US20040106979A1 - Bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis - Google Patents

Abstract

An introducer for delivering into the vasculature a straight or bifurcated stent or prosthesis; a method for delivering into the vasculature a straight or bifurcated stent or prosthesis; a method of treating and angeological disease using a bifurcated stent; an endoluminal stent having perpendicular hoop members, each hoop member formed of wire in a sinuous configuration, at least some of juxtaposed apices in neighboring hoops being secured to one another, such stents also forming axially aligned segments in straight stents, and segments of bifurcated stents in particular embodiments. Certain embodiments of such stents also include barbs, fabric covering and radiopaque markers.

Description

• This is a continuation-in-part application of the application of common assignment herewith of inventors George Goicoechea, Claude Mialhe, John Hudson and Andrew Cragg, entitled BIFURCATED ENDOLUMINAL PROSTHESIS, filed on Sep. 27, 1994, for which application a serial number had not yet been assigned as of the date of filing this continuation-in-part application.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis for use in a bifurcated blood vessel such, for example, as the infrarenal portion of a mammalian aortic artery where it bifurcates to the common iliac arteries. The present invention also embraces a stent connecting means for connecting a stent (e.g. a stent which forms part of an endoluminal prosthesis) to another stent, as well as apparatus and method for introducing prostheses to the vasculature and methods of treating angeological diseases.[0002]
• A stent is used to provide a prosthetic intraluminal wall e.g. in the case of a stenosis to provide an unobstructed conduit for blood in the area of the stenosis. An endoluminal prosthesis comprises a stent which carries a prosthetic graft layer of fabric and is used e.g. to treat an aneurysm by removing the pressure on a weakened part of an artery so as to reduce the risk of embolism, or of the natural artery wall bursting. Typically, a stent or endoluminal prosthesis is implanted in a blood vessel at the site of a stenosis or aneurysm by so-called “minimally invasive techniques” in which the stent is compressed radially inwards and is delivered by a catheter to the site where it is required through the patient's skin or by a “cut down” technique in which the blood vessel concerned is exposed by minor surgical means. When the stent is positioned at the correct location, the catheter is withdrawn and the stent is caused or allowed to re-expand to a predetermined diameter in the vessel.[0003]
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 discloses a vascular stent which comprises a length of sinuous or “zig-zag” wire formed into a helix; the helix defines a generally cylindrical wall which, in use, constitutes a prosthetic intraluminal wall. The sinuous configuration of the wire permits radial expansion and compression of the stent; U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 discloses that the stent can be delivered percutaneously and expanded in situ using a balloon catheter.[0004]
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 discloses an expandable intraluminal graft which is constituted by a tubular member formed from a plurality of intersecting elongate members which permit radial expansion and compression of the stent.[0005]
• EP-A-0556850 discloses an intraluminal stent which is constituted by a sinuous wire formed into a helix; juxtaposed apices of the wire are secured to one another so that each hoop of the helix is supported by its neighboring hoops to increase the overall strength of the stent and to minimize the risk of plaque herniation; in some embodiments the stent of EP-A-0556850 further comprises a tubular graft member to form an endoluminal prosthesis.[0006]
• The prior art stents and prostheses mentioned above are generally satisfactory for the treatment of aneurysms, stenoses and other angeological diseases at sites in continuous unbifurcated portions of arteries or veins.[0007]
• However, the prior art stents and prostheses are not wholly satisfactory for use where the site of desired application of the stent or prosthesis is juxtaposed or extends across a bifurcation in an artery or vein such, for example, as the bifurcation in the mammalian aortic artery into the common iliac arteries. For example, in the case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (“AAA”) in the infrarenal portion of the aorta which extends into one of the common iliac arteries, the use of one of the prior art prosthesis referred to above across the bifurcation into the one iliac artery will result in obstruction of the proximal end of the other common iliac artery; by-pass surgery is therefore required to connect the one iliac artery in juxtaposition with the distal end of the prosthesis to the other blocked iliac artery. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that it is desirable to avoid surgery wherever possible; the requirement for by-pass surgery associated with the use of the prior art prosthesis in juxtaposition with a bifurcation in an artery therefore constitutes a significant disadvantage.[0008]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Throughout this specification, the term “proximal” shall mean “nearest to the heart,” and the term “distal” shall mean “furthest from the heart.”[0009]
• According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a stent connecting means for connecting two intraluminal stents one to the other to define a continuous lumen through the two stents, the stent connecting means including a first stent including a male engaging portion which can be compressed radially inwardly, and a second stent including a female cooperating portion. The male engaging portion may be entered into the female cooperating portion in a radially compressed state and thereafter caused or allowed to expand in the female cooperating portion; the arrangement being such that in service the interengagement of the male engaging portion and the female cooperating portion serves to resist longitudinal separation of the two stents one from the other.[0010]
• Typically, the first stent may include a proximal male engaging portion; the second stent may include a distal female cooperation portion. The male engaging portion may be flared radially outwardly towards its extremity, and the female cooperating portion may be tapered radially inwardly towards its extremity. In some embodiments, the male engaging portion may comprise a frustoconical wall which flares outwardly towards its longitudinal extremity; the female engaging portion may comprise a frustoconical wall which tapers radially inwardly towards its longitudinal extremity.[0011]
• Alternatively, said male engaging and female cooperating portions may be substantially untapered; they may be substantially cylindrical.[0012]
• The male engaging portion of the first stent may be resiliently compressible in a radially inwards direction such that in the radially compressed state it is capable of self-reexpansion to engage in the female cooperating portion. Typically, each of said first and second stents may be resiliently compressible.[0013]
• In use therefore the second stent may be delivered in a radially compressed state by using a catheter; when the second stent is located at the site of use, the catheter may be withdrawn thereby allowing the second stent to re-expand to engage the endoluminal surface of the blood vessel.[0014]
• The first stent may then be delivered percutaneously or by a “cut down” technique to a site distal of the second stent such that the male engaging portion of the first stent in the radially compressed state is entered into the expanded female cooperating portion of the second stent; the catheter may then be withdrawn allowing the first stent to re-expand such that the male engaging portion engages in the female cooperating portion of the second stent.[0015]
• In some embodiments of the present invention the second stent may have two transversely spaced distal female cooperating portions; the second stent may therefore constitute a bifurcated stent for use in juxtaposition with a bifurcation in a blood vessel.[0016]
• Each of the two transversely spaced distal female cooperating portions may be adapted for connection to a first male stent which, in use, extends across the bifurcation into a respective one of the branched blood vessels.[0017]
• In a particular aspect of the present invention there is provided a bifurcated intraluminal stent for use in juxtaposition with an angeological bifurcation; the bifurcated intraluminal stent comprising a proximal portion adapted to be positioned in service in a blood vessel in juxtaposition with a bifurcation, a first distal stent portion adapted to extend across the bifurcation into one of the branched blood vessels and a second distal stent portion adapted to allow blood to flow from the proximal portion into the other branched vessel. The first distal stent portion may be formed integrally with the proximal portion.[0018]
• In some embodiments the second distal stent portion may comprise a female cooperating portion which is adapted to engage a male engaging portion of a another stent adapted to extend in the other branched blood vessel such that, in use, the bifurcated stent can be connected in situ to the other stent. The bifurcated intraluminal stent may therefore constitute a second stent in accordance with the present invention comprising a distal female cooperating portion disposed intermediate the proximal and distal extremities of the stent; the other stent may constitute a first stent in accordance with the present invention.[0019]
• Typically, the proximal end of said second stent may be flared radially outwardly towards its extremity to engage the endoluminal surface of the artery thereby to resist longitudinal movement of the second stent in service.[0020]
• Each of the first and second stents may comprise a sinuous wire formed into a tubular configuration. The sinuous and tubular configurations may be imparted to the wire by winding it on a mandrel. Typically, each stent may be made from a shape memory nitinol (nickel-titanium) wire which may be wound on to the mandrel to form the stent in a tubular configuration of slightly greater diameter than the diameter of the blood vessel in which the stent is intended to be used. The stent may be annealed at an elevated temperature and then allowed to cool in air so that the nitinol wire “remembers” the configuration in which it was wound on the mandrel.[0021]
• Said nitinol wire may be type “M” nitinol wire which is martensitic at temperatures below about 13° C. and is austenitic at temperatures above about 25° C.; it will be appreciated therefore that the type “M” wire will be austenitic at body temperature of 37° C. Typically, the annealing may be conducted at about 500° C. or more for at least about 60 minutes; after cooling the wire may be immersed in cold water to facilitate removal of the wire from the mandrel with the wire in its maleable martensitic form. Typically, the cold water may have temperature of less than about 10° C.; the wire may be immersed for about 5 minutes or more. An advantage of using nitinol wire to form the stent in accordance with the present invention is that the nitinol wire is “super elastic” in its austenitic state; the radial outward force exerted by the stent on the wall of the blood vessel in use is therefore substantially constant irrespective of the diameter of the vessel and the expanded stent.[0022]
• In some embodiments the wire may have a helical configuration as disclosed in EP-A-0556850. Alternatively, the wire may be of an entirely novel configuration, namely one in which the wire forms a plurality of hoops such that the plane of the circumference of each hoop is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent. Each hoop may comprise a substantially complete turn of the wire having a sinuous configuration; optionally, as each hoop is completed, the point of winding the wire may be displaced longitudinally with respect to the winding axis to form the next hoop. When the next hoop is complete, the point of winding is moved further longitudinally with respect to the winding axis to the form the next succeeding hoop and so on.[0023]
• It will appreciated that an advantage of this novel arrangement is that the planes of the hoops are not skewed with respect to the longitudinal axis of the stent; the longitudinal ends of the stent are “square” to said longitudinal axis, so that when the stent is caused or allowed to expand in situ there is substantially no twisting of the stent as it shortens in length. It will be appreciated that this represents a significant advantage, as in areas of stenosis or aneurysm it is desirable to minimize the movement of the stent within the blood vessel so as to reduce the potential trauma to the patient. A stent of this configuration may be used, apart from the bifurcated embodiment otherwise taught herein, in any application which in stents generally have heretofor been used.[0024]
• Typically, the stents of this invention whether of the helical or perpendicular variety, also comprise a securing means for securing an apex of the sinuous wire in one hoop to a juxtaposed apex of a neighboring hoop so that each hoop is supported by its neighbors. The securing means may comprise a loop element of a suture material, for example, to tie the juxtaposed apices together; the loop element may also comprise a loop formed of a thermoplastics material such, for example, as polypropylene. Alternatively, the securing means may be a bead formed of a thermoplastic material around juxtaposed apices. Also alternatively, the securing means may be a loop, ring, or staple formed of wire such as nitinol.[0025]
• The male engaging portion and female cooperating portion, of the first and second interengaging stents of this invention, may be formed separately from the remainder of the respective non-engaging portions of these stents and then the engaging and non-engaging portions secured to one another by securing means.[0026]
• In one embodiment of the present invention, the proximal and distal stent portions of the bifurcated stent in accordance with the present invention may be formed separately; the distal end of the proximal stent portion may be secured to the wider proximal end of a first intermediate frustoconical stent portion; the narrower distal end of the first intermediate frustoconical stent portion may be secured to the proximal end of the distal stent portion. The female cooperating portion of the bifurcated stent may be constituted by a second frustoconical stent portion which is secured to the distal end of the proximal stent portion in juxtaposition with the first frustoconical portion.[0027]
• Alternatively the first and second frustoconical portions may be omitted; the proximal and distal stent portions may be secured directly one to the other.[0028]
• The female cooperating portion may be constituted by a generally cylindrical stent portion secured to said proximal stent portion in transversely spaced relation to the distal portion.[0029]
• Each of the first and second stents of the bifurcated form of the present invention may carry a tubular graft layer formed from a biocompatible fabric in juxtaposition with the stent; the combined stent and graft layer constituting an endoluminal prosthesis. Typically the graft layer may be disposed externally of the stent; it will be appreciated however that in some embodiments the graft layer may be disposed internally of the stent. In some embodiments the graft layer may be secured to the stent by loop elements such, for example, as loops of polypropylene. The biocompatible fabric may be a polyester fabric or a polytetrafluoroethylene fabric; typically said fabric may be woven or a warp knitted polyester fabric. In some embodiments the woven or a warp knitted fabric may be formed in a seam-free bifurcated configuration as a sleeve for a bifurcated stent.[0030]
• In some embodiments the male engaging portion of the first stent and the female cooperating portion of the second stent may be left uncovered. Alternatively, the fabric graft layer may extend to the proximal extremity on the external surface of the male engaging portion, and may be folded over the distal extremity of the female engaging portion to form an inner sleeve; in use the external fabric of the male engaging portion may butt against the folded over portion of the fabric internally of the female cooperating portion to form a substantially blood tight seal.[0031]
• The present invention in one aspect therefore includes a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis comprising a bifurcated stent in accordance with the invention and a tubular graft layer.[0032]
• The first stent having the male engaging portion may also have a tubular graft layer. If required the first prosthesis may be introduced in a radially compressed state such that the male engaging portion of the first prosthesis is engaged in the intermediate female cooperating portion of the bifurcated prosthesis; the first prosthesis is then caused to be allowed to re-expand in situ such that the male engaging portion engages in the female cooperating portion to resist longitudinal separation of the two prosthesis in service.[0033]
• The bifurcated prosthesis may be adapted for use in the infrarenal portion of a mammalian aorta in juxtaposition with the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In use the bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis may be introduced into the infrarenal portion of the aorta using a catheter such that the first distal stent portion extends into one of the branched iliac arteries; the catheter may then be withdrawn allowing the prosthesis to re-expand in situ.[0034]
• It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the prostheses may be introduced to the site of use percutaneously or by “cut down” techniques.[0035]
• Any of the stents according to this invention may be provided on its external surface with circumferentially spaced wire barbs or hooks adapted to engage in the endoluminal surface of the host artery to resist longitudinal movement or slippage of the stent in use. Typically the barbs or hooks may be disposed on part of the stent which is provided with a fabric graft layer such that in use the points of the artery which are engaged by the barbs or hooks are covered by the fabric graft. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the trauma to the artery wall caused by the hooks or barbs may cause emboli; the provision of the fabric graft over the barbs or hooks in use will therefore help to prevent the introduction of such emboli into the blood stream.[0036]
• The male engaging portion for the first stent may be provided with circumferentially spaced hooks or barbs on its external surface to engage the internal surface of said female cooperating means, thereby to reinforce the connecting means against longitudinal separation of the stents one from the other in the service.[0037]
• The present invention therefore provides a connecting means for connecting two stents longitudinally one to the other. It will be appreciated that this represents a significant step forward in the art as it allows the provision of a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis for use in juxtaposition e.g. with arterial bifurcations without requiring by pass surgery to connect one of the branched arteries to the other branched artery.[0038]
• In particular, the invention provides a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis which can be positioned in an artery in juxtaposition with a bifurcation to extend into one of the branched arteries; the bifurcated prosthesis can be connected to another prosthesis which extends into the other branched artery. The prosthesis can be delivered percutaneously or by “cut down” methods and connected together in situ thereby to provide effective treatment of an angeological disease such, for example, as an aneurysm or a stenosis which extends across a bifurcation in a blood vessel without the need for by-pass surgery.[0039]
• In another aspect, this invention provides an introducer for delivering, into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis having a proximal portion adapted to be disposed in the blood vessel and a distal portion adapted to be disposed at least partially in one of the two branched vessels. The introducer comprises a tubular outer sheath, a proximal portion pusher disposed at least partially within the outer sheath, and a distal portion pusher disposed at least partially within the proximal portion pusher.[0040]
• The present invention further provides an introducer for delivering into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, an endoluminal prosthesis having a proximal stent portion and a distal stent portion. The introducer comprises a tubular outer sheath, a proximal portion pusher disposed at least partially within the outer sheath and having a proximal end adapted to contact the proximal stent portion, a distal portion pusher disposed at least partially within the proximal portion pusher and having a proximal end adapted to contact the distal stent portion; and a balloon catheter, having a balloon attached thereto, disposed at least partially within the distal portion pusher.[0041]
• This invention in another aspect provides a method for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis having a proximal portion and a first distal portion into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel. The method comprises inserting a first introducer containing the stent or prosthesis into the vasculature to a predetermined delivery location, the first introducer comprising an outer sheath, a proximal portion pusher, and a distal portion pusher; withdrawing the outer sheath of the first introducer while maintaining the proximal portion pusher in a fixed position until the proximal portion of the stent or prosthesis is deployed from the first introducer into the blood vessel; withdrawing the outer sheath and the proximal portion pusher while maintaining the distal portion pusher in a fixed position until the first distal portion of the stent or prosthesis is deployed from the first introducer at least partially into the first branched vessel; and withdrawing the first introducer from the vasculature.[0042]
• This invention further provides a method for delivering, into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, an endoluminal prosthesis having a proximal stent portion, and a distal stent portion. The method comprises the steps of inserting an introducer containing the prosthesis into the vasculature to a predetermined delivery location, the introducer comprising an outer sheath, a proximal stent portion pusher, a distal stent portion pusher, and a balloon catheter having a balloon attached thereto; inflating the balloon to at least partially block blood flow in the blood vessel; withdrawing the outer sheath of the introducer while maintaining the proximal stent portion pusher in a fixed position until the proximal stent portion of the prosthesis is deployed from the introducer into the blood vessel; withdrawing the outer sheath and the proximal stent portion pusher while maintaining the distal stent portion pusher in a fixed position until the distal stent portion of the prosthesis is deployed from the introducer into the blood vessel; and withdrawing the introducer from the vasculature.[0043]
• In general, this invention provides a method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel comprising the steps of disposing in the blood vessel a proximal portion of an endoluminal stent; directing blood flow from the blood vessel into the first branched vessel through a first distal portion of the endoluminal stent, the first distal portion being connected to the proximal portion and extending into the first branched vessel; and directing blood flow from the blood vessel into the second branched vessel through a second distal portion of the endoluminal stent, the second distal portion being connected to the proximal portion and extending into the second branched vessel. This method may be applied to aneurysms, occlusions, or stenosis.[0044]
• Following is a description by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings of the present invention, including novel stent constructions and methods of manufacture and use thereof.[0045]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:[0046]
• FIG. 1[0047]ais a front view of a bifurcated intraluminal stent in accordance with the present invention constituting part of an endoluminal prosthesis.
• FIG. 1[0048]bis a front view of another stent which is adapted to be connected to the bifurcated stent of FIG. 1a.
• FIG. 2([0049]a) is a side view of part of the bifurcated stent of FIG. 1aopened up to show its construction.
• FIG. 2([0050]b) is a side view of an exemplary mandrel used to form the part of the bifurcated stent shown in FIG. 2(a).
• FIG. 3 is a side view of another part of the bifurcated stent of FIG. 1[0051]aopened up to show its construction.
• FIG. 4([0052]a) is a side view of yet another part of the bifurcated stent of FIG. 1aopened up to show its construction.
• FIGS.[0053]4(b)-4(f) are partial exploded views of the exemplary stent of FIG. 4(a) illustrating alternative means for securing juxtaposed apices according to the present invention.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of a bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.[0054]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.[0055]
• FIG. 7 is a schematic view of yet another bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.[0056]
• FIG. 8([0057]a) is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary assembled introducer according to the present invention.
• FIGS.[0058]8(b)-8(e) are side views of the component parts of the introducer of FIG. 8(a).
• FIG. 8([0059]f) is a partial cross-sectional view of the introducer of FIG. 8(a).
• FIG. 8([0060]g) is a cross-sectional view of part of the introducer of FIG. 8(f) taken along the line A-A.
• FIG. 9 is a side cross-sectional view of a portion an alternative embodiment of an introducer according to the present invention.[0061]
• FIGS.[0062]10(a) and10(b) are side views of other alternative embodiments of an introducer according to the present invention.
• FIGS. 11 through 20 are sequential cross-sectional views of the bifurcation of the abdominal aortic artery during introduction of an exemplary prosthesis according to the present invention.[0063]
• FIGS.[0064]21(a)-21(c) are cross-sectional views of alternative insertion apparatus according to the present invention.
• FIGS. 22 and 23 are side views of alternative stents according to the present invention.[0065]
• FIGS.[0066]24(a),24(b),25,26 and27 are sequential cross-sectional views of the bifurcation of the abdominal aortic artery during introduction of an exemplary prosthesis according to the present invention.
• FIGS. 28 and 29 are cross-sectional side views of alternative delivery apparatus according to the present invention.[0067]
• FIGS.[0068]30-34 are sequential cross-sectional views of the bifurcation of the abdominal aortic artery during introduction of an exemplary prosthesis according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The present invention includes apparatus and method for treating angeological diseases in any bifurcated blood vessel. One example of such a bifurcated blood vessel is the infrarenal portion of a mammalian aortic artery where it bifurcates to the common iliac arteries. Examples of diseases that can be treated using the apparatus and method of the present invention include aneurysm, stenosis, and occlusion.[0069]
• A bifurcated stent in accordance with the present invention which is indicated at[0070]10 in FIG. 1acomprises a wire skeleton which is constructed in four separate parts, namely aproximal part12, a firstfrustoconical part14, a firstdistal part16 and a secondfrustoconical part18. Saidbifurcated stent10 carries a fabric graft layer (FIGS. 5, 6, and7) for use as an endoluminal prosthesis e.g. in the infrarenal portion of a mammalian aorta in juxtaposition with the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries. It will be appreciated, however, that bifurcated stents (with or without fabric graft layers) for use in different parts of the angeological system and for different mammals can be constructed in accordance with the invention by varying the dimensions of the stent accordingly.
• Each of the four parts of the[0071]bifurcated stent10 is made in substantially the same way by winding a shape memory nitinol wire, typically nitinol type M wire, onto amandrel46.
• The construction of the exemplary[0072]proximal part12 of thebifurcated stent10 is shown in FIGS.2(a) and2(b); nitinol wire type M wire typically having a diameter of 0.46 mm (0.018″) is wound aroundmandrel46 to form a plurality ofhoops20. The winding surface ofmandrel46 is provided with a plurality ofupstanding pins47 disposed in a zig-zag pattern for each of thehoops20 so that in eachhoop20 the nitinol wire follows a sinuous path to define a plurality of circumferentially spacedapices22. Eachhoop20 is wound ontomandrel46 such that the plane of the circumference of eachhoop20 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the mandrel.
• When one[0073]hoop20 e.g. the hoop indicated at20ahas been formed, the point of winding of the nitinol wire is displaced longitudinally with respect to the axis ofmandrel46 to form the nextsuccessive hoop20b. The stent shown in FIG. 2(a) is the stent formed onmandrel46 shown in FIG. 2(b) after cutting the stent longitudinally and rotating it 45 degrees to show the construction of the stent.
• The proximal part of the exemplary bifurcated stent of FIG. 1[0074]ais formed on the mandrel with a diameter of about 24 mm and a length in the longitudinal direction of about 55 mm. From FIGS.1(a),2(a), and2(b) it will be noted that theproximal part12 is constituted by threehoops20 of unit width at theproximal end24 of theproximal part12, twointermediate hoops25 of twice unit width and, at itsdistal end26, by asingle hoop20 of unit width. In the illustrated embodiment,intermediate hoops25 have a plurality ofoffsets25a.Offsets25aare formed when the wire is passed around pins47 onmandrel46.Offsets25aadd stability to the stent. When the nitinol wire has been wound ontomandrel46, the nitinol wire is annealed at an elevated temperature and then allowed to cool.
• In this embodiment of the invention the wire is annealed at a temperature of about 500° C. for 60 minutes and is then allowed to cool in air. The purpose of the annealing is so that the nitinol wire in its austenitic form “remembers” its configuration as wound on[0075]mandrel46; it will be appreciated therefore that other temperatures and durations for the annealing are included within the present invention provided the nitinol wire “remembers” its wound configuration.
• After annealing and cooling, the wire is immersed in cold water at less than 10° C. for about 5 minutes; the wire is then removed from the mandrel, and juxtaposed[0076]apices22 of neighboringhoops20 are secured together by securing means99 (see FIG. 4(a)), which are, in this example, 0.003″ polypropylene filaments. Each apex22 of eachhoop20 which has a juxtaposed apex of a neighboringhoop20 is tied to the juxtaposedapex22. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments of the invention only some of thejuxtaposed apices22 may be secured in this way.
• In addition to polypropylene filaments, the securing means may comprise a[0077]loop element99aof a suture material, for example, to tie the juxtaposed apices together, as shown in FIG. 4(b). The securing means may also comprisebead99bformed of a thermoplastic material around juxtaposed apices, as shown in FIG. 4(c). Also alternatively, the securing means may be a loop99c, ring99d, or staple99eformed of wire such as nitinol, as shown in FIGS.4(d),4(e), and4(f) respectively.
• The exemplary first and second[0078]frustoconical parts14,18 of the skeleton shown in the figures are formed in substantially the same way as theproximal part12 by winding nitinol wire onto a mandrel and then annealing the wire before removing it from the mandrel. As shown in FIG. 3, the first and secondfrustoconical parts14,18 are each constituted by threehoops20 of unit width. The mandrel is tapered such that the proximal end of each of the exemplaryfrustoconical parts14,18 is formed with a diameter of about 12 mm and thedistal end32 of each is formed with a diameter of about 9 mm. The overall length of each of the exemplaryfrustoconical parts14,18 is about 18 mm. The wire used for thefrustoconical parts14,18 is nitinol type M wire having a diameter of 0.28 mm (0.011″). Juxtaposedapices22 of each of the exemplaryfrustoconical parts14,18 are tied together using 0.03″ polypropylene filaments as described above. The first and secondfrustoconical parts14,18 are secured to thedistal end26 of theproximal part12 of thestent10 in transversely spaced relation as shown in FIG. 1aby securing theapices22 of thehoop20 forming the widerproximal end30 of each of thefrustoconical parts14,18 to juxtaposedapices22 of thehoop20 on thedistal end26 of theproximal part12.
• The exemplary first[0079]distal part16 of thebifurcated stent10 is formed by winding nitinol type M wire typically having a diameter of 0.28 mm (0.011″) onto a mandrel to form twelve longitudinally spacedhoops20 as shown in FIG. 4; the exemplary first distal part has an overall length of about 66 mm and a uniform diameter of about 9 mm. Theproximal end34 of thedistal part16 is secured to the narrowerdistal end32 of the firstfrustoconical part14 by tying each apex22 on theproximal end34 of the firstdistal part16 to a juxtaposed apex on thedistal end32 of the firstfrustoconical part14 using, in this embodiment, 0.003″ polypropylene filaments.
• The[0080]proximal part12, the first and secondfrustoconical parts14,18, and the firstdistal part16 are each covered with a tubular graft layer of a biocompatible woven fabric (FIGS. 5, 6, and7) such, for example, as a plain woven fabric made from 30 or 40 denier polyester. The tubular fabric layers may be attached to the proximal anddistal parts12,16 of thestent10 by stitching with, for example, 0.003″ polypropylene filaments around theapices22 of the underlying skeleton. The fabric covered stent constitutes one form of an endoluminal prosthesis.
• The[0081]proximal part12 of the wire skeleton may be provided with a plurality of circumferentially spaced hooks orbarbs43 which project through the tubular fabric layer to engage in the endoluminal surface of a host artery in service.
• The sinuous configuration of each turn[0082]20 of the wire skeleton of thestent10 allows the prosthesis to be compressed resiliently radially inwards so that it can be received in a catheter e.g. a 16 or 18 French catheter for percutaneous or cut down delivery, e.g. to an intraluminal site in the infrarenal section of the aortic artery. Larger diameter catheters up to, e.g., 20 French, may be used to deliver the prosthesis using “cut down” procedures.
• An x-ray opaque marker may be attached to one or more ends of a stent so that the delivery of the stent can be monitored using x-rays. As shown in FIG. 4([0083]a), such a radiopaque marker may typically comprise a gold orplatinum wire17 crimped onto an end ofstent16. Alternatively, the radiopaque marker may be atube17adisposed around a length of wire on the stent, also as shown in FIG. 4(a). Typically, in the bifurcated stent the marker is secured to the stent in line with the distal stent portion so that the distal stent portion can be aligned with and inserted into one of the branched arteries in situ.
• The bifurcated endoprosthesis is positioned in the infrarenal section of the aortic artery in juxtaposition with the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries such that the first[0084]distal part16 of the prosthesis extends into one of the common iliac arteries. The catheter is then withdrawn allowing thestent10 to re-expand towards its configuration as wound on the mandrel in which it was annealed until the stent engages the endoluminal surface of the host artery. The barbs or hooks engage the endoluminal surface of the host artery to resist longitudinal displacement or slipping of the prosthesis in use.
• It will be appreciated that when the bifurcated prosthesis is positioned and re-expanded in the fitted position, blood can flow from the aortic artery into the[0085]proximal part12 of the prosthesis from where it can flow into the one common iliac artery through thefrustoconical part14 and the firstdistal part16 and also into the other common iliac artery through the secondfrustoconical part18.
• In cases where it is required to implant a prosthesis in the other common iliac artery a second prosthesis comprising a[0086]second stent40 as shown in FIG. 1bcan be used. Thesecond stent40 includes a wire skeleton comprising a proximalfrustoconical part42 and adistal part44. Thedistal part44 of thesecond stent40 also may be covered with a tubular graft layer of a biocompatible fabric such, for example, as polyester or polytetrafluoroethylene fabric (FIGS. 5, 6, and7).
• The frustoconical[0087]proximal part42 is constructed in the same way as thefrustoconical parts14,18 of thebifurcated stent10; thedistal part44 is constructed in the same way as thedistal part16 of thebifurcated stent10. The distal end of the frustoconicalproximal part42 is secured to the proximal end of thedistal part44 by securing juxtaposed apices using polypropylene filaments as described above.
• In use, the second prosthesis is compressed radially inwards and is received in a catheter for percutaneous or “cut down” delivery to the other common iliac artery. The frustoconical[0088]proximal part42 is guided, in the radially compressed state, into the secondfrustoconical part18 of thebifurcated stent10. The catheter is then withdrawn allowing thesecond stent40 to re-expand towards its remembered configuration, until thedistal part14 engages the endoluminal surface of the other common iliac artery, and the outer surface of the frustoconicalproximal part42 engages the interior surface of the secondfrustoconical part18 of thebifurcated stent10.
• As with other stents described herein, the frustoconical[0089]proximal part42 may be formed with circumferentially spaced barbs or hooks43, as shown in FIG. 1b, which engage in the wire skeleton of the secondfrustoconical part18 of thebifurcated stent10. Whenbarbs43 are onproximal portion12, they engage the inner wall of the artery.
• The tapered configurations of the second[0090]frustoconical part18 of thebifurcated stent10 and of the proximalfrustoconical part42 of thesecond stent40 are such that in the fitted position as described, the prosthesis are locked together to resist longitudinal separation in service. Barbs or hooks on thesecond stent40 and/or an frustoconicalproximal part42 help to resist such longitudinal separation.
• In another example of the present invention a[0091]bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis50 as shown in FIG. 5 includes a bifurcated stent comprising aproximal portion52 which tapers radially inwardly from itsproximal end54 to itsdistal end56, and first and second transversely spaced frustoconicaldistal portions58,60 which are secured to thedistal end56 of theproximal portion52; theproximal portion52 is covered with a tubular graft layer of abiocompatible fabric62.
• In use the prosthesis is delivered percutaneously or by “cut down” methods to an artery in juxtaposition with an arterial bifurcation; blood can flow through the frustoconical[0092]proximal portion52 into each of the branched arteries through the first and second distalfrustoconical portions58,60. If a prosthesis is required in one or both of the branched arteries, a separate prosthesis comprising a stent of the type shown in FIG. 1breferred to above covered with fabric can be connected to thebifurcated prosthesis50 by inserting and re-expanding the proximal end of such a separate prosthesis in one or both of the distalfrustoconical portions58,60 of theprosthesis50 for engagement therein.
• Another variant of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 which shows a[0093]bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis70 having aproximal portion72 which is secured at itsdistal end74 to two transversely spaced frustoconicalintermediate portions76,78.
• One of said frustoconical[0094]intermediate portions76 is secured at its distal end to an elongatedistal portion80. Theproximal end82 of theproximal portion72 is flared radially outwards towards itsproximal end82 to engage the intraluminal surface of the host blood vessel in service. Save for this flared portion, the entire endoprosthesis is covered with a fabric graft layer as shown in FIG. 6; said graft layer is carried externally of the wire skeleton and is folded over thedistal extremity84 of the other frustoconicalintermediate portion78 to form an internal lining in said other frustoconicalimmediate portion78.
• Said other frustoconical[0095]intermediate portion78 constitutes a female cooperating portion in accordance with the present invention which is adapted to receive a male engaging portion of another prosthesis as indicated at86 in FIG. 6. Saidother prosthesis86 includes a frustoconicalproximal portion88 which constitutes the male engaging portion and an elongatedistal portion90. The whole of theother prosthesis86 is covered with a fabric graft layer as shown in FIG. 6. In service, themale engaging portion88 of theother prosthesis86 is entered into and engaged with thefemale cooperating portion78 of thebifurcated prosthesis70 in situ in the manner herein before described. The fabric layer on themale engaging portion88 butts face-to-face on the folded over portion of the fabric layer disposed internally of thefemale cooperating portion78 to form a substantially blood-tight seal therewith.
• Yet another example of the present invention is shown in FIG. 7 in which a[0096]bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis91 has a generally cylindricalproximal portion92; saidproximal portion92 is connected at itsdistal end93 to an elongate, generally cylindricaldistal portion94. Saidproximal portion92 is also connected at itsdistal end93 to a generally cylindricalintermediate portion95 which is secured in transversely spaced relation to the elongatedistal portion94. Said cylindricalintermediate portion95 constitutes a female engaging portion which is adapted to receive a generally cylindrical male engaging portion of a second elongate prosthesis (not shown). The male engaging portion is equipped with circumferentially spaced external barbs to engage in the female cooperating portion in service. As shown in FIG. 7, the whole of thebifurcated prosthesis91 is covered with an external fabric graft layer save for a flaredportion96 towards theproximal end97 of theproximal portion92.
• Referring to FIGS.[0097]8(a)-8(f), an exemplary embodiment of a delivery system according to the present invention will be described. This system is used to deploy thebifurcated stent10 when it is covered with a fabric graft layer to create an endoluminal prosthesis.Introducer100 includesouter sheath101.Outer sheath101 is a cylindrical tube adapted to be inserted either percutaneously or by “cut-down” procedures into the vasculature from an entry point to the bifurcation site where the prosthesis is to be deployed.
• Housed within[0098]outer sheath101 isproximal portion pusher102.Proximal portion pusher102 is a cylindrical tube having an outside diameter smaller than the inside diameter ofouter sheath101.Proximal portion pusher102 is preferably slidable throughout the length ofouter sheath101.
• Disposed within[0099]proximal portion pusher102 isdistal portion pusher103.Distal portion pusher103 is a cylindrical tube slidably contained withindistal portion pusher102.Distal portion pusher103 is preferably adapted to slide throughout the entire length ofproximal portion pusher102.
• Disposed within[0100]distal portion103 isballoon catheter104.Balloon catheter104 is adapted to slide withindistal portion pusher103. At theleading end105 ofballoon catheter104 isnose cone106.Balloon107 is attached toballoon catheter104 betweennose cone106 andproximal end115 ofproximal portion pusher102.
• As shown in FIG. 8([0101]g), which is a cross-sectional view ofballoon catheter104 in the direction A-A of FIG. 8(f),balloon catheter104 has aguide wire conduit104a.Guide wire conduit104aextends throughout the length ofballoon catheter104 for passing a guide wire (not shown) throughintroducer100. In the illustrated embodiment,balloon catheter104 also includesinjection orifice109 and aninjection conduit109a.Injection conduit109aconnectsinjection orifice109 to aninjection site108 at or near the distal end ofballoon catheter104 as shown in FIG. 8(e). Radiopaque liquid may be injected intoinjection site108, throughinjection conduit109a, outinjection orifice109, and into the vasculature to monitor deployment of the prosthesis.
• Also in the illustrated embodiment of FIGS.[0102]8(f) and8(g),balloon catheter104 has aninflation orifice110 located at a point whereballoon107 is attached toballoon catheter104. Aballoon inflation conduit110aconnectsballoon inflation orifice110 to balloon inflation site111 (FIG. 8(e)).Balloon107 may be inflated and deflated fromballoon inflation site111 during delivery of the prosthesis.
• In an alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, seals[0103]150,151 may be disposed around the distal ends160,161 ofouter sheath10 andproximal portion pusher102.Seals150,151 may be formed of silicone tubes.
• FIG. 10([0104]a) shows an alternative embodiment ofintroducer100. As shown in FIG. 10(a),wings112 and113 are provided at the distal end ofintroducer100.Wing112 is connected toproximal portion pusher102, andwing113 is connected toouter sheath101.Wings112 and113 indicate the rotational orientation ofproximal portion pusher102 andouter sheath101, respectively. This in turn indicates the orientation ofproximal portion12 withinouter sheath101 anddistal portion16 withinproximal portion pusher102.Wings112 and113 in the illustrated embodiment are also provided withholes112aand113a.
• As shown in FIG. 10([0105]b), arod128 or other fixation device may be attached towings112 and113 using e.g. bolts throughholes112aand113asecured bywing nuts129 or other securing means.Rod128 prevents relative movement ofproximal portion pusher102 andouter sheath101. Wings may also be provided ondistal portion pusher103 and used to securedistal portion pusher103 to eitherproximal portion pusher102 orouter sheath101 using a fixation device as described above.
• Also shown in FIG. 10([0106]a) as part ofintroducer100 ishemostasis valve114.Hemostasis valve114 is connected todistal portion pusher103 and acts as a simple seal aroundballoon catheter104. Although it prevents fluid loss,hemostasis valve114 allowsballoon catheter104 to slide withindistal portion pusher103. Alternatively, a Touhy-Borst valve (not shown) may be used instead ofhemostasis valve114. The Touhy-Borst valve is a device that may be manually tightened overballoon catheter104. Lightly tightening such a valve permitsballoon catheter104 to slide; firmly tightening such a valve clampsballoon catheter104 in place.
• In use, the prosthesis must first be loaded into[0107]introducer100.Outer sheath101 is first removed fromintroducer100.Balloon catheter104 is then threaded throughdistal portion16 andproximal portion12 of the prosthesis. The prosthesis is then cooled to a temperature of approximately 10° C. or below and radially compressed. For this purpose, the prosthesis may be immersed in cold water. The prosthesis should preferrably remain in the water during the loading operation.
• As supporting[0108]stent10 is compressed beneath the fabric covering of the prosthesis, excess fabric is produced. This excess fabric may simply be pinched together and laid over the compressed prosthesis in longitudinal folds.
• [0109]Distal portion16 of the prosthesis in the radially compressed state is then inserted intoproximal portion pusher102.Outer sheath101 is then pulled overproximal portion12 of the prosthesis and overproximal portion pusher102. A thread (not shown) may be attached to the proximal end ofproximal portion12 of the prosthesis and threaded throughouter sheath101. This thread may then be used to pullproximal portion12 throughouter sheath101. During the loading process, it is important to keepproximal portion12 anddistal portion16 of the prosthesis properly aligned withouter sheath101 andproximal portion pusher102. Marks may be placed on the outside ofouter sheath101 andproximal portion pusher102 to ensure proper alignment.
• Referring again to FIG. 8([0110]f), the prosthesis is inserted such that the outer surface ofproximal portion12 contacts and is radially restrained byouter sheath101, and the outer surface ofdistal portion16 contacts and is radially restrained byproximal portion pusher102.End115 ofproximal portion pusher102 longitudinally engagesproximal portion12 of the prosthesis as shown in FIG. 8(f).
• [0111]Balloon catheter104 is positioned such thatnose cone106 just clearsproximal end117 ofouter sheath101. The introducer is now in condition for insertion into the patient.
• Referring to FIG. 11,[0112]introducer100 is passed through an entry point (not shown) either in the patient's skin (percutaneous operation) or into the vasculature itself which has been surgically exposed (“cut-down” operation).Introducer100 is inserted over aguide wire170 into the vasculature from the entry point to the desired delivery location at an angeological bifurcation.
• In the aorta,[0113]introducer100 is positioned such thatend117 ofouter sheath101 is approximately level withrenal arteries180 as shown in FIG. 11.Balloon catheter104 is then extended while maintainingouter sheath101 in a fixed position.Balloon catheter104 in this embodiment is extended untildistal end105 ofnose cone106 is approximately 35 mm above theproximal tip117 ofouter sheath101. Then, while maintainingproximal portion pusher102 in a fixed position,outer sheath101 is withdrawn until the proximal tip of the prosthesis is level withproximal tip117 ofouter sheath101. It will be noted thatballoon catheter104 does not move whileouter sheath101 is so withdrawn.
• [0114]Introducer100 is then repositioned to place the prosthesis in the desired deployment location. Proper placement may be facilitated with the use of radiopaque markers ad described above.Balloon catheter104 is then extended such thatballoon107 is aboverenal arteries180.Balloon107 is then inflated to occlude the aorta as shown in FIG. 12.
• While maintaining[0115]proximal portion pusher102 in a fixed position,outer sheath101 is withdrawn until the proximal end of the prosthesis emerges fromouter sheath101 as shown in FIG. 13. Using aradiopaque marker120 disposed on proximal end of the prosthesis, the introducer is rotated until proper alignment of the prosthesis is obtained. In the illustrated embodiment,radiopaque marker120 is a platinum wire twisted around an apex of the prosthesis in a “V” shape. To ensure proper alignment, the stent should be rotated until only the profile of the V is seen and shows up as a straight line rather than a “V”.
• [0116]Outer sheath101 is further withdrawn while maintainingproximal portion pusher102 fixed untilproximal portion12 is fully deployed from the end ofouter sheath101, and thefrustoconical portion18 of the prosthesis just clearsend117, as shown in FIG. 14.
• [0117]Balloon107 is then deflated to allow blood to flow throughproximal portion12 and outfrustoconical portion18 of the prosthesis.Balloon107 is withdrawn into the prosthesis until thedistal end118 ofnose cone106 is just above the proximal end of the prosthesis.Balloon107 is then inflated to seat the prosthesis, which may be provided with barbs (not shown) at its proximal end, against the wall of the aorta, as shown in FIG. 15.
• [0118]Distal portion pusher103 is then maintained in a fixed position whileouter sheath101 is withdrawn. Onceouter sheath101 has been withdrawn to the point at whichproximal end117 ofouter sheath101 is flush withproximal end115 ofproximal portion pusher102, bothouter sheath101 andproximal portion pusher102 are withdrawn, still maintainingdistal portion pusher103 in a fixed position.Outer sheath101 andproximal portion pusher102 are withdrawn untildistal portion16 of the prosthesis is deployed clear ofproximal end116 ofdistal portion pusher103 as shown in FIG. 16.Balloon107 is slowly deflated to allow blood flow to be established through theproximal portion12 of the prosthesis and out throughfrustoconical portion18.Balloon107 may be used to modeldistal portion16 of the prosthesis as necessary by inflatingballoon107 where needed to expanddistal portion16.Balloon107 is then deflated, andintroducer100 is withdrawn from the vasculature, leaving theguide wire170 in place, as shown in FIG. 17.
• FIG. 21([0119]a) illustrates an exemplarysecond introducer300 used for deploying seconddistal part44.Second introducer300 of the illustrated embodiment comprises cylindricalouter sheath301 and femaleLuer lock assembly310.Second introducer300 also hashemostasis valve361 contained within ahub362 thereof.Cartridge311 shown in FIG. 21(b) is adapted to be attached tosecond introducer300.Cartridge311 has threaded maleLuer lock assembly312 provided on its proximal end.Cartridge311 hasouter tube313 which housesinner tube314.
• In use, a thin-walled tube (not shown) is first threaded through[0120]distal portion44. This tube serves as a guide wire guide, allowing a guide wire to be threaded straight throughdistal portion44 as discussed below.Distal portion44 containing the thin-walled tube is then cooled, radially compressed, and inserted intoinner tube314 ofcartridge311 in a manner similar to that described for inserting the bifurcated prosthesis intoproximal portion pusher102 andouter sheath101. Whendistal portion44 has been loaded intoinner tube314 ofcartridge311, the thin-walled tube serving as a guide wire guide extends out both ends ofcartridge311.
• A[0121]guide wire171 is then inserted into the vasculature to the bifurcation site and throughdistal stent portion12 as shown in FIG. 18. A dialator359 (FIG. 21(c)) having an outer diameter slightly less than the inner diameter ofsecond introducer300 is then inserted intosecond introducer300 such thattapered end360 extends outend320 ofsecond introducer300.End360 ofdialator359 has a hole therein that is just slightly larger thanguide wire171 and tapers gradually outward from the hole to the outer diameter ofdialator359.
• [0122]Second introducer300 is then inserted into the vasculature overguide wire171 by passingguide wire171 into and throughdialator359.Dialator359 withtapered end360 provides a smooth transition within the blood vessel from the diameter ofguide wire171 to the diameter ofsecond introducer300.Second introducer300 is maneuvered such thatouter sheath301 is insidefrustoconical portion18 ofproximal portion12 by at least 20 mm in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 19.Dialator359 is then removed fromsecond introducer300 and from the vasculature and is discarded.
• [0123]Cartridge311 is then passed overguide wire171 by passingguide wire171 through the thin-walled guide wire guide withindistal portion44 contained incartridge311. The guide wire guide is then removed and discarded.
• [0124]Cartridge311 is then lockingly engaged withintroducer300 by mating maleLuer lock assembly310 with femaleLuer lock assembly312. Such locking engagement prevents relative movement ofcartridge311 andintroducer300. Preventing relative movement lends stability and reliability to the insertion process that has not heretofore been achieved.
• A[0125]pusher315 is then inserted intoinner tube314 ofcartridge311 such thatproximal end317 ofpusher315 longitudinally contacts a distal end ofdistal portion44 withininner tube314.Pusher315 pushesdistal portion44 throughcartridge311 and intoouter sheath301 ofintroducer300.Distal portion44 is pushed throughouter sheath301, which remains in a fixed position, untildistal portion44 is atproximal end320 of outer sheath301 (see FIG. 19). Again,radiopaque markers120 may be used to aligndistal portion44 properly withproximal portion12.
• Pusher[0126]302 is held firmly in place, andouter sheath301 is withdrawn approximately 2 cm. This deploysfrustoconical part42 ofdistal part44 inside thefrustoconical part18 as shown in FIG. 19. The outer surface offrustoconical part42 engages the inner surface offrustoconical part18 such thatdistal portion44 is connected toproximal portion12 to resist longitudinal separation.
• [0127]Outer sheath301 may then be withdrawn while maintaining pusher302 in a fixed position to fully deploydistal portion44, as shown in FIG. 20. If necessary,balloon catheter104 may be inserted throughsheath301 in order to modeldistal portion44.Introducer301 and guidewires170,171 are then removed from the vasculature and the entry points are closed.
• The delivery apparatus and method described above are particularly useful in treating an abdominal aortic aneurysm with a bifurcated prosthesis according to the present invention. Other diseases and alternative embodiments of the prosthesis and delivery method will now be described.[0128]
• In the case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm confined to the aorta and not extending far enough to affect the iliac arteries, a straight (i.e. non-bifurcated) stent may be used. Preferably, for such application, the straight stent comprises a composite of at least two axially aligned stent segments. Two embodiments of such straight stents are described herein, each comprising axially aligned stent requests, each of the requests comprising one or more adjacent hoops, perpendicular to a common axis, and each hoop being formed of wire in a sinuous or zigzag configuration with some or all of the juxtaposed apices in adjacent hoops secured to one another.[0129]
• First, referring to FIG. 22,[0130]straight stent400 comprises proximal stent portion (or segment)401,distal stent portion402, and anintermediate portion403.
• [0131]Proximal portion401 is a ring formed of a number of longitudinally spacedhoops20 as described in connection with the formation ofstent10 above. In the illustrated embodiment, twohoops20 are used, eachhoop20 having a unit width.
• [0132]Distal portion402 is also a ring formed of longitudinally displacedhoops20 in the manner described above.Distal ring402 has twohoops20 of unit width in the illustrated embodiment.
• [0133]Intermediate portion403 ofstraight stent400 is formed of biocompatible woven fabric such as, for example, a plain woven fabric made from 30 or 40 denier polyester. In this embodiment,intermediate fabric section403 does not cover a stent.Fabric portion403 is attached at its proximal and distal ends to the proximal and distal stent portions, respectively, by stitching, for example, with 0.003 inch polypropylene filaments aroundapices22 of the stent portions. Other than such connections at its longitudinal ends,intermediate fabric section403 is unsupported by any stent.
• The second embodiment of a straight stent that may be used according to this invention is illustrated in FIG. 23.[0134]Straight stent450 includesstent portion451, constructed of wire loops as described above with reference tostent portions401 and402.Stent portion451 is partially covered by fabric452. In this embodiment,fabric portion451 covers and is supported bystent451, whereas withstent400, thefabric portion403 is not supported by a stent.
• To treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm that does not extend down over the walls of the iliac arteries, as shown in FIG. 24([0135]a), straight stent400 (or450) is disposed as illustrated in FIG. 26.Proximal stent portion401 engages the inner walls of the aorta above the aneurysm.Distal stent portion402 engages the inner wall of the aorta below the aneurysm.Intermediate fabric portion403 extends across the aneurysm, providing a strong, stable lumen for blood flow through the aorta.
• FIG. 28 illustrates the delivery apparatus used to implant[0136]straight stent400 in the vasculature. This apparatus is very similar to that described above for the delivery system to be used with the bifurcated stent or prosthesis. Accordingly, like reference numerals refer to the same components.
• In the[0137]introducer410 shown in FIG. 28,proximal portion pusher102 engagesproximal stent portion401.Distal portion pusher103 engagesdistal stent portion402.
• In use,[0138]straight stent400 is first charged into the introducer by cooling it to temperatures below 10° C., radially compressing it, and inserting it withinouter sheath101, as described above in connection with the bifurcated stent or prosthesis. The remainder ofintroducer410 is also assembled as described in connection withintroducer100.
• [0139]Introducer410 is passed through an entry point (not shown) overguide wire411 as shown in FIG. 24(a). This insertion may be accomplished using percutaneous or cut-down techniques.Introducer410 is then inserted to the desired delivery location.
• In the aorta,[0140]introducer410 is positioned andballoon107 is inflated above the renal arteries in the same manner as described above in connection with the bifurcated stent and as illustrated in FIG. 24(a).
• While maintaining[0141]proximal portion pusher102 in a fixed position,outer sheath101 is withdrawn untilproximal portion401 ofstent400 emerges fromouter sheath101 as shown in FIG. 24(b). Using aradiopaque marker420 disposed on the proximal end of theproximal portion401,stent400 is optimally aligned within the aorta.Outer sheath101 is further withdrawn untilproximal portion401 emerges therefrom, as shown in FIG. 25.Outer sheath101 is then further withdrawn until it is flush withproximal portion pusher102. Then bothouter sheath101 andproximal portion pusher102 are withdrawn while maintainingdistal portion pusher103 in a fixed position.Distal portion402 is thus deployed from the end ofouter sheath101, as shown in FIG. 26.
• [0142]Balloon107 is then deflated and withdrawn insideproximal portion401 whereballoon107 is re-inflated to seat thestent400, as shown in FIG. 27.Balloon107 is then withdrawn, along with theintroducer410 as described above, and the entry point is closed.
• FIG. 29 illustrates the apparatus used to deploy[0143]straight stent450, shown in FIG. 23, of the present invention. This apparatus is very similar to that described above for the delivery system to be used with the bifurcated stent or prosthesis. Accordingly, like reference numerals refer to the same components.
• [0144]Proximal portion pusher102 in this embodiment is glued todistal portion pusher103 such that ends115 and116 are flush. These flush ends are adapted to engagestent450 withinouter sheath101.
• In use,[0145]straight stent450 is first charged intointroducer490 by cooling it to temperatures below 10° C., radially compressing it, and inserting it withinouter sheath101, as described above in connection with the bifurcated stent or prosthesis. The remainder ofintroducer490 is also assembled as described in connection withintroducer100.
• [0146]Introducer490 is passed through an entry point (not shown) over aguide wire411 as shown in FIG. 30. This insertion may be accomplished using percutaneous or cut-down techniques.Introducer490 is then inserted to the desired delivery location.
• In the aorta,[0147]introducer490 is positioned andballoon107 is inflated above the renal arteries in the same manner as described above in connection with the bifurcated stent and as illustrated in FIG. 31.
• While maintaining attached[0148]proximal portion pusher102 anddistal portion pusher103 in a fixed position,outer sheath101 is withdrawn untilproximal portion451 ofstent450 emerges fromouter sheath101 as shown in FIG. 32. Using aradiopaque marker420 disposed on the proximal end of theproximal portion451,stent450 is optimally aligned within the aorta.Outer sheath101 is then completely withdrawn untilstent450 is deployed into the aorta as shown in FIG. 33.
• [0149]Balloon107 is then deflated and withdrawn insideproximal portion451 whereballoon107 is re-inflated to seat thestent450, as shown in FIG. 34.Balloon107 is then withdrawn, along with theintroducer490 as described above, and the entry point is closed.
• The angeological disease of occlusion is the blockage of an artery resulting from a buildup or clot of soft thrombus. There are two types of occlusions that can occur at the aorta-iliac bifurcation. The first is infrarenal occlusion. In this case, the blockage extends in the aorta from just below the renal arteries into the iliac arteries. The second type is an occlusion that is limited to the immediate area of the bifurcation.[0150]
• To treat an infrarenal occlusion, a canalization is first made through the thrombus by methods known in the art. A bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis according to the present invention is then implanted at the bifurcation site to provide an unobstructed lumen extending from the aorta into each of the iliac arteries. Blood can thus flow freely from the aorta to the iliac arteries.[0151]
• The bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis according to the present invention that is used to treat an occlusion must be fabric covered. This is necessary to prevent embolization from the thrombus remaining on the wall of the recanalized artery.[0152]
• An occlusion at the bifurcation is treated by recanalizing the artery as above. A bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis according to the present invention may be implanted at the bifurcation. Because the occlusion is limited to the immediate bifurcation site, however, the proximal portion of the prosthesis may be shorter than that discussed above.[0153]
• To implant the bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis to treat both types of occlusion, the delivery[0154]system comprising introducer100 discussed above for delivering the bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm is used. The same delivery method discussed above for implanting the bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms is used to implant the device to treat the occlusion.
• Using the method and apparatus of this invention to treat occlusion provides an unobstructed lumen through which blood can flow from the aorta to the iliac arteries.[0155]
• The angeological disease of stenosis is a narrowing of an artery caused by a buildup of hard calcified plaque. This is usually caused by a buildup of cholesterol. To treat such an angeological disease, angioplasty is performed on the plaque according to methods well known in the art. The bifurcated endoluminal stent according to the present invention is then implanted at the bifurcation site. This stent is the same as that described above for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. To treat the stenosis, however, it is not necessary to cover the stent with a fabric, thus creating a prosthesis. Because restenosis is rare at the bifurcation site, there is no need to isolate the blood flowing in the lumen from the walls of the arteries.[0156]
• The delivery system used to implant the bifurcated endoluminal stent used to treat stenosis is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 8 except that[0157]balloon107 is not required. Because there is no fabric around the stent to be affected by blood flow in the arteries and cause migration of the bifurcated stent, it is not necessary to block the blood flow with the balloon. Otherwise, the delivery system for implanting the bifurcated stent to treat stenosis is the same as that for implanting the bifurcated prosthesis to treat abdominal aortic aneurysm.
• Similarly, with the exception of the steps involving inflation of[0158]balloon107 to block blood flow, the method of delivering the bifurcated endoluminal stent to treat stenosis is the same as that described above for delivering the bifurcated endoluminal prosthesis to treat abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Claims (53)

What is claimed:

1. An introducer for delivering, into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis having a proximal portion adapted to be disposed in said blood vessel and a distal portion adapted to be disposed at least partially in one of said two branched vessels, said introducer comprising:

(a) a tubular outer sheath;

(b) a proximal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said outer sheath; and

(c) a distal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said proximal portion pusher.

2. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 1 further comprising a balloon catheter, having a balloon attached thereto, disposed at least partially within said distal portion pusher.

3. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 2 further comprising a hemostasis valve attached to the distal end of said distal portion pusher.

4. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 2 further comprising wings on said outer sheath and said proximal portion pusher.

5. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 2, wherein said balloon catheter has an injection orifice and an injection conduit therein.

6. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 2, wherein said balloon catheter has an inflation orifice and an inflation conduit therein.

7. An introducer for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 2, wherein said balloon catheter has a proximal end with a nose cone attached thereto.

8. An introducer for delivering into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, an endoluminal prosthesis having a proximal stent portion and a distal stent portion, said introducer comprising:

(a) a tubular outer sheath;

(b) a proximal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said outer sheath and having a proximal end adapted to contact said proximal stent portion;

(c) a distal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said proximal portion pusher and having a proximal end adapted to contact said distal stent portion; and

(d) a balloon catheter, having a balloon attached thereto, disposed at least partially within said distal portion pusher.

9. An introducer for delivering an endoluminal stent into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, said introducer comprising:

(a) a tubular outer sheath;

(b) a proximal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said outer sheath and having a proximal end adapted to contact a distal end of said stent; and

(c) a distal portion pusher disposed at least partially within said proximal portion pusher and secured to said proximal portion pusher such that proximal ends of said distal portion pusher and said proximal portion pusher are flush with one another.

10. A method for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis having a proximal portion and a first distal portion into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) inserting a first introducer containing said stent or prosthesis into the vasculature to a predetermined delivery location, said first introducer comprising an outer sheath, a proximal portion pusher, and a distal portion pusher;

(b) withdrawing said outer sheath of said first introducer while maintaining said proximal portion pusher in a fixed position until said proximal portion of said stent or prosthesis is deployed from said first introducer into said blood vessel;

(c) withdrawing said outer sheath and said proximal portion pusher while maintaining said distal portion pusher in a fixed position until said first distal portion of said stent or prosthesis is deployed from said first introducer at least partially into said first branched vessel; and

(d) withdrawing said first introducer from the vasculature.

11. A method for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 10 further comprising the steps of:

(a) inserting into the vasculature a second introducer containing a second distal portion of said stent or prosthesis and comprising an outer sheath and a pusher;

(b) withdrawing said outer sheath of said second introducer while maintaining said pusher of said second introducer in a fixed position until said second distal portion of said stent or prosthesis is deployed from said second introducer such that a proximal end of said second distal portion securely connects to said proximal portion of said stent or prosthesis, and such that a distal end of said second distal portion extends at least partially into said second branched vessel; and

(c) withdrawing said second introducer from the vasculature.

12. A method for delivering a bifurcated endoluminal stent or prosthesis as claimed inclaim 10 wherein said first introducer further comprises a balloon catheter having a balloon attached thereto and said method further comprises the step of inflating said balloon to at least partially block blood flow in said blood vessel after inserting said first introducer into the vasculature.

13. A method for delivering, into the vasculature at an angeological bifurcation where a blood vessel branches into two branched vessels, an endoluminal prosthesis having a proximal stent portion, and a distal stent portion, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) inserting an introducer containing said prosthesis into the vasculature to a predetermined delivery location, said introducer comprising an outer sheath, a proximal stent portion pusher, a distal stent portion pusher, and a balloon catheter having a balloon attached thereto;

(b) inflating said balloon to at least partially block blood flow in said blood vessel;

(c) withdrawing said outer sheath of said introducer while maintaining said proximal stent portion pusher in a fixed position until said proximal stent portion of said prosthesis is deployed from said introducer into said blood vessel;

(d) withdrawing said outer sheath and said proximal stent portion pusher while maintaining said distal stent portion pusher in a fixed position until said distal stent portion of said prosthesis is deployed from said introducer into said blood vessel; and

(e) withdrawing said introducer from the vasculature.

14. A method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel comprising the steps of:

(a) disposing in said blood vessel a proximal portion of an endoluminal stent;

(b) directing blood flow from said blood vessel into said first branched vessel through a first distal portion of said endoluminal stent, said first distal portion being connected to said proximal portion and extending into said first branched vessel; and

(c) directing blood flow from said blood vessel into said second branched vessel through a second distal portion of said endoluminal stent, said second distal portion being connected to said proximal portion and extending into said second branched vessel.

15. A method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel as claimed inclaim 14 wherein said disease is stenosis.

16. A method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel as claimed inclaim 14 that further comprises covering any of said proximal portion, said first distal portion, and said second distal portion with fabric.

17. A method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel as claimed inclaim 16 wherein said disease is an aneurysm.

18. A method of treating an angeological disease at a bifurcation site where a blood vessel branches into a first branched vessel and a second branched vessel as claimed inclaim 16 wherein said disease is an occlusion.

19. An endoluminal stent comprising a plurality of hoops which are axially displaced in a tubular configuration along a common axis, each of said hoops

(a) being formed by a substantially complete turn of a sinuous wire having apices, and

(b) having a circumference that lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of said stent;

wherein apices of adjacent hoops are juxtaposed to one another, and at least two juxtaposed apices are connected by a securing means.

20. A stent as recited inclaim 19 in combination with one or more additional stent segments.

21. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein at least one of said additional stent segments comprises a plurality of hoops which are axially displaced in a tubular configuration along a common axis, each of said hoops

(a) being formed by a substantially complete turn of a sinuous wire having apices, and

(b) having a circumference that lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of said stent;

wherein apices of adjacent hoops are juxtaposed to one another, and at least two juxtaposed apices are connected by a securing means.

22. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein said one or more additional segments are axially aligned with one another.

23. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein said one or more additional segments are secured to one another by connecting means connecting at least some of the apices of hoops at mating ends of said stent and said additional segments.

24. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein adjacent hoops are of the same diameter.

25. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein adjacent hoops are of a different diameter.

26. A stent as recited inclaim 22 wherein said axially aligned segments are connected to one another by a tubular fabric element.

27. A stent as recited inclaim 20 wherein a first additional segment is axially parallel to, but non-common co-axial with, said stent.

28. A stent as recited inclaim 27 further comprising a second additional segment axially parallel to said stent, but non-co-axial with either said stent or said first additional stent segment.

29. A stent as recited inclaim 28 wherein at least one of said additional stent segments is of frustoconical shape and is further combined with an additional stent segment, one end of which includes a mating frustoconical shape.

30. A stent as recited inclaim 29, wherein said mating frustoconical stent segments are adapted to be separately placed in a bifurcated artery and then, by expansion of one of said frustoconical stent segments, secured to one another

31. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said hoops are formed of a single continuous wire.

32. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said securing means is a suture.

33. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 32 wherein said suture is a tied loop of thermoplastic material.

34. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said securing means is a ring.

35. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said securing means is a staple.

36. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said securing means is wire twisted into loop.

37. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 36 wherein said wire is nitinol.

38. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said securing means is bead of thermoplastic material.

39. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein the plane of the circumference at each longitudinal end of the stent is square to the longitudinal axis of the stent.

40. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 19 wherein said stent is at least partially covered in fabric.

41. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 31 wherein said wire is nitinol.

42. A method of making an endoluminal stent having a plurality of hoops which are axially displaced in a tubular configuration, each of said hoops being formed by a substantially complete turn of a sinuous wire with apices and having a circumference that lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) winding a wire in a zig-zag pattern around a mandrel having a plurality of upstanding pins defining said zig-zag pattern to form a first hoop having apices and a circumference that lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of said mandrel;

(b) longitudinally displacing said wire with respect to the axis of said mandrel;

(c) winding said wire in a zig-zag pattern around a plurality of upstanding pins on said mandrel to form a second hoop, adjacent said first hoop, having apices juxtaposed to the apices of said first circumferential hoop and a circumference that lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of said mandrel;

(d) longitudinally displacing said wire with respect to the axis of said mandrel;

(e) repeating steps (a)-(d) to form additional hoops until a predetermined number of hoops are formed;

(f) annealing said wire on said mandrel;

(g) cooling said wire on said mandrel;

(h) removing said wire from said mandrel; and

(i) securing together at least two juxtaposed apices of adjacent hoops.

43. An endoluminal stent comprising a radiopaque marker disposed on at least one end of the stent.

44. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 43 wherein said radiopaque marker comprises a radiopaque element attached to one end of said stent.

45. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 44 wherein said element is a platinum wire.

46. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 44 wherein said element is a gold wire.

47. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 43 wherein said radiopaque marker comprises a radiopaque tube disposed around a part of said stent.

48. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 47 wherein said tube is platinum.

49. An endoluminal stent as claimed inclaim 47 wherein said tube is gold.

50. A bifurcated stent for use in juxtaposition with an angeological bifurcation comprising a proximal stent portion adapted to be disposed within a blood vessel in juxtaposition with a bifurcation, a first distal stent portion adapted to extend across the bifurcation into one of the branched blood vessels, and a second distal stent portion adapted to allow blood to flow from the proximal portion into the other branched vessel and, at least one barb extending radially outward from any of said proximal stent portion, said first distal stent portion, and said second distal stent portion.

51. Apparatus for delivering an endoluminal stent or prosthesis into the vasculature comprising:

(a) an introducer having a on a distal end thereof; and

(b) a cartridge having an inner tubular member containing said stent or prosthesis in a compressed state, an outer sheath, and a second portion of said lock fitting;

wherein said first portion of said lock fitting on said introducer mates with said second portion of said lock fitting on said cartidge to prevent relative movement of said introducer and said cartridge.

52. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 51 wherein said lock fitting is a Luer lock.

53. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 51 further comprising a hemostasis valve on said introducer and a pusher adapted to push said compressed stent or prosthesis through said cartridge, through said introducer, and into the vasculature.

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