US20040127787A1 - Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices - Google Patents
Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devicesDownload PDFInfo
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- US20040127787A1 US20040127787A1US10/334,698US33469802AUS2004127787A1US 20040127787 A1US20040127787 A1US 20040127787A1US 33469802 AUS33469802 AUS 33469802AUS 2004127787 A1US2004127787 A1US 2004127787A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/06—Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; Determining position of diagnostic devices within or on the body of the patient
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/06—Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; Determining position of diagnostic devices within or on the body of the patient
- A61B5/061—Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body
- A61B5/062—Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body using magnetic field
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
- A61B2090/397—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers electromagnetic other than visible, e.g. microwave
- A61B2090/3975—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers electromagnetic other than visible, e.g. microwave active
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
- A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/43—Electric condenser making
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/4902—Electromagnet, transformer or inductor
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/4902—Electromagnet, transformer or inductor
- Y10T29/49073—Electromagnet, transformer or inductor by assembling coil and core
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49194—Assembling elongated conductors, e.g., splicing, etc.
Definitions
- FIG. 3is a cross-sectional view of the marker 100 taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2.
- the ferromagnetic element 140is a ferrite rod having a diameter D 1 of approximately 0.20-0.70 mm, but the ferromagnetic element 140 can have other cross-sectional configurations in other embodiments.
- an extruded ferrite rodcan have an elliptical, oval or polygonal cross section.
- the ferromagnetic element 140can have a length of approximately 2.0-20 mm.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention is directed toward permanently implantable or semi-permanently implantable markers with wireless signal transmitters that are compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices.[0001]
- Medical procedures often require locating and treating target areas within a patient. Radiation therapy and many surgical procedures require locating the target with a high degree of precision to limit collateral damage to healthy tissue around the target. It is particularly important to know or estimate the precise location of the target in radiation oncology because it is desirable to limit the exposure of adjacent body parts to the radiation. In applications for treating prostate cancer, for example, the colon, bladder or other body part of the patient adjacent to the prostate is desirably not impinged by the high-intensity radiation beam. Surgical applications, such as breast surgery and other procedures involving soft tissue, also require knowing the precise location of a target because a lesion is not necessarily fixed relative to external landmarks on the patient.[0002]
- Many imaging systems have been used to locate areas or particular targets within a body before performing radiation oncology or surgical procedures. Although x-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), CT, and other imaging techniques are useful to locate targets within the body at the pre-operative stage of a procedure, they are often not suitable or difficult to use in real time during surgery or radiation therapy. For example, the location of a lesion in soft tissue or an organ within the patient's body may shift relative to external landmarks on the patient between the pre-operative imaging procedure and the actual radiation or surgical procedure. Additionally, when imaging systems are used during a radiation or surgical procedure, they may not provide sufficiently accurate measurements of the location of the lesions and they may interfere with the radiation or surgical procedure. Therefore, imaging techniques by themselves are not suitable for accurately identifying the actual location of a target for many medical applications.[0003]
- Another technique to locate a target in a patient is to implant a marker relative to the target. For example, implantable markers that generate a signal have been proposed for use to locate a selected target in a patient in radiation oncology procedures. U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,482 B1 issued to Boksberger et al. discloses a device having an implanted emitter unit SE located inside or as close as possible to a target object T and a plurality of receiver units S[0004]11, S12, S21 and S22 that are located outside of the patient. Boksberger discloses determining the location of the target object T by energizing the emitter unit SE using generator GE and sensing the signal from the emitter unit SE with the receiver units S11-S22. Boksberger discloses and claims that the receiver units S11-S22 are configured to determine the gradient of the magnetic field generated by the emitter unit SE. Boksberger discloses emitter units SE that are energized using a wired connection to the external generator GE. Boksberger also indicates that it is conceivable to use an emitter unit SE that is energized by a battery or excited by an electromagnetic field generated by the external generator GE. The wired device disclosed in Boksberger, however, may not be suitable for use in radiation oncology and many surgical procedures because it is impractical to leave a wired marker implanted in a patient for the period of time of such procedures (e.g., five to forty days). Moreover, Boksberger does not disclose or suggest anything with respect to providing an implantable emitter unit SE that is compatible for use in magnetic resonance imaging devices after being implanted in a patient.
- Another technique to locate a target in a patient is to implant passive, gold fiducials in or near the target site. The positions of the gold fiducials are determined periodically using radiation. Although gold fiducials are useful for localizing a target within a patient, these systems do not provide sufficiently accurate real time measurements of the target site location during radiation oncology procedures.[0005]
- Other types of tags or markers with resonating magnetic circuits have been developed. These markers have been used to tag sponges and other items used during surgery or locate the general location of feeding tubes or other instruments in other procedures. One significant challenge of miniature, wireless markers is to provide a sufficiently strong signal to be accurately detected by sensors outside of the body.[0006]
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an implantable wireless marker in accordance with an embodiment of the invention with a section cut away to illustrate internal components.[0007]
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along a longitudinal axis of an embodiment of the marker of FIG. 1.[0008]
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in a plane normal to a longitudinal axis of a marker in accordance with an embodiment of the marker shown in FIG. 1.[0009]
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along a longitudinal axis of a marker in accordance with an embodiment of the invention after being implanted in a patient.[0010]
- FIG. 5 is a diagram of a display of a magnetic resonance image with an artifact by a magnetic marker.[0011]
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along a longitudinal axis of a marker in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.[0012]
- The following disclosure describes several embodiments of wirelessly energized markers configured to be implanted in or externally attached to patients for a long period of time and compatible for use in powerful magnetic fields generated by magnetic resonance imaging devices. Several embodiments and features of markers in accordance with the invention are set forth and described in FIGS.[0013]1-6. It will be appreciated that other embodiments of markers in accordance with the invention can include additional or different features than those shown in FIGS.1-6. Additionally, it will be appreciated that several embodiments of markers in accordance with the invention do not include all of the features shown in these figures. Additionally, for purposes of brevity, like reference numbers refer to similar or identical components.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an[0014]
implantable marker 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention with a portion cut away to illustrate internal components. The embodiment of themarker 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes acasing 110 and aresonating circuit 120 in thecasing 110. Thecasing 110 is a biocompatible barrier configured to be implanted in the patient or otherwise attached to the patient. Thecasing 110 can be a generally cylindrical capsule that is sized to fit within a 14 gauge needle for percutaneous implantation, but the casing can have other configurations and be larger or smaller. Thecasing 110, for example, can have barbs to anchor thecasing 110 in soft tissue or an adhesive for attaching thecasing 110 externally to the skin of a patient. In one embodiment, thecasing 110 includes (a) a glass capsule orshell 112 having a closedend 114 and anopen end 116, and (b) asealant 118 in theopen end 116 of theshell 112. Thecasing 110 andsealant 118 can be made from plastics, ceramics, glass or other suitable biocompatible materials. - The[0015]
resonating circuit 120 produces a wirelessly transmitted signal in response to a wirelessly transmitted excitation signal. In one embodiment, theresonating circuit 120 comprises acoil 122 defined by a plurality of windings of aconductor 124. Many embodiments of theresonating circuit 120 also include acapacitor 126 coupled to thecoil 122. Thecoil 122 resonates at a selected resonant frequency. Thecoil 122 can resonate at the selected resonant frequency solely using the parasitic capacitance of the windings without having a capacitor, or the selected resonant frequency can be produced using the combination of thecoil 122 and thecapacitor 126. Thecoil 122 by itself or in combination with thecapacitor 126 accordingly defines a signal transmitter that generates an alternating magnetic field at the selected resonant frequency in response to the excitation signal. Theconductor 124 of the illustrated embodiment can be hot air or alcohol bonded wire having a gauge of approximately 45-52 gauge. Thecoil 122 can have 800-2000 turns. The windings are preferably wound in a tightly layered coil. - The[0016]
resonating circuit 120 is powered by a wirelessly transmitted excitation signal such that the resonating circuit is leadless, i.e., not connected to external lead wires which extend through or project from thecasing 110. In one embodiment, theresonating circuit 120 can be energized by an alternating excitation magnetic field generated externally with respect to the patient at the resonant frequency of the resonating circuit. In response to the excitation field, theresonating circuit 120 produces a marker signal or response signal that can be measured by a sensor array positioned externally with respect to the patient. Suitable devices for generating the magnetic excitation field and sensing the marker signal are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/027,675 filed on Dec. 20, 2001; Ser. No. 10/044,056 filed on Jan. 11, 2002; and Ser. No. 10/213,980 filed on Aug. 7, 2002, which are herein incorporated by reference. - FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the[0017]
marker 100 taken along a longitudinal axis2-2 shown in FIG. 1. Themarker 100 further includes aferromagnetic element 140 having afirst end 142 and asecond end 144. Theferromagnetic element 140 is at least partially surrounded by thecoil 122. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 2, thecoil 122 surrounds theferromagnetic element 140 from thefirst end 142 to thesecond end 144. In other embodiments, thecoil 122 surrounds only a portion of theferromagnetic element 140. Thecapacitor 126 can be positioned at thefirst end 142 of theferromagnetic element 140. Additionally, the resonatingcircuit 120 and theferromagnetic element 140 can be fixed to thecasing 110 by an adhesive150. - The[0018]
ferromagnetic element 140 is preferably composed of ferrite or other materials that have high magnetic permeability compared to free space. The amount of energy that the inductor is capable of storing is limited, in part, by the magnetic field saturation of theferromagnetic element 140. To store more energy in a miniature wireless marker, the prior art taught that the size of the ferromagnetic material should be maximized within the limited space of the marker. As shown in FIG. 2, however, the volume of theferromagnetic element 140 is significantly less than the available volume within thecasing 110. The smaller volume of theferromagnetic element 140 reduces the force exerted on themarker 100 when themarker 100 is placed in a magnetic resonance imaging device having a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T with a corresponding gradient field of approximately 3 T/m. In one embodiment, the ferromagnetic element has a volume such that when the marker is in a magnetic resonance device, then the force exerted on the marker by the magnetic field is less than gravitational force exerted on the marker. Additionally, the small volume of theferromagnetic element 140 reduces the size of the artifact in an image from a magnetic resonance device. It will be appreciated that ferromagnetic materials will produce an artifact (i.e., a region in which image information is suppressed) in an image produced by a magnetic resonance imaging device. The volume of theferromagnetic element 140 can be reduced to a size such that it produces a small artifact in an image from a magnetic resonance device. In general, suchferromagnetic elements 140 have small diameters less than the size of commercially available ferrite rods for transponder applications, which are as small as 0.75 mm in diameter (i.e., ferrite rods available from Ferroxcube of Spain). - FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the[0019]
marker 100 taken along line3-3 of FIG. 2. In one embodiment, theferromagnetic element 140 is a ferrite rod having a diameter D1of approximately 0.20-0.70 mm, but theferromagnetic element 140 can have other cross-sectional configurations in other embodiments. For example, an extruded ferrite rod can have an elliptical, oval or polygonal cross section. Theferromagnetic element 140 can have a length of approximately 2.0-20 mm. In one particular embodiment theferromagnetic element 140 has a diameter of approximately 0.25-0.50 mm and a length of 2-12 mm, and in another embodiment theferromagnetic element 140 has a diameter of 0.30-0.35 mm and a length of 4.0-6.0 mm. Thecoil 122 has an inner diameter of approximately 0.20-0.80 mm and an outer diameter D2of approximately 0.6-1.4 mm or 0.8-1.9 mm. Thecasing 110 can have an outer diameter D3of approximately 1.0-3.0 mm. In other embodiments, thecoil 122 can have different inner and outer diameters, and thecasing 110 can have a different outer diameter. In another particular embodiment, the diameter D1of theferromagnetic element 140 is approximately 0.30-0.50 mm, the inner diameter of thecoil 122 is approximately 0.30-0.60 mm, the outer diameter D2of thecoil 122 is approximately 1.2-1.9 mm (or 1.2-1.4 mm), and the outer diameter D3of thecasing 110 is approximately 1.8-2.0 mm. The volume of theferromagnetic element 140 can be approximately 0.5-19.0 mm3. - The[0020]
marker 100 is constructed by manufacturing theferromagnetic element 140, placing thecoil 122 around theferromagnetic element 140, and encapsulating the resonatingcircuit 120 and theferromagnetic element 140 in thecasing 110. Theferromagnetic element 140 can be manufactured using extrusion, coring, or high pressure molding processes to form a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2-0.7 mm. Thecoil 122 is formed by winding theconductor 124 around either theferromagnetic element 140, a sleeve around theferromagnetic element 140, or a mandrel separate from theferromagnetic element 140. In one embodiment, theconductor 124 is wrapped directly onto theferromagnetic element 140, but this may not be feasible in many applications because it may break ferromagnetic elements having a diameter less than 0.5 mm. In another embodiment, a retractable sleeve can slide along theferromagnetic element 140 as theconductor 124 is wound directly onto the ferromagnetic element. The sleeve is expected to support theferromagnetic element 140 as the first layer of turns are wrapped around theferromagnetic element 140. The first layer of turns supports the rod so that subsequent layers of turns can be wound onto the first layer. In still another embodiment, thecoil 122 is wound around a mandrel separately from theferromagnetic element 140. Thecoil 122 is then removed from the mandrel and theferromagnetic element 140 is inserted into the inner diameter of thecoil 122. This embodiment can result in a small gap between theferromagnetic element 140 and the inner diameter of thecoil 122. This gap should be minimized in optimal circumstances to increase the performance of the resonatingcircuit 120. After theferromagnetic element 140 is positioned within thecoil 122, this assembly is adhered to thecasing 110 using the adhesive150, and thesealant 118 is used to close theopen end 116 of thecasing 110. - FIG. 4 is a representative view of the operation of the[0021]
marker 100 in an magnetic field M generated by a magnetic resonance imaging device (not shown). The magnetic field M is an imaging magnetic field. In this embodiment, a patient is placed in a magnetic resonance imaging device to image a portion P of the patient. The imaging magnetic field M includes a plurality of flux lines F. Because theferromagnetic element 140 has a high magnetic permeability, theferromagnetic element 140 exerts a magnetic force FM in the presence of the magnetic field M due to the presence of DC and gradient magnetic fields. The magnitude of the magnetic force FM is a function of the volume and the type of material (i.e. magnetic saturation) of theferromagnetic element 140. The volume of theferromagnetic element 140 is selected so that the magnetic force FM caused by the interaction between theferromagnetic element 140 and the magnetic field M is less than the gravitational force FG exerted against themarker 100. This will ensure that the magnetic field M does not cause themarker 100 to move within the portion P of the patient any more than the force of gravity will cause movement of themarker 100. - FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a[0022]
magnetic resonance image 500 that shows a target location T within a body part of a patient. Theimage 500 includes anartifact 510 caused by theferromagnetic element 140 of themarker 100. Theartifact 510 is typically much larger than the size of the marker, and thus it tends to obscure the actual location of the marker and the images of tissue adjacent to the marker. The size of theartifact 510 is related to the size of theferromagnetic element 140 in themarker 100. In several embodiments, the volume of theferromagnetic element 140 is selected to produce an artifact not greater than 1,500 mm2in an image produced by a resonance imaging device field having a DC field strength of 1.5 T. In other embodiments, the volume of theferromagnetic element 140 is selected to produce an artifact not greater than 400-1,200 mm2, and in other cases not greater than 400-800 mm2in an image produced by a magnetic resonance imaging device field having a DC field strength of 1.5 T. - FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a[0023]
marker 600 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Themarker 600 is substantially similar to themarker 100 shown in FIG. 2, but themarker 600 further includes amodule 610 at thesecond end 144 of theferromagnetic element 140. Themodule 610 is preferably configured to be symmetrical with respect to thecapacitor 126 at thefirst end 142 of theferromagnetic element 140. Themodule 610, more specifically, is configured to produce a similar radiographic image as thecapacitor 126 in an x-ray. In one embodiment, themodule 610 is configured such that the magnetic centroid of the marker is at least substantially coincident with the radiographic centroid of the marker. In other embodiments that use CT or other types of imaging modalities, themodule 610 is configured to produce a symmetrical image relative to thecapacitor 126. For example, themodule 610 can be another capacitor identical to thecapacitor 126 that may or may not be electrically coupled to thecoil 122. In other embodiments, themodule 610 can be an electrically inactive element that is not electrically connected to theresonating circuit 120 or another type of electrically active element that is electrically coupled to theresonating circuit 120. Suitable electrically inactive modules include ceramic blocks shaped like thecapacitor 126. In either case, one purpose of themodule 610 is to have the same characteristics as the electricallyactive capacitor 126 in x-ray, CT, and other imaging techniques. Since the markers may be located via radiographic methods (e.g. CT, or x-ray) to determine the marker centroid positions relative the target tissue prior to therapy, an error in the position of the marker radiographic and magnetic centroids may result in a fixed positional error during therapy. - From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that although embodiments have been described for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except by the appended claims.[0024]
Claims (54)
1. A leadless marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a casing configured to be positioned at a selected location relative to a target site in the patient;
a resonating circuit without external electrical lead lines extending through the casing, the resonating circuit having an inductor within the casing comprising a plurality of windings of a conductor; and
a ferromagnetic element at least partially within the inductor, the ferromagnetic element having a volume such that when the marker is in an imaging magnetic field having a field strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m, then force exerted on the marker by the imaging magnetic field is not greater than gravitational force exerted on the marker.
2. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein (a) the inductor further comprises a capacitor electrically coupled to the conductor, (b) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
3. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
4. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm3-19.0 mm3.
5. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
6. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 400 mm2-1200 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
7. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 0.8 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 1;0 mm-2.5 mm.
8. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.5 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.6 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 2 mm.
9. The marker ofclaim 1 wherein (a) the inductor further comprises a capacitor at one end of the ferromagnetic element which is electrically coupled to the conductor, and (b) the marker further comprises a module at the other end of the capacitor which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
10. A leadless implantable marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a casing configured to be permanently implanted in the patient;
a ferromagnetic element in the casing, the ferromagnetic element having a volume such that when the marker is in an imaging magnetic field having a field strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m, then force exerted on the marker by the magnetic field is not greater than gravitational force exerted on the marker; and
a resonating circuit without external electrical lead lines extending through the casing, the resonating circuit having an inductor within the casing comprising a plurality of windings of a conductor around at least a portion of the ferromagnetic element, wherein the resonating circuit is configured to be energized by an excitation magnetic field and produce a response signal for identifying the position of the marker relative to a reference sensor assembly.
11. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein (a) the inductor further comprises a capacitor electrically coupled to the conductor, (b) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
12. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
13. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
14. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 400 mm2-1200 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
15. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 1.5 mm-2.5 mm.
16. The marker ofclaim 10 wherein (a) the inductor further comprises a capacitor at one end of the ferromagnetic element which is electrically coupled to the conductor, and (b) the marker further comprises a module at the other end of the ferromagnetic element which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
17. A wireless implantable marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic core having a length and a cross-sectional dimension normal to the length, wherein the cross-sectional dimension is not greater than 0.7 mm;
a resonating circuit comprising a conductive element having a plurality of windings surrounding at least a portion of the ferromagnetic core, wherein the resonating circuit is not coupled to external electrical leads; and
a casing around the ferromagnetic core and the resonating circuit.
18. The implantable marker ofclaim 17 , wherein the casing has a cross-sectional dimension normal to the length of the ferromagnetic core not greater than approximately 2.5 mm.
19. The implantable marker ofclaim 17 , wherein the ferromagnetic core has cross-sectional dimension defined by a diameter of approximately 0.25 mm to 0.65 mm.
20. The marker ofclaim 17 wherein (a) the resonating circuit further comprises a capacitor at one end of the ferromagnetic core which is electrically coupled to the conductive element, and (b) the marker further comprises a module at the other end of the ferromagnetic core which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
21. A wireless implantable marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic core having an outer diameter not greater than approximately 0.7 mm;
a coil having windings positioned around at least a portion of the core; and
a casing around the core and the coil without external electrical leads projecting from the casing.
22. The marker ofclaim 21 wherein (a) a capacitor is electrically coupled to the coil, (b) the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
23. The marker ofclaim 21 wherein the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
24. The marker ofclaim 21 wherein the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm2in an image produced by a magnetic resonance imager magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
25. The marker ofclaim 21 wherein (a) a capacitor is coupled to the coil and positioned at one end of the ferromagnetic core, and (b) the marker further comprises a module at the other end of the ferromagnetic core which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
26. A leadless implantable marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic core having a volume that produces an image artifact not greater than 1500 mm2in an image from a magnetic resonance device using a magnetic field strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m;
a resonating circuit comprising a conductive element having a plurality of windings surrounding at least a portion of the ferromagnetic core, wherein the resonating circuit is not coupled to external electrical leads; and
a casing enclosing the core and the resonating circuit.
27. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein (a) the resonating circuit further comprises a capacitor electrically coupled to the conducting element, (b) the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
28. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
29. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm3-19.0 mm3.
30. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 1.5 mm-2.5 mm.
31. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic core comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.5 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.6 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 2 mm.
32. The marker ofclaim 26 wherein (a) the resonating circuit further comprises a capacitor at one end of the ferromagnetic core which is electrically coupled to the conductive element, and (b) the marker further comprises a module at the other end of the ferromagnetic core which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
33. A leadless implantable marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic element having a first end and a second end;
a resonating circuit comprising an inductor having a plurality of windings of a conductor surrounding at least a portion of the ferromagnetic element and a capacitor at the first end of the ferromagnetic element;
a module at the second end of the ferromagnetic element, the module being symmetrical relative to the capacitor; and
a casing around the ferromagnetic element, the resonating circuit and the module.
34. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.7 mm, and (b) the casing has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
35. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.5 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
36. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm3-19.0 mm3.
37. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
38. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 400 mm2-1200 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
39. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.6 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 1.5 mm-2.5 mm.
40. The marker ofclaim 33 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.5 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.6 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 2 mm.
41. A method for imaging a target within a patient that has a marker implanted relative to the target, comprising:
subjecting the patient to a magnetic field in a magnetic resonance imaging device; and
providing a ferrite core in the marker having a volume such that force exerted on the marker by the magnetic field is less than gravitational force exerted on the marker.
42. The method ofclaim 41 , wherein providing a ferrite core comprises placing a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm in a coil having a plurality of turns, and inserting the ferrite rod and coil into a casing having an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
43. The marker ofclaim 41 wherein providing a ferromagnetic core comprises placing a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm in a coil.
44. The marker ofclaim 41 wherein providing a ferromagnetic core comprises placing a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm3-19.0 mm3into a coil.
45. A method of manufacturing a marker, comprising:
providing a ferromagnetic element;
positioning a coil of an inductor at least around a portion of the ferromagnetic element, wherein the coil comprises a plurality of windings of a conductor; and
encasing the ferromagnetic element and the coil in a casing, wherein the ferromagnetic element has a volume such that when the marker is in a magnetic resonance device having a field strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m, then force exerted on the marker by the magnetic field is less than gravitational force exerted on the marker.
46. The method ofclaim 45 wherein the inductor further comprises a capacitor electrically coupled to the conductor and the casing comprising a barrier having an outer diameter of not greater than approximately 2.0 mm, and wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.5 mm.
47. The method ofclaim 45 wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
48. The method ofclaim 45 wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm3-19.0 mm3.
49. The method ofclaim 45 wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a volume less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T with a field gradient of 3 T/m.
50. The method ofclaim 45 wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a volume less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 400 mm2-1200 mm2in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T with a field gradient of 3 T/m.
51. The method ofclaim 45 wherein the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 0.8 mm-1.9 mm and the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 1.5 mm-2.5 mm, and wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.7 mm.
52. The method ofclaim 45 wherein the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.6 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm and the casing has an outer diameter of approximately 2 mm, and wherein providing the ferromagnetic element comprises providing a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.5 mm,
53. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the inductor further comprises a capacitor at one end of the ferromagnetic element which is electrically coupled to the conductor, and wherein the method further comprises providing a module at the other end of the ferromagnetic element which is symmetrical with respect to the capacitor.
54. A method of manufacturing a marker comprising:
providing a ferromagnetic element;
positioning a coil of an inductor at least around a portion of the ferromagnetic element, wherein the coil comprises a plurality of windings of a conductor; and
positioning the ferromagnetic element such that the radiographic and magnetic centroids of the marker are at least substantially coincident.
Priority Applications (8)
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| US10/334,698US7289839B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2002-12-30 | Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices |
| US10/745,097US7778687B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-23 | Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices |
| JP2004565731AJP4616010B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-24 | Implantable marker having a radio signal transmitter adapted for use in a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and / or suitable for use in a radiation imaging process |
| AU2003300378AAU2003300378A1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-24 | Implantable marker with a wireless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance imaging devices and/or suitable for use in radiation imaging processes |
| CA2512208ACA2512208C (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-24 | Implantable marker with a wireless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance imaging devices and/or suitable for use in radiation imaging processes |
| PCT/US2003/041329WO2004061460A2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-24 | Implantable marker with a wireless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance imaging devices and/or suitable for use in radiation imaging processes |
| EP03814967.0AEP1579224B1 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-24 | Implantable marker with a wireless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance imaging devices and/or suitable for use in radiation imaging processes |
| US11/862,980US8857043B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2007-09-27 | Method of manufacturing an implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/334,698US7289839B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2002-12-30 | Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices |
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| US11/862,980DivisionUS8857043B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2007-09-27 | Method of manufacturing an implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter |
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| US20040127787A1true US20040127787A1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
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| US10/745,097Expired - LifetimeUS7778687B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-23 | Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices |
| US11/862,980Expired - Fee RelatedUS8857043B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2007-09-27 | Method of manufacturing an implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter |
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| US10/745,097Expired - LifetimeUS7778687B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-12-23 | Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices |
| US11/862,980Expired - Fee RelatedUS8857043B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2007-09-27 | Method of manufacturing an implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter |
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| EP (1) | EP1579224B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4616010B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003300378A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2512208C (en) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4616010B2 (en) | 2011-01-19 |
| EP1579224A4 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
| WO2004061460A2 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
| AU2003300378A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
| US20040138554A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
| EP1579224B1 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
| AU2003300378A8 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
| JP2006512163A (en) | 2006-04-13 |
| US20080021308A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
| CA2512208A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
| US7778687B2 (en) | 2010-08-17 |
| WO2004061460A3 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
| US8857043B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 |
| EP1579224A2 (en) | 2005-09-28 |
| CA2512208C (en) | 2015-02-10 |
| US7289839B2 (en) | 2007-10-30 |
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