US20040118704A1 - Analyte test intrument having improved versatility - Google Patents

Abstract

An analyte test instrument that has a test strip circuitry that can be configured using information provided by a calibration strip to perform assays with test strips having two electrodes and test strips having three electrodes. The analyte test instrument of this invention comprises:

(a) a test port for receiving a test strip;

(b) a microprocessor for executing instructions downloaded into the analyte test instrument;

(c) a test strip circuit capable of having a plurality of configurations, the configurations being set by the microprocessor, whereby an assay can be performed using the test strip.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention[0001]
• This invention relates to analyte test instruments that perform electrochemical assays on biological samples. More particularly, the invention relates to analyte test instruments that can perform electrochemical assays by using different modes of operation.[0002]
• 2. Discussion of the Art[0003]
• Electrochemical assays for determining the concentrations of analytes in samples comprising complex mixtures of liquids have been developed. Such electrochemical assays can be performed with test strips, i.e., biosensors in the form of strips. Test strips can function in an invasive manner (i.e., as probes that come into contact with a body fluid, such as whole blood or subcutaneous fluid). Test strips can function in a non-invasive manner (i.e., as strips that come into contact with blood withdrawn by a syringe or a lancing device). In particular, test strips for biomedical applications (e.g., whole blood analyses) have been developed for the determination of glucose levels in biological samples.[0004]
• An analyte test instrument is an instrument can be used to perform electrochemical assays to determine the concentration of an analyte (e.g., glucose) in a biological sample (e.g., blood). To operate such an instrument, a user inserts a test strip into a test port in the instrument. The instrument displays a “ready” indication to the user and allows sufficient time for the user to deposit a biological sample on the test strip. When a sufficient quantity of the sample reaches the working electrode of the test strip, an electrochemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces an electrical response, such as a change in current. The electrical response is detectable by the analyte test instrument. The analyte test instrument converts the detected signal into data that corresponds to information relating to the analyte and displays the information to the user. The instrument may be able to store a series of such measurements and provide the stored information to the user via a display or to an external processor via a data link.[0005]
• All commercially available electrochemical assays employing test strips for determining the concentration of glucose employ test strips having two electrodes. See, for example, WO 99/19507, incorporated herein by reference, which describes a test strip having two electrodes. In a test strip having two electrodes, the test strip has (1) a working electrode and (2) a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode. The reaction that takes place at the working electrode is the reaction that is required to be monitored and controlled. The second electrode is called a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode because this electrode acts as a reference electrode as well as a counter electrode. No current passes through an ideal reference electrode, and such an electrode maintains a steady potential; current does pass through a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode, and thus, the dual-purpose reference/counter electrode does not maintain a steady potential during the measurement. At low currents and/or at short durations of time for measurement, the shift in potential is small enough such that the response at the working electrode is not significantly affected, and hence the dual-purpose reference/counter electrode is designated a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode. The dual-purpose reference/counter electrode continues to carry out the function of a counter electrode; however, in this case, the potential that is applied between the dual-purpose reference/counter electrode and the working electrode cannot be altered to compensate for changes in potential at the working electrode.[0006]
• Electrochemical assays employing test strips having three electrodes employ a test strip having (1) a working electrode, (2) a reference electrode, and (3) a counter electrode. See, for example, U.S. Ser. No. 10/062,313, filed Feb. 1, 2002, incorporated herein by reference. As in the test strip having two electrodes, the reaction that takes place at the working electrode is the reaction that is required to be monitored and controlled. The functions of the reference electrode and the counter electrode are to ensure that the working electrode actually experiences the conditions desired, i.e. the correct potential intended to be applied. The function of the reference electrode is to measure the potential at the interface of the working electrode and the sample as accurately as possible. In an ideal situation, no current passes through the reference electrode. The function of the counter electrode is to ensure that the correct potential difference between the reference electrode and the working electrode is being applied. The potential difference between the working electrode and the reference electrode is assumed to be the same as the desired potential at the working electrode. If the potential measured at the working electrode is not the potential desired at the working electrode, the potential that is applied between the counter electrode and the working electrode is altered accordingly, i.e., the potential is either increased or decreased. The reaction at the counter electrode, as measured by the current, is also equal and opposite to the charge transfer reaction, as measured by the current, occurring at the working electrode, i.e., if an oxidation reaction is occurring at the working electrode then a reduction reaction will take place at the counter electrode, thereby allowing the sample to remain electrically neutral.[0007]
• An analyte test instrument designed for test strips having two electrodes could not be used if an assay employing a test strip having three electrodes needs to be performed. The user would have to use a separate analyte test instrument. If the user wanted to perform a set of assays that required strips having two electrodes and a set of assays that required strips having three electrodes, these assays could not be performed on the same analyte test instrument.[0008]
• An analyte test instrument for electrochemical assays often requires the user to calibrate the instrument for each batch of test strips. U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,609, incorporated herein by reference, describes a calibration technique that requires a read-only-memory (ROM) key for operation and calibration of an analyte test instrument. A ROM key is inserted into a port (i.e., the ROM key port) that is distinct from the port for a test strip (i.e., the test port). A test strip is inserted into the test port after the ROM key is inserted into the ROM key port. The ROM key must remain in the ROM key port during both the calibration and the operation of the instrument. The ROM key contains specific data, including algorithms, for carrying out procedures for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample applied to one of a batch of test strips associated with the ROM key. The data stored in the ROM key include measurement delay times, incubation times, the number of measurements to be taken during a measurement period, various thresholds against which voltage levels can be compared, values of excitation voltage levels applied to the strip during a test procedure, glucose value conversion factors, and a variety of failsafe test threshold values. In addition, the ROM key can contain some or all of the code for the microprocessor that controls the performing of the assay. A microprocessor in the analyte test instrument uses the algorithms, the conversion factors, and the code provided by the ROM key as needed.[0009]
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,894, incorporated herein by reference, describes an instrument requiring a ROM key for operation and calibration of the instrument. The ROM key is inserted into the test port of the instrument and data is downloaded from the ROM key by the instrument and stored in the memory of the instrument. The ROM key contains data needed for carrying out procedures for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample applied to a test strip. The ROM key is removed so that test strips can be inserted into the test port to perform assays. Different ROM keys can be inserted into the instrument to provide data for the testing of different analytes on the same instrument. The instrument can communicate with the ROM key to determine the analyte for which the ROM key contains information. Calibration information can be stored in different locations in the memory of the instrument for each analyte the instrument is capable of testing. When a test strip is inserted into the test port, the instrument has the ability to recognize which analyte is being tested. The microprocessor in the instrument then recalls the instructions for carrying out procedures for determining the concentration of that analyte, and the instrument then performs the appropriate test.[0010]
• The aforementioned patents do not describe how the electrical circuitry of the instrument can be reconfigured so that analytical tests that require different circuit configurations can be performed on the same instrument. The aforementioned patents do not describe how stored information relating to the configuration of the electrical circuitry of the instrument can be modified when an assay for a specific analyte needs to be modified. The aforementioned patents do not describe how stored information can be used to reconfigure the electrical circuitry of the instrument while a test strip is being used. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an analyte test instrument that addresses the foregoing deficiencies.[0011]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In one aspect, this invention provides an analyte test instrument that has test strip circuitry that can be placed into different configurations by means of information provided by a calibration strip to perform assays with test strips having two electrodes and test strips having three electrodes. In another aspect, this invention provides methods for using the analyte test instrument to perform assays with test strips having two electrodes and test strips having three electrodes. The analyte test instrument of this invention comprises:[0012]
• (a) a test port for receiving a test strip;[0013]
• (b) a microprocessor for executing instructions downloaded into the instrument; and[0014]
• (c) a test strip circuit capable of having a plurality of configurations, the configurations being set by the microprocessor, whereby an assay can be performed using a test strip that has been inserted into the test port.[0015]
• In preferred embodiments, the analyte test instrument further includes a memory for storing instructions and information required for the operation of the instrument. However, in other embodiments, the memory can be removably attached to the instrument, as described previously in U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,609.[0016]
• In one embodiment, the invention provides an analyte test instrument that can perform assays on a variety of different analytes. In order to perform these assays, a calibration strip is inserted into the test port. After communication is established between the calibration strip and the analyte test instrument, information (i.e., data or programs or both) involving the method(s) for performing the assay(s) are downloaded from the calibration strip, and, if the analyte test instrument has a memory, preferably stored in the memory of the analyte test instrument. In the analyte test instrument having a memory, the information is stored in the analyte test instrument after the calibration strip is removed. The stored information specifies whether the method(s) of the assay(s) requires a test strip having two electrodes or test strip having three electrodes.[0017]
• In the performance of an assay, a test strip is inserted into the test port, and the identity of the assay is indicated, preferably by means of a pattern of conductive material applied to a major surface of the test strip, preferably the major surface that does not support the electrodes. The analyte test instrument then determines from the downloaded information whether the assay calls for a test strip having two electrodes or for a test strip having three electrodes. The appropriate electrical switches in the test strip circuit of the analyte test instrument are then opened or closed to establish the configuration of the test strip circuit appropriate for the test strip utilized in the assay, that is, a test strip having two electrodes or a test strip having three electrodes. A sample to be analyzed, typically a biological sample, is then applied to the test strip, and a reaction that generates an electrical response occurs. The electrical response is detected and measured by the analyte test instrument, and the concentration of the analyte tested is determined by means of the downloaded calibration information. The analyte test instrument then displays the concentration of the analyte. Assays that call for a test strip having two electrodes and assays that call for a test strip having three electrodes can be performed on the same analyte test instrument.[0018]
• In another embodiment, the analyte test instrument of this invention features the capability of changing the method for performing an assay to determine the concentration of a particular analyte. In order to change the method for performing the assay, a new calibration strip is inserted into the test port. The instructions for the performing the new method of the assay for the particular analyte are then downloaded to the analyte test instrument, and, if the analyte test instrument has a memory, preferably stored in the memory of the analyte test instrument. When the test strip is inserted into the test port, the identity of the assay is determined. The appropriate electrical switches in the test strip circuit of the analyte test instrument are then opened or closed to establish the appropriate circuit configuration for the test strip utilized in the assay, that is, a test strip having two electrodes or a test strip having three electrodes. The circuit configurations are based on the information from the calibration strip most recently downloaded to the analyte test instrument. The same analyte test instrument can be used to perform an assay even if the test method is changed one employing a test strip having two electrodes to one employing a test strip having three electrodes, and vice versa.[0019]
• In another embodiment of this invention, the analyte test instrument can employ both a two-electrode mode and a three-electrode mode during the same assay. The expression “two-electrode mode” refers to the test strip circuitry employed for operating an analyte test instrument with a test strip having two electrodes. The expression “three-electrode mode” refers to the test strip circuitry employed for operating an analyte test instrument with a test strip having three electrodes. The information previously downloaded from the calibration strip, and, preferably, stored in the memory of the analyte test instrument, specifies what portion of the assay employs a test strip circuit configuration in a two-electrode mode and what portion of the assay employs a test strip circuit configuration in a three-electrode mode. A test strip is inserted into the test port, and the identity of the assasy is indicated, preferably from a pattern of conductive material that has been applied to a major surface of the test strip, preferably the major surface that does not support the electrodes. The analyte test instrument then determines from the aforementioned downloaded information whether the assay requires a test strip circuit configuration in a two-electrode mode or a test strip circuit configuration in a three-electrode mode at the start of the assay. The appropriate electrical switches in the analyte test instrument are then opened or closed to establish the appropriate electrode mode. A sample to be analyzed, typically a biological sample, is then applied to the test strip, and a reaction that generates an electrical response occurs. During the performance of the assay, the appropriate electrical switches in the analyte test instrument are then opened or closed to establish the test strip circuit configuration for the appropriate electrode mode, which is a different electrode mode than was used at the start of the assay. The electrical response is detected and measured by the analyte test instrument, and the concentration of the analyte is determined by means of the downloaded calibration information. The analyte test instrument can then display the concentration of the analyte.[0020]
• One example wherein the test strip circuit configuration is switched during an assay involves an assay in which it may be preferred to use a test strip having three electrodes for the advantages provided by the use of a test strip having three electrodes, such as, for example, improved control of voltage at the working electrode. However, it may be desired to exclude the working electrode of the test strip having three electrodes during the sample detection phase of the assay. In this case, the test strip circuit for the two-electrode mode is preferred during this sample detection phase of the assay. Accordingly, test strip circuit configurations for both the two-electrode mode and the three-electrode mode are desired within the course of an assay. It is assumed that an assay involves operational steps beginning with the insertion of the test strip into the analyte test instrument and obtaining the result of the assay.[0021]
• The analyte test instrument of this invention makes it possible for the user to perform assays with test strips having two electrodes and test strips having three electrodes with the same instrument. The analyte test instrument of this invention makes it possible for an assay to be modified without having to discard the instrument. The analyte test instrument of this invention makes it possible for the mode of operation to change during the performance of an assay without intervention from the user.[0022]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an analyte test instrument suitable for use in this invention.[0023]
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates electronic components of an analyte test instrument suitable for use in this invention.[0024]
• FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a test strip that is suitable for use with the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0025]
• FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a calibration strip that is suitable for use with the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0026]
• FIG. 4A illustrates a top plan view of test strip that is suitable for use with the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0027]
• FIG. 4B illustrates a bottom plan view of test strip that is suitable for use with the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0028]
• FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for calibrating the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0029]
• FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for calibrating the analyte test instrument of this invention.[0030]
• FIGS. 7A, 7B, and[0031]8 are schematic diagrams that illustrates a test strip circuit that can be used to perform assays with two different types of test strips.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• As used herein, the expression “test strip having two electrodes” and other expressions relating to tests strips having two electrodes refer to test strips that have a working electrode and a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode. The expression “test strip having three electrodes” and other expressions relating to tests strips having three electrodes refer to test strips that have a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode, the reference electrode being separate from the counter electrode. A “test strip having two electrodes” can have one or more additional electrodes, so long as the strip has a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode that performs the functions of both a reference electrode and a counter electrode. For example, a test strip having two electrodes can have a trigger electrode, which is an electrode that detects when a sufficient quantity of sample has been applied to the test strip. A “test strip having three electrodes” can have one or more additional electrodes, so long as the test strip has one electrode for performing the function of a reference electrode and another electrode for performing the function of a counter electrode. For example, a test strip having three electrodes can have a dummy electrode, which is an electrode that is similar to the working electrode, but lacks the substance that reacts with the analyte (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,890), or a trigger electrode dedicated to the sole function of detecting when a sufficient quantity of sample has been applied to the test strip (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,697).[0032]
• As stated previously, all commercially available electrochemical test strips for determining the concentration of glucose employ two electrodes—(1) a working electrode and (2) a dual-purpose reference/ counter electrode. As stated previously, electrochemical systems having three electrodes employ (1) a working electrode, (2) a reference electrode, and (3) a counter electrode.[0033]
• Electrochemical systems employing test strips having three electrodes have the requirement that little or no current pass between the working electrode and the reference electrode. This requirement is achieved by using high impedance operational amplifiers in the electrical circuits of these systems. High impedance operational amplifiers are expensive; consequently, electrochemical systems that perform assays with test strips having three electrodes are expensive. These expensive systems are generally used only in research and are not practical from a cost standpoint for use by diabetics for glucose monitoring at home.[0034]
• A test strip having three electrodes would be preferred in any electrochemical measurement that involves the application of an external voltage and measurement of current. However, due to constraints of sample volume (lower volume requirements), all electrochemical test strips commercially available use only two electrodes. Precise control of the voltage difference between the working electrode and the reference electrode must be maintained, but such control is difficult to achieve in a test strip having two electrodes. In known analyte test instruments, the electrical components of an analyte test instrument designed for test strips employing two electrodes would not operate with test strips employing three electrodes.[0035]
• Referring now to FIG. 1, an[0036]analyte test instrument100 comprises ahousing102, which contains the electrical and electronic components of the analyte test instrument. Theanalyte test instrument100 comprises atest port110, apush button120, and adisplay130. Thetest port110 is a multi-purpose test port, which comprises a slot into which a user inserts test strips and calibration strips. Thetest port110 comprises a slot assembly capable of receiving a strip, such as a test strip or a calibration strip. Thetest port110 can have a plurality of electrical contacts capable of electrically engaging such a strip when the strip is inserted into thetest port110. Thepush button120 allows the user to control theanalyte test instrument100. In particular, thepush button120 is used to turn the instrument on and off, to recall information stored in the instrument, to respond to messages displayed, and to set some of the configuration control parameters for the instrument. Thepush button120 can also provide access to menus generated by software contained in theanalyte test instrument100. Thedisplay130 is a device that gives information in a visual form. Thedisplay130 is typically a screen. The information given typically includes, but is not limited to, test results, messages to the user, information stored in the memory of the analyte test instrument.
• In one embodiment, one or more replaceable batteries (not shown) installed via a battery compartment at the rear of the analyte test instrument[0037]100 (not shown) provide power for theanalyte test instrument100. It should be understood, however, that any source of power capable of providing a suitable direct (DC) voltage can provide power to theanalyte test instrument100.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram that shows the interrelationship among the electronic components of an[0038]analyte test instrument100. In addition to theaforementioned test port110,push button120, anddisplay130, all of which are accessible from the exterior of theanalyte test instrument100, theanalyte test instrument100 comprises aprocessing circuit210, at least onedevice circuit212, at least onetest strip circuit214, amicroprocessor216, and amemory218.
• The purpose of the[0039]processing circuit210 is to enable a strip that is engaged in thetest port110 to communicate with themicroprocessor216 and thememory218. For example, theprocessing circuit210 can send signals to thetest port110 to determine the identity of the strip inserted therein, i.e., to determine whether the strip is a calibration strip or a test strip.
• The device circuit(s)[0040]212 and the test strip circuit(s)214 can comprise analog, digital, or mixed-signal circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICS), and passive and active electrical components. The device circuit(s)212 can perform various electrical functions required by theanalyte test instrument100, such as driving thedisplay function130 and the clock functions for amicroprocessor216. In other words, the device circuit(s) carries instructions from themicroprocessor216 to various functional components of theanalyte test instrument100 so that these components can perform their intended functions. Test strip circuit(s)214 can perform analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion of signals received at thetest port110 from a test strip and can perform digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion of signals received from themicroprocessor216. In other words, the test strip circuit(s) transmits information between themicroprocessor216 and the test strip. For example, the test strip circuit(s) is used to ensure that the proper voltage is being applied to the test strip and that the proper value of current generated at the test strip is being measured by themicroprocessor216.
• The[0041]microprocessor216 is an integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer. Thememory218 is a unit of a computer that preserves information for the purpose of retrieval. Such information may include, but is not limited to, measurement delay time(s), sample incubation time(s), number of measurements to be taken during an assay, threshold(s) against which voltage level(s) can be compared, value(s) of excitation voltage level(s) applied to a test strip during an assay, analyte value conversion factors, failsafe assay threshold value(s), and configurations of circuitry of the analyte test instrument.
• In a preferred embodiment, the[0042]memory218 comprises at least 1K of random access memory (RAM). In more preferred embodiments, thememory218 has sufficient additional capacity to store a multiplicity of assay results.
• [0043]Instrument software220 is responsive to information received at thetest port110 from a calibration strip. Theinstrument software220 uses the information received to control the operation of theanalyte test instrument100. theinstrument software220 also controls operations of theanalyte test instrument100 that are independent of information introduced or generated at thetest port110. For example, theinstrument software220 can enable the user to recall assay results and assay information, can provide various warning, error, and prompting messages, can permit setting of date and time, can control transmission of data to external devices, can monitor power level or battery level or both, and can provide indications to the user if power drops below a specified level.
• In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the[0044]test port110 includes six electrical contacts, which are labeled IDENT1, IDENT2, IDENT3, SENS1, SENS2, and SENS3. When a strip is inserted into thetest port110, the major surfaces of the strip engage the electrical contacts of thetest port110, thereby enabling theanalyte test instrument110 to identify a pattern of conductive material on the top major surface of the strip, on the bottom major surface of the strip, or on both major surfaces of the strip. In a preferred embodiment, the pattern of conductive material on an inserted strip that interacts with the electrical contacts IDENT1, IDENT2, and IDENT3 indicates whether the inserted strip is a calibration strip or a test strip. This embodiment is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, which will be described later. If the inserted strip is a test strip, the type of analyte to be determined by the assay to be performed with the test strip is also identified (e.g., glucose, ketone bodies, etc.). The engagement of the electrical contacts and the strip identification process are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,894, incorporated herein by reference. The electrical contacts labeled SENS1, SENS2, and SENS3 relate to the electrodes that are involved in performing analytical tests.
• FIG. 3A illustrates in more detail a[0045]test strip230. A plurality ofelectrical contacts232 is provided at theend234 of thetest strip230 that is inserted into thetest port110. Upon insertion of thetest strip230 into thetest port110, theelectrical contacts232 contact the electrical contacts SENS1, SENS2, and SENS3. Typically, a sample, e.g., a drop of blood, undergoing the assay is placed for testing on thereaction area236 of thetest strip230. Thereaction area236 is the area where the sample contacts the electrodes of the test strip230 (i.e., the working electrode and the dual purpose reference/counter electrode in the strip having two electrodes and the working electrode, the reference electrode, and the counter electrode in the strip having three electrodes). When a sufficient quantity of sample is deposited on thereaction area236, an electrochemical reaction occurs, whereby a flow of electrons produces an electrical response, such as a change in current. The response is detectable by theanalyte test instrument100. Theanalyte test instrument100 converts the detected response into data that is correlated with information relating to the analyte and displays the information to the user.
• FIG. 3B illustrates a ROM-[0046]type calibration strip240. In one embodiment, a ROM-type calibration strip240 is associated with a package (not shown) oftest strips230. A plurality ofelectrical contacts242 is provided at theend244 of thecalibration strip240 that is inserted into thetest port110. In one embodiment, thecalibration code246 andmanufacturing lot number248 are printed on thecalibration strip240 and are visible to the user. In another embodiment, the lot number is stored in a read-only-memory (ROM)250 in binary coded decimal (BCD) format.
• The[0047]ROM250, which is in electrical communication with theelectrical contacts242, encodes information relating to algorithm(s) for processing data obtained in an assay with a test strip. TheROM250 can also encode information relating to thecalibration code246 andmanufacturing lot number248 as well as other parameters, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,894, incorporated herein by reference. The assays are not performed with thecalibration strip240. Rather, thecalibration strip240 delivers the information, the algorithms, the parameters, and the procedures that are required to characterize an assay to theanalyte test instrument100. TheROM250 is capable of storing and downloading to theanalyte test instrument100 parameters that characterize an assay as having a two-electrode format or a three-electrode format.
• Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a[0048]test strip400 has a pattern of conductive material402 on themajor surface404 thereof that does not support theelectrodes406. Theelectrodes406 are supported on themajor surface408 of thetest strip400. Different patterns of conductive material402 can be used to specify different assays (e.g., glucose, ketone bodies, etc.). For each different assay, the pattern of conductive material402 is disposed in such a way that the electrical contacts IDENT1, IDENT2, and IDENT3 of thetest port110 interact with the conductive material in the pattern to identify the type of assay that will be performed by thetest strip400, such as, for example, glucose, ketone bodies, lactate. Adevice circuit212, such as an ASIC (see FIG. 2), identifies the type of assay that will be performed by thetest strip400 by determining the pattern of connection of the conductive material402 on themajor surface404 of thetest strip400.
• When a strip (e.g., calibration strip, glucose test strip, ketone bodies test strip, etc.) is inserted into[0049]test port110 of theanalyte test instrument100, theanalyte test instrument100 detects the presence of the strip and performs a procedure to determine whether the strip is a calibration strip or a test strip for determination of the concentration of an analyte. First, theinstrument software220 polls thetest port110 to identify the function of the strip that has been inserted, i.e. calibration strip, test strip for determination of the concentration of an analyte. In one embodiment, theinstrument software220 attempts to communicate with the inserted strip by means of a protocol capable of operating with a serial EE-squared interface, such as that defined by the Dallas ROM protocol of Dallas Semiconductor, Dallas Tex. Such an interface provides single-wire communication. If the attempt to communicate is successful, theinstrument software220 proceeds to the ROM calibration procedure. If the attempt to communicate is unsuccessful, theinstrument software220 puts theanalyte test instrument100 into a brief wait mode (a predetermined time period), e.g., three to five minutes. If theanalyte test instrument100 fails to receive a signal indicating that a sample has been received during the waiting period, theanalyte test instrument100 shuts itself off automatically.
• The receipt of a signal by[0050]microprocessor216 indicates that the user is performing an assay for determination of the concentration of an analyte. Referring to FIG. 3A, when atest strip230 is inserted into thetest port110, theelectrical contacts232 communicate with theanalyte test instrument100. When a sample (not shown) is added to thereaction area236, the sample reacts with the reagents in the reaction area, thereby causing a flow of electrons to produce an electrical response, such as a change in current. The response is detectable by theanalyte test instrument100. Theanalyte test instrument100 converts the detected signal into data corresponding to information relating to the analyte and displays the information to the user.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the ROM calibration procedure when a calibration strip is introduced into the[0051]test port110. When theinstrument software220 identifies the calibration strip240 (step710), data from theROM250 is downloaded to the analyte test instrument100 (step720). After the data from theROM250 has been downloaded to theanalyte test instrument100, thedisplay130 displays the lot number downloaded from the calibration strip240 (step730), as an indication that the calibration is complete. This data is stored in the memory218 (step740). The user can then remove the calibration strip from the test port110 (step750). The downloaded data remains in thememory218 for use by theanalyte test instrument110 until a new calibration procedure is performed (step760). In some embodiments, theanalyte test instrument100 can store more than one set of calibration data in thememory218. For example, ananalyte test instrument100 capable of performing assays with a plurality of test strips230 (e.g., glucose, ketone bodies), can store a set of calibration data for each type oftest strip230.
• As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,894, incorporated herein by reference, the downloaded and stored data comprises parameters, algorithms, operational procedures, and the like for controlling the operation of the[0052]analyte test instrument100. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the data comprise information that instructs the analyte test instrument to perform an assay with a test strip having two electrodes or with a test strip having three electrodes. In another preferred embodiment, the data comprise information that instructs theanalyte test instrument100 to begin an assay in a mode where the circuitry anticipates a test strip having two electrodes and then switch to a mode where the circuitry is changed to accommodate a test strip having three electrodes.
Operation
• FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart of a method of performing an assay with the analyte test instrument of this invention. A[0053]calibration strip240 is inserted into thetest port110 and information about types of assays (e.g., glucose, ketone bodies) and the configuration of the test strip circuit214 (i.e., two electrodes or three electrodes) are downloaded and stored in thememory218 of the analyte test instrument100 (step800). Thecalibration strip240 is removed from thetest port110. Atest strip230 is inserted into the test port110 (step810). Themicroprocessor216 of theanalyte test instrument100 determines whether the strip inserted into thetest port110 is atest strip230 or acalibration strip240 by transmitting a digital signal along a wire to the strip. If no signal is received from the strip, themicroprocessor216 has determined that the strip is atest strip230. Themicroprocessor216 then determines the pattern of electrical contacts on the major surface of thetest strip230 that does not support the electrodes (step820). The aforementioned pattern of electrical contacts provides a signal to themicroprocessor216 indicating the assay that can be performed with thetest strip230 that has been inserted into thetest port110, such as, for example, a glucose assay, a ketone bodies assay. Themicroprocessor216 then sets the switches of thetest strip circuit214 to the mode for a test strip having two electrodes (step830). A sample is then introduced to thereaction area236 of thetest strip230. A voltage is applied, and after a brief period of time, a small current can be detected (step840). The current indicates that a sample, which covers the electrodes, has been detected (step850). When the current is detected, themicroprocessor216 instructs a switch (not shown) in thedevice circuit212 to open, thereby disconnecting the electrodes on the test strip from thetest strip circuit214 for a specified period of time (step860), which period has been preset by themicroprocessor216. After the specified period of time, the switch (not shown) in thedevice circuit212 is closed and thetest strip circuit214 remains in the two-electrode mode if the test strip is one having two electrodes, or the switches (not shown) in thetest strip circuit214 are set for a test strip having three electrodes (step870) if the test strip is one having three electrodes. The appropriate electrode mode is determined by themicroprocessor216. The appropriate level of voltage is applied, and the current resulting from the electrochemical reaction between the sample and the reagents on the test strip is measured (step880). Themicroprocessor216 then converts the current measured into the appropriate value of concentration of analyte by means of parameters and algorithms that had been previously supplied by thecalibration strip240 and stored in thememory218. Themicroprocessor216 then instructs thedisplay130 to show the value of the concentration of analyte (step890). Assays for different types of analytes and assays employing different types of test strips, i.e., test strips having two electrodes and test strips having three electrodes, can be carried out on the sameanalyte test instrument100. If the characteristics of test strip for a particular assay are changed, such as, for example, a new assay for glucose is developed, the instructions for the analyte test instrument can be changed merely by using a new calibration strip; the analyte test instrument need not be discarded.
• FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, and FIG. 8 illustrate a[0054]test strip circuit214 that can be used to perform assays with two different types of test strips—a test strip having two electrodes and a test strip having three electrodes. FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show a top view of atest strip900 having three electrodes, the test strip inserted in thetest port110. Thetest strip900 is shown without its insulating coating, whereby a workingelectrode902, acounter electrode904, and areference electrode906 are visible. Theelectrical contacts908 at theend910 of thetest strip900 are also visible. FIG. 8 shows a top view of a test strip900ahaving two electrodes, the test strip inserted in thetest port110. The test strip900ais shown without its insulating coating, whereby a workingelectrode912, a dual-purpose reference/counter electrode914, and atrigger electrode916 are visible. Theelectrical contacts918 at theend920 of the test strip900aare also visible. FIG. 3A shows atest strip230 having an insulating coating238 present. In FIG. 7A, theelectrical contacts908 at theend910 of thetest strip900 are shown inserted into thetest port110, where they make contact with electrical contacts SENS1, SENS2, and SENS3. These electrical contacts are depicted in FIG. 2. The electrical contacts SENS1, SENS2, SENS3 make electrical contact with the active electrical components of thetest strip circuit214 throughwires922,924, and926, respectively. Thewires922 and924 haveswitches928 and930, respectively, controlled by themicroprocessor216, located between the electrical contacts (not shown) of thetest port110 and thetest strip circuit214. Theswitches928 and930 are used to connect or disconnect the electrical contacts SENS1 and SENS3 from thetest strip circuit214. FIG. 7A also showsoperational amplifiers932 and934;resistors940,942, and944; microprocessor-controlledswitch946; two analog-to-digital (A/D)converters950 and952; and two digital-to-analog (D/A)converters954 and956. Themicroprocessor216 shown in FIG. 7A is part of theprocessing circuit210. The processing circuit is shown schematically in FIG. 2.
• The[0055]test strip circuit214 is first set in the two-electrode mode by themicroprocessor216. FIG. 7A showsswitch946 set in the two-electrode mode. The workingelectrode902 is disconnected from thetest strip circuit214 by means of a microprocessor-controlledswitch928 in thewire922. The D/A converter956 receives a digital voltage instruction from themicroprocessor216 and applies an analog voltage, 400 mV, between thecounter electrode904 and thereference electrode906 by means of theoperational amplifier932. Themicroprocessor216 continues to interrogate the A/D converter952. When a sufficient quantity of the sample is applied to thetest strip900 to result in a fluid connection between thecounter electrode904 and thereference electrode906, a current begins to flow between the two electrodes. When the current reaches a threshold, e.g., 0.5 microamperes, themicroprocessor216 opens theswitch930 in thewire924 leading to thereference electrode906 for a short period of time, e.g., from about 0 to about 10 seconds. The next instructions from themicroprocessor216 differ, depending on whether the assay employs a test strip having two electrodes or a test strip having three electrodes.
• If the assay involves a test strip employing three electrodes, the[0056]switch946 is set at shown in FIG. 7B. The microprocessor-controlledswitches928 and930 in thewires922 and924, respectively, are closed. The D/A converter954 receives a digital voltage instruction from themicroprocessor216 and applies an analog voltage, 200 mV, to the workingelectrode902 by means of theoperational amplifier934. The current originating at the workingelectrode902 as a result of the reaction of the sample with the reagent is converted by the A/D converter950 to a digital signal that is received by themicroprocessor216. Themicroprocessor216 receives the digital signal from the A/D converter950 at a specific time or at specific times. Themicroprocessor216 can receive data from the A/D converter950 at more than one time window, and the data from the different time windows can be used to perform error checks on the assay. Typical time windows for themicroprocessor216 to receive data are 4 to 5 seconds and 8 to 10 seconds. Themicroprocessor216 uses the digital signal to calculate a concentration of analyte in the sample by using calibration factors supplied by a calibration strip. The concentration can then be displayed on thedisplay130 of theanalyte test instrument100.
• If the assay employs a test strip having two electrodes, the[0057]switch946 remains in the position shown in FIG. 8. Thetest strip circuit214 is first set in the two-electrode mode by themicroprocessor216. FIG. 8 shows theswitch946 set in the two-electrode mode. The workingelectrode912 is disconnected from thetest strip circuit214 by means of the microprocessor-controlledswitch928 in thewire922. The D/A converter956 receives a digital voltage instruction from themicroprocessor216 and applies an analog voltage, 400 mV, between thetrigger electrode916 and the dual-purpose reference/counter electrode914 by means of theoperational amplifier932. Themicroprocessor216 continually interrogates the D/A converter952. When a sufficient quantity of sample is applied to the test strip900ato result in a fluid connection between thefill trigger electrode916 and the dual-purpose reference/counter electrode914, a current begins to flow between the two electrodes. When the current reaches a threshold, e.g., 0.5 microamperes, themicroprocessor216 opens theswitch930 in thewire924 leading to thetrigger electrode916 for a short period of time, e.g., from about 0 to about 10 seconds. Because the assay employs a test strip having two electrodes, theswitch946 remains in the position shown in FIG. 8. The microprocessor-controlledswitch928 in thewire922 is closed. The D/A converter954 receives a digital voltage instruction from themicroprocessor216 and applies an analog voltage, 200 mV, to the workingelectrode912 by means of theoperational amplifier934. The current originating from the workingelectrode912 resulting from the reaction of the sample with the reagent is converted by the A/D converter950 into a digital signal that is received by themicroprocessor216. Themicroprocessor216 receives the digital signal from the A/D converter950 at a specific time or at specific times. Themicroprocessor216 can receive data from the A/D converter950 at more than one time window, and the data from the different time windows can be used to perform error checks on the assay. Typical time windows for themicroprocessor216 to receive data are 4 to 5 seconds and 8 to 10 seconds. Themicroprocessor216 uses the digital signal to calculate a concentration of analyte in the sample by using calibration factors supplied by a calibration strip. The concentration can then be displayed on thedisplay130 of theanalyte test instrument100.
• FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, and FIG. 8 demonstrate that the same[0058]test strip circuit214 can be used to analyze test strips having either two electrodes or three electrodes. The analyte test instrument of this invention is therefore more versatile than analyte test instruments of the prior art. The analyte test instrument of this invention can identify the type of test strip inserted into the instrument (i.e., one having two electrodes or one having three electrodes), and, by using stored calibration information, can configure the analyte test instrument appropriately without relying on input from the user. The analyte test instrument of this invention is therefore easier for the user to switch from one circuit to another than are analyte test instruments of the prior art.
• The test strip circuit of the analyte test instrument of this invention and the method wherein a two-electrode mode is employed at the beginning of the assay to detect when the test strip is filled allows measurements to be made with much less expensive operational amplifiers, thereby reducing the cost of the analyte test instrument while providing performance characteristics of expensive analyte test instruments.[0059]
• Various modifications and alterations of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not to be unduly limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.[0060]

Claims (46)

What is claimed is:

1. An analyte test instrument suitable for performing an assay with a test strip, said analyte test instrument comprising:

(a) a test port for receiving a test strip;

(b) a microprocessor for executing instructions downloaded into said instrument; and

(c) a test strip circuit capable of having a plurality of configurations, said configurations being set by said microprocessor, whereby an assay can be performed using said test strip.

2. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, further including a memory for storing instructions and information.

3. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 2, wherein said instructions are selected from the group consisting of measurement delay time(s), sample incubation time(s), number of measurements to be taken during an assay, threshold(s) against which voltage level(s) can be compared, value(s) of excitation voltage level(s) applied to a test strip during an assay, analyte value conversion factors, failsafe assay threshold value(s), and configurations of said test strip circuit of said analyte test instrument.

4. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 2, wherein said test port is capable of receiving a calibration strip, said calibration strip being removable from said test port to allow a test strip to be inserted into said test port.

5. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, wherein at least one of said plurality of configurations can be used to perform an assay with a test strip having two electrodes.

6. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, wherein at least one of said plurality of configurations can be used to perform an assay with a test strip having three electrodes.

7. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, further comprising a push button.

8. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, further comprising a display.

9. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, wherein said test port comprises two sets of electrical contacts, whereby a first set of electrical contacts engages a first major surface of a test strip and a second set of electrical contacts engages a second major surface of said test strip.

10. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 1, wherein said test strip is capable of performing an assay for determining concentration of an analyte in a biological sample, said analyte selected from the group consisting of glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies.

11. A method for determining the concentration of at least one analyte in a biological sample, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing said analyte test instrument ofclaim 1;

(b) inserting a test strip into said test port of said analyte test instrument;

(c) applying a biological sample to said test strip;

(d) allowing said analyte test instrument to set said configuration of said test strip circuit to a mode suitable for performing said determination; and

(e) measuring an electrical response provided by said test strip by means of said test strip circuit.

12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said configurations include a first configuration, said first configuration for use with a test strip having two electrodes, and a second configuration, said second configuration for use with a test strip having three electrodes.

13. The method ofclaim 11, further including the step of allowing said analyte test instrument to identify said test strip when said test strip is inserted into said test port.

14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein said identification step is performed by having electrical contacts located in said test port interact or fail to interact with electrically conductive material applied to at least one major surface of said test strip.

15. The method ofclaim 13, wherein said identification step indicates the analyte to be determined with said test strip.

16. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said microprocessor converts said electrical response provided by said test strip into a value that represents the concentration of said analyte.

17. The method ofclaim 16, further including the step of reporting said concentration of said analyte to a user of said analyte test instrument.

18. The method ofclaim 11, further including the step of calibrating said analyte test instrument for each of a plurality of assays that can be performed with said analyte test instrument.

19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein said calibration step is performed with a calibration strip that has been inserted into said test port.

20. The method ofclaim 19, further including the step of providing instructions during said calibration step for effecting the switching of said configuration of said test strip circuit from a first configuration, said first configuration for use with a test strip having two electrodes, and a second configuration, said second configuration for use with a test strip having three electrodes.

21. The method ofclaim 20, wherein said instruction providing step is performed with a calibration strip inserted into said test port.

22. The method ofclaim 11, further including the step of calibrating said analyte test instrument for each of a plurality of assays, said calibration step involving (a) insertion of a calibration strip into a port in said analyte test instrument, said calibration strip containing instructions for switching the test strip circuit configuration from a first mode to a second mode during said determination, said instructions capable of being downloaded into said analyte test instrument, and (b) removal of said calibration strip from said test port.

23. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said analyte is selected from the group consisting of glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies.

24. An analyte test instrument suitable for performing an assay with a test strip, said analyte test instrument comprising:

(a) a test port for receiving a test strip;

(b) a microprocessor for executing instructions downloaded into said instrument; and

(c) a test strip circuit capable of having a plurality of configurations, said configurations being set by said microprocessor, wherein at least one of said instruction enables said microprocessor to switch configuration of said test strip circuit during an assay.

25. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, further including a memory for storing instructions and information.

26. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 25, wherein said instructions are selected from the group consisting of measurement delay time(s), sample incubation time(s), number of measurements to be taken during an assay, threshold(s) against which voltage level(s) can be compared, value(s) of excitation voltage level(s) applied to a test strip during an assay, analyte value conversion factors, failsafe assay threshold value(s), and configurations of said test strip circuit of said analyte test instrument.

27. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 25, wherein said test port is capable of receiving a calibration strip, said calibration strip being removable from said test port to allow a test strip is inserted into said test port.

28. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, wherein at least one of said plurality of configurations can be used to perform an assay with a test strip having two electrodes.

29. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, wherein at least one of said plurality of configurations can be used to perform an assay with a test strip having three electrodes.

30. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, further comprising a push button.

31. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, further comprising a display.

32. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, wherein said test port comprises two sets of electrical contacts, whereby a first set of electrical contacts engages a first major surface of a test strip and a second set of electrical contacts engages a second major surface of said test strip.

33. The analyte test instrument ofclaim 24, wherein said test strip is capable of performing an assay for determining concentration of an analyte in a biological sample, said analyte selected from the group consisting of glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies.

34. A method for determining the concentration of at least one analyte in a biological sample, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) providing the analyte test instrument ofclaim 24;

(b) inserting a test strip into said test port of said analyte test instrument;

(c) applying a biological sample to said test strip;

(d) allowing said analyte test instrument to set said configuration of said test strip circuit to a mode suitable for performing said determination; and

(e) measuring an electrical response provided by said test strip by means of said test strip circuit.

35. The method ofclaim 34, wherein said configurations include a first configuration, said first configuration for use with a test strip having two electrodes, and a second configuration, said second configuration for use with a test strip having three electrodes.

36. The method ofclaim 34, further including the step of allowing said analyte test instrument to identify said test strip when said test strip is inserted into said test port.

37. The method ofclaim 36, wherein said identification step is performed by having electrical contacts located in said test port interact or fail to interact with electrically conductive material applied to at least one major surface or said test strip.

38. The method ofclaim 36, wherein said identification step indicates the analyte to be determined with said test strip.

39. The method ofclaim 34, wherein said microprocessor converts said electrical response provided by said test strip into a value that represents the concentration of said analyte.

40. The method ofclaim 39, further including the step of reporting said concentration of said analyte to a user of said analyte test instrument.

41. The method ofclaim 34, further including the step of calibrating said analyte test instrument for each of a plurality of assays that can be performed with said analyte test instrument.

42. The method ofclaim 41, wherein said calibration step is performed with a calibration strip that has been inserted into said test port.

43. The method ofclaim 42, further including the step of providing instructions during said calibration step for effecting the switching of said configuration of said test strip circuit from a first configuration, said first configuration for use with a test strip having two electrodes, and a second configuration, said second configuration for use with a test strip having three electrodes.

44. The method ofclaim 43, wherein said instruction providing step is performed with a calibration strip inserted into said test port.

45. The method ofclaim 34, further including the step of calibrating said analyte test instrument for each of a plurality of assays, said calibration step involving (a) insertion of a calibration strip into a port in said analyte test instrument, said calibration strip containing instructions for switching the test strip circuit configuration from a first mode to a second mode during said determination, said instructions capable of being downloaded into said analyte test instrument, and (b) removal of said calibration strip from said test port.

46. The method ofclaim 34, wherein said analyte is selected from the group consisting of glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies.

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