US20040181275A1 - Channeled vascular stent apparatus and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A vascular stent having one or more channels in the outer surface. The channel(s) provide increased flexibility, enhanced perfusion, increased chronic positional stability, and convenient dispensing of a medication. Preferably the stent is machined into a mesh-like pattern and the channel(s) are machined into the stent elements of the pattern. The channels may be oriented in a variety of ways. Parallel orientation tends to provide greater enhancement of perfusion whereas perpendicular orientation provides differential flexibility. For greater control of differential flexibility, the channel may be further machined in the stent element, producing a regain of greater flexibility.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
• None.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention[0002]
• The present invention generally relates to medical devices, and more particularly relates to devices for reinforcement of a portion of a vascular wall.[0003]
• 2. Description of the Prior Art[0004]
• It is well known in the prior art to design and build apparatus for the treatment of various vascular disorders. It is common to group these therapies in accordance with the location within the body of the vessel(s) to be treated. For example, peripheral vascular therapies treat vascular disease of the extremities. Similarly, cardiac vascular therapies treat vascular disease of the coronary system. This method of differentiation is particularly helpful in that the medical procedures and corresponding medical devices tend to be specifically tailored to the individual application.[0005]
• The primary disease effecting the coronary system involves the build-up of material within the lumen of a vessel which partially or completely occludes the vessel preventing adequate perfusion. Though there are reported attempts in the literature to provide treatment using systemic drugs, the primary therapies involve invasive procedures.[0006]
• Perhaps most common, is the by-pass surgical procedure. Most typically this involves a complete thoracotomy during which those sections of the coronary arteries which are partially or completely occluded are surgically removed. If the occluded sections prove to be quite long, it may be necessary to supply artificial or organic graft material. Common artificial grafts are made from woven polymer fibers. Natural grafts may be transplanted from a human or animal donor or may be harvested from the patient, as with the use of the patient's saphenous vein.[0007]
• The key alternative to by-pass surgery is a less invasive procedure termed percutaneous translumenal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). In this procedure, a catheter is inserted percutaneously into an artery (usually the femoral artery in the leg) and advanced so that the distal portion, containing an inflatable balloon reaches the occluded section of the coronary artery. Inflation of the balloon compresses the occluding material into the vessel wall, thus increasing the effective cross section of the vessel. Because the procedure is much less invasive than by-pass, it is much less costly and much less traumatic.[0008]
• However, the prevalent medical concern about PTCA involves the restenosis rate. A number of preliminary studies have shown that the rate at which treated vessels subsequently reocclude may be unacceptably high. The exact mechanism whereby restenosis occurs is not well understand, notwithstanding considerable on-going research on the topic. Yet, it seems rather intuitive that the vessel wall, in the region of the initial lesion, may have been weakened by the disease. It also seems likely that such a weakened vessel wall may indeed be further weakened by the PTCA procedure, itself.[0009]
• Thus, it has become a common practice to supplement the PTCA procedure with the implantation of a stent to provide reinforcement of the vessel wall. A stent is a generally cylindrical structure which fits snugly the inside dimension of the inner vessel wall, providing additional radial strength against restenosis. U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,723, issued to Finney, describes a stent having a considerably different configuration which is commonly utilized within the urinary tract.[0010]
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,207, issued to Hughes, shows a relatively elongate stent structure. A stent more specifically configured for coronary use is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,370, issued to Fischell et al. Frantzen, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,713, describes a stent structure produced of a mesh having a flattened outer surface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,172, issued to Yan describes a stent which is porous to provide chronic release of a drug. With all of these proposed stent structures, there remain the concerns of accomplishment of the basic purpose of the stent implantation, without undue chronic movement and without undue prevention of the perfusion of the endothelial cells of the stented vessel wall.[0011]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages found in the prior art by offering a method of and apparatus for providing the desired stent functions yet having improved properties of placement and chronic implantation. These improvements are derived from the fabrication techniques and physical configuration of the stent of the present invention.[0012]
• The present invention offers a greater opportunity for positioning and dispensing of medication for chronic drug therapy. It also provides enhanced chronic retention, improved perfusion, and differential flexibility in placement.[0013]
• In the preferred mode of practicing the present invention, the stent is fabricated from hollow, cylindrical, tube-like stock of a biocompatible material, such as titanium or medical grade stainless steel. The raw stock is preferably “machined” on a machine tool having a rotary laser cutting head, which cuts a mesh-like pattern through the wall of the metal stock. It may be appropriate, in certain other applications, to utilize a memory-type metal, such as Nitinol.[0014]
• In addition to the pattern cut entirely through the stock, one or more pockets or channels are cut into but not through the stent wall. These pockets or channels can greatly enhance the positional stability of the stent, because the channel edges tend to more tightly grip the vessel wall. The pockets or channels can incidentally provide a path for blood flow between the outer stent wall and the endothelial cells of the inner vessel wall. As a result, the present invention can provide enhanced perfusion of the stented vessel wall. This enhanced perfusion would especially benefit stent designs having an embedded medication, because it would generate greater distribution of the drug.[0015]
• The pockets or channels may be machined circumferentially or longitudinally with respect to the normal blood flow. Longitudinal orientation would tend to provide the greatest enhancement of perfusion. This will be the configuration for many applications.[0016]
• Circumferential orientation of the pockets or channels provides all of the above described benefits and also imparts differential flexibility along the length of the stent. This occurs because the reduced metal of the pocket or channel more readily permits a bend to occur at the location of the channel. This differential flexibility is particularly useful in effective placement of the stent, although it is also helpful in positional retention around bends in the vessel wall.[0017]
• One particular embodiment of the present invention provides for differentially machining a stent mesh pattern at one or more selected locations. These breaks are useful for imparting a particular desired degree of differential flexibility.[0018]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Other objects of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof and wherein:[0019]
• FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the overall medical procedure:[0020]
• FIG. 2 is a closeup view conceptually showing the operation of a vascular stent;[0021]
• FIG. 3A is a closeup view conceptually showing a stent machined into a mesh-like pattern;[0022]
• FIG. 3B is a closeup view of the mesh-like stent further machined with the channels of the present invention;[0023]
• FIG. 3C is a closeup view of particular sections of the stent of FIG. 3B;[0024]
• FIG. 4 is a very close up sectioned view of the contact between the longitudinally channeled stent element and the vessel wall;[0025]
• FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 having a medication for chronic therapy;[0026]
• FIG. 6 is a very close up view of the contact between the laterally channeled stent element and the vessel wall;[0027]
• FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 having a medication for chronic therapy;[0028]
• FIG. 8 is a very close up view of the contact between the laterally channeled stent element and the vessel wall showing differential flexibility around a bend in the vessel wall; and[0029]
• FIG. 9 is a view similar to that of FIG. 8 wherein the stent element has been machined into an articulated bridge.[0030]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• FIG. 1 is a diagram[0031]10 schematically showing the overall medical procedure. Patient12 has experiencedocclusion14 ofcoronary artery16. This has caused insufficient perfusion tomyocardial tissue18 of patient12. To conduct the PTCA procedure known in the art, the distal portion of a catheter containing a dilation balloon and stent is percutaneously inserted atincision22 and advanced throughartery20 intocoronary artery16 toocclusion14.Occlusion14 is opened and stented in the manner known in the art.
• FIG. 2 is a closeup conceptual view of[0032]stent24 as place after dilatation of occlusion14 (not shown).Stent24 is generally cylindrical in shape having aninner lumen26. Preferably,stent24 is fabricated from thin, biocompatible tubing of stainless steel, titanium, or Nitinol. For coronary applications,stent24 has a length of several millimeters to about one centimeter. A pattern (not shown in FIG. 2) is machined in the wall ofstent24 as described below.Stent24 has an outside diameter which is sized to snugly fit within the inner lumen ofcoronary artery16 after dilatation.
• FIG. 3A is a close-up view of[0033]stent24 as machined into a mesh-like pattern. Such machining removes much of the mass from the implanted stent. The mesh-like pattern increases flexibility of the stent and improves perfusion to the endothelial cells at the inside surface of the vessel wall.
• [0034]Stent element28 appears as a portion of the generally cylindrical surface ofstent24.Stent element28 has a generally flat outer surface and a generally flat inner surface.Stent element28 is preferably recessed in accordance with one of the embodiments of the present invention as described below in detail.
• FIG. 3B is a closeup view of the mesh-like stent of FIG. 3A further machined to include pockets or channels in accordance with the present invention. As can be seen, the basic structure of the mesh-like pattern is a plurality of[0035]cells60 interconnected to provide the desired size. Eachcell60 containsstrut54 and internalradial arc62. The cells are connected via connectingbridge56. Articulatedbridge58 is further machined as described in more detail below to enhance differential flexibility. The ends ofstent24 are defined by a plurality of end radial arcs64. Section AA provides a closeup (see FIG. 3C) of a machined channel. Section BB provides a closeup (see FIG. 3C) of a machined articulated bridge.
• FIG. 3C is a closeup of Section AA, which is a machined channel, and Section BB, which is a machined articulated bridge.[0036]
• FIG. 4 is a very close-up sectioned view of stent element[0037]28 (the remainder ofstent24 is not shown for clarity) as chronically implanted. As shown,stent element28 is channeled in the longitudinal direction (i.e., direction of blood flow).Channel30 is outwardly concave, as shown. This permits greater perfusion ofsurface36 ofcoronary artery16. Furthermore, edges32 and34 tend to prevent inadvertent repositioning during chronic implantation.
• FIG. 5 is a view similar to that shown in FIG. 6 with the addition of[0038]medication38 withinchannel30.Medication38 is typically an anti-clotting agent, such as TPA, or an anti-irritant, such as a suitable steroid. The placement ofmedication38 withinchannel30 enhances chronic dispersion of the drug.
• FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 4, in which stent element[0039]28 (the remainder ofstent24 is not shown for clarity) is channeled laterally (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of blood flow).Channel44 is formed in the same manner as channel30 (see also FIG. 4), but it is machined perpendicularly.Channel44,edge40, and edge42 function in the same manner aschannel30,edge32, andedge34.
• FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 wherein[0040]channel44 containsmedication38. This embodiment functions similar to the embodiment of FIG. 5.
• FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 6 wherein[0041]channel44 is utilized to provide differential flexibility tostent element28. This differential flexibility is important inaccommodating bend46 ofvessel16. This differential flexibility also assists in resisting inadvertent repositioning.
• FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 wherein[0042]channel40 has been machined deeply intostent element28 and wherein thethin region48 instent element28 imparts a particular articulation instent24.
• Having thus described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that the teachings found herein may be applied to yet other embodiments within the scope of the claims hereto attached.[0043]

Claims (21)

What is claimed is:

1. In a vascular stent having a generally cylindrical shape with an outer surface and an inner surface, the improvement comprising:

at least one channel in said outer surface.

2. The improvement accordingclaim 1 wherein said channel is oriented generally parallel to said cylindrical shape.

3. The improvement according toclaim 1 wherein said channel is oriented generally perpendicular to said cylindrical shape.

4. The improvement according toclaim 1 wherein said stent is machined to produce a pattern having at least one stent element.

5. The improvement according toclaim 4 wherein said channel is machined in one of said at least one stent element.

6. The improvement according toclaim 5 wherein said channel contains a medication.

7. An apparatus comprising:

a. A vascular stent having a generally cylindrical shape and having an outer surface; and

b. A channel located on said outer surface.

8. An apparatus according toclaim 7 wherein said vascular stent further comprises a stent element.

9. An apparatus according toclaim 8 wherein said channel is located on said stent element.

10. An apparatus according toclaim 9 wherein said channel is generally parallel to said cylindrical shape.

11. An apparatus according toclaim 9 wherein said channel is generally perpendicular to said cylindrical shape.

12. A method of preparing a vascular stent comprising:

a. Securing a bio-compatible tube having a generally cylindrical shape with an outer surface; and

b. Providing a channel in said outer surface.

13. A method according toclaim 12 further comprising creating a pattern in said bio-compatible tube producing a stent element.

14. A method according toclaim 13 wherein said providing step further comprises machining said channel into said stent element.

15. A method according toclaim 14 further comprising the step of embedding a medication into said channel.

16. An apparatus comprising:

a. Means for stenting a vessel having an outer surface; and

b. Means located on said outer surface for enhancing perfusion.

17. An apparatus according toclaim 16 further comprising means responsively coupled to said outer surface for imparting differential flexiblity.

18. An apparatus according toclaim 16 wherein said enhancing means further comprises a channel within said outer surface.

19. An apparatus according toclaim 18 wherein said outer surface has a pattern producing a stent element.

20. An apparatus according toclaim 19 wherein said channel is located on said stent element in a generally parallel direction.

21. An apparatus according toclaim 19 wherein said channel is located on said stent element in a generally perpendicular direction.

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