US20040175690A1 - Tissue harvesting device and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A tissue harvesting method and device for obtaining micrograft tissue particles within the size range of 50-1500 microns, and more preferably 500-1000 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. The particles may be processed after a piece of donor tissue has been excised from the donor site, or processed into the desired size directly at the donor site, and thereafter excised. Cutters having blades or cutting edges spaced in the range of 50-1500 microns are utilized to obtain particles within the desired size range. An elastomer is positioned between the cutting edges to push the excised particles out of the blades for ease of use.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/379,342, entitled “Tissue Processing System,” filed on Mar. 3, 2003.[0001]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to a device and method for harvesting dermal tissue. More particularly, this invention relates to a device and method for extracting small particles of dermal tissue for transplantation to a recipient site.[0002]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Traditional skin grafting is accomplished by taking a thin slice of dermal tissue from a donor site in order to cover a wound site, such as a burn area. In some instances, the slice of dermal tissue is meshed to expand its size, creating a meshed graft. Traditional devices used to harvest the tissue from the donor site include dermatomes for removing a thin slice of the upper layers of skin from a donor site. The slice is then meshed using traditional techniques to create and expand the sheet of skin tissue that gives the slice a weave-like appearance. The purpose of expanding the skin from the donor site is to increase the amount of area on a recipient site that can be covered by the donor site. Some of the most desirable expansion ratios currently available are 6:1. That is, under the most ideal conditions, skin taken from a donor site would be able to cover a recipient site that is six times larger than the donor site.[0003]
• Traditional meshed grafting techniques have been shown to yield 90% viability at the donor site. A slightly lower viability rate occurs for non-meshed sheet grafts, mostly due to fluid accumulation under the sheet graft. Factors that lead to graft failure include poor circulation, unclean wounds, patient interference with the graft dressing, obesity, and smoking. Additionally, in at least approximately 10% of cases, infection at the donor site occurs. Although such donor site infections are not likely related to graft failure at the wound site, they still pose problems for both the patient and caregiver.[0004]
• As mentioned, traditional meshing techniques yield a most favorable expansion ratio of 6:1. For example, a 1 cm[0005]²donor site can cover a 6 cm²wound site. While greater ratios of 9:1 and 12:1 may be possible using meshing techniques, there is also a significant delay in epithelialization with such ratios.
• Micro grafting techniques, in which the donor tissue is actually minced in order to achieve a greater than 10:1 expansion ratio, are known in the art. Such techniques allow for a much greater coverage area from a small donor site. However, traditional techniques are cumbersome, and often the viability of the cells is compromised to such an extent that sometimes less than 50% of the cells are viable when applied to the wound site. Additionally, traditional techniques have thus far been inadequate in producing viable cells in the range of 500-1500 microns.[0006]
• Traditional micrograft techniques, dating back to 1963, utilized minced skin that is between ⅛[0007]^thinch (approximately 3 mm, or 3000 microns) or {fraction (1/16)}^thinch (approximately 1.5 mm, or 1500 microns) in size. However, disadvantages of using pieces larger than 1500 microns have been noted. Among the disadvantages are that many of the cells are trapped within the pieces of skin, and are thus unable to proliferate or produce new cells required to form new skin. Furthermore, if such large pieces of skin are to be transplanted, the epidermis side of each piece has to be oriented upwards, and the dermis side oriented downwards. This makes the procedure tedious and impractical. Also, the appearance of the new skin that is produced using particles of this size is poor, often having a cobblestone appearance.
• Other micrografting techniques have utilized minced skin that is 200 to 500 microns in size. While sometimes producing cosmetically better grafts over the larger micrografts, many of the cells contained in the particles are rendered non-viable by the process of producing cells of such a small size.[0008]
• It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a system for obtaining and processing tissue samples from a donor site on the order of 50-1500 microns in size, such that the vast majority of tissue processed at this size is viable when transplanted to a recipient site. It is a further object of the present invention to strike the ideal balance between cell viability and cell proliferation between the size range of 500-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns, which has heretofore not been achieved.[0009]
• Additional objects of the present invention include a significant reduction in the size of the donor site as compared to traditional mesh-graft procedures; minimizing scarring of the graft site as compared to traditional mesh-graft procedures; improvement of the pliability of tissue in the graft site; improvement of the cosmetic appearance of the graft site as compared to current methods; and improvement of graft “take.”[0010]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with the foregoing objects, the present invention generally comprises a device for harvesting tissue from a donor site into particles in the size range of 50-1500 microns, and most preferably about 600 microns, such that the particles may produce an expansion ratio, or cell proliferation, of at least 6:1 and up to or over 20:1.[0011]
• The present invention includes a method for cutting and removing tissue from a donor site. The typical donor site may be equivalent to a split-thickness-skin graft (“STSG”). A traditional dermatome may be utilized to obtain the donor sample, or STSG, which is then processed into smaller micrografts between 50-1500 microns in size. More preferably, the micrografts are processed into sizes between 500 microns and 1500 microns, and most preferably to about 600 microns, which has been shown to yield the greatest viability and proliferation. A cutter is utilized to process the tissue into the desired size. Alternatively, the donor tissue may be processed into the desired size directly on the donor site, and thereafter removed from the donor site.[0012]
• The present invention also includes a cutter for processing the tissue into the desired size range. Several alternative cutters may be utilized in accordance with the present invention, including roller cutters. In one embodiment, a roller have having a square-shaped grid pattern of raised edges is used to achieve tissue particles of the desired size. Alternatively, dual rollers may be utilized, in which each roller has a series of evenly spaced parallel raised cutting edges, which are oriented perpendicular to the raised edges on the opposing roller. The donor tissue or STSG may be passed between the rollers, or the rollers may be pressed against a single surface of the donor tissue.[0013]
• Other alternative cutters include die-cast rigid sheets, which may be flat or concave. The rigid sheet is pressed to the donor tissue manually or by means of a reciprocating roller. The cutting edges of the rigid sheet include a raised, square-shaped grid pattern, or alternatively, a series of opposing facing, raised concave cutting edges.[0014]
• Cutters that may be utilized to process the donor tissue directly at the donor site include bundled capillary tubes, having a sharpened edge. Other cutters for processing donor tissue that has already been excised from the donor site include a cylindrical press cutter.[0015]
• Removing the tissue from the cutters, after it has been processed into the desired size, is accomplished by positioning an elastomer, such as rubber or other flexible material, between the cutting surfaces of the cutters. As the cutter is pushed into the donor tissue, the elastomer retreats from the cutting edge to allow the tissue to be cut. As pressure is relieved from the cutter, the elastomer returns to its original position, thereby pushing the cut tissue out from the cutting edges.[0016]
• The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects of the present invention. These objects should be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications of the invention. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or by modifying the invention as will be described. Accordingly, other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be had by referring to the following Detailed Description of the Invention, which includes the preferred embodiment[0017]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• These and other features and advantages of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings of certain preferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention, and wherein like reference numbers refer to like components, and in which:[0018]
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a donor tissue excised from a donor site using traditional methods;[0019]
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cylindrical roller cutter of the present invention;[0020]
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of donor tissue processed into the desired size directly at the donor site in accordance with the present invention;[0021]
• FIGS. 4A, 4B, and[0022]4C are perspective views of a rigid sheet cutter of the present invention;
• FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a circular blade cutter of the present invention;[0023]
• FIGS. 6A and 6[0024]bare perspective views of dual roller cutters of the present invention;
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a stacked microtome cutter of the present invention;[0025]
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a bundled capillary tubes cutter of the present invention;[0026]
• FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a cylindrical press cutter of the present invention;[0027]
• FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a stacked disc cutter of the present invention; and[0028]
• FIG. 11 is cross-sectional view of a tissue extraction means of the present invention.[0029]
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Although those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize many alternative embodiments, especially in light of the illustrations provided herein, this detailed description is exemplary of the preferred embodiment of the present invention as well as alternate embodiments, the scope of which is limited only by the claims that may be drawn hereto.[0030]
• Referring now to the drawings, the details of preferred embodiments of the present invention are graphically and schematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawings are represented by like numbers, and any similar elements are represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix.[0031]
• As illustrated in FIG. 1, a[0032]donor tissue sample10, such as a split-thickness-skin graft (“STSG”) may be removed from a healthy region ofskin tissue12 using traditional techniques, such as by running adermatome14 across the surface of thedonor site12. Thedonor tissue10 is positioned on aflat surface18, so that thecutter16 of the present invention may be applied to it, as is shown in FIG. 2, in order to process the tissue into the desired size. In the preferred embodiment, thedonor tissue10 is processed into the desired size range of between 50-1500 microns², more preferably between 500-1000 microns², and most preferably 600 microns². Alternatively, thedonor tissue10 may be processed into the desired size or size range directly at thewound site12, as depicted in FIG. 3. Adermatome14, or similar traditional device, may be used to excise the processedtissue particles10 from thedonor site12.
• Returning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a[0033]cutter16 of the present invention for processingdonor tissue10 intoparticles20 of the desired size. Thecutter16 consists of acylindrical roller22 in which the cuttingsurface24 consists of a square-shaped grid pattern of raisededges26, that form blades for cutting thedonor tissue10 intoparticles20 of the desired size. Theroller22 is pressed onto thedonor tissue10 manually, such as byhandles30 attached along thelongitudinal axis28 of theroller22, or by an electromechanical actuator (not shown), such as an electric motor and axel along thelongitudinal axis28, similar to that used in traditional dermatomes known in the art.
• An alternative embodiment of the[0034]cutter16, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and4C, includes arigid sheet34 having a plurality of raised cutting edges32. Therigid sheet34 may be a die as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, in which the cutting edges32 form a square-shaped grid pattern, in which each grid is the size of the desired particle to be cut from thedonor tissue10. Alternatively, the cutting edges32 may consist of a series of oppositely facing, raisedconcave cutters36, as shown in FIG. 4C. Therigid sheet34 may be flat, as shown in FIG. 4A, or concave to aid in manual pressing of thecutter16 to thedonor tissue10, as shown in FIG. 4B. In such an embodiment, the cutting edges are positioned on theouter curve38 of therigid sheet34.
• The particles may be extracted from the donor tissue after application of the[0035]rigid sheet34cutter16 by oscillating thesheet34, such as by a piezo-electric driver, along avertical axis40, as illustrated in FIG. 4C. Alternatively, therigid sheet34 may be pressed onto thedonor tissue10 manually. Other alternative pressing means include use of an arbor (not shown), such as an axle press known in the art, or by means of aroller actuator42, that presses thesheet34 against thedonor tissue10 as theroller44 of theactuator42 is passed across the surface of therigid sheet34, as shown in FIG. 4A.
• Turning now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a further embodiment of the[0036]cutter16. The cutter is comprised of a series of sharpened circular blades50 arranged in parallel to one another and fixed along an axis52. Ahandle60 may be positioned along an opposing axis62. The distance54 between the blades50 may be adjusted according to the desired size of the tissue sample to be obtained. The preferred distance54 between each blade50 is in the range of about 50 microns to 1500 microns. The more preferable distance54 is between about 500 microns and 1000 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. In the preferred embodiment, the space54 between blades50 may be adjusted to within the preferred distances mentioned, or alternatively, fixed to a distance within the preferred distances mentioned. The distance54 between the blades50 allows for uniform tissue particles to be produced at the ideal range of 50 square microns to 1500 square microns. As mentioned, tissue particles within the desired range have been shown to yield the highest expansion ratio while retaining the greatest viability.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a further embodiment of the[0037]cutter16, which consists of a pair ofcylindrical rollers70a,70b. The firstcylindrical roller70ahas a first set of raised, parallel cutting edges72. The secondcylindrical roller70bhas a second set of raised,parallel cutting edges74 that are oriented approximately perpendicular to the first set of raised cutting edges72. The cutting edges72,74 are separated by between about 50-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6A, thedonor tissue10 is passed between the first andsecond rollers70a,70b, which are rotating in opposite directions around their respective axes ofrotation76a,76b. Alternatively, and as depicted in FIG. 6B, therollers70a,70brotate in the same direction as they are pressed along thesurface80 of thedonor tissue10.
• Still another embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 7, of the[0038]cutter16 of the present invention consists ofmultiple microtomes82 stacked and separated by aspace84 within the range of about 50-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. Themicrotomes82 are pressed against the donor tissue to achieve particles of the size desired.
• A further embodiment, shown in FIG. 8, of the[0039]cutter16 of the present invention, consists of abundle84 ofcapillary tubes86 having sharpened edges88. Theedges88 are pressed into the donor tissue to extract particles of a size equivalent to theinner diameter90 of thecapillary tube86, which is in the range of about 50-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. An elastomer (not shown), such as soft rubber, may be positioned within eachcapillary tube86 to aid in extraction of the particles after they have been cut from thedonor tissue10. As thecapillary tube86 is pushed into the tissue, the elastomer retreats from theedges88 of thetube86, allowing the tissue to be cut. As pressure is relieved, the elastomer returns to its original position within the tube, pushing the cut tissue particles out of thetubes86.
• A[0040]cylindrical press100, as shown in FIG. 9, may be utilized to cut tissue into a desired size within the range of 50-1500 microns, or preferably 600 microns, after thedonor tissue10 has been removed from thedonor site12. Thepress100 is housed within ahousing102 having an openproximal end104 and a closeddistal end106, which is closed by thepress100 itself. Anelastomer108, such as rubber, is fixed to the press within the housing, and aremovable cap110 is positioned along the openproximal end104 for catching the tissue particles after they have been cut. Multiple blades112 are fixed within thehousing102 between theelastomer108 of thepress100, and the openproximal end104. Thedonor tissue10 is placed within thehousing102 between thepress100, which is removable, and theblades104. As thepress100 passes through thehousing102, theelastomer108 contacts thetissue10 and forces it into and through the blades112. The particles, having been cut to the desired size, are trapped within thecap104.
• Still a further embodiment of the[0041]cutter16 is illustrated in FIG. 10. The cutter may consist of multipleserrated discs120.Slots122 are formed within thediscs120, which are positioned along anaxis124. Thediscs120 are fixed along theaxis124 such that a space of between 50-1500 microns, or preferably 600 microns, exists between eachdisc120. Aring126 oflongitudinal blades128 envelops thediscs120, and configured to pass between the serrations of thediscs120. Previously exciseddonor tissue10 is placed between thediscs120, cutting them into the desired particle size as thering126 is passed over thediscs120.
• Extraction of the particles from the blades or[0042]edges130 of thecutter16 is illustrated in FIG. 11. Anelastomer132 is positioned within thespace134 between the blades or edges130. As pressure is exerted by thecutter16 against thedonor tissue10, theelastomer132 retracts. The cut tissue trapped in thespace134 between theblades130 is forced out from thespace134 as pressure is relieved from thecutter16 and theelastomer132 returns to its original position.
• The present invention includes a method of processing harvested donor tissue into micrograft particles within the size range of 50-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns. A further embodiment includes processing donor tissue to micrograft particles between 50-1500 microns, and most preferably 600 microns, directly at the donor site, and thereafter excising the particles from their contact points at the donor site using traditional means, such as a dermatome.[0043]
• While the above description contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as exemplifications of one or another preferred embodiment thereof. Many other variations are possible, which would be obvious to one skilled in the art. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined by the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, and not just by the embodiments.[0044]

Claims (51)

What is claimed is:

1. A method of harvesting tissue for transplantation to a recipient site, comprising the steps of:

(i) extracting a section of dermal tissue from a donor site;

(ii) processing said tissue through a tissue cutter such that said tissue is processed in to particles of a size conducive for cell proliferation greater than about 6:1 and up to about 20:1; and

(iii) mechanically retrieving said processed tissue from said cutter.

2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said particles are within the size range of about 50 microns to 1500 microns.

3. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said particles are within the size range of about 500 microns to 1000 microns.

4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said particles are within the size of about 600 microns.

5. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a cylindrical roller having a raised surface of evenly spaced square shaped blades.

6. The method ofclaim 5 wherein said cutter is further comprised of a handle positioned axially along said cylindrical roller.

7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a die having a first plurality of raised edges and a second plurality of raised edges positioned perpendicular to said first plurality of raised edges.

8. The method ofclaim 7 wherein said die is pressed on said section of dermal tissue by means of an arbor.

9. The method ofclaim 7 wherein said die is manually pressed onto said section of dermal tissue.

10. The method ofclaim 7 wherein said die is pressed onto said section of dermal tissue from a proximal side of said tissue to a distal side of said tissue by means of a reciprocating roller.

11. The method ofclaim 7 wherein said die is concave, such that said raised edges are positioned on an outer curve of said concave die.

12. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a first cylindrical roller positioned parallel to a second cylindrical roller, and wherein said first cylindrical roller is comprised of a first set of raised, parallel cutting edges, and wherein said second cylindrical roller is comprised of a second set of raised, parallel cutting edges, and wherein said first set of raised cutting edges is positioned approximately perpendicular to said second set of raised, parallel cutting edges.

13. The method ofclaim 12 wherein said first cylindrical roller cuts along a top face of said dermal tissue, and said second cylindrical roller cuts along a bottom face of said dermal tissue.

14. The method ofclaim 12 wherein said first and second cylindrical rollers cut along a single face of said dermal tissue.

15. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a plurality of circular blades in parallel arrangement.

16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein said blades are adjustably secured so as to create a space between said blades, such that said space is within the range of about 50 microns to about 1500 microns.

17. The method ofclaim 15 wherein said blades are adjustably secured so as to create a space between said blades, such that said space is about 600 microns.

18. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a plurality of microtomes.

19. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said cutter is comprised of a plurality of capillary tubes having a sharpened edge and arranged in a bundle.

20. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said step of mechanically retrieving said processed tissue from said cutter comprises positioning an elastomer between cutting surfaces of said cutter.

21. A method of harvesting tissue for transplantation to a recipient site, comprising the steps of:

(i) applying a plurality of vertical cuts to a section of donor tissue at a donor site; and

(ii) extracting a plurality of donor particles from said donor site by applying a horizontal cut along a connection point of said donor particles to said donor site and through said vertical cuts, such that said donor particles are of a size conducive for proliferation greater than about 6:1 and up to about 20:1; and

22. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said extracting step is comprised of passing a dermatome across said vertical cuts.

23. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said size of said donor particles are within the range of about 50 microns to about 1500 microns.

24. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said size of said donor particles is within the range of about 300 microns to about 800 microns.

25. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said size of said donor particles is about 600 microns.

26. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said applying step is comprised of pressing a die having a plurality of perpendicularly arranged edges against said donor site.

27. The method ofclaim 26 wherein said extracting step is comprised of oscillating said die along a vertical axis.

28. The method ofclaim 21 wherein said applying step is comprised of pressing a rigid sheet having a plurality of opposing concave cutting edges.

29. The method ofclaim 28 wherein said extracting step is comprised of oscillating said rigid sheet along a vertical axis.

30. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprised of a cylindrical roller having a raised surface of evenly spaced perpendicularly arranged cutting edges.

31. The cutter ofclaim 30 wherein said space between said cutting edges is between about 50 microns and about 1500 microns.

32. The cutter ofclaim 30 wherein said space between said cutting edges is about 600 microns.

33. The cutter ofclaim 30 further comprising a piezo-electric driver for oscillating cutter across the surface of tissue.

34. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprised of a rigid sheet of raised cutting edges.

35. The cutter ofclaim 34 wherein said raised cutting edges form a grid having separations between said cutting edges between about 50 microns and about 1500 microns.

36. The cutter ofclaim 34 wherein said raised cutting edges form a grid having separations between said cutting edges of about 600 microns.

37. The cutter ofclaim 34 wherein said sheet is concave and said raised cutting edges project from an outer curve of said concave sheet.

38. The cutter ofclaim 34 wherein said raised cutting edges are comprised of a plurality of opposing concave cutting edges.

39. The cutter ofclaim 38 further comprising an oscillating driver connected to said cutter for oscillating said cutter across the surface of said tissue.

40. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprising:

(i) a first cylindrical roller, having a first set of raised, parallel cutting edges; and

(ii) a second roller having a second set of raised, parallel cutting edges; and

(iii) wherein said first set of raised cutting edges is approximately perpendicular to said second set of raised cutting edges.

41. The cutter ofclaim 40 wherein said cutting edges are separated by between about 50 microns and 1500 microns.

42. The cutter ofclaim 40 wherein said cutting edges are separated by about 600 microns.

43. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprising a plurality of circular blades in parallel arrangement along a horizontal axis, and wherein said blades are adjustably secured to create a uniform distance between each circular blade.

44. The cutter ofclaim 43 further comprising a handle positioned along said horizontal axis.

45. The cutter ofclaim 43 wherein said distance between each circular blade is between about 50 microns and 1500 microns.

46. The cutter ofclaim 43 wherein said distance between each circular blade is about 600 microns.

47. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprising:

(i) a housing;

(ii) a cylindrical press movable within said housing from a closed distal end of said housing toward an open proximal end of said housing;

(iii) an elastomer fixedly connected to said press;

(iv) a removable cap positioned at said open proximal end of said housing; and

(v) a plurality of blades fixedly connected within said housing, and interposed between said press and said open proximal end.

48. The cutter ofclaim 47 wherein said blades are separated by a distance of between about 50 microns and 1500 microns.

49. The cutter ofclaim 47 wherein said blades are separated by a distance of about 600 microns.

50. A cutter for processing tissue into particles suitable for transplantation, comprising:

(i) a plurality of serrated discs, wherein said discs are slotted, and wherein said discs are fixedly positioned along an axis such that a space is created between said discs for receiving a tissue sample;

(ii) a ring of longitudinal blades configured to pass between said serrations of said serrated discs.

51. The cutter ofclaim 50 further comprising a clamp for forcing said tissue into said cutter.

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