US20040092829A1 - Spectroscope with modified field-of-view - Google Patents

Abstract

A spectroscope for detecting vulnerable plaques includes an optical fiber extending through a catheter. The optical fiber has a field-of-view that is modified to preferentially collect light scattered from deep within the wall of a blood vessel. Obstructions or curved optical surfaces can be used to modify the field of view.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION
• The invention relates to spectroscopy, and in particular, to spectroscopes for detecting vulnerable plaques within a wall of a blood vessel.[0001]
BACKGROUND
• Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease characterized by a modification of the walls of blood-carrying vessels. Such modifications, when they occur at discrete locations or pockets of diseased vessels, are referred to as plaques. Certain types of plaques are associated with acute events such as stroke or myocardial infarction. These plaques are referred to as “vulnerable plaques.” A vulnerable plaque typically includes a lipid-containing pool of necrotic debris separated from the blood by a thin fibrous cap. In response to elevated intraluminal pressure or vasospasm, the fibrous cap can become disrupted, exposing the contents of the plaque to the flowing blood. The resulting thrombus can lead to ischemia or to the shedding of emboli.[0002]
• One method of locating vulnerable plaque is to peer through the arterial wall with infrared light. To do so, one inserts a catheter through the lumen of the artery. The catheter includes a delivery fiber for illuminating a spot on the arterial wall with infrared light. Various particles in the blood, as well as the arterial wall itself, scatter or reflect much of this light. A small portion of the light, however, penetrates the arterial wall, scatters off structures deep within the wall. Some of this deeply-scattered light re-enters the lumen. This re-entrant light be collected by a collection fiber within the catheter and subjected to spectroscopic analysis.[0003]
• Light scattered only by the blood or reflected off the vessel walls surface contains no information about structures within the wall. To the extent that such light enters the collection fiber, it represents unwanted noise. Hence, the collection fiber preferably rejects such light and directs only re-entrant light into the collection fiber.[0004]
SUMMARY
• The invention is based on the recognition that one can use the differing spatial distributions of specularly reflected light and re-entrant light to preferentially guide re-entrant light into the collection fiber.[0005]
• In one aspect, the invention includes a spectroscope having an optical fiber extending through a catheter. An obstruction is placed so as to occlude a portion of a field-of-view of the optical fiber.[0006]
• A variety of obstructions are within the scope of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, the obstruction includes a ledge extending across a chord of fiber core so as to occlude a region bounded by the chord and by a boundary of the core. In other embodiments, the obstruction includes a tab extending at least part way across the core. In yet other embodiments, the obstruction includes a disk disposed to occlude a circular portion of the core.[0007]
• The obstruction need not be adjacent to the fiber. For example, in spectroscopes that include a mirror in optical communication with the optical fiber, the obstruction can be a non-reflective region of the mirror shaped to obstruct a portion of the fibers field-of-view. Or, for spectroscopes that include a perforated mask enclosing the fiber, the obstruction can be walls forming an aperture in optical communication with the fiber, the aperture being shaped to obstruct a portion of the fibers field-of-view. For spectroscopes that include a transparent sheath surrounding the fiber, the obstruction can be an opaque band in optical communication with the fiber and positioned to obstruct a portion of the fibers field-of-view.[0008]
• The resulting field of view of the optical fiber depends in part on the shape of the obstruction. In some embodiments, the obstruction has a shape selected to form a field-of-view in the shape of a truncated ellipse. This includes the special case of a truncated circle, a circle being an ellipse with coincident foci. In other embodiments, the obstruction has a shape selected to form a crescent-shaped field-of-view. In yet other embodiments, the obstruction has a shape selected to form an annular field-of-view. Additional embodiments include those in which the obstruction has a diffracting edge, the geometry of which is selected to form a selected field-of-view.[0009]
• Another aspect of the invention includes a spectroscope having an optical fiber that extends through a catheter. An optical system having a finite focal length is disposed to be in optical communication with the fiber.[0010]
• In some embodiments, the optical system includes an optical element having a curved surface. Examples of such optical elements include mirrors and lenses. The curved surface can be a cylindrical surface, or it can be a paraboloid, an ellipsoid, a hyperboloid, or a sphere. In other embodiments, the optical system includes an optical element with a spatially varying index of refraction.[0011]
• Another aspect of the invention includes a spectroscope having a catheter and an optical fiber extending through the catheter. In this aspect, a diffracting element configured to form a selected field-of-view is in optical communication with the fiber.[0012]
• Embodiments of the spectroscope include those in which the diffracting element is a transmissive diffracting element and those in which the diffracting element is reflective diffracting element. Other embodiments include those in which the diffracting element is a diffraction grating, an amplitude grating, a phase grating, or a holographic grating.[0013]
• Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.[0014]
• Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.[0015]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• FIG. 1 is a schematic of a system for identifying vulnerable plaque in a patient.[0016]
• FIG. 2 is a cross-section of the catheter in FIG. 1.[0017]
• FIG. 3 is a view of an optical bench at the tip assembly of the catheter in FIG. 1.[0018]
• FIG. 4 is a schematic of the paths traveled by light from the illumination fiber of FIG. 1.[0019]
• FIG. 5 is a cross-section of the spatial light distribution shown in FIG. 4.[0020]
• FIG. 6 is a transverse cut of the collection fiber and optical bench showing a known collection-fiber stop.[0021]
• FIG. 7 is a schematic of the field-of-view of the collection fiber of FIG. 6 superimposed on the spatial light distribution of FIG. 4.[0022]
• FIGS. 8 and 9 are longitudinal and transverse cross-sections of an optical bench having an extended collection-fiber stop.[0023]
• FIG. 10 is a schematic of a field-of-view of resulting from the extended collection-fiber stop of FIGS. 8 and 9.[0024]
• FIGS. 11 and 12 are longitudinal and transverse cross-sections of an optical bench having a tab protruding from the collection-fiber stop.[0025]
• FIG. 13 is a schematic of a crescent-shaped field of view resulting from the tab of FIGS. 11 and 12.[0026]
• FIGS. 14 and 15 are longitudinal and transverse cross-sections of an optical bench having an occluding disk supported on a post protruding from the collection-fiber stop.[0027]
• FIG. 16 is a plan view of a mask on the collection mirror.[0028]
• FIG. 17 is a schematic of a perforated shell enclosing the distal tip assembly.[0029]
• FIG. 18 is a schematic of a banded sheath enclosing the distal tip assembly.[0030]
• FIG. 19 is a schematic of a mirror having a curved surface in optical communication with the collection fiber.[0031]
• FIGS. 20 and 21 are schematics of exemplary fields-of-view as modified by mirrors having various curved surfaces.[0032]
• FIG. 22 is a schematic of a lens in optical communication with the collection fiber.[0033]
• FIG. 23 is a schematic of a transmissive diffracting element in optical communication with the collection fiber.[0034]
• FIG. 24 is a schematic of a reflective diffractive element integrated onto the surface of the collection mirror.[0035]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• System Overview[0036]
• FIG. 1 shows a[0037]diagnostic system10 for identifyingvulnerable plaque12 in anarterial wall14 of a patient. The diagnostic system features acatheter16 to be inserted into a selected artery, e.g. a coronary artery, of the patient. Adelivery fiber18 and acollection fiber20 extend between adistal end22 and aproximal end24 of thecatheter16.
• As shown in FIG. 2, the[0038]catheter16 includes asheath26 surrounding arotatable torque cable28. Thedelivery fiber18 extends along the center of atorque cable28, and thecollection fiber20 extends parallel to, but radially displaced from, thedelivery fiber18. Therotatable torque cable28 spins at a rate between approximately 1 revolution per second and 400 revolutions per second.
• At the distal end[0039]21 of thecatheter16, atip assembly30 coupled to thetorque cable28 directs light traveling axially on thedelivery fiber18 toward anillumination spot32 on thearterial wall14. Thetip assembly30 also collects light from a field-of-view34 on thearterial wall14 and directs that light into thecollection fiber20.
• A[0040]multi-channel coupler36 driven by amotor38 engages theproximal end24 of thetorque cable28. When themotor38 spins themulti-channel coupler36, both thecoupler36, thetorque cable28, and thetip assembly30 spin together as a unit. This feature enables thediagnostic system10 to circumferentially scan thearterial wall14 with theillumination spot32.
• In addition to spinning the[0041]torque cable28, themulti-channel coupler36 guides light from a laser40 (or other light source such as a light-emitting diode, a super-luminescent diode, or an arc lamp) into thedelivery fiber18 and guides light emerging from thecollection fiber20 into one or more detectors (not visible in FIG. 1).
• The detectors provide an electrical signal indicative of light intensity to an[0042]amplifier42 connected to an analog-to-digital (“A/D”)converter44. The A/D converter44 converts this signal into digital data that can be analyzed by aprocessor46 to identify the presence of avulnerable plaque12 hidden beneath thearterial wall14.
• Optical Bench[0043]
• FIG. 3 shows an[0044]optical bench48 in which are seated thecollection fiber20 and thedelivery fiber18. Theoptical bench48 is seated in arecess50 between first andsecond side walls52A-B of the distal end of ahousing54. Thehousing54 is in turn coupled to the distal end of thetorque cable28. Therecess50 is just wide enough to enable thecollection fiber20 and thedelivery fiber18 to nestle adjacent to each other. Afloor56 extending between the first andsecond side walls52A-B and across therecess50 supports both the collection anddelivery fibers18,20.
• Just distal to the end of the[0045]delivery fiber18, a portion of theoptical bench48 forms afrustum58. Thefrustum58 extends transversely only half-way across theoptical bench48, thereby enabling thecollection fiber20 to extend distally past the end of thedelivery fiber18.
• The[0046]frustum58 has an inclined surface facing the distal end of thedelivery fiber18 and a vertical surface facing the distal end of theoptical bench48. The inclined surface forms a 135 degree angle relative to thefloor56. Other angles can be selected depending on the direction in which light from thedelivery fiber18 is to be directed. A reflective material coating the inclined surface forms a beam re-director, which in this case is adelivery mirror60. When light exits axially from thedelivery fiber18, thedelivery mirror60 intercepts that light and redirects it radially outward to thearterial wall14. Examples of other beam re-directors include prisms and diffraction gratings.
• Spatial Distribution of Light[0047]
• Referring to FIG. 4, as the light travels radially outward from the[0048]delivery mirror60, it encounters the blood that fills alumen68. As a result of scattering by particles in the blood, a large number of photons never reach thewall14. This loss of energy is shown schematically by a progressive narrowing of the beam as it nears thewall14. The remaining photons61 eventually reach thearterial wall14. Some of these photons are reflected from thewall14. These specularly reflectedphotons62 carry little or no information aboutstructures64 behind thearterial wall14 and are therefore of little value. Of those photons63 that penetrate the wall, many are absorbed. Theremainder66 are scattered bystructures64 behind thewall14. After having been scattered, a few of these remainingphotons66 again pass through thearterial wall14 and re-enter thelumen68. This remnant of the light61 originally incident on the wall, which is referred to herein as the “re-entrant light66,” carries considerable information about thestructures64 behind thearterial wall14. It is therefore this re-entrant light66 that is to be guided into thecollection fiber20.
• As suggested by FIG. 4,[0049]re-entrant light66 tends to re-enter the lumen along an annular re-entrant zone that is radially separated from the specularly reflectedlight62. FIG. 5, which illustrates the spatial distribution of light from the viewpoint of thecatheter16, shows such are-entrant zone70 surrounding anillumination spot32. Photons received from within there-entrant zone70 are predominantly those that have been scattered from within thearterial wall14. There-entrant zone70 has aninner circumference74 and anouter circumference76. Between theinner circumference74 and theillumination spot32 lies aspecular zone78. Photons received from thespecular zone78 are predominantly those that have undergone specular reflection. Proceeding radially outward beyond theouter circumference76, one comes to adark zone80, where the number of photons of either type is so small as to be immeasurable.
• Modifying the Field-Of-View[0050]
• To collect as many photons of re-entrant light[0051]66 as possible, the field-of-view32 should overlap there-entrant zone70 to the greatest extent possible. To the extent that the field-of-view32 extends outside there-entrant zone70, it should extend into thedark zone80 and away from thespecular zone78. Modifying the field-of-view with an obstruction Referring back to FIG. 3, thecollection fiber20 extends past the end of thedelivery fiber18 until it terminates at a plane that is coplanar with the vertical face of thefrustum58. Just beyond the distal end of thecollection fiber20, a portion of theoptical bench48 forms an inclined surface extending transversely across theoptical bench48 and making a 135 degree angle relative to thefloor56. A reflective material coating the inclined surface forms acollection mirror82. Thiscollection mirror82 reflects light incident from thearterial wall14 into the distal end of thecollection fiber20. Thecollection mirror82 and thecollection fiber20 together form a collection subsystem84 that collects light from a field-of-view32.
• A delivery-[0052]fiber stop86 molded into theoptical bench48 proximal to thefrustum58 facilitates placement of thedelivery fiber18 at a desired location proximal to thedelivery mirror60. Similarly, a collection-fiber stop88 molded into theoptical bench48 just proximal to thecollection mirror82 facilitates placement of thecollection fiber20 at a desired location proximal to thecollection mirror82.
• Referring now to FIG. 6, the collection fiber has an optically[0053]transmissive core90 surrounded by aprotective cladding92. The collection-fiber stop88 extends upward from thefloor56 to provide an abutment surface for thecollection fiber20. A portion of thecladding92 rests on the abutment surface. Thecore90 does not rest on the abutment surface and therefore remains unobstructed.
• A distal tip assembly[0054]94 configured as shown in FIG. 6 results in a field-of-view32 shaped like anellipse96 with its major axis98 extending along the radial direction, as shown in FIG. 7. The extent to which theellipse96 overlaps there-entrant zone70 is one measure of how effective the collection subsystem84 is at guiding re-entrant light into thecollection fiber20.
• The extent of the overlap between the[0055]ellipse96 and there-entrant zone70 depends on the eccentricity of the ellipse and its position relative to there-entrant zone70. The eccentricity of theellipse96 is governed by the angular orientation of thecollection mirror82. Its position relative to there-entrant zone70 is controlled by varying the position and angle of thedelivery mirror60 relative to thecollection mirror82.
• To avoid collecting photons from the[0056]specular zone78, theellipse96 is positioned to be tangent to theinner circumference74 of there-entrant zone70, with itsminor axis100 located radially outward from the point of tangency.
• FIGS. 8 and 9 show an extended collection-[0057]fiber stop102 forms an abutment surface that extends part-way across thecore90 of the collection fiber. The occluded portion of thecore90 is bounded by a chord extending across thecore90 and by an arc that forms part of the boundary between the core90 and thecladding92. The resulting modified field-of-view is atruncated ellipse106 having a base108, as shown in FIG. 10. A dottedline110 outlines aportion112 of the ellipse truncated by the extended collection-fiber stop102. To avoid collecting photons from thespecular zone78, thetruncated ellipse106 is positioned such that the base108 of thetruncated ellipse106 is tangent to theinner circumference74 of there-entrant zone70.
• The overlap between the[0058]truncated ellipse106 and there-entrant zone70 in FIG. 10 is greater than the overlap between thefull ellipse96 and there-entrant zone70 in FIG. 7. The extent to which these overlaps differ represents an increase in the number of photons gathered from there-entrant zone70.
• Other beam-shaping structures can be used to prevent light from illuminating the[0059]entire core90 and to thereby shape the field-of-view32. In FIGS. 11 and 12, for example, atab118 having a curveddistal tip119 protrudes vertically upward from the collection-fiber stop88 and obstructs part of thecore90. When placed in front of acollection fiber20 having a suitably high numerical aperture, this results in a crescent shaped field-of-view120 as shown in FIG. 13.
• Another example, shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, is an[0060]occulting disk122 mounted on a post124 that protrudes from the collection-fiber stop88. The post124 supports theocculting disk122 so that its center coincides with the center of thecore90. The diameter of theocculting disk122 is slightly smaller than the diameter of thecore90. The difference between the diameter of theocculting disk122 and that of thecore90 is selected to provide an annular field-of-view that closely matches the size and shape of there-entrant zone70.
• Structures that effectively block light from entering a portion of the collection fiber need not be adjacent to the[0061]collection fiber20, as shown in FIGS.11-12 and in FIGS.14-15. In fact, such structures can be placed anywhere along the optical path between thecollection fiber20 and thearterial wall14. For example, a beam-shaping structure that effectively obstructs a portion of the core90 can be amask125 formed directly on thecollection mirror82, as shown in FIG. 16. Another example of such a structure is aperforated shell127 rotationally coupled to thetorque cable28, as shown in FIG. 17. Theperforated shell127 has adelivery aperture129 to permit light from thedelivery fiber18 to pass through theshell127 unimpeded, and acollection aperture131 shaped to block a portion of the light incident on thecollection mirror82. In another example, shown in FIG. 18, anopaque band133 on a transparentdistal tip135 of thestationary sheath26 is positioned to obscure a portion of thecollection mirror82. Theband131 extends circumferentially around the sheath so that thecollection mirror82 is obscured as thetorque cable28 rotates thecollection mirror82.
• Any of the foregoing beam-shaping structures can have an edge that is modified to diffract light incident thereon in a manner that causes the field-of-view to have a pre-selected geometry. Such an edge can be formed by providing protrusions or indentations having a dimension on the order of the wavelength of light to be observed.[0062]
• Modifying the Field-Of-View With an Optical System[0063]
• The beam-shaping function of the foregoing obstructions can also be achieved by providing an optical system in optical communication with the[0064]collection mirror82. Such an optical system can include acollection mirror82 with a curved surface, a lens assembly, or both. For example, in FIG. 19, thecollection mirror82 has a cylindrical surface rather than a planar surface. The resulting field-of-view for the configuration shown in FIG. 19 is anellipse126 having an aspect ratio closer to unity, as shown in FIG. 20. Other curved surfaces can result in fields-of-view or alternatively anellipse128 in which it is the minor axis of anellipse128, rather than the major axis, that extends radially, as shown in FIG. 21.
• Curved surfaces other than a cylindrical surface can also be used to shape the field-of-view to more closely approximate the shape of the[0065]re-entrant zone70. For example, the curved surface can be a conic surface, such as a paraboloid, a hyperboloid, or an ellipsoid. Alternatively, the surface can be a spherical surface.
• Optical elements other than reflecting surfaces can also be used to shape the field-of-view. For example, in FIG. 22, a[0066]lens assembly130 disposed in optical communication with thecollection fiber20 provides control over the shape of the field-of-view.
• The[0067]lens assembly130 can include one or more discrete lenses. One or more lenses in the lens assembly can have a suitably curved surface. Another lens suitable for use in a lens assembly is a GRIN (graduated index of refraction) lens having a spatially varying index of refraction. In addition, thelens assembly130 need not be composed of discrete lenses but can instead include a lens that is integral with the distal end of thecollection fiber20. Such a lens132, an example of which is shown in FIG. 22, can be made by shaping the distal end of thecollection fiber20 so that it has the desired optical characteristics.
• The beam-shaping function provided by the foregoing examples of optical systems can also be provided by a diffracting[0068]element134 placed along the optical path, as shown in FIG. 23. Examples of diffractingelements134 include diffraction gratings, amplitude gratings, spatial light modulators, and holographic gratings. The diffracting element can be a transmissive or reflective. A transmissive diffractingelement134 can be placed anywhere along the optical path traversed by the collection beam, either integrated onto the distal end of thecollection fiber20, as shown in FIG. 23, or mounted separately on the optical path, either between thecollection fiber20 and themirror82 as shown in FIG. 23, or between thecollection mirror82 and the arterial wall. A reflective diffractingelement134 can be integrated directly onto the surface of thecollection mirror82 as shown in FIG. 24.
• The surfaces of the delivery and collection mirrors[0069]60,82 can be coated with a reflective coating, such as gold, silver or aluminum. These coatings can be applied by known vapor deposition techniques. Alternatively, for certain types of plastic, a reflective coating can be electroplated onto those surfaces. Or, the plastic itself can have a reflective filler, such as gold or aluminum powder, incorporated within it.
• The[0070]optical bench48 is manufactured by injection molding a plastic into a mold. In addition to being simple and inexpensive, the injection molding process makes it easy to integrate the elements of theoptical bench48 into a single monolith and to fashion structures having curved surfaces. Examples of suitable plastics include liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), polyphenylsulfone, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (“ABS”), polyamide (“NYLON”), polyethersulfone, and polyetherimide. Alternatively, the optical bench can be manufactured by micro-machining plastic or metal, by lithographic methods, by etching, by silicon optical bench fabrication techniques, or by injection molding metal. Materials other than plastics can be used to manufacture thehousing54 and theoptical bench48. Such materials include metals, quartz or glass, and ceramics.
• The[0071]floor56 in the illustrated embodiment is integral to thehousing54. However, thefloor56 can also be made part of theoptical bench48.
• As described herein, the[0072]housing54 and theoptical bench48 are manufactured separately and later joined. However, thehousing54 and theoptical bench48 can also be manufactured together as a single unitary structure.
• Using the Catheter[0073]
• In use, the distal tip assembly[0074]94 is inserted into a blood vessel, typically an artery, and guided to a location of interest. Light is then directed into thedelivery fiber18. This light exits thedelivery fiber18 at its distal tip, reflects off thedelivery mirror60 in a direction away from the plane containing the delivery andcollection fibers18,20, and illuminates anillumination spot32 on the wall of the artery. Light penetrating thearterial wall14 is then scattered by structures within the wall. Some of this scattered light re-enters the blood vessel and impinges on the plane and onto thecollection mirror82. Thecollection mirror82 directs this light into thecollection fiber20.
• Alternatively, light incident on the[0075]wall14 can stimulate fluorescence from structures on or within thewall14. The portion of this fluorescent light that is incident on thecollection mirror82 is directed into thecollection fiber20.
Other Embodiments
• It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.[0076]

Claims (26)

We claim:

1. A spectroscope comprising:

a catheter;

an optical fiber extending through the catheter, the optical fiber having a field-of-view; and

an obstruction disposed to occlude a portion of the field-of-view.

2. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction comprises a ledge extending across a chord of the core, the ledge occluding a region bounded by the chord and by a boundary of the core.

3. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction comprises a tab extending at least part way across the core.

4. The spectroscope ofclaim 3, wherein the tab comprises a curved tip.

5. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction comprises a disk disposed to occlude a circular portion of the field-of-view.

6. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, further comprising a mirror in optical communication with the optical fiber; and wherein the obstruction comprises a non-reflective region of the mirror, the non-reflective region being shaped to obstruct a portion of the field-of-view thereof.

7. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, further comprising a perforated mask enclosing the fiber; and wherein the obstruction comprises walls forming an aperture in optical communication with the fiber, the aperture being shaped to obstruct a portion of the field-of-view thereof.

8. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, further comprising a transparent sheath surrounding the fiber; and wherein the obstruction comprises an opaque band in optical communication with the fiber and positioned to obstruct a portion of the field-of-view thereof.

9. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction has a shape selected to form a field-of-view in the shape of a truncated ellipse.

10. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction has a shape selected to form a field-of-view in the shape of a crescent.

11. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction has a shape selected to form an annular field-of-view.

12. The spectroscope ofclaim 1, wherein the obstruction has an edge configured to diffract light incident thereon to form a selected field-of-view.

13. A spectroscope comprising:

a catheter;

an optical fiber extending through the catheter;

an optical system in optical communication with the fiber, the optical system having a finite focal length.

14. The spectroscope ofclaim 13, wherein the optical system comprises an optical element having a curved surface.

15. The spectroscope ofclaim 13, wherein the optical system comprises an optical element having a spatially varying dielectric constant.

16. The spectroscope ofclaim 14, wherein the curved surface comprises a cylindrical surface.

17. The spectroscope ofclaim 14, wherein the curved surface includes a portion having a shape selected from the group consisting of a paraboloid, an ellipsoid, a hyperboloid, and a sphere.

18. The spectroscope ofclaim 13, wherein the optical system comprises a mirror having a curved surface.

19. The spectroscope ofclaim 13, wherein the optical system comprises a lens.

20. A spectroscope comprising:

a catheter;

an optical fiber extending through the catheter;

a diffracting element in optical communication with the fiber, the diffracting element being configured to form a selected field-of-view.

21. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises a transmissive diffracting element.

22. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises a reflective diffracting element.

23. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises a diffraction grating.

24. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises an amplitude grating.

25. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises a phase grating.

26. The spectroscope ofclaim 20, wherein the diffracting element comprises a holographic grating.

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