metal compound anion. In one embodiment, a cationic polymer can be used as a binding agent to incorporate an anionic polyoxometalate or metal compound into an anionic fiber.[0086]
EXAMPLES
• The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compositions, materials, and methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, target odorants/toxics are expressed in parts per million, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature and pressure is at or near atmospheric.[0087]
• The term “consumption” or “consumed” refers to the removal or adsorption of a contaminant or contaminants from the environment or the conversion of the contaminant or contaminants to another compound that is nontoxic and/or non-malodorous.[0088]
• General Considerations[0089]
• Materials. PFPE #1511 is composed of 35-50% polytetrafluoroethylene thickening agent dispersed in a perfluoropolyether oil with water as a co-surfactant. PFPE #1511 was provided by Dr. E. H. Braue of the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense.[0090]
• All reagents used in the examples were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis., and were used without further purification. The following reagents were used in the examples (the purity of the reagent is in parenthesis): CEES (98%), HPLC grade acetonitrile, tetrafluorethylene (99.5%), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (98%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99.8%), AgNO[0091]₃(99+%), HAuCl₄(99+%), CuCl₂(99+%), FeCl₃(98%), AgClO₄(99.9%), (NEt₄)AuCl₂, CuSO₄(99.99%), MnSO₄(98%), VOSO₄(99.99%), Ti(SO₄)₂(99%), Fe₂(SO₄)₃(97%), NiSO₄(99%), ZnSO₄(99%), Cr₂(SO₄)₃(99.999%), MgSO₄(99%), CoSO₄(99.998%), Pd(NO₃)₄(98%), Na₂SO₃(99%), and NBu₄NO₃(97%). NBu₄NO₂(98%) was purchased from Fluka.
• Synthesis of Ag[0092]_xNa_5-xPV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀
• Na[0093]₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀was prepared by the literature procedure outlined in Petterson, L.; Andersson, I.; Selling, A.; Grate, J. H.Inorg. Chem.1994, 33, 982. Ag_xNa_5-xPV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀was prepared using the following procedure. Ground H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀(30.9 g, 1.78×10⁻²mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of distilled water. The orange solution was filtered three times to remove any undissolved POM. Ground AgNO₃(15.2 g, 8.94×10⁻²mol) was added with vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The product precipitated as a dark red-orange powder and was removed by suction filtration over a medium fritted glass funnel. The product was dried in vacuo overnight. The IR spectrum of the resultant powder confirmed the formation of Ag_xNa_5-xPV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀.
• Synthesis of Additional Polyoxometalates[0094]
• The following POMs listed in Table 8 were prepared by literature procedures (the entry number in Table 8 and the bibliographical information are in parenthesis):[0095]
• Na[0096]₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅MnPW₁₁O₃₉; K₅MnPW₁₁O₃₉; and K₅CoPW₁₁O₃₉: Entries 2-4 and, 6, respectively; Maksimov, G. M.; Kustoa G. N.; Matveev, K. I. Lazarenko, T. PKoord. Khim.1989, 15(6), 788-96).
• Na[0097]₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀and H₅PV₂Mo₁₀₄₀: (Entries 7 and 20, respectively; O'Donnell, Stephen E.; Pope, Michael T.J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.1976, 21, 2290-7).
• Na[0098]₄PVMo₁₁O₄₀: (Entry 11; So, Hyunsoo; Pope, Michael T.Inorg. Chem.1972, 11(6), 1441-3).
• Na[0099]₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀and H₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀: (Entries 8 and 21, respectively; Pope, Michael T.; O'Donnell Stephen E.; Prados, Ronald A.J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.1975, 1, 22-3).
• Na[0100]₅H₂PV₄Mo₈O₄₀and H₇PV₄Mo₈O₄₀: (Entries 9 and 22, respectively; Yurchenko, E. N.J. Mol. Struct.1980, 60, 325-31).
• Na[0101]₅FeSiW₁₁O₃₉and K₆FeSiW₁₁O₃₉: (Entries 12 and 36, respectively; Peacock, R. D.; Weakley, T. J. R.J. Chem. Soc. A1971, 12, 1937-400).
• Na[0102]₅SiVW₁₁O₄₀: (Entry 13; Tourne, Claude; Tourne, Gilbert.Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr.1969, 4, 1124-36).
• K[0103]₈Co(II)P₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 15; Marcu, Gheorghe; Patrut, Adrian; Botar, Alexandru.Rev. Chim.(Bucharest) 1989, 40(11), 870-5).
• K[0104]₁₂Pd₃(PW₉O₃₄)₂: (Entry 16; Kuznetsova, N. I.; Kuznetsova, L. I.; Detusheva, L. G.; Likholohov, V. A.; Fedotov, M. A.; Koscheev, S. V.; Burgina, E. B.Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.1997, 110 (3rd World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, 1997), 1203-1211).
• K[0105]₈Cu(II)P₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 17; Hamlaoui, Mohamed Larbi; Vlasseiko, Konstantin; Messadi, Djelloul. C. R.l'Academie Sci., Ser. II Univers1990, 311(7), 795-8).
• Na[0106]₄PVMo₁₁O₄₀and Na₃PMo₁₂O₄₀: (Entries 18 and 19, respectively; So, Hyunsoo; Pope, Michael T.Inorg. Chem.1972, 11(6), 1441-3).
• Na[0107]₁₆P₄W₃₀Cu₄O₁₁₂: (Entry 24; Huang, Ru-Dan; Bei, Bao-Li; Wang, En-Bo; Li, Bai-Tao; Zhang, Su-XiaGaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao1998, 19(11), 1721-1723).
• K[0108]₁₀Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂: (Entry 26; Peacock, R. D.; Weakley, T. J. R.J. Chem. Soc. A1971, 12, 1937-40).
• K[0109]₇CuSiW₁₁O₃₉and Na₇CuSiW₁₁O₃₉: (Entries 27 and 30, respectively; Teze, Andre; Souchay, Pierre. C. R.Acad. Sci., Ser. C1973, 276(19), 1525-8).
• Na[0110]₅NiPW₁₁O₃₉: (Entry 31; Maksimov, G. M.; Kustova, G. N.; Matveev, K. I.; Lazarenko, T. P.Koord. Khim.1989, 15(6), 788-96).
• Na[0111]₃AsW₁₂O₄₀: (Entry 35; Tsyganok, L. P.; Statsenko, V. P.; Vil'dt, A. L.Zh. Neorg. Khim.1974, 19(11), 3071-7).
• K[0112]₈NiP₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 37; Hamlaoui, Mohamed Larbi; Vlassenko, Konstantin; Messadi, Djelloul. C. R.l'Academie Sci., Ser. II Univers1990, 311(7), 795-8).
• (Me[0113]₄N)₁₀(Co₃SiW₉O₄₀H₆): (Entry 38; Nomiya, Kenji; Miwa, Makoto.Polyhedron1985, 4(8), 1407-12).
• Na[0114]₃V₁₀O₂₈: (Entry 40; Preuss, F.; Rosenhahn, L. J.Inorg. Nucl. Chem.1972, 34(5), 1691-703).
• K[0115]₈P₂W₁₇(NbO₂)O₆₁: (Entry 42; Gong, Jian, Li, Guoping; Wang, Fuquan; Qu, Lunyu.Wuji Huaxue Xuebao1995, 11(3), 232-7).
• (NH[0116]₄)₆P₂FeW₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 43; Peacock, R. D.; Weakley, T. J. R.J. Chem. Soc. A1971, Issue 12, 1937-40).
• K[0117]₇Mn(II)P₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 44; Marcu, Gheorghe; Patrut, Adrian; Botar, Alexandru. (1).Rev. Chim.(Bucharest) 1989, 40(11), 870-5).
• (NH[0118]₄)₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂: (Entry 50; Varga, Gideon M., Jr.; Papaconstantinou, Elias; Pope, Michael T.Inorg. Chem.1970, 9(3), 662-7).
• Na[0119]₉PV₆Mo₆O₄₀: (Entry 1; Ret'yakov, V. P.; Volkova, L. K; Zimatseva, G. P.; Rudakov, E. S. Kinet. Katal. 1993, 34(1), 183).
• K[0120]₁₂Cu₃(W₉PO₃₄)₂: (Entry 10; Weakley, Timothy J. R.; Finke, Richard G.Inorg. Chem.1990, 29(6), 1235-41).
• K(NH[0121]₄)₆RuBW₁₁O₃₉: (Entry 34; Liu, Huizhang; Sun, Wenliang; Yue, Bin; Li, Mingxing; Chen, Zhijiang; Jin, Songlin; Xie, Gaoyang; Shao, Qianfen; Wu, Tailiu; Chen, Shiming; Yan, Xiaoming.Wuji Huaxue Xuebao1997, 13(3), 251-257).
• K[0122]₁₀Ni₄P₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 14; You, David K; Miller, Warren K; Novet, Thomas; Domaille, Peter J.; Evitt, Eric; Johnson, David C.; Finke, Richard G.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1991, 113(19), 7209-21).
• K[0123]₁₀Co₄P₂W₁₈O₆₈: (Entry 39; Evans, Howard T.; Tourne, Claude M.; Tourne, Gilbert F.; Weakley, Timothy J. R.J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.1986, 12, 2699-705).
• K10Mn4(PW[0124]₉O₃₄)₂: (Entry 41; Gomez-Garcia, C. J.; Coronado, E.; Gomez-Romero, P.; Casan-Pastor, N.Inorg. Chem.1993, 32(15), 3378-81).
• K[0125]₁₀Cu₄P₂W₁₈O₆₈: Entry 45; Weakley, Timothy J. R.; Finke, Richard G.Inorg. Chem.1990, 29(6), 1235-41).
• K[0126]₁₂P₂W₁₈Ni₃O₆₈: (Entry 47; Gomez-Garcia, Carlos J.; Coronado, Eugenio; Ouahab, Lahcene.Angew. Chem.1992, 104(5), 660-2).
• Na[0127]₆P₄W₃₀Mn(II)₄O₁₁₂: (Entry 49; Gomez-Garcia, C. J.; Borras-Almenar, J. J.; Coronado, E.; Ouahab, L.Inorg. Chem.1994, 33(18), 4016-22).
• K[0128]₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉: (Entry 29; Walmsley, F. J. Chem. Ed. 1992, 69(11), 936-38).
• (NH[0129]₄)₁₇Na(NaSb₉W₂₁)O₈₆: (Entry 51; Minami, N.; Hiraoka, M.; Izumi, K.; Uchida, Y. Japanese Patent JP 08113731 A2 1996,Chem. Abstr.1996, 125, 117542).
• Na[0130]₃H₃PMo₉O₃₄: (Entry 48; Inouye, Y.; Tokutake, Y.; Kunihara, J.; Yoshida, T. Yamase, Y.; Nakata, A.; Nakamura, S.Chem. Pharm. Bull.1992, 40, 805-807).
• K[0131]₈CoVW₁₁O₄₀: (Entry 28; Bas-Serra, J.; Todorut, et al.Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem.1995, 25(6), 869-82).
• H[0132]₂Na₁₄[Fe(III)₂(NaH₂O)₂(P₂W₁₅O₅₆)₂]: (Entry 25; Shigeta, S.; Mori, S.; Watanbe, J.; Baba, M.; Khekin, A. M.; Hill, C. L.; Schinazi, R. F.Antiviral Chem. Chemother.1996, 346-352).
• K[0133]₆SiTiW₁₁O₄₀: (Entry 33; Blasecki, J. W.Top. Mol. Org. Eng.1994, 10, 373-385).
• K[0134]₈Cu(II)P₂W₁₇O₆₁: (Entry 17; Marcu, Gheorghe; Patrut, Adrian; Botar, Alexandru.Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 1989, 40(11), 870-5).
• (n-Dec[0135]₄)₆HMnNb₃P₂W₁₅O₆₂: (Entry 5; Gong, J., Chen, et al.Polyhedron,1996, 15, 2273-7).
• The following POMs were prepared by the following experimental procedures.[0136]
• K[0137]₅Si(NbO₂)W₁₁O₄₀(Entry 46): 1.0 g of K₇HNb₆O₁₆was dissolved in 75-mL of deionized H₂O. To this solution, 2-mL of 30% H₂O₂was added. A few drops of 3M HCl were added to bring the pH to approximately 6. K₈SiW₁₁O₃₉(15.8 g) was added, which resulted in gas evolution. To the swirling mixture, 25-mL of H₂O followed by 12-mL of 3M HCl were added. The color of the solution was yellow and the pH was approximately 1. The mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes, then 14 g of solid KCl was added, which resulted in the formation of a pale yellow solid. The solid was collected by filtration and dried resulting in 4.7 g of K₅Si(NbO₂)W₁₁O₄₀.
• Na[0138]₆SiVNbW₁₁O₃₉(Entry 32): 6.64 g of K₇Hb₆O₁₉was dissolved in 800-mL of H2O. To this solution, 80-mL of 30% H₂O₂solution was added and the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with KOH. Solid K₉SiVW₁₀O₃₉was added slowly to produce a final pH of 8.5. To this mixture, 40-mL of 3M HCl was added dropwise. The addition was stopped occasionally to agitate the solid. The solution was then stirred for 15 minutes. Additional 3M HCl (40-mL) was added to give a pH of 1.5. The solution was stirred for 1 hour, and 160 g of solid KCl was added. The orange precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 40.85 g of K₆SiVNbW₁₁O₃₉. K₆SiVNbW₁₁O₃₉and water were passed through an Amberlite IR-120 ion exchange column which was charged with 1 M NaCl. The volatiles were removed from the collected solution by vacuum to produce Na₆SiVNbW₁₁O₃₉as a yellow, crystalline solid. The Amberlite is a product of Rohm and Haas and was purchased from Aldrich.
• Instrumentation. Gas chromatography analysis was conducted using a Hewlett-Packard Series 5890 Gas Chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and fitted with a non-polar 5% PHME siloxane, 30 meter column. Alternatively, the gas chromatography was equipped with an FID detector and a 5% phenyl methyl silicone capillary column. Mass abundance determinations were performed using a HP 5890 GC with a 5% phenyl methyl silicone capillary column and a 5971A Mass Selective Detector. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy was performed using a Hewlett-Packard Series II 5890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a 5971A mass selective detector and fitted with a non-polar 5% PHME siloxane, 25 meter column. For both GC and GC-MS, nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. In Examples 5 and 6, all reactions were monitored using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector and HP-5 (5% phenylmethylsilicone capillary column. UV-visible spectra were run on a HP 8452A Diode Array Spectrophotometer. The percentages of O[0139]₂of the reaction atmosphere were varied using a Series 810 Mass Trak flowmeter with dried argon as the other gas.
Example 1Oxidation of CEES to CEESO by a POM/TSP Mixture under Ambient Conditions after 40 Days
• PFPE #1511 (0.525 g) was combined with Ag[0140]_xNa_5-xPV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀(0.066 g, 3.81×10⁻⁵mol) to give a 11% weight/weight POM/cream mixture. The POM/cream mixture was placed in a 18 mL glass vial fitted with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stopper. A sufficient amount of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) was added to the mixture to completely submerge the POM/cream mixture. After 40 days, 10 μL of the CEES solution surrounding the POM/cream/mixture was removed and diluted into 100 μL of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). GC-MS of this solution showed the presence of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide (CEESO).
Example 2Oxidation of CEES to CEESO by POM/TSP Mixtures under Ambient Conditions
• The CEES composition used in all trials was composed of 9.0 mL of CEES combined with 100 μL of 1,3-dichlorobenzene, where the 1,3-dichlorobenzene was added as an internal reference. Each POM/PFPE #1511 cream mixture (approximately 0.3 g) was smeared at the bottom of an 18 mL glass vial and fitted with a PTFE cap. The CEES composition (1.0 mL) was then added and each vial was left undisturbed for several days under ambient conditions, with periodic GC analysis of the CEES/reference solution to check for CEESO formation. For GC analysis, 10 μL of the CEES/reference solution surrounding the POM/cream mixture was diluted in 100 μL of TFE and analyzed. The results are shown in Table 1.[0141]

  TABLE 1
  		Weight	Turnovers after
  Entry	Catalyst	Percenta	9Daysb
  1	cream only	N/A	0
  2	AgNO3	20.3%	0
  3	H5PV2Mo10O40	5.8%	0
  4	H5PV2Mo10O40	20.8%	0
  5	AgxNa5-xPV2Mo10O40	5.6%	0
  6	AgxNa5-xPV2Mo10O40	20.6%	0
  7	HAuCl4	7.1%	0
  8	HAuCl4, AgNO3	7.6%	5
  	AgClO4c

Example 3Catalytic Oxidation of CEES by POMs in 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol after 14 Days under Ambient Conditions
• A CEES solution was prepared by mixing 85.8 mM of CEES; 1.51×10[0142]⁻⁵to 1.82×10⁻⁵mol of catalyst; 100μL 1,3-dichlorobenzene (internal standard); and 85 mL of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, at 25° C. under ambient air. In a typical run, 5.0 mL of the CEES solution was combined with enough catalyst to yield a CEES:POM ratio of 20:1, and the mixture was stirred for 14 days. The results are shown in Table 2.

  TABLE 2
  Entry	Catalyst	CEESO Turnovers	a

  1	AgNO3	0.42
  2	AgxH5-xPV2Mo10O40	8.13
  3	AgxH4-xPVMo11O40	1.18
  4	Na5PV2Mo10O40	0.00
  5	K5CoVW11O40	0.00
  6	K5CuIIPW11O39	15.33
  7	AgxK12-xCe(PW11O39)2	4.47
  8	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	18.53
  9	AgxK5-xCuIIPW11O39	15.21

Example 4Aerobic Oxidation of Acetaldehyde Catalyzed by Polyoxometalates
• In a 20 mL vial, 0.961 mmol acetaldehyde, 2 mg of POM, and pentane (internal standard) (34.7 μL) were stirred in 2 mL of chlorobenzene under 20 mL (0.82 mmol) of O[0143]₂at 298 K for 24 hours. Under these conditions, the POM was totally insoluble at all times during the reaction. For the cloth samples, the polyoxometalate was deposited as a 5% by weight solution of H₂O and subsequently dried. BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol) was used as a radical inhibitor in a 1.2 mol ratio versus POM. The aerobic oxidation of acetaldehyde by the POMs is shown in Table 3.

  TABLE 3
  		Time	Equivalents	% Conversion of	% Yield
  Entry	Catalyst	(h)	CH3CHOa	Acetaldehydeb	Acetic Acidc	Turnoversd

  1	Blank	24	—	8	0	—
  2	Na8Co2W11O39	24	1538	97.8	67.2	1033
  3	K8SiCoVW10O39	24	1521	95.7	60.2	916
  4	K7SiCoVW10O39	24	1483	92.3	55.8	827
  5	Blank	28.5	—	37	10	—
  6	Na8Co2W11O39	28.5	3075	80.3	70.3	1844
  7	K8SiCoVW10O39	28.5	3041	72.1	59.4	1491
  7	K7SiCoVW10O39	28.5	2966	73.3	62.4	1545
  8	Cotton-Na8Co2W11O39	24	1538	98.2	66.2	815
  9	Cotton-K8SiCoVW10O39	24	1521	90.4	50.0	644
  10	1 Na8Co2W11O39/1.2 BHT	24	1538	17.8	22.4	180

Example 5Aerobic Oxidation of Tetrahydrothiophene in Liquid Phase by Modified Polyoxometalates and Metal Compounds
• Tetrahydrothiophene (THT) (0.445 mmol, 0.64 M) and 1,3-dichlorobenzene (internal standard) in the presence or absence of the polyoxometalate and/or metal compound were stirred in 4 mL of acetonitrile in 20 mL vials under 1 atm O[0144]₂at room temperature. The aerobic oxidation of THT by modified polyoxometalates and metal compounds is shown in Table 4. In Entries 3-7 and 12, 2×10⁻⁶mol of polyoxometalate or metal compound was placed in the vial before adding the reagent and internal standard. In Entries 8-14, the polyoxometalate and metal compound (Entries 11 and 14) or the metal compounds were placed in the vial before the addition of the reagent and the internal standard. In Entries 8-14, 2×10⁻⁶mol of each POM or metal compound was used in a 1/1 ratio.

  TABLE 4
  Entry	Catalyst	Time (h)	Yield %a	Turnoverb

  1	Blankc	3.5	0	—
  2	Blankc	72d	0	—
  3	H5PV2Mo10O40	3.5	0	0
  4	HAuCl4	3.5	0	0
  5	HAuCl4	72d	0	0
  6	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	3.5	14	12
  7	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	72d	26	100
  8	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+	3.5	14	12
  	H5PV2Mo10O40
  9	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+	3.5	67	57
  	HAuCl4
  10	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+	72d	76	293
  	HAuCl4
  11	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ HAuCl4+	3.5	65	56
  	H5PV2Mo10O40
  12	H2PtCl6	3	0	0
  13	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+	3	25	21
  	H2PtCl6
  14	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ H2PtCl6+	3	26	23
  	H5PV2Mo10O40

Example 6Aerobic Oxidation of CEES in Liquid Phase by Modified Polyoxometalates and Metal Compounds
• CEES (0.337 mmol, 0.64 M) and 1,3-dichlorobenzene (internal standard) in the presence or absence of the polyoxometalate and/or metal compound were stirred in 4 mL of acetonitrile in 20 mL vials under 1 atm of O[0145]₂at room temperature. The aerobic oxidation of CEES by modified polyoxometalates and metal compounds is shown in Table 5. InEntries 2, 3, 5, and 6, 2×10⁻⁶mol of polyoxometalate or metal compound was placed in the vial before adding the reagent. In Entries 4 and 7-12, the polyoxometalate and/or the metal compound(s) (2×10⁻⁶mol) were placed in the vial before adding the reagent solution.

  TABLE 5
  		Time	Conversion
  Entry	Catalyst	(day)	%a	Yield %b	Turnoverc

  1	Blankd	3	0	0	—
  2	HAuCl4	3	0	0	0
  3	H5PV2Mo10O40	3	1	0	0
  4	HAuCl4+ H5PV2Mo10O40	3	12	3	2
  5	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	1	16	8	5
  6	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	3	26	18	12
  7	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+HAuCl4	1	28	9	6
  8	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ HAuCl4	3	57	36	24
  9	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ H5PV2Mo10O40	1	47	24	15
  10	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ H5PV2Mo10O40	3	64	41	27
  11	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ HAuCl4+ H5PV2Mo10O40	1	53	43	28
  12	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6+ HAuCl4+ H5PV2Mo10O40	3	82	70	46

Example 7Aerobic Oxidation of CEES in Liquid Phase by a Polyoxometalate and HAuCl₄
• Each POM (9.61×10[0146]⁻⁶mol); HAuCl₄(4.8×10⁻⁵mol); 1,3-dichlorobenzene (9.61×10⁻⁴mol), and CEES (9.61×10⁻⁴mol) were stirred in 4 mL of acetonitrile under 20 mL (0.82 mmol) of O₂at 298 K. The aerobic oxidation is shown in Table 6.

  TABLE 6
  		Time	Turnoversa	Time	Turnoversb
  Entry	Catalyst	(h)	of CEESO	(h)	ofCEESO

  1	Na4PVMo11O40	4	0	11	1.1
  2	Na5PV2Mo10O40	4	5.0	11	10.6
  3	Na6PV3Mo9O40	4	7.0	11	18.3
  4	Na5H2PV4W8O40	4	4.4	11	14.2
  5	Na9PV6Mo6O40	4	5.6	11	20.7
  6	Na5CuPW11O39	4	59.2	11	83.6
  7	HAuCl4	4	0	11	0

Example 8Aerobic Catalytic Oxidation of CEES to the Sulfoxide (CEESO) using AgNO₃/HAuCl₄System (Non-POM System)
• A metal compound solution was prepared by combining AgNO[0147]₃(1.0×10⁻⁵mol) and HAuCl₄(5.0×10⁻⁶mol) in 1 mL of acetonitrile. To this solution was added CEES (3.0×10⁻³mol). Upon addition of CEES to the solution, a white precipitate immediately formed. The precipitate is believed to be a silver containing salt, possibly coordinated to CEES. The solution was allowed to stir for 100 hours, at which time there was loss of CEES in the solution based on gas chromatography. The filtrate was taken to dryness, and a solution containing excess CEES in acetonitrile was added to the yellow oily residue. Gas chromatography of the solution confirmed the formation of CEESO. The results are shown in Table 7 (entries 1-7).
Example 9Aerobic Catalytic Oxidation of CEES to the Sulfoxide (CEESO) using AgNO₃/AgClO₄/HAuCl₄System (Non-POM System)
• A 20 mL vial fitted with a PTFE septum was purged with 1 atm of O[0148]₂. To this vial were added by syringe, 0.035 mL of AgNO₃(0.1013 M in acetonitrile); 0.060 mL of AgClO₄(0.1138 M in acetonitrile); and 0.100 mL HAuCl₄(0.0477 M in acetonitrile), and the total volume was adjusted to 1 mL with the addition of HPLC grade acetonitrile. To this solution, 0.36 mL (2.86×10⁻³mol) of CEES were added to the solution, and the formation of CEESO was monitored over time by gas chromatography using 1,3-dichlorobenzene as the internal reference. The results are summarized in Table 7 (Entries 8-11).

  TABLE 7
  Entry	Catalyst	Time (hrs)	Turnovera

  1	2AgNO3	100	0
  2	2AgClO4	100	0
  3	1HAuCl4	100	0.9
  4	2AgNO3+1HAuCl4	1	13.0
  5	2AgNO3+1HAuCl4	2	21.3
  6	2AgNO3+ 1HAuCl4	24	83.5
  7	2AgNO3+1HAuCl4	100	146.3
  8	0.75AgNO3+ 1.25AgCl4+ 1HAuCl4	1	38.3
  9	0.75AgNO3+ 1.25AgCl4+ 1HAuCl4	2	50.2
  10	0.75AgNO3+ 1.25AgCl4+ 1HAuCl4	24	141.9
  11	0.75AgNO3+ 1.25AgCl4+ 1HAuCl4	100	208.7

Example 10Aerobic Oxidation of CEES by POM/HAuCl₄and Metal Compound/HAuCl₄Systems
• One equivalent of the POM or metal compound was combined with five equivalents of HAuCl[0149]₄in acetonitrile, wherein the total volume was 1 mL. To this solution, 100 equivalents of CEES was added. The reaction was conducted under one atm of O₂at 298 K. The number of turnovers were calculated at 4 and 11 hours, and the results are summarized in Table 8a.

  TABLE 8a
  			Turn-
  Entry	POM or Metal Compound	Turnoversa	oversb

  1	Na9PV6Mo6O40	5.6	20.7
  2	Na5CuPW11O39	59.2	83.6
  3	Na5MnPW11O39	6.5	29.0
  4	K5CoPW11O39	38.9	71.9
  5	(n-Dec4)6HMnNb3P2W15O62	5.1	27.9
  6	K5PMnW11O39	51.8	76.5
  7	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5.0	10.6
  8	Na6PV3Mo9O40	7.0	18.3
  9	Na5H2PV4Mo8O40	4.4	14.2
  10	K12Cu3(W9PO34)2	5.1	12.2
  11	Na4PVW11O39	1.6	8.7
  12	Na5FeSiW11O40	0.9	4.6
  13	Na5SiVW11O40	0.0	2.3
  14	K10Ni4P2W17O61	3.5	7.5
  15	K8Co(II)P2W17O61	1.0	2.5
  16	K12Pd3(PW9O34)2	4.2	6.4
  17	K8Cu(II)P2W17O61	2.0	4.7
  18	Na4PVMo11O40	0.0	1.2
  19	Na3PMo12O40	0.0	0.1
  20	H5PV2W10O40	0.0	1.4
  21	H6PV3W9O40	0.0	1.2
  22	H7PV4W8O40	0.0	0.9
  23	HAuCl4	0.0	0.0
  24	Na16P4W30Cu4O112	1.5	1.5
  25	H2Na14[Fe(III)2(NaH2O)2(P2W15O56)2]	1.0	1.6
  26	K10Ce(PW11O39)2	0.6	0.7
  27	K7CuSiW11O39	1.0	1.1
  28	K8CoVW11O40	1.3	1.1
  29	K8Co2W11O39	1.5	1.0
  30	Na7CuSiW11O39	1.1	1.1
  31	Na5NiPW11O39	0.6	0.9
  32	Na6SiVNbW11O39	0.7	0.6
  33	K6SiTiW11O40	0.6	0.4
  34	K(NH4)6RuBW11O39	0.7	0.9
  35	Na3AsW12O40	0.7	0.2
  36	K6FeSiW11O39	0.9	0.7
  37	K8NiP2W17O61	0.9	0.9
  38	(Me4N)10(Co3SiW9O40H6)	1.8	1.9
  39	K10Co4P2W18O68	1.3	1.6
  40	Na3V10O28	1.8	1.7
  41	K10Mn4(PW9O34)2	1.3	1.4
  42	K8P2W17(NbO2)	1.1	0.9
  43	(NH4)6P2FeW17O61	0.6	0.5
  44	K7Mn(II)P2W17O61	1.0	0.8
  45	K10P2W18Cu4O68	1.2	1.9
  46	K5Si(NbO2)W11O40	0.9	0.7
  47	K12P2W18Ni3O68	1.0	1.8
  48	Na3H3Mo9O34	0.8	0.9
  49	Na6P4W30Mn(II)4O112	1.1	1.4
  50	(NH4)6P2W18O62	0.0	0.3
  51	(NH4)17Na(NaSb9W21)O86	0.5	1.8
  52	CuCl2	0.0	0.4
  53	FeCl3	0.3	0.5

• Additional POM and/or metal compounds that were tested can be found in Table 8b.[0150]

  TABLE 8b
  Entry	Compound A	Compound B

  1		5 HAuCl4
  2	Na4PVMo11O40
  3	Na4PVMo11O40	5 HAuCl4
  4	Na5PV2Mo10O40
  5	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 HAuCl4
  6	Na6PV3Mo9O40
  7	Na6PV3Mo9O40	5 HAuCl4
  8	Na5H2PV4Mo8O40
  9	Na5H2PV4Mo8O40	5 HAuCl4
  10	Na9PV6Mo6O40
  11	Na9PV6Mo6O40	5 HAuCl4
  12	Na4PVW11O40
  13	Na4PVW11O40	5 HAuCl4
  14	Na3PMo12O40
  15	Na3PMo12O40	5 HAuCl4
  16	Na5CuPW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  17	(TBA)5CuPW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  18	Na5MnPW11O39
  19	Na5MnPW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  20	Na5FeSiW11O39
  21	Na5FeSiW11O39
  22	Na5SiVW11O40
  23	Na5SiVW11O40	5 HAuCl4
  24	Na5PV2W10O40
  25	Na5PV2W10O40	5 HAuCl4
  26	Na6PV3W9O40
  27	Na6PV3W9O40	5 HAuCl4
  28	Na7PV4W8O40
  29	Na7PV4W8O40	5 HAuCl4
  30	Na16P4W30Cu4O112
  31	Na16P4W30Cu4O112	5 HAuCl4
  32	H2Na14[Fe(III)2(NaH2O)2(P2W15O56)2
  33	H2Na14[Fe(III)2(NaH2O)2(P2W15O56)2	5 HAuCl4
  34	K10Ce(PW11O39)2
  35	K10Ce(PW11O39)2	5 HAuCl4
  36	K7CuSiW11O39
  37	K7CuSiW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  38	K8CoVW11O39
  39	K8CoVW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  40	K5CoPW11O39
  41	K5CoPW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  42	K8Co2W11O39
  43	K8Co2W11O39	5 HAuCl4
  44	(NDec4)6HMnNb3P2W15O62
  45	(NDec4)6HMnNb3P2W15O62	5 HAuCl4
  46	Na7CuSiW11O39
  47	Na7CuSiW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  48	Na5NiPW11O39
  49	Na5NiPW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  50	Na6SiVNbW11O39
  51	Na6SiVNbW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  52	K5PMnW11O39
  53	K5PMnW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  54	K6SiTiW11O40
  55	K6SiTiW11O40	5 HAuCl4
  56	K(NH4)6RuBW11O39
  57	K(NH4)6RuBW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  58	Na3AsW12O40
  59	Na3AsW12O40	5 HAuCl4
  60	K6FeSiW11O39
  61	K6FeSiW11O39	5 HAuCl4
  62	K8NiP2W17O61
  63	K8NiP2W17O61	5 HAuCl4
  64	(Me4N)10(Co3SiW9O40H6)
  65	(Me4N)10(Co3SiW9O40H6)	5 HAuCl4
  66	K10Co4P2W18O68
  67	K10Co4P2W18O68	5 HAuCl4
  68	Na3V10O28
  69	Na3V10O28	5 HAuCl4
  70	K10(MN4)(PW9O34)2
  71	K10(MN4)(PW9O34)2	5 HAuCl4
  72	K12Cu3(W9PO34)2
  73	K12Cu3(W9PO34)2	5 HAuCl4
  74	K10Ni4P2W17O61
  75	K10Ni4P2W17O61	5 HAuCl4
  76	K8P2W17(NbO2)
  77	K8P2W17(NbO2)	5 HAuCl4
  78	(NH4)6P2FeW17O61
  79	(NH4)6P2FeW17O61	5 HAuCl4
  80	K8Co(II)P2W17O61
  81	K8Co(II)P2W17O61	5 HAuCl4
  82	K12Pd3(PW9O34)2
  83	K12Pd3(PW9O34)2	5 HAuCl4
  84	K7Mn(II)P2W17O61	5 HAuCl4
  85	K10P2W18Cu4O68	5 HAuCl4
  86	K8Cu(II)P2W17O61	5 HAuCl4
  87	K5Si(NbO2)W11O40	5 HAuCl4
  88	K12P2W18Ni3O68	5 HAuCl4
  89	Na3H6Mo9O34	5 HAuCl4
  90	Na6P4W30Mn(II)4O112	5 HAuCl4
  91	(NH4)6P2W18O62+ 5HAuCl4	5 HAuCl4
  92	(NH4)17Na(NaSb9W21)O86	5 HAuCl4
  93		5 Cu(acetate)2
  94	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 Cu(acetate)2
  95		5 Co(II)Acac
  96	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 Co(II)Acac
  97		5 Fe(III)Acac
  98	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 Fe(III)Acac
  99		5 MnO2
  100	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 MnO2
  101		5 CuCl2
  102	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 CuCl2
  103		5 FeCl3
  104	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 FeCl3
  105		5 CrCl3
  106	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 CrCl3
  107		5 CeCl3
  108	Na5PV2Mo10O40	5 CeCl3
  109	Na9PV6Mo6O40	5 FeCl3
  110	Na9PV6Mo6O40	5 CuCl2
  111	Na9PV6Mo6O40
  112	K12Pd3(PW9O36)2	5 FeCl3
  113	K12Pd3(PW9O36)2	5 CuCl2
  114	K12Pd3(PW9O36)2
  115	Na5CuPW11O39
  116	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Cr(NO3)3
  117		5 CrNO3
  118	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Co(NO3)2
  119		5 Co(NO3)2
  120		5 Zn(NO3)2
  121	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Zn(NO3)2
  122	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Cu(NO3)2
  123		5 Cu(NO3)2
  124	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Zn(NO3)3
  125	Na5CuW11O39	5 Cu(acetate)2
  126	Na5CuW11O39	5 Fe(acetate)2
  127	Na5CuW11O39	5 MnO2
  128		5 NaNO3
  129	Li5PVW11O40	5 HAuCl4
  130	AgNO3
  131	AgNO3	5 HAuCl4
  132	NaNO3	5 HAuCl4
  133	NaClO4	5 HAuCl4
  134	AgClO4	5 HAuCl4
  135	LiClO4	5 HAuCl4
  136		5 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
  137	Na5PVMo11O40	5 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
  138	Na5CuPW11O39	5 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
  139	Na5PVMo11O40	5 CoSO4
  140	Na5CuPW11O39	5 CoSO4
  141	Na5PVMo11O40	5 Ce(SO4)2
  142	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Ce(SO4)2
  143	Na5PVMo11O40	5 H2PtCl6
  144	Na5CuPW11O39	5 H2PtCl6
  145	Na5PVMo11O40	5 Pd(NO3)2
  146	Na5CuPW11O39	5 Pd(NO3)2
  147	Na5PVMo11O40	5 RhCl3
  148	Na5CuPW11O39	5 RhCl3
  149	Na5PVMo11O40	5 ReO2
  150	Na5CuPW11O39	5 ReO2

Example 11Oxidation of CEES to CEESO by Metal Compounds (Non-POM)
• (a) Determining the Stoichiometry of O, in the Catalytic Oxidation of CEES. A Schlenk flask fitted with septum was attached to a manometer and purged with O[0151]₂. To the flask containing 1.36 mL of acetonitrile, solutions (all in acetonitrile) of 0.200 mL of (NEt₄)AuCl₂(5.0×10⁻⁶mol), 0.188 mL of AgClO₄solution (1.0×10⁻⁵mol), 0.094 mL NBu₄NO₃solution (5.0×10⁻⁶mol), 0.166mL 1,3-dichlorobenzene (7.5×10⁻⁴mol) (internal standard for GC), and 0.084 mL CEES (3.8×10⁻⁴mol) were added. The consumption of O₂was recorded, and aliquots were periodically taken and injected into the GC. The stoichiometry of O₂consumption was established using a manometer to determine the amount of O₂consumed while simultaneously monitoring CEESO formation with a gas chromatograph FIG. 1 reveals that one equivalent of the CEESO formed corresponds to 0.5 equivalents of O₂.
• (b) Cream Formulation Reactions. Experiments were performed using the perfluorinated oil, Galden DO2, and Fomblin perfluorinated polyether oil as “solvent,” both of which are components of the cream. Samples were prepared by adding components together, dissolving in a minimal amount of acetonitrile, stirring for 10 minutes, and then removing the solvent by vacuum.[0152]
• In all the cases where (NEt[0153]₄)AuCl₂was used as the gold compound, 1.25×10⁻⁵mol of the gold compound was used. The other components which were varied in quantities were NBu₄NO₃(1.25×10⁻⁵−1.25×10⁻⁴mol), and a CuSO₄(125×10⁻⁵−1.25×10⁻⁴mol) (Table 9). The gold, copper, and/or nitrate salts were admixed in acetonitrile, then the solvent was removed by vacuum. After the mixture was dried by vacuum in a Schlenk flask, the flask is attached to the manometer and the apparatus is purged with O₂. After purging, 7.0 mL of the perfluorinated fluid was added to the flask. The system was equilibrated to atmospheric pressure then sealed from any external atmosphere. Through the septum 0.05 mL (4.2×10⁻⁴mol) of CEES was added and the system was monitored for O₂consumption. Table 9 shows CEESO formation after 1 hour using various cream formulations (7.0 mL Galden DO2).

  	TABLE 9a
  	[Au]	[NO3]	[Cu+2]	[CEESO formed]

  	0	1.25	1.25	3.62
  	1.25	1.25	1.25	5.80
  	0	2.50	2.50	5.00
  	1.25	2.50	2.50	8.06
  	0	5.00	7.25	8.06
  	1.25	5.00	7.25	16.20
  	0	10.00	12.50	10.60
  	1.25	10.00	12.50	18.70

• Another experiment was performed using Fomblin as the “solvent.” In this case, 1.0 mL of Fomblin, 0.005 g of (NEt[0154]₄)AuCl₂(1.25×10⁻⁵mol), was admixed in with varying amounts of CuSO₄, MnSO₄, VOSO₄, Ti(SO₄)₂, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, NiSO₄, ZnSO₄, Cr₂(SO₄)₃, MgSO₄, CoSO₄, Pd(NO₃)₄, Na₂SO₃, and/or NBu₄NO₃. The catalyst was prepared and the experiment was performed using the same method as earlier reported. Table 10 reveals CEESO formation in PFPE Surfactant (1.0 mL Fomblin) using various metal compounds. The metal compounds are abbreviated for simplicity sake. For example, metal compound 1Au/1Cu(II)/1NO₃was prepared by mixing one equivalent each of (NEt₄)AuCl₂, CuSO₄, and NBu₄NO₃.

  	TABLE 10
  		Turnovers of CEESO after 10 min
  	Metal Compound	(based on Au)

  	1Au/1Cu(II)/1NO3	17
  	1Au/2Cu(II)/1NO3	28
  	1Au/1Cu(II)/2NO3	115
  	1Au/2Cu(II)/2NO3	155
  	1Au/1Cu(II)/3NO3	155
  	1Au/1Fe(III)/3NO3	142
  	1Au/2Mn(II)/3NO3	164
  	1Au/2Ti(IV)/3NO3	142
  	1Au/2Co(II)/3NO3	177
  	1Au/4NO3	185
  	1Au/2Cu(II)/3NO3	181
  	1Au/2Cu(II)/4NO3	195
  	1Au/3Cu(II)/3NO3	165
  	2Cu(II)/3NO3	28
  	1Au/3NO3	150
  	1Fe(III)/3NO3	19
  	1Au/2V(IV)/3NO3	160
  	1Au/2Ni(II)/3NO3	140
  	1Au/2Ag(II)/3NO3	184

• FIG. 2 shows CEESO formation as a function of time for 1Au/2Cu(II)/3NO[0155]₃, 2Cu(II)/3NO₃, and 1Au/3NO₃. From the data in Table 10 and FIG. 2, it is clear that there was a synergistic effect when certain redox active metals were added to the Au/NO₃system. For example, one of the most active systems, 1Au/2Cu(II)/3NO₃was 3.8 and 6.5 times more effective after 10 minutes of reaction time than when only 2 of the components were used, 1Au/3NO₃and 2Cu(II)/3NO₃respectively. Also, FIG. 2 shows that inhibition was less pronounced in the three component system. Another important aspect of this system is that the oxidation terminates to the sulfoxide without continued oxidation to yield the sulfone. This is important as it relates to toxicity issues as it is believed that the sulfoxide of mustard gas is significantly less toxic than the corresponding sulfone.
Example 12Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Organo-Modified POMs
• (a) Synthesis of Ag[0156]₂[V₆O₁₃((OCH₂)₃CCH₃)₂] (Ag Me Cap)
• Na[0157]₂[V₆O₁₃((OCH₂)₃CCH₃)₂] (Na Me cap, 0.480 g) was dissolved in ˜4 mL of distilled water. This was filtered over a medium fritted funnel to remove any undissolved POM. To the dark red-orange solution was added AgNO₃(0.215 g) with stirring. An orange-red precipitate formed immediately. The crude product was separated by suction filtration over a medium frit, washed with room temperature water and ether. The product was dried over night in vacuo. Crystals were grown by diffusing ether into an acetonitrile solution of the crude product at room temperature.⁵¹V NMR (0.04 g dissolved in 2.0 mL of MeCN) −499.232 ppm (singlet). Solid-state IR (KBr pellet, 1400-400 cm⁻¹) 1452.11 (m), 1390.47 (w), 1200.43 (w), 1128.53 (m), 1015.5 (s), 953.9 (vs), 820.36 (sh), 794.68 (s), 712.5 (s), 614.91 (sh), 584.09 (m), 424.87 (s).
• (b) Synthesis of Co[V[0158]₆O₁₃((OCH₂)₃CCH₃)₂] (Co Me Cap)
• The same procedure for the synthesis of Ag[0159]₂[V₆O₃((OCH₂)₃CCH₃)₂] was followed, except CoCl₂was added to form the Co salt of the POM. Crystals were grown from diffusing isopropyl alcohol into a MeCN solution of crude product.⁵¹V NMR (0.04 g dissolved in 2.0 mL of MeCN) −500.3 ppm (singlet). Solid-state IR (KBr pellet, 1400-400 cm⁻¹) 1452.11 (m), 1390.47 (w), 1200.43 (w), 1128.53 (m), 1015.5 (s), 953.9 (vs), 820.36 (sh), 794.68 (s), 712.5 (s), 614.91 (sh), 584.09 (m), 424.87 (s).
• (c) Reactivity of Organo-Modified POMs[0160]
• Table 11 lists the oxidation of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) by t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) catalyzed by the transition metal salts of Me-capped V[0161]₆O₁₃. The oxidations were performed by dissolving the particular salt in acetonitrile to give lightly colored orange-yellow solutions. The solutions were placed in 24-mL vials fitted with PTFE septa. THT and TBHP were then syringed in and the reactions were monitored by quantitative GC. Reactions were stirred at room temperature.

  TABLE 11
  Room Temperature Oxidation of THT to THTO
  by TBHP Catalyzed by Transition Metal Salts
  of Me Capped V6O13after 48 Hours.

  		Mols of	Mols of	Turnover
  	Catalyst	catalyst, ×10−6	THTO, ×10−5	numberb

  	Na Me cap	1.76	6.03	34.3
  	Ag Me cap	1.87	5.59	30.0
  	Co Me cap	1.61	6.33	39.3
  	AgNO3	14.1	1.06	0.754
  	CoCl2	39.5	2.25	0.570
  	blanka	NA	0	0

• Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.[0162]
• It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only.[0163]

Claims (81)

What is claimed:

1. A polyoxometalate topical composition for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising a topical carrier and at least one polyoxometalate, with the proviso that the polyoxometalate is not H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅Si(H₂O)Mn^IIIW₁₁O₃₉; K₄Si(H₂O)Mn^IVW₁₁O₃₉; or K₅Co^IIIW₁₂O₄₀.

2. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula 1 of [V_kMo_mW_nNb_oTa_pM_qX_rO_s]^y−[A], wherein M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, or tantalum; X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element, wherein X is not oxygen; k is from 0 to 30; m is from 0 to 160; n is from 0 to 160; o is from 0 to 10; p is from 0 to 10; q is from 0 to 30; r is from 0 to 30; s is sufficiently large that y is greater than zero; and y is greater than zero, wherein the sum of k, m, n, o, and p is greater than or equal to four; and the sum of k, m, and q is greater than zero, and A is one or more different counterions.

3. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises a d-block element having at least one d-electron or a f-block element having at least one f-electron.

4. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, copper, rhodium, silver, palladium, platinum, mercury, or ruthenium.

5. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises manganese.

6. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises cobalt.

7. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises ruthenium.

8. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein M comprises copper.

9. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein X comprises phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, cobalt, zinc, or iron.

10. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A comprises a quaternary ammonium cation; proton; alkali metal cation; alkaline earth metal cation; ammonium cation; d- or f-block metal complex, or a combination thereof.

11. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A comprises cerium, silver, gold, platinum, or a combination thereof.

12. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A comprises hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium or a combination thereof.

13. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A comprises (1) hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium or a combination thereof, and (2) cerium, silver, gold, platinum, or a combination thereof.

14. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is silver.

15. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is gold.

16. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is platinum.

17. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is cerium.

18. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is cerium and silver.

19. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is cerium and platinum.

20. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is cerium and gold.

21. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is silver and gold.

22. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein A is not hydrogen or potassium.

23. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein s is from 19 to 460.

24. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein the sum of k and q is greater than or equal to one, the sum of k, m, n, o, p and q is 12, and s is 40.

25. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein k is not zero.

26. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein q is not zero.

27. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_b^j+M_c^h+Z_12−b−cⁱ⁺O_x]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element; g is greater than or equal to 2; M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one: d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium; h is from 1 to 7; i is from 5 to 6; j is from 4 to 5; x is 39 or 40; Z is tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, or a combination thereof; b is from 0 to 6; c is from 0 to 6; u is from 3 to 9; and A is a counterion.

28. The composition ofclaim 27, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [X^g+V_b^j+Z_12−bⁱ⁺O₄₀]^u−[A] wherein X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; b is from 1 to 6, and u is from 3 to 9.

29. The composition ofclaim 27, wherein the polyoxometalate has the structure [X^g+M_c^h+Z_12−cⁱ⁺O₄₀]^u−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; c is from 1 to 6, and u is from 3 to 9.

30. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+V_u^s+M_v^t+Z_18−u−v^y+O_z]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one p-, d-, or f-block element, r is greater than or equal to 1; M is at least one f-block element or d-block element having at least one d-electron, wherein M is not vanadium; t is from 1 to 7; s is from 4 to 5; Z is tungsten, molybdenum, niobium or a combination thereof; u is from 0 to 9; v is from 0 to 9; y is from 5 to 6; z is 61 or 62; w is greater than or equal to 4; and A is a counterion.

31. The composition ofclaim 30, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+V_u^s+Z_18−u^y+O₆₂]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; u is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.

32. The composition ofclaim 30, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [X₂^r+M_v^t+Z_18−v^y+O₆₂]^w−[A], wherein X is at least one phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, or iron; v is from 1 to 9; and w is greater than or equal to 4.

33. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate has the formula [YV_pZ_12−pO₄₀][A], wherein Y is phosphorus, silicon, or aluminum; Z is tungsten or molybdenum; p is from 1 to 6, and A is a counterion.

34. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate further comprises organic group, an organosilyl group, an other p-block organometallic group, or a d-block organometallic group, wherein the organic group, the organosilyl group, the other p-block organometallic group, or the d-block organometallic group is bonded to the polyoxometalate.

35. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate comprises K₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉; K₈SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; K₇SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; Na₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉; Ag₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Ag₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Ag₈CoVW₁₁O₄₀; Ag₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; Na₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; K₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂; Na₅PCuW₁₁O₃₉; H₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; or K₅Cu^IIPW₁₁O₃₉.

36. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate comprises a modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a pre-modified polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, a copper compound, a cobalt compound, or a combination thereof.

37. The composition ofclaim 36, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀and (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆.

38. The composition ofclaim 36, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the gold compound is HAuCl₄.

39. The composition ofclaim 36, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the platinum compound is H₂PtCl₆.

40. The composition ofclaim 36, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀and (2) the silver compound is AgNO₃, AgClO₄, or a combination thereof.

41. The composition ofclaim 36, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate comprises Na₄PVMo₁₁O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Na₅H₂PV₄W₈O₄₀; Na₉PV₆Mo₆O₄₀; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₄₀; Na₅MnPW₁₁O₄₀; K₅CoPW₁₁O₃₉; (ndec₄)₆HMnNb₃P₂W₁₅O₆₂; or K₁₂Cu₃(W₉PO₃₄)₂, and (2) the gold compound is HAuCl₄.

42. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the topical carrier comprises a perfluorinated polymer.

43. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the topical carrier comprises a perfluorinated polymer and at least one unfluorinated polymer.

44. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the topical carrier comprises a perfluoropolyether.

45. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the topical carrier comprises a perfluoropolyether and at least one unfluorinated polyether.

46. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the polyoxometalate is from 0.01 to 95% by weight of the polyoxometalate topical composition.

47. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein the topical carrier is a perfluoropolyether and A is silver.

48. A method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting the polyoxometalate topical composition ofclaim 1 with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.

49. A method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting the polyoxometalate topical composition ofclaim 36 with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.

50. The method ofclaim 48, wherein the environment comprises the gas phase.

51. The method ofclaim 48, wherein the environment comprises the liquid phase.

52. The method ofclaim 48, wherein the contaminant comprises a chemical warfare agent.

53. The method ofclaim 48, wherein the contaminant comprises an aldehyde, an aliphatic nitrogen compound, a sulfur compound, an aliphatic oxygenated compound, a halogenated compound, an organophosphate compound, a phosphonothioate compound, a phosphorothioate compound, an arsenic compound, a chloroethyl-amine compound, a phosgene compound, a cyanic compound, or a combination thereof.

54. The method ofclaim 48, wherein the contaminant comprises acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, styrene, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, iso-valeric acid, pyridine, formaldehyde, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof.

55. The method ofclaim 48, wherein when the environment is the gas phase, the contaminant is removed from the gas phase at from −50° C. to 250° C. and at a pressure of from ppb to 30 atm.

56. The method ofclaim 48, wherein when the environment is the gas phase, the contaminant is removed from the gas phase at from 0° C. to 105° C. and at 1 atm.

57. A method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a polyoxometalate powder or a polyoxometalate coating with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.

58. A modified polyoxometalate, wherein the modified polyoxometalate comprises the admixture of (1) a polyoxometalate and (2) a cerium compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, a platinum compound, or a combination thereof.

59. The modified polyoxometalate ofclaim 58, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof, and (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆.

60. The modified polyoxometalate ofclaim 58, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the gold compound is HAuCl₄.

61. The modified polyoxometalate ofclaim 58, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof; (2) the cerium compound is (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆; and (3) the platinum compound is H₂PtCl₆.

62. The modified polyoxometalate ofclaim 58, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate is H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Li₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; K₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀, or a combination thereof, and (2) the silver compound is AgNO₃.

63. The modified polyoxometalate ofclaim 58, wherein (1) the pre-modified polyoxometalate independently comprises Na₄PVMo₁₁O₄₀; Na₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Na₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Na₅H₂PV₄W₈O₄₀; Na₉PV₆Mo₆O₄₀; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅CuPW₁₁O₃₉; Na₅MnPW₁₁O₄₀; K₅CoPW₁₁O₃₉; (n-Dec₄)₆HMnNb₃P₂W₁₅O₆₂; or K₁₂Cu₃(W₉PO₃₄)₂, and (2) the gold compound is HAuCl₄.

64. A polyoxometalate comprising K₈Co₂W₁₁O₃₉; K₈SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; K₇SiCoVW₁₀O₃₉; Ag₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀; Ag₆PV₃Mo₉O₄₀; Ag₈CoVW₁₁O₄₀; or Ag₁₂Ce(PW₁₁O₃₉)₂.

65. A modified material for removing a contaminant from an environment, wherein the modified material comprises (1) a material comprising a topical carrier, a powder, a coating, or a fabric, and (2) a metal compound comprising a transition metal compound, an actinide compound, a lanthanide compound, or a combination thereof, wherein the metal compound is not a polyoxometalate.

66. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound comprises a cerium compound, a platinum compound, a silver compound, a gold compound, or a combination thereof.

67. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a gold compound.

68. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a platinum compound.

69. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a cerium compound.

70. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a silver compound.

71. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a cerium compound and a platinum compound.

72. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a cerium compound and a gold compound.

73. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound is a silver compound and a gold compound.

74. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the material is a topical carrier and the metal compound is a silver compound.

75. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the topical carrier is a perfluoropolyether and the metal compound is a silver compound, a gold compound, or a combination thereof.

76. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the topical carrier is a perfluoropolyether and the silver compound is AgNO₃, AgClO₄, or a combination thereof.

77. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound comprises (1) gold, copper, and nitrate; (2) gold, iron, and nitrate; (3) gold, manganese, and nitrate; (4) gold, titanium, and nitrate; (5) gold, cobalt, and nitrate; (6) gold and nitrate; (7) copper and nitrate; (8) iron and nitrate; (9) gold, vanadium, and nitrate; (10) gold, nickel, and nitrate; (11) gold, silver, and nitrate; (12) gold, chloride, and nitrate; or (13) cerium compound.

78. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound comprises gold, chloride, and nitrate.

79. The modified material ofclaim 65, wherein the metal compound comprises mixing (1) (NEt₄)AuCl₂and (2) CuSO₄, MnSO₄, VOSO₄, Ti(SO₄)₂, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, NiSO₄, ZnSO₄, Cr₂(SO₄)₃, MgSO₄, CoSO₄, Pd(NO₃)₄, Na₂SO₃, or NBu₄NO₃, or a combination thereof.

80. An article comprising the modified material ofclaim 65.

81. A method for removing a contaminant from an environment, comprising contacting a modified material ofclaim 65 with the environment containing the contaminant for a sufficient time to remove the contaminant from the environment.

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