US20040016253A1 - Refrigeration system and method of operating the same - Google Patents

Abstract

A refrigeration system comprises a condenser, an evaporator, and a plurality of compressors in fluid communication. The plurality of compressors has a current run pattern with a current run capacity. The refrigeration system further comprises a controller operable to control the plurality of compressors. One method of operating the refrigeration system includes, at the controller, determining whether to increase or decrease the current run capacity and, when an increase or decrease in the current run capacity is required, creating a new run pattern to replace the current run pattern.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/849,900, filed on May 4,2001, entitled “DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE CONTROL FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION”; which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US01/08072, filed Mar. 14, 2001, entitled “DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE CONTROL FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION”; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,938, filed on Mar. 14, 2000, entitled “DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE CONTROL FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,327; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.[0001]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to dynamically sequencing the staging of compressors.[0002]
BACKGROUND
• Refrigeration systems (e.g., a commercial refrigeration system such as can be found at a supermarket) with compressors in a parallel arrangement typically use staging of compressor ON/OFF operation in order to match the system capacity with the attached refrigeration load. As the refrigerated load varies, compressors are cycled on or off to increase or reduce refrigeration capacity accordingly. If the parallel compressors are of evenly matched sizes, they are typically cycled in a first-on-first-off arrangement. This distributes run time across the group of compressors. If the parallel compressors are of differing sizes, the staging sequence becomes particular to the differences between individual compressor capacities. A staging sequence is manually constructed and manually programmed into the control mechanism that results in a step function of capacity of the desired increment.[0003]
SUMMARY
• In one configuration of a refrigeration system embodying the invention, implementation of a distributed control methodology places intelligence at the point of control and/or sensing (e.g., at the compressor control module). Division of the control tasks and distribution of the control/monitoring devices segregates system operating parameters. To regain system wide control and monitoring capability, a communication network (or series of networks) is established among subsystems and monitoring devices. The network(s) provide(s) an infrastructure for the sharing of operating parameters among the control/monitoring devices and a system wide master control.[0004]
• In one construction of the compressor control module, the intelligent control/monitoring device contains the model number information of the attached compressor. This information, when transmitted to a system controller, is indicative of the operating capacity of the compressor. In addition to retaining the model number information, the compressor control module also monitors and stores run time data for transmission. This information can be transmitted to the system controller. In some constructions, the system controller is capable of using the capacity data for the attached compressors in conjunction with the individual run time data to dynamically select the next logical sequence of operating the compressors. The next sequence (or pattern) of operating the compressors achieves an increase/decrease of refrigeration capacity that meets predetermined requirements of minimum incremental/decremental change in system capacity.[0005]
• In the event a compressor cannot be operated due to a safety limit exception or mechanical failure, the compressor controller, in one construction, notifies the system controller. Once a compressor(s) is recognized as non-functional, the system controller removes the compressor from the compressor selection process. The system controller then uses the remaining functional compressors to form the best possible staging sequence. When the failed compressor(s) is identified as having returned to a functional state by the compressor controller, the system controller is notified and the compressor(s) is again placed in the selection process. This level of intelligent operation also allows for mixed capacity compressor arrangements.[0006]
• When an individual compressor in the parallel arrangement fails, the programmed step function is no longer valid and system performance is compromised. By providing a means of dynamically determining the proper staging of the attached and functional compressors, system performance can be maintained until the system can be serviced. This same means of determining proper staging eliminates the need to manually program or select compressor staging when the system is installed.[0007]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a refrigeration system.[0008]
• FIG. 1A is an schematic flow diagram of a second refrigeration system suitable for use in connection with a distributed intelligence control system.[0009]
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of one construction of a bus compatible compressor safety and control module.[0010]
• FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a compressor.[0011]
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of the control and safety module in a standard operating mode.[0012]
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of the control and safety module in a master controller failure mode.[0013]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of aspects of a solid state relay device.[0014]
• FIG. 7 is a system block diagram illustrative of aspects of a commercial refrigeration system.[0015]
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating aspects of a partially wireless configuration of the commercial refrigeration system of FIG. 7.[0016]
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a bus compatible branch control subsystem, suitable for use with the commercial refrigeration system of FIGS. 7 and 8.[0017]
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a commercial refrigeration system including bus compatible valve control.[0018]
• FIG. 10A is a block diagram of an exemplary construction of the system of FIG. 10 using valve controller to control an evaporator valve associated with a subcooler.[0019]
• FIG. 11 is a block diagram that illustrates a system using modular case control modules to provide monitoring and control functions for a plurality of refrigeration display cases.[0020]
• FIG. 12 is a block diagram that illustrates the use of a modular case controller configured for display case monitoring.[0021]
• FIG. 13 is a block diagram that illustrates the use of a modular case controller to provide branch control for a plurality of display cases configured in a refrigeration branch.[0022]
• FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating the reduced wiring requirements associated with using a distributed intelligence refrigeration control system.[0023]
• FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of a second construction of a bus compatible compressor safety and control module.[0024]
• FIGS.[0025]16A-16F are flowcharts representing one method of dynamically controlling a plurality of multiplexed compressors.
• FIG. 17 is a table representing parameters identified as rack parameters, which are communicated to and from the rack PLC in FIG. 7.[0026]
• FIG. 18 is a table representing parameters identified as suction group parameters, which are communicated to and from the rack PLC in FIG. 7.[0027]
• FIG. 19 is a table representing parameters identified as system data parameters, which are communicated to and from the rack PLC in FIG. 7.[0028]
• FIG. 20 is a table representing parameters identified as suction group parameters, which are communicated to and from the rack PLC in FIG. 7.[0029]
• FIG. 21 is a table representing parameters identified as condenser parameters, which are communicated to and from the rack PLC in FIG. 7.[0030]
• FIGS. 22A, 22B,[0031]22C, and22D are schematic representations of a 256-bit memory coupled to themicroprocessor1505 in FIG. 15.
• FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a read sequence for one method of communication between the[0032]master controller70 and the BCCSCM1500.
• FIG. 24 is a flowchart of a write sequence for one method of communication between the[0033]master controller70 and the BCCSCM1500.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “coupled” and “communication” and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, couplings and communications. Further, “connected,” “coupled,” and “communication” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, couplings, or communications.[0034]
• Referring now to FIG. 1, one construction of a refrigeration system (e.g., a commercial refrigeration system for use in a food store) is shown to comprise one or more fixtures (which are illustrated as[0035]food display merchandisers10A and10B in the shopping arena of a food store). Themerchandisers10A and10B each incorporate at least oneevaporator coil12A and12B (or like heat exchanger unit), respectively, disposed for cooling the merchandiser. Three multiplexed compressors (designated14A,14B, and14C, respectively) are connected by way of asuction header16 and a lowside return pipe18 in fluid communication with the low side of theevaporators12A and12B for drawing refrigerant away from the evaporators. A condenser (generally indicated at20) including afan22 andheat exchanger24 is in fluid communication on the high discharge side of thecompressors14A,14B,14C for removing heat and condensing refrigerant pressurized by the compressors. Although an air-cooledcondenser20 is shown, other types of condensers, such as those liquid cooled from a ground source water supply, may be used. Moreover, it is to be understood that the single illustratedfan22 represents one or more fans typically used in a condenser for commercial refrigeration applications.
• Refrigerant from the[0036]condenser20 is stored in areceiver26 in communication withexpansion valves28A and28B by way of a high sideliquid delivery line30. Theexpansion valves28A and28B meter refrigerant intorespective evaporators12A and12B and induce a pressure drop for absorbing heat, to complete the refrigeration circuit. Thecompressors14A,14B, and14C, and usually also thesuction header16 andreceiver26, are mounted on a compressor (or condensing unit) rack (not shown) prior to shipment to the store location where the refrigeration system is to be installed.
• The[0037]food display merchandisers10B and10B illustrated with theevaporators12A and12B can be placed in the shopping arena of a food store. However, it is understood that other types of cooling fixtures could be placed in other parts of the store (e.g., a service area or backroom cooler). Theliquid line30 andsuction return line18 have been broken to indicate connection to other evaporators (not shown) in the system. Evaporators may be connected to the same piping circuit between thereceiver26 and thesuction header16, or in a different circuit or “branch” (not shown) connected to the receiver. Further, the number of compressors14 in the refrigeration system can be more or less than three (including only a single compressor). The refrigeration system typically includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator. Other components can be included but are not essential, and the precise mounting or location of the system components may be other than described. Moreover, the same aspects of the refrigeration system have application outside the food store environment; for example, the invention can be used with cooling other perishable, non-food products such as blood, plasma and medical supplies. Also, some aspects of the communications network (discussed below) have application in other systems.
• As shown in FIG. 3 and in one construction, each[0038]compressor14A,14B, and14C comprises anelectric motor32 driving ashaft34 connected to a pressurizingunit36. For purposes of the description herein,compressor14A will be referred to; theother compressors14B and14C preferably having the same construction. The pressurizing unit may take on any suitable form. In one construction, reciprocating pistons driven by a motor constitute the pressurizing device, but more and more, the quieter rotary devices found in scroll compressors and screw compressors are being employed to compress the vaporous refrigerant. A scroll compressor is illustrated in FIG. 3. Thecompressor14A has a lowside suction inlet38 that receives the vaporous refrigerant from theevaporators12A and12B and a highside discharge outlet40 through which hot, pressurized refrigerant is discharged from the compressor. In one construction, themotor32 and pressurizingunit36 are semi-hermetically or hermetically sealed within an outer casing orshell42. Themotors32 of the compressors are each connected to a respective high voltage (e.g., three phase 480 V AC or 208 V AC)power line44A,44B, and44C (FIG. 1) extending from apower distribution center46 within the food store. These lines are shielded, such as by placement within a conduit, as may be required by electrical codes.
• In one construction, the[0039]compressors14A,14B, and14C each have a bus compatible compressor safety and control module48 (also referred to as “BCCSCM,” “compressor operating unit, “compressor control module,” or “compressor controller”) for monitoring at least one, but preferably several operating conditions or parameters of the compressor. The “operating parameters,” in one construction, include (1) control parameters providing information used for controlling the compressor14, and (2) safety parameters providing information about whether the compressor14 is operating within its designed operational envelope or in a manner which could damage the compressor14. It is envisioned that any number of parameters could be monitored, including only safety parameters or, less likely, only control parameters. Control parameters for the compressor14 may include, but not limited to, suction temperature, suction pressure, and discharge pressure. Safety parameters for the compressor14 can include, but not limited to, discharge pressure, discharge temperature, oil level (or pressure), phase loss/reversal, and motor winding temperature. As is apparent, some of the control parameters are also classified as safety parameters.
• The bus compatible compressor safety and control module (“BCCSCM”)[0040]48 is constructed and arranged to receive and/or detect the various operating parameters and control operation of the compressor. In one construction, the BCCSCM comprises aprocessor49 and multiple sensors in communication with theprocessor49. In the illustrated construction of FIG. 3, thecompressor14A is built with individual continuous reading analog sensors including adischarge pressure sensor50, adischarge temperature sensor52, asuction pressure sensor54, asuction temperature sensor56, and a motor winding temperature sensor58 (FIG. 3). In one construction, thetemperature sensors52,56 and58 are variable resistance, RTD-type sensors. Anoil level sensor60 can be of the type that changes the state of a circuit when the oil level falls below a predetermined minimum, and does not provide a continuous reading of the oil level. A powerphase monitoring device62 incorporated into theBCCSCM48 is capable of detecting both phase loss and phase reversal on the threephase power line44A coming into thecompressor14A. It is to be understood that other sensors can be used (e.g., digital sensors as discussed below).
• In one construction of the commercial refrigeration system, the sensors[0041]50-62 are installed at the compressor assembly site and disposed within the hermetically (or semi-hermetically) sealedshell42 of the compressor (FIG. 3). This construction allows the sensors50-62 to be protected in theshell42 and, particularly in the case of thesuction pressure sensor54, are located close to the pressurizingunit36 for more accurate readings of compressor function. However, it is to be understood that the sensors50-62 could be located other than in theshell42. For instance, it is envisioned that sensors could be replaceably received inopenings59 in the shell (schematically illustrated in phantom in FIG. 3) accessible from the exterior, or external to the compressor shell as in the case of a reciprocating semi-hermetic compressor, or any other motor driven compression device.
• The[0042]processor49 of theBCCSCM48, in one construction, is a dual processor system, including a host controller (such as a microcontroller, an ASIC, or a microprocessor, any of which may be connected to a memory) and a communication slave controller. The host controller and communication slave are not separately represented in FIG. 2, but are collectively represented as theprocessor49. In one construction, the host controller has a 256 byte internal RAM, 8 kilobytes of flash program memory, and 16 input/output pins for control interface. The communication slave, in one construction, is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that communicates with the field bus network (described in one construction below as AS-Interface® network). The communication slave translates the protocol of the field network into a signal understood by the host controller, and vice versa.
• For an exemplary construction of the communication slave, if the field bus network provides four data bits per message, the communication slave can be configured to extend the data capabilities of the field bus network by interfacing with an intermediate memory device (an additional RAM) between the communication slave and the host controller. In such a construction, the communication slave and the host controller interface with the RAM to extend the data capabilities of the field bus network by using sequential read or write cycles of the field bus network to build larger data sizes. In other words, rather than limiting the data sizes to four bits, larger data sizes are constructed by grouping multiple four-bit data transmissions. The communication slave sequentially writes the data into (or reads the data from) the additional RAM. The host microcontroller reads the data from or writes the data to the additional RAM. Thus, for example, a sixteen-bit data parameter may be constructed over the course four successive data cycles.[0043]
• Alternative structures of the BCCSCM can also be employed. For example and as shown in FIG. 15, the[0044]BCCSCM1500 includes amicroprocessor1505, RAM1510, andprogram memory1515. TheBCCSCM1500 also includes acommunication slave1520, asuction sensor1525, adischarge sensor1520, anoil sensor1535, acurrent sensor1540, and avoltage sensor1545. TheBCCSCM1500 also further communicates with the compressor14 to receive switched contact input from a high-pressure cut out1550 andoil level sensor1555 and communicates with a compressor on/offcontrol1560.
• In other constructions of the refrigeration system, a field bus protocol having larger inherent data sizes could be accommodated, thereby potentially eliminating the need for a communication slave to translate the protocol. In yet another construction, the communication slave and the host controller (or microprocessor[0045]1505) are combined as single controller (e.g., a single ASIC) or as a single microprocessor and memory. Unless specified otherwise, when referring to the construction shown in FIG. 2, the description also applies to the construction shown in FIG. 15.
• The host controller (e.g., microprocessor[0046]1505) is adapted to receive signals from the sensors indicative of the values of the sensed operating parameters. The host controller also stores safety limit values for the measured safety parameters, respectively. The host controller is capable of generating digital status information indicative of the values of the operating parameters. When a safety limit is traversed, the host controller is capable of generating a digital status information signal including specific information as to which safety parameter is out of specification. The signals are translated by the communication slave for sending over the field bus network. This will be discussed in further detail below.
• In one construction, the[0047]BCCSCM48 for each compressor14 further includes aswitch device64. Theswitch device64, in one construction, is a three pole solid state relay such as SSRD Series panel mount heavy duty solid state AC relay. The SSRD Series is made by Teledyne, Inc. of Los Angeles, Calif. and available from Allied Electronics of O'Fallon, Mo. The relay operates, upon receiving a command from the processor49 (or processor1503), to block at least two of the three phases of the electrical power to thecompressor motor32, thereby turning the motor off. It is to be understood that other switch devices can be used. Theprocessor49 is programmed to cause the relays to turn off the compressor (14) when a safety limit value of one of the safety parameters is traversed.
• In another embodiment, the SSRD is constructed to include an overcurrent protection capability. A current sensor (shown as[0048]current sensor1540 in the BCCSCM1500), which can be associated with the switch device, monitors the current through the SSRD. If the sensed current exceeds a threshold (e.g.,350A for 1.5 line cycles), the SSRD is shut off (rendered non-conducting) to protect thecompressor motor32. Such an overcurrent condition can occur, for example, if the rotor of thecompressor motor32 locks. Thus, a current sensor associated with the SSRD serves as a locked rotor detector. The sensed current information may also be used to detect other compressor abnormalities.
• A current sensor that is a self-contained part of the compressor-controlling device provides certain benefits. For example, current information is available on the system control bus via the BCCSCM for use in safety and control applications, and the value of the current can be used for energy management/monitoring functions. The current sensor may be constructed internal to the SSRD, or it may be a sensor external to the SSRD. For example, a current sensing toroid could be used external to the SSRD to sense current. Alternatively, a high power, current sensing resistor may be included within the SSRD to sense current.[0049]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of another aspect of an SSRD. A typical commercial refrigeration compressor system uses three-phase electrical power. Thus, by controlling the SSRD, the application of phases A, B, and C of such a three-phase power system is also controlled.[0050]
• As illustrated in the construction of FIG. 6, the SSRD includes three opto-[0051]isolators102,104, and106 that are constructed as an integral component of the overall SSRD assembly. Opto-isolator102 is associated with phase A, opto-isolator104 is associated with phase B, and opto-isolator106 is associated with phase C. The opto-isolators102,104, and106 detect the zero-crossing of the respective phases with which they are associated. Thus, when phase A crosses zero, opto-isolator102 produces an output, via its collector, online108. Likewise, when phase B crosses zero, opto-isolator104 produces an output online110. Similarly, when phase C crosses zero, opto-isolator106 produces an output online112. As one skilled in the art can appreciate from the foregoing, such zero-crossing information amounts to phase reference information, which may be compared to determine the relationship between the power phases.
• As those skilled in the art will also appreciate, if power is applied to the[0052]compressor motor32 when an improper phase relationship exists, thecompressor motor32 may be damaged or destroyed. For example, if a scroll compressor is run backwards, for even an instant, because of an improper phase relationship, the compressor may be seriously damaged or ruined. The zero-crossing detection capability of the SSRD shown in FIG. 6 is integral to the SSRD and available when the SSRD is open-circuited-when it is non-conducting and no power is applied to thecompressor motor32. Hence, a BCCSCM with the SSRD shown in FIG. 6 can monitor the phases for a proper polarity relationship before applying power to thecompressor motor32. Stated differently, a BCCSCM with the SSRD shown in FIG. 6 can determine the presence of an improper phase relationship by comparing the phase information to an acceptability standard and prevent potential damage to thecompressor motor32 that would otherwise occur if power were applied to the motor. In contrast, prior art phase polarity detection schemes rely on devices external to the SSRD. Such prior art schemes do not detect an improper phase relationship before applying power. Rather, such systems check the phase relationship only after power application. In such systems, if an improper phase relationship is detected, power is removed. As those skilled in the art can appreciate, thecompressor motor32 may be damaged or destroyed before power is removed, even if it is removed relatively rapidly. Thus, the SSRD, as shown in FIG. 6 (and as shown as1560 in FIG. 15), provides for phase detection prior to the application of power.
• Referring again to FIG. 1, a master controller[0053]70 (also referred to as a system controller) for controlling all of thecompressors14A,14B, and14C of the refrigeration system is in electronic communication with all of theBCCSCMs48 of the refrigeration system vialine80. In one construction, thecontroller70 includes a CPU72 (or simply a processing unit) which coordinates data transfer among the components of the system. TheCPU72 also processes data acquired from theBCCSCMs48 and determines control commands to be sent to the BCCSCMs. Other logic devices can be used in place of theCPU72 to perform the function of theCPU72.
• In one specific construction, the[0054]CPU72 includes a 16-bit RISC processor, has 64 kilobytes of read only memory (ROM), 16 kilobytes of random access memory (RAM), a real time clock to perform time-based control functions, and at least two interfaces (e.g., serial interfaces) to permit connection to a local human-machine interface (hereinafter, “HMI”), as well as a remote interface. The local and remote interfaces may also be referred to herein as input/output devices. TheCPU72 can also include both digital and analog inputs and outputs, and is powered by a 24-VDC power supply74 transformed and rectified from a 120-VAC feed line69.
• The[0055]controller70 further includes acommunications module76 to permit theCPU72 to work with a field bus networking system. The field bus networking system is designed to connect sensors, actuators, and other control equipment (e.g., BCCSCM48) at the field level. An example of a suitable field bus networking system is the AS-Interface® (or AS-i) networking system. Components for the AS-i network are sold commercially by Siemens Aktiengesellschaft of Germany, and available in the United States from Siemens Energy Automation and Control, Inc. of Batavia, Ill. Thecommunications module76 can be powered by the same 24-VDC power supply74 used by theCPU72.
• In one construction, the[0056]controller70 includes anetwork power supply78, which provides a 24VDC to 30 VDC power supply connected to the 120-VAC feed line69. Thenetwork power supply78 provides power to the field bus network vialine79 as further discussed below.
• In one construction, the field bus network includes an unshielded two[0057]wire bus80 connecting the communications module76 (and hence the CPU72) to all of the BCCSCMs (and, as discussed below, other control modules). One wire is a ground wire and the other is a communication and power line which carries all communication and power for theBCCSCMs48. Power for the BCCSCMs is supplied from thenetwork power supply78 throughline79, which has a communications decoupling feature allowing communications and power to be supplied over the same line. TheBCCSCMs48 are each connected to thebus80 atnodes82 by a respective coupling that penetrates insulation of the bus cable and makes contact with the wires. EachBCCSCM48 is plugged into the coupling to connect the control and safety module to the network.
• In the construction shown in FIG. 1, the[0058]master controller70 also controls cycling of thecondenser fans22. For example, themaster controller70 can monitor discharge pressure and liquid refrigerant temperature to determine when to cycle thecondenser fans22. Similarly, themaster controller70 can monitor discharge pressure and outdoor ambient temperature to determine whether to split the condenser.
• In the illustrated construction, the[0059]master controller70 transmits these cycling commands from theCPU72 to acondenser controller84 located close to thefans22. Thecondenser controller84 executes the commands for shutting down or energizing thecondenser fans22. Because the condenser is, in some constructions, located remotely from the compressor rack, it may be undesirable or impractical to locate thecondenser controller84 on the same field network bus (e.g., AS-i bus) as theCPU72. FIG. 1 illustrates such a situation, in which thecondenser controller84 has its own field bus network (e.g., another AS-i bus85). In other words, thecondenser controller84 can have its own field bus network for controlling the condenser fans, just like the network of thecompressors14A,14B, and14C with themaster controller70. For example, theCPU72 can communicate with thecondenser controller84 over a relatively longer distance network. The Multipoint Interface or “MPI”, available from Siemens, is an example of such a longer distance network/field bus. Another example is the ProfiBUS standard. In this way, thecondenser controller84 acts as a gateway to extend the range of themaster controller70 in a situation in which the primary field bus network associated with the compressor rack could not practically be used. Thus, themaster controller70 provides operating and control functions to thecondenser controller84. Thecondenser controller84, via its ownfield bus network85, supplies the control information to a BCFCM86 which drives thefans22. Likewise, data available at the condenser (e.g., an ambient air temperature associated with the condenser and information regarding which fan(s) is/are on) may be transmitted to themaster controller70. In one construction, an air temperature sensor provides ambient air temperature data directly to the condenser controller84 (i.e., independently of any field bus network), which transmits such data to themaster controller70.
• Advantageously, if the[0060]master controller70 ceases communications with thecondenser controller84, the condenser controller is preferably programmed to independently determine and provide at least some of the control information required to drive thefans22 via the BCFCM. Other condenser control arrangements may be used. For instance, thecondenser controller84 could be eliminated and its functions programmed into the master controller.
• The[0061]BCFCM84 includes, in one construction, a communication slave controller and a microprocessor and memory as described in connection with theBCCSCM1500 of FIG. 15. However, the BCFCM would include different inputs and outputs connected to the microprocessor of the BCFCM than themicroprocessor1505. In other words, the inputs and outputs connected to the microprocessor of the BCFCM would be the inputs and outputs associated with thecondenser20.
• Referring now to FIG. 4, in one operation of the refrigeration system, the sensors[0062]50-62 or1525-1545 of each BCCSCM48 or1505 (e.g., the BCCSCM associated withcompressor14A) provide information regarding the operating parameters monitored by the sensors. The information provided by the sensors50-62 or1525-1545 could be limited to whether or not a pre-set safety limit value has been traversed. However, in one construction, at least some of the sensors provide signals to the processor of each BCCSCM48 or1500 indicative of the actual value of the operating parameter at the time sampled.
• In one construction, the sensors for[0063]discharge pressure50 andtemperature52, andsuction pressure54 andtemperature56 provide digital signals to theprocessor49 indicative of the actual value of the parameter measured. Thus, the sensor/transducer converts the analog data to a digital format before providing the information to theprocessor49.
• In the construction shown in FIG. 15, the[0064]sensors1525,1530, and1535 are dual function pressure/temperature sensors having an addressable,14 bit analog to digital converter. That is, each sensor includes a first sensing device (e.g., thermistor) that senses a temperature and a second sensing device (e.g., a strain gauge) that senses a pressure. Both the first and second sensing devices are disposed within a single housing. The A/D converter is also located within the sensor housing and converts the analog signals from the detecting devices to a single digital signal conveying the measured parameters. The A/D converter can include other channels (e.g., a channel for monitoring the supply voltage to the sensors), and the digital signal can convey information relating to the other channels. Additionally, the digital signal can send an error code to theprocessor1503 when an error code occurs at the sensor. For example, if the A/D converter does not receive a signal from the temperature sensing device, it can generate an error code that is communicated to theprocessor1503. Theprocessor1503 can then communicate to the system controller that a sensor error has occurred. An example dual function pressure/temperature sensor is aML 200 psis per SCD1126, part no. 9310101, manufactured by Honeywell.
• The motor winding[0065]temperature sensor58, and the current andvoltage sensors1540 and1545 provide an analog signal to theprocessor1505 indicative of the actual value of the parameter measured. The oil level sensor60 (or1555) provides a circuit open or circuit-closed signal to the processor indicative of whether an oil level safety limit has been traversed. The high pressure cut out1550 provides a circuit open or circuit-closed signal to the processor indicative of whether a pressure limit has been traversed.
• As explained above with respect to FIG. 6, phase loss or phase reversal can be monitored/detected by monitoring the zero crossings of each phase with a plurality of opto-isolator devices. An alternative, separate power[0066]phase monitoring device62 may also be used. Such a separate powerphase monitoring device62 would, for example, provide a circuit open or a circuit closed signal to the microcontroller to indicate whether a phase loss or phase reversal has occurred.
• The[0067]processor49 or1503 of each BCCSCM48 or1500 checks the inputs from each sensor to determine whether a safety limit value for any of the measured compressor characteristics has been exceeded. If no safety limit values are exceeded, theprocessor49 loads the sensor data for transmission to themaster controller70 when the processor is queried. Themaster controller70 is the system network controller in standard operation of the refrigeration system shown in FIG. 1. In the illustrated embodiments, the host controller (or the microprocessor1505) stacks the information to await transmission to themaster controller70. The processor49 (or1503) then waits for a message from themaster controller70 containing commands and a query for the sensor data. As soon as the message is received, theprocessor49 responds over the communication and power line of the two-wire bus80 to thecontroller70 with the information data stored from the sensors50-62.
• For the construction shown in FIG. 1, data from all of the processors flows in a stream over the communication and power line of the[0068]bus80 to thecommunication module76 and thence to theCPU72 of themaster controller70. The communication protocol allows theCPU72 to associate the operating parameter information received with particular compressors, and to discriminate between different operating parameters for each compressor. In one construction, more specifically, each BCCSCM is assigned a particular address, which allows thecontroller70 to communicate individually with each of the BCCSCMs over the same line, and also allows the BCCSCM processors to identify themselves to the master controller.
• The data is now available through interfacing with the[0069]master controller70, either remotely or by a local human machine interface, to view individual compressor data. The processor49 (or1503) also looks for the command portion of themaster controller70 message for a command to turn the compressor (14A,14B, or14C) on or off. If such a command is present, theprocessor49 executes it by operating the solid state relay (switch device64) to turn the compressor on or off. However, if the command is to turn the compressor on, theprocessor49 will not execute it if theprocessor49 has previously determined that a safety limit value of one of the safety parameters has been traversed and remains in a safety exception state. It is envisioned that other capacity control commands could be received and executed by theprocessor49 such as when the compressor was of a variable capacity type. The software of the processor then returns to the initial step of reading the sensor inputs.
• Before proceeding further, another method of communication between the[0070]master controller70 and the BCCSCM1500 (or48) will now be discussed. The method below will be described for themaster controller70 in communication with theBCCSCM1500 via an AS-i cable (i.e., bus80); however, other networks can utilize the method below. For example, other networks that do not utilize an AS-i bus can implement the method.
• The[0071]communication slave1520 shown in FIG. 15 is an AS-i compatible ASIC that is in communication with the communication module76 (referred to below as the master). Thecommunication module76 is or includes an AS-i compatible ASIC. Thecommunication slave1520 is in further communication with themicroprocessor1505. More specifically, thecommunication slave1520 and themicroprocessor1505 are electrically coupled by four “control” (or “parameter”) channels P0, P1, P2, and P3; four “output” channels DO0, DO1, DO2, and DO3; four “input” channels DI0, DI1, DI2, and DI3; a DSR channel; and a PST channel. Each channel P0, P1, P2, P3, DO0, DO1, DO2, DO3, DI0, DI1, DI2, DI3, DSR, and PST is coupled to thecommunication slave1520 at a respective terminal. Other configurations can be utilized for the communication method described below. For example, the method is not limited to four “input” or four “output” channels. Additionally, other devices can be used in place of the master ASIC, slave ASIC, and the microprocessor.
• The AS-i networking solution was originally designed to control four actuators (relays, solenoids, etc.) and/or read four switched inputs. To control the four actuators, the AS-i master transmits requests via the two-wire interface, which also carries the 30 VDC power, to the AS-i slave. In response to the master requests, the AS-i slave either switches its outputs to the state directed by the AS-i master or responds to the master with the current state of its inputs. In accordance with this communication activity, four data bits representing the desired output state or current input state are transmitted during each master-request/slave-response communication cycle. The AS-i slave can also use parameter bits to define or control operation of the attached slave (e.g., to logically AND or OR with the other inputs/outputs). A data exchange with the AS-i slave causes the data strobe output DSR to pulse, while a parameter write to the AS-i slave causes the parameter strobe PST to pulse.[0072]
• For communication between the[0073]communication module76 and theBCCSCM1500, a redefinition of the use of the inputs and outputs of theslave1520 allows theslave1520 to be connected to a microprocessor as a communication gateway via the AS-I bus. When coupled in this fashion, the slave/microprocessor1520/1505 combination creates an AS-i bus accessible slave device capable of communicating variable length data elements from an addressable array of bytes. Further, by defining some of the available addressable bytes as pointers into the microprocessor memory space, additional data space is available for transmission over the AS-i bus.
• The AS-i protocol calls for communication between the AS-i master and AS-i slave to be in four-bit data packets. That is, each request or response across the AS-i bus includes a wholly self-contained message of four-bits. Please note, however, each request and response can include other bits (e.g., addressing bits, parity bit(s), etc.) for communication between devices on the network.[0074]
• Generally speaking, a master request controls the output states of the output terminals P[0075]0-P3 or DO0-DO3 and the AS-i slave1520 responds by including the states of the inputs DI0 and DI3. The control (or parameter) bits P0-P4 provide additional information to the microprocessor. The P0 and P1 bits are data block selection bits (discussed below), the P2 bit is a read/write selection bit, and the P3 bit is a compressor ON/OFF bit. Themicroprocessor1505 monitors activity on the communication channels with theslave1520 and controls the inputs to theslave1520.
• The microprocessor is coupled to a 256-bit memory. The 256-bit memory is divided into four, eight-byte blocks. When writing to or obtaining data from the 256-bit memory, the P[0076]0 and P1 bits select one of the blocks. Therefore, the number of blocks (2^(m)blocks) can vary if the number of selection bits (m) varies. FIGS. 22A, 22B,22C, and22D represent one configuration for the fourblocks2210,2220,2230, and2240.
• Each block is further divided into sixteen sub-blocks. For the construction shown in FIGS.[0077]22A-22D, each sub-block includes four-bits (or a nibble). The size of each sub-block (e.g., (n) bits) is equal to the number of input/output channels (e.g., (n) channels). The total number of sub-blocks in a block is equal to 2⁽ⁿ⁾, and a binary number from 0 (e.g., 0000) to 2⁽ⁿ⁾(e.g., 1111) identifies each sub-block. However, other configurations are possible.
• Referring to FIGS.[0078]22A-22D, each sub-block contains one or more pieces of information (e.g., one or more parameters), one or more sub-blocks can be combined to form a piece of information (e.g., form a parameter), one or more sub-blocks can be used as a pointer, or a sub-block can be unused. For example, block2240 uses sixteen nibbles for storing six parameter values. More specifically, nibbles 0000 and 0001 (byte0) represent a value for the “suction pressure cut in” parameter; nibbles 0010 and 0011 (byte1) represent a value for the “suction pressure cut out” parameter; nibbles 0100 and 0101 (byte2) represent a value for the “split suction assignment” parameter; nibbles 0110, 0111, 1000, and 1001 (bytes3 and4) represent a value for the “discharge pressure limit” parameter; nibbles 1010, 1011, 1100, and 1101 (byte5 and6) represent a value for the “discharge temperature limit” parameter; andnibbles 1110 and 1111 (byte7) represent a value for the “oil pressure limit” parameter. As another example, nibbles 1110 and 1111 (byte7) ofblock2210 include values for eight parameters. As yet another example, nibbles 1110 and 1101 (byte6) ofblock2220 is unused in the configuration shown.
• In the construction shown in FIG. 22,[0079]bytes0 and1 ofblock2230 include a 16-bit pointer. The 16-bit pointer points to data stored in RAM1510. The resulting value corresponding to the pointer is stored inbytes2 and3 ofblock2230. By using the pointer, additional storage capabilities can by used at theprocessor1503. Other pointers, pointer sizes, and data sizes can be used. Also, it should be noted, that the data blocks2210 to2250 are mirrored at themaster controller70.
• Because there is only a four-bit control architecture, the network uses an operation sequence for reading and writing data of particular length. FIG. 23 includes a flow diagram representing a read sequence. At[0080]2300, the AS-i master issues a “write_parameter” message to the AS-i slave1520. The “write_parameter” message includes a two-bit value for selecting a data block, a one-bit value for informing the processor1503 a read operation is beginning, and a one-bit value for the current compressor state. The “write_parameter” message is then communicated from thecommunication slave1520 tomicroprocessor1505 on channels P0-P3.
• At[0081]block2305, the master issues a “data_exchange” message to theslave1520. The “data-exchange” message includes a four-bit value pointing to one of the sixteen nibbles of the selected block. The “write_parameter” message is then communicated from thecommunication slave1520 to themicroprocessor1505 on channels DO0 to DO3.
• At[0082]block2310, themicroprocessor1505 responds by obtaining the stored bits of the identified nibble, and communicating the obtained bits to theslave1520 on channels DI0 to DI3. The slave then communicates the obtained nibble to the master in the next state change. Atblock2320, themaster controller70 stores the obtained nibble in its mirrored 256-bit storage.
• At[0083]block2325, the master controller determines whether all nibbles for the requested parameter have been obtained. If the result is affirmative, the master controller combines the stored nibbles (or divided if the parameter is less than a nibble), resulting in the requested parameter value. If the result is not affirmative, then the network repeatsblocks2305,2310,2320 and2325. Therefore, the network decomposes, transmits, and composes variable length data in four-bit packets.
• FIG. 24 includes a flow diagram representing a write sequence. At[0084]2400 the master controller decomposes a message to be communicated to themicroprocessor1505 into a plurality of nibbles (or creates a nibble if a message is less than a nibble). At2403, the AS-i master issues a “write-Parameter” message to the AS-i slave, which is then communicated to themicroprocessor1505 on channels P0-P3. The “writeparameter” includes a two-bit value for selecting a data block, a one-bit value for informing the processor1503 a write operation is beginning, and a one-bit value for the current compressor state.
• At[0085]block2405, the AS-i master issues a “data-exchange” message to the AS-i slave1520, which is then communicated to themicroprocessor1505 on channels DO0 to DO3. The “data-exchange” message includes a four-bit value pointing to one of the sixteen nibbles of the selected block. The slave responds with a dummy value, which is ignored (block2405).
• At block[0086]2410, the AS-i master issues a second “data_exchange” message to the AS-i slave1520, which is then communicated to themicroprocessor1505 on channels DO0 to DO3. The second “data_exchange” message includes a four-bit value that is written to the selected nibble. The slave responds with a dummy value, which is ignored (block2418). Atblock2420, the master controller determines whether all nibbles for the requested parameter have been communicated. If the result is affirmative, the master controller exits the write routine. If the result is not affirmative, then the network repeatsblocks2405,2408,2415,2418 and2420. Therefore, the network decomposes, transmits, and writes variable length data in four-bit packets.
• Referring again to the constructions shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and[0087]15, when one or more of the inputs from the sensors50-62 (or1525-1555) to the processor49 (or1503) traverses a safety limit value, theprocessor49, for these constructions, loads a safety exception message for themaster controller70 and immediately shuts down the compressor (e.g.,compressor14B). The safety exception message is loaded into the top of the stack of information to be sent to the master controller. When theprocessor49 receives a message from themaster controller70, it responds by including the safety exception message for the master controller. Themaster controller70 knows not only that one of the safety limit values for a particular compressor was traversed, but which safety parameter or parameters were traversed and in most instances the actual values of those parameters. An alarm can be activated by themaster controller70 to alert the appropriate persons that a problem exists. The information can be accessed by a technician via a suitable HMI in the system (located, for example, at the controller70), or remotely such as through an Internet connection. The information regarding the operating parameters of the properly functioning compressors (e.g.,14A,14C) can also be accessed in this manner.
• In some constructions, the BCCSCM[0088]1503 (or48) includes digital sensors. If a sensor is a digital sensor, the digital sensor can communicate a code indicating a fault has occurred at the sensor. Alternatively, the digital value or voltage received from the sensor can indicate faulty wiring (e.g., an open or short circuit) or a faulty transducer. Similar to what was discussed above, the processor1503 (or49) can load a message for themaster controller70 informing the controller of the sensor error. The message is loaded into the top of the stack of information to be sent to the master controller90. When theprocessor1503 receives a message from themaster controller70, it responds by including the message for the master controller. An alarm can be activated by themaster controller70 to alert the appropriate persons that a problem exists. Other control modules (discussed below) can operate similarly.
• In some constructions, the compressor having a faulty sensor may continue to operate. For example, in one construction, each[0089]BCCSCM1500 includes sensors that sense, among other things, suction pressure. Theoretically, the suction pressure for each compressor14 attached to the same suction header should have the same pressure (but practically, may slightly differ due to filters and pipe length). If one of the compressors (e.g.,compressor14A) has a faulty suction pressure sensor, themaster controller70 can use the sensed suction pressure of the other compressors (e.g.,14B and/or14C) attached to the same suction header (e.g., suction header16) as the compressor (e.g.,14A) having the faulty sensor to control that compressor (e.g.,14A). Alternatively, the system can include a pressure sensor coupled to the suction header16 (or piping in communication with the suction header) to control operation of a compressor having a faulty sensor. In addition to using the redundant value at themaster controller70, the master controller can communicate the redundant value to the BCCSCM having the faulty suction pressure sensor. Therefore, the refrigeration system can use the redundancy of the attached sensing devices to continue operation of a compressor (or other subsystem) having a faulty sensor, even though the compressor (or other subsystem) includes the faulty sensor.
• Before proceeding further, it should be noted that, although the failed sensor was a sensor that measures suction pressure, the system can perform similarly for other sensors (e.g., suction temperature, discharge pressure, discharge temperature, etc.) and for other sensors attached to other control modules (discussed below). Additionally, the[0090]master controller70 can compare values acquired from sensors that should have similar or substantially similar values to determine whether one of the sensors is faulty (e.g., a faulty sensor due to drift). Continuing the above example, themaster controller70 can compare the sensed suction pressure forcompressors14A,14B, and14C. If one of the sensed values (e.g., the suction pressure forcompressor14A) is significantly different than the values of the other compressors (or different than a sensor attached to the suction header16), then themaster controller70 can mark the suction pressure sensor having the significantly different value as faulty. An alarm can be activated by themaster controller70 to alert the appropriate persons that a problem exists. Additionally, the master controller can communicate the fault to the compressor having the faulty sensor.
• As discussed herein, the[0091]master controller70 receives information concerning operation parameters of thecompressors14A,14B, and14C. A primary control parameter is suction pressure. Thecontroller70 is programmed so that it manipulates (e.g., such as by averaging) the suction pressure readings from theBCCSCMs48 to determine the refrigeration level produced by the multiplexedcompressors14A,14B, and14C. Thecontroller70 uses this information to strategize cycling compressors in the system to achieve the desired refrigeration capacity level.
• One exemplary method of dynamically controlling a plurality of multiplexed compressors (e.g.,[0092]compressors14A,14B, and14C) is schematically shown in FIGS.16A-16F. The flowcharts represent one or more software modules that are continuously called by theCPU72 to dynamically control the multiplexed compressors. Before proceeding further, it should be noted that the blocks of FIGS.16A-16F represent software instructions received, interpreted, and executed by theCPU72, resulting in the CPU72 (and the master controller70) performing the operations of the blocks. It should also be noted that FIGS. 16A to16F is one exemplary method. Other acts can be included with the method shown in FIGS.16A-16F, one or more acts shown in FIGS.16A-16F can be removed, and the order or sequence of the acts shown in FIGS.16A-16F can vary. Furthermore, while the method shown in FIGS.16A-16F will be described in connection with software, the method can be implemented by other means (e.g., an ASIC).
• As discussed earlier, the refrigeration system includes one or more multiple suction groups, where each suction group has one or more compressors. If a suction group has a plurality of compressors, the compressors are multiplexed in an arrangement (typically a parallel arrangement). Referring to FIG. 16A, the[0093]master controller70 performs a capacity calculation for each suction group and each compressor of each suction group. Atblocks1600, themaster controller70 initializes the loop counters. Atblocks1605, themaster controller70 determines (e.g., calculates by adding capacities for each compressor (as shown in FIG. 16A), obtain previous calculations from storage, etc.) the total capacity for the suction group at a given operating point. Themaster controller70 uses known equations for determining the capacity of each compressor at the current operating pressures when performing the capacity calculations. Atblocks1610, themaster controller70 determines the capacity of each individual compressor as a percentage of the total capacity. By way of example, if a first suction group has three compressors (e.g.,14A,14B, and14C), the first compressor (e.g.,14A) may have a 50% capacity, a second compressor (e.g.,14A) may have a 25% capacity, and a third compressor (e.g.,14A) may have a 25% capacity. Atblock1615, the master controller determines whether the capacity calculations were performed for all of the suction groups. If the answer is affirmative, then the master controller proceeds to block1620 (FIG. 16B). Otherwise, the master controller returns to block1605.
• At FIG. 16B, the master controller determines a current compressor run pattern, current run capacity, and current % total capacity. At[0094]blocks1620, the software initializes the loop counters. Atblocks1625, themaster controller70 builds a binary image of the status of the compressors14 and determines the current run capacity of each suction group. More specifically, themaster controller70 determines which compressors14 are currently on, and adds the capacity of each activated compressor14 to the current run capacity for the respective suction group(s). Atblock1630, themaster controller70 determines the current run capacity of each suction group as a percentage of the total capacity of each suction group. Continuing the earlier example, if the second andthird compressors14B and14C are ON, then the current run capacity is 50% of the total capacity. Atblock1635, the master controller determines whether the capacity calculations were performed for all of the suction groups. If the answer is affirmative, then the master controller proceeds to block1640 (FIG. 16C). Otherwise, the master controller returns to block1620.
• In FIGS.[0095]16C-16F, themaster controller70 determines the control pattern for the next cycle. Atblock1645, themaster controller70 determines whether an increase in run capacity is required. If the answer is affirmative, then the master controller proceeds to block1650 (FIG. 16D). Otherwise, the master controller proceeds to block1655 (FIG. 16E).
• With reference to FIG. 16D, the[0096]master controller70 determines the next control pattern, which requires an increase in run capacity. Increasing the run capacity of a suction group typically requires activating an inactive compressor. Atblock1650, the master controller determines whether all compressors are ON. If the answer is affirmative, then the master controller proceeds to block1660 (FIG. 16C). Otherwise, the master controller proceeds to blocks1665 (FIG. 16E). Atblocks1665, themaster controller70 determines each available capacity percentage combination for each suction group. Continuing the earlier example, the percentage combinations forcompressors14A,14B, and14C include 25%, 25%, 50%, 50%, 75%, 75%, and 100%. However, if one of the compressors has an alarm condition, that compressor is removed from the possible combinations (block1665E). Atblocks1670, themaster controller70 determines the next capacity increment. Revisiting the earlier example, the second andthird compressors14B and14C were ON resulting in a 50% run capacity. The next available run capacity is 75% (i.e., activating thefirst compressor14A with either the second orthird compressors14B or14C). At block1670F, themaster controller70 performs a “FIFO test.” The FIFO test (shown in detail in FIG. 16F) determines the next compressor run pattern when multiple possible combinations have an equivalent run capacity. That is, ifblocks1665 and1670 result in multiple combinations for the next available capacity, the FIFO test determines the next compressor run pattern. Continuing the earlier example, the next available run capacity for the threecompressors14A,14B, and14C is 75%, and there are two combinations that result in that run capacity (i.e.,compressors14A and14B, orcompressors14B and14C). In the configuration shown in FIG. 16F, themaster controller70 selects the most optimal run pattern for the compressors14. For example, the most optimal run pattern can include compressor run time as a variable. Optimizing the run pattern with compressor run time attempts to equitably distribute compressor run time over the compressors of the suction group. However, other tests can be included in selecting the next compressor run pattern.
• Returning to block[0097]1645, the master controller determines whether an increase in run capacity is required. If the answer is negative, then themaster controller70 proceeds to block1655 (FIG. 16E). In general, the control scheme of FIG. 16E corresponds to FIG. 16D; however, themaster controller70 decreases the run capacity of the suction group. Decreasing the run capacity typically requires deactivating an active compressor.
• At[0098]block1655, themaster controller70 determines whether all compressors14 are OFF. If the answer is affirmative, then themaster controller70 proceeds to block1660 (FIG. 16C). Otherwise, themaster controller60 proceeds to blocks1675 (FIG. 16E). Atblocks1675, themaster controller70 determines each available percentage combination for each suction group.Blocks1675 generally correspond to blocks1665 (FIG. 16D). Atblocks1680, the master controller determines the next capacity decrease. Revisiting the earlier example, the first and second compressors were ON resulting in a 50% run capacity. The next available run capacity decrement is 25% (i.e., activating the second orthird compressors14B or14C). Similar to1670 discussed above, atblock1680F, themaster controller70 performs a “FIFO test.” The FIFO test (shown in detail in FIG. 16F) determines the next compressor run pattern when multiple possible combinations have an equivalent capacity. That is, ifblocks1675 and1680 result in multiple combinations for the next available capacity, the FIFO test determines the next compressor run pattern. Continuing the earlier example, the next available capacity for the threecompressors14A,14B, and14C is 25%, and there are two combinations that result in that capacity (i.e., activating the second orthird compressors14B or14C). In the configuration shown in FIG. 16E, the master controller selects the next compressor run pattern.
• Returning back to blocks[0099]1660 (FIG. 16C), themaster controller70 updates sequence status information in view of FIFO calculations. More specifically, the master controller keeps a continuous runtime for eachcompressor14A,14B, and14C. This information is used in the FIFO calculations when multiple capacities are possible. At block1685, themaster controller70 exits the software routine, resulting in a pattern for each suction group.
• In one construction, the routine shown in FIG. 16 is called when a change in capacity for a suction group is required. More specifically, in one construction of the refrigeration system, a PID error signal is used for controlling the operation of the compressors[0100]14. If the error signal requires a change in capacity, theCPU72 invokes the routine in FIG. 16, resulting in a new run pattern.
• In one construction, should the master controller[0101]70 (and in particular the CPU72) fail, theBCCSCMs48 and1500 are capable of performing the controller functions for thecompressors14A,14B, and14C. A flowchart of the one operation of the processors49 (or1503) in the master fail mode is shown in FIG. 5. As stated above with reference to FIG. 4, theprocessor49 of each BCCSCM48 waits a predetermined time period for a message from themaster controller70. If the period times out with no message, theprocessor49 defaults to a master fail operation mode.
• In the operation shown in FIG. 5, the BCCSCMs[0102]48 (and/or1500) communicate with each other over the communication and power line of thebus80, in addition to communicating with thecontroller70. In the failure mode, each processor49 (or1503) determines whether it is to have primary control. One processor of the BCCSCMs will have previously been programmed with a certain identification or address, e.g., ID=1. Typically, this would be the BCCSCM48 of thefirst compressor14A in the system. AnyBCCSCM48 not having this identification will continue to operate only responsively to commands received over the field bus network (i.e., it resumes standard operation as a slave). It is also envisioned that the slave processors (i.e., processors associated withcompressors14B,14C) would start a second timer once entering the failure mode to look for a message from the processor of theBCCSCM48 designated for primary system control in the failure mode (i.e., theprocessor49 associated withcompressor14A). If theother processors49 do not receive such a message, asecond BCCSCM48 would be pre-selected (e.g., the BCCSCM having ID=2 associated withcompressor14B) to control the operation of the system in the failure mode. Thus, the system is highly granular, allowing for multiple failures while maintaining operation.
• In one method of operation, the processor[0103]49 (or1503) of the BCCSCM48 (or1500) of compressor14 is identified as the primary control or master, in case of failure of themaster controller70, and will execute a master control function involving at least basic compressor cycling. In that regard, theprimary control processor49 is capable of determining the collective suction pressure of theoperating compressors14A,14B, and14C and providing control commands for itself and the other slave processors to turn compressors on and off to maintain the refrigeration capacity requirements of the system. After performing this function, the “primary”processor49 resumes a slave presence on the network which allows it to again look for a message from themaster controller70 for a period of time before returning again to perform a system control function. Once themaster controller70 is detected, theprimary control processor49 returns to its standard (slave) mode of operation.
• In general, the distributed intelligence control provides for ease of assembly and installation and enhances control. The[0104]compressors14A,14B, and14C are configured with one or more sensors to optimize uniformity of measurement of operation parameters and to minimize installation variances as well as provide protection of such sensor devices. The modularity and intelligence of the compressor controllers interface with themaster controller70 to assure optimum compressor performance, as well as granularity of the system.
• For the constructions utilizing a two wire bus that provides power and communication to the control modules (e.g., via an AS-i bus), assembly of a refrigeration system is made easier by simplification of the wiring which is normally done upon installation. The[0105]high voltage lines44A,44B, and44C are still used to run thecompressors14A,14B, and14C for primary operation. According to electrical codes, it is typically required to shield these lines such as by placing them in conduit. However, for the construction shown in FIG. 1, no separate power lines other than three phase high voltage lines44 must be run to thecompressor motors32. Additionally, it is unnecessary to run additional high voltage lines to the BCCSCM's. Instead, a single highvoltage feed line69 supplies thepower supply74 for theCPU72 andcommunication module76 and also thenetwork power supply78.
• Power for all of the BCCSCMs[0106]48 (and/or1500) is supplied through the same twowire bus80 extending from thecommunications module76 to the control andsafety modules48. Thebus80 does not need to be shielded because it carries only 30 VDC power. Preferably, the wiring of theBCCSCMs48 to themaster controller70 is done at the factory where thecompressors14A,14B, and14C are mounted together with the controller on a compressor rack (not shown) so that no power wiring of any kind for the BCCSCMs is required at the building site. The number ofBCCSCMs48 attached to thebus80 up to some upper limit of the controller70 (e.g.,31) is immaterial and requires no special re-configuration of the controller.
• As stated above, the connection of the BCCSCMs[0107]48 (and/or1500) to thecommunication bus80 achieves not only power, but communications for the control and safety modules. No separate feedback wiring from the individual sensors is necessary. The processor49 (or1503) of the BCCSCM executes commands from themaster controller70 and is capable of reporting back to thecontroller70 that the command has been executed. Theprocessor49 reports the readings from all of the sensors50-58 or1525-1555, and not only whether a safety limit value has been exceeded, but exactly which one it is and what the exact value was. This enables themaster controller70 to provide specific information to a repair technician without any additional wiring between thecontroller70 and theBCCSCM48. In addition to permitting refrigeration level control by thecontroller70, the system allows thecontroller70 to make other adjustments in the system and to monitor trends for use in failure prediction/avoidance.
• The processors[0108]49 (and/or1503) of the BCCSCMs also, in one construction, have the embedded intelligence to operate the refrigeration system in case themaster controller70 fails. In that regard, the BCCSCMs48 (and/or1500) are capable of communicating with each other as well as themaster controller70 over the twowire bus80. In case of failure of the master controller, one of the BCCSCMs will take over as master or “primary” and can perform at least the function of averaging the measured suction pressure readings from the operating compressors to determine refrigeration level and determine how to cycle the compressors to maintain a predetermined capacity.
• Referring still to FIG. 1, the commercial refrigeration system may also optionally include one or more liquid subcoolers[0109]15 and an oil separation andreturn subsystem17. The general operation of liquid subcoolers is known in the art. An exemplary embodiment of a control system for controlling such a subcooler and/or such an oil separation and return system, in accordance with aspects of the present invention, is described in further detail below with respect to FIGS. 10 and 10A. Examples of oil separation systems are included in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,478,050, 4,503,685, and 4,506,523, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• For purposes of disclosure and simplicity, the refrigeration so far described herein has been, primarily, a vapor phase evaporative cooling system. The invention, however, is not to be so limited in its application. For example, FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of one exemplary form of a modular[0110]secondary refrigeration system200 which could also be modified to be implemented and controlled by an integrated distributed intelligence control system. Such a secondary cooling system is described in exacting detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,743,102, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Referring to FIG. 1A, the[0111]refrigeration system200 comprises a primary vapor phase refrigeration system including a plurality of parallel, multiplexedcompressors202. The compressors deliver liquid refrigerant at high temperature and pressure to afirst condenser204 and asecond condenser206 from which the liquid refrigerant passes to anexpansion valve208 feeding the refrigerant into anevaporator210. Vaporous refrigerant is drawn from theevaporator210 back to thecompressors202 to complete a conventional vapor phase refrigeration cycle. However, theevaporator210 is incorporated as part of a first heat exchanger including afirst reservoir212 holding a coolant liquid (e.g., glycol). Typically, thisreservoir212 is located close to the compressors and condensers so that the vapor phase refrigerant loop is short, requiring minimal refrigerant. Thefirst reservoir212 is part of a secondary refrigerationsystem including pumps214 which drive coolant fluid through the reservoir tosecond heat exchangers216 located in respective fixtures218, which may constitute refrigerated merchandisers in the shopping arena of a supermarket. The coolant liquid absorbs heat from items (not shown) in the fixtures218, while remaining in a liquid state, and then is forced by thepumps214 back to thefirst reservoir212 where that heat is removed to the vapor phase refrigeration system. The vapor phase refrigeration system may beneficially be, but is not necessarily, located adjacent to the fixtures218. The temperature of the fixtures218 may be maintained through the use of sensors (e.g., sensors220) whichcontrol valves222 and thepumps214. The control system, in one construction, may be beneficially used to control the operation of the primary vapor phase and secondary liquid refrigeration systems according to the principles set forth herein.
• The[0112]refrigeration system200 further includes a coolant liquid defrost system comprising a secondcoolant liquid reservoir224 that contains thefirst condenser204. The coolant liquid system pumps214 are valved to divert some of the coolant liquid to thereservoir224 where it is heated by the hot refrigerant passing through thefirst condenser204. At a predetermined interval or when it is sensed that frost has built up on thesecond heat exchangers216, valves includingdefrost valves226 are controlled to stop the flow of cold coolant liquid from thefirst reservoir212 to thesecond heat exchangers216 and to permit flow of heated coolant liquid to the second heat exchangers for defrosting. Again, the control system can be beneficially employed to control operation of the defrost of thesystem200. Additional aspects of secondary cooling systems, including specific valving and flow control structures, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,743,102. Accordingly, one skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure could adapt the teachings herein for use with secondary cooling systems by providing similar distributed, modular control and monitoring of the compressors, valves, set points, and other components/sensors associated with such secondary cooling systems.
• FIG. 7 is a system block diagram illustrative of an integrated distributed[0113]intelligence control system700 for use in a refrigeration application, such as a commercial refrigeration application. As depicted therein, thesystem700 preferably includes several field bus communication networks that cooperate to provide distributed intelligence system monitoring and control. Alocal network server702, alocal workstation704, and aremote workstation706 provide top-level control. In one construction, thelocal network server702 and thelocal workstation704 will be installed near the refrigeration system (e.g., inside the facility containing the refrigeration system). In one construction, theremote workstation706 is constructed and configured to communicate via a wide-area network such as theInternet708. Other network levels are preferably connected to the top-level via a communications interface, such as, for example, anEthernet hub712.
• A first field[0114]bus control network716, which preferably comprises an AS-i bus as previously described herein, is connected to theEthernet hub712 via agateway interface device714 and a rack PLC720 (also referred to as the system controller). It is to be understood and appreciated that therack PLC720 illustrated in FIG. 7 corresponds to the CPU associated withmaster controller70, which is illustrated and described with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2 above. Accordingly, therack PLC720 may also be referred to as the CPU or even as the master controller. One construction of thegateway interface device714 is a Siemens IPC, which is a Windows NT® based computer. As explained in greater detail below,gateway interface device714 is constructed and arranged to provide a gateway between similar and dissimilar field bus networks having similar and dissimilar network protocols. In other constructions, one or more operations described in connection with theremote workstation706, thelocal workstation704, and/or thelocal network server702 can be performed by thegateway interface device714 and vice-versa. For one exemplary construction, thedevice714 can function as both the local workstation and the gateway interface. As another example, in some constructions that are discussed below, thedevice714 includes one or more tables for use by therack PLC720. However, these tables can be located at theremote workstation706 or thelocal workstation704.
• A[0115]wireless hub713 may optionally be included to allow access to the control network by a work station over a wireless interface (e.g., a wireless Ethernet link), such as between a wireless computing device715 (e.g., a Windows CE® compatible computer) and theEthernet hub712.
• [0116]Local workstation704,remote workstation706, andwireless computer715 can be used to access system information such as, for example, set points, defrost schedules, alarm logs, current system conditions (e.g., temperatures), and other system status and set point information. Likewise, these devices may be used to input system information such as set points or system schedules (e.g., defrost schedules or maintenance schedules).
• The first field[0117]bus control network716 also includes an AS-i master interface722 which serves as a communication interface betweenrack PLC720 and various control modules. The AS-i master interface722 corresponds to thecommunication module76 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. The devices associated with the first fieldbus control network716 may be generally referred to as “rack devices,” or as being “located at the rack.” This nomenclature is used because in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7,rack PLC720 is installed at or near the rack of compressors for which it provides system integration and control. For example, a rack will typically include between two and thirty-one compressors, and a given installation may include multiple racks. Thus, a large system might have thirty-two racks of compressors, each controlled by a separate rack PLC that interfaces with a common processor or gateway device. In one construction, each rack PLC interfaces with computer/gateway interface device714. Thegateway device714 accommodates for set point control, status monitoring, fault logging, data storage, and the like for each rack PLC (and the devices integrated by such rack PLC) in the system. For simplicity, FIG. 7 depicts an installation having only a single rack, and, accordingly, asingle rack PLC720.
• Before proceeding further, it should be noted that aspects of the refrigeration system discussed herein are not limited to a refrigeration system having compressors located on a rack. Rather, one or more aspects discussed herein can be applied to systems having a single compressor unit and to systems having multiple single compressor units not located on a rack.[0118]
• The control modules illustrated in FIG. 7 preferably include one or more compressor controllers (e.g., Bus Compatible Compressor Safety and Control Modules or[0119]BCCSCMs48 or1500), one or more branch controllers724 (also referred to herein as Bus CompatibleSystem Branch Modules724 or BCSBMs), and one or more valve controllers726 (also referred to herein as Bus Compatible Valve Control Modules or BCVCMs). The one or more compressor controllers48 (or1500), one ormore branch controllers724, and the one ormore valve controllers726 will also be generically referred to herein as device controllers and subsystem controllers. When connected to the first fieldbus control network716, each of thesemodules48,724, and726 communicates withrack PLC720, via an AS-icompatible bus728 and AS-i master722. The operation ofBCCSCM48 has previously been described. The operational aspects of theBCSBM724 and theBCVCM726 are described in greater detail below. Of course, other constructions for the first fieldbus control network716 can by used with the refrigeration system. For example, other field bus types can be used in place of the AS-icompatible bus728.
• A second field[0120]bus control network730, which can also comprise another AS-i bus as previously described herein, is connected togateway interface714 and the master controller (rack PLC720) over a relatively longer distance network731 (e.g., a twisted pair network, such as, for example, a Siemens' MPI compatible interface or ProfiBUS). In one construction, the second fieldbus control network730 is slaved to therack PLC720. However, other configurations are possible. Second fieldbus control network730 includes a condenser PLC732 (also referred to as condenser controller), another AS-i master734, and one or more fan control modules736 (also referred to as Bus Compatible Fan Control Modules or BCFCMs). For FIG. 1, thecondenser PLC732 corresponds tocondenser controller84, and may also be referred to as providing a network gateway betweenBCFCM736 andrack PLC720. Operational aspects of thecondenser PLC732, AS-i master734, andBCFCM736 were also described above with regard to FIG. 1. Of course, other constructions for the second fieldbus control network730 can by used with the refrigeration system. For example, other field bus types can be used in place of the AS-i compatible bus.
• A third field[0121]bus control network740 communicates withrack PLC720 over another relatively longerdistance communication bus741, such as, for example, a LonWorks® network (also referred to as a LonWorks® bus or an Echelon network). LonWorks® information and network components are available from the Echelon Corporation of Palo Alto, Calif. The third fieldbus control network740 is used to facilitate communications between the master controller (rack PLC720) and one or more refrigeration cases, which are controlled by one or more case/fixture controllers744 (also referred to as Bus Compatible Modular Case Controls, BCMCCs, case controllers, or display case controllers), the operation of which is described below. Similar to the other device controller introduced earlier, the one or more case/fixture controllers744 will also be generically referred to herein as device controllers and subsystem controllers. Communications between theBCMCC744 andrack PLC720 occurs viainterface gateway714 and thecommunication bus741. The type of gateway device used will typically depend upon the bus/communication protocols employed. In the system illustrated in FIG. 7,BCMCC744 operates on a LonWorks®/Echelon compatible bus, thusinterface gateway714 is constructed and arranged to integrate communications between such a bus and rackPLC720. Of course, other constructions for the third fieldbus control network740 can by used with the refrigeration system.
• Also, as illustrated in FIG. 7, third party controls[0122]746 and748 (e.g., HVAC, fire, and rack/case controls) can optionally interface to, and become part of,system700, viacommunication bus741. Thus, the system facilitates interoperability between control systems from different sources that are compatible with the gateway and communication standard used for the associated communication bus (e.g., AS-i, ProfiBus, LonWorks®/Echelon or Ethernet). Using distributedintelligence control system700, for example, third party controls746 and748 can be integrated and used if such controls are compatible with LonWorks®/Echelon interface standards and protocols. A third party fixture/case controller that is compatible withcommunication bus741 andinterface gateway714 can be used to interface with and control one or more refrigerated fixtures (not shown) via a case/fixture controller (e.g., BCMCC744). In one construction, therack PLC720 can advantageously continue to maintain integrative control over the entire system by retaining knowledge over the operation ofBCMCC744. Accordingly, even when third party controls are desired or required for a part of the overall refrigeration system, the advantages of modularity and distributed control made possible by the disclosed refrigeration system are not lost.
• [0123]BCMCC744 and the third party controls746 and748 may be collectively referred to as remote terminals associated with third fieldbus control network740. In one construction, thecommunication bus741 comprises a wireless RF interface (also referred to as an RF link) such that no wiring is required between the remote terminals and theinterface gateway714. Using a wireless RF interface provides substantial advantages, including reducing the amount and complexity of field wiring needed to install the system, and greatly reducing the risk of damage due to external influences such as lightening strikes, high voltage arcing, or high current transmissions in adjoining equipment/wiring. Such external influences are common in some geographic regions and can result in considerable system downtime and/or service expense. RF interfaces may be implemented using broad band spread spectrum (BBSS) transmission systems or narrow band on/off keyed (OOK) transmission systems. BBSS systems provide improved data integrity performance with respect to data transmitted in harsh electrical environments, and often provide higher data throughput rates. OOK systems, on the other hand, are typically less expensive to implement. It should be understood, however, that the third fieldbus control network740 may be completely “hard wired” or partially wireless and partially hard wired.
• A remote,[0124]wireless interface device750 can be used by system operators, maintenance personnel, and the like to communicate directly with one or more case controllers such asBCMCC744. In one construction, theinterface device750 comprises an infrared transceiver that operates as a remote keypad for a display module associated with the case controller. Thus,interface device750 can be used to query case controllers to determine information such as current temperature or set point information or, optionally, to input set point data into case controllers. Such set point data can include, among other items, defrost schedules or temperature set point data. In the construction illustrated in FIG. 7, however,BCMCC744 receives its primary control inputs fromrack PLC720.
• In addition to the three field bus networks already described with respect to FIG. 7, the distributed[0125]intelligence control system700 also includes local and remote human-machine interface (HMI) devices. Aremote HMI device752 provides user access to system status information, which is transmitted to the remote HMI device vianetwork731. In one construction, theremote HMI device752 comprises a touch screen device, such as a TP170A device, available from Siemens (part no. 6AV6545-OBA15-2AX0). Similarly, alocal HMI device754 provides user access to system configuration data, system status data, diagnostic data, and the like. Thelocal HMI device754 communicates withrack PLC720, vianetwork731. In the construction illustrated in FIG. 7, thelocal HMI device754 comprises an LCD display with a membrane keyboard, such as an OP3 device, which is available from Siemens (part no. 6AV3503-1DB10). Additional details regarding constructions ofremote HMI device752 andlocal HMI device754 are provided in the Appendix.
• One of the advantages of using a distributed intelligence control system, such as the system of FIG. 7, is that such a system is generally easier to install than conventional systems, which typically require multiple runs of high power wiring between the rack and each remotely located controlled device, such as display cases, as well as separate wiring to/from each system sensor. For example, prior art systems typically require at least one additional separate wire, often a high power wire requiring compliance with particular standards, for each system element being controlled.[0126]
• In addition, the distributed intelligence control system is, in one construction, at least partially self-configuring. For example, each AS-i bus compatible device can generate its own unique identification (ID)/address. An AS-i master queries each device on the system, and that device tells the AS-i master its ID/address. For one example method of operation, each BCCSCM on[0127]control network716 would indicate to rackPLC720 that it is a compressor control module as well as its ID/address. In the event that a duplicate ID/address is generated, the AS-i master instructs the device to pick another value. Thus, as can now be appreciated, a complicated refrigeration control system can be installed with a reduced complexity in the installation process because persons installing the system need not concern themselves with all of the details associated with identifying and addressing each control module in the system.
• Likewise and in another construction, each distributed control module in system[0128]700 (e.g.,BCCSCM48,BCSBM724,BCVCM726,BCFCM736, and BCMCC744) includes processing capability, data storage capability, and provides configuration/set point mirroring, whereby the most recent system configuration and set point data for each module is stored in that module. Such configuration and set point data includes, for example, module ID/address information, control system set points (e.g., case temperature), defrost cycles, alarm history, and the like. Thus, ifrack PLC720 fails and needs to be reprogrammed or replaced, the entire system partially reconfigures itself and supplies the most recent configuration and set point data to the new/repaired rack PLC. Similarly, if communication withrack PLC720 is lost, each control module insystem70 can continue to attempt to maintain control by adhering to the most recent set points/schedules provided byrack PLC720. In this way, the integrity and history associated withsystem700 is maintained even whenrack PLC720 is replaced.
• More detailed methods of operation for configuring a[0129]refrigeration system700 will now be described in connection with FIGS. 7 and 17-22. When manufacturing or assembling a device or subsystem (e.g., an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, a refrigeration case, a system branch, etc.) the device manufacturer or assembler (collectively referred to below as manufacturer) couples the device or subsystem controller (e.g., the BCVCM(s)726, BCSBM(s)724, BCCSCM(s)48 and/or1500, BCFCM(s)736,BCMCC744, condenser PLC732) to the related device or subsystem. In addition, the device manufacture stores an identification code (e.g., model number, serial number, device type, etc.) for the device or subsystem (collectively referred to below as device) in the related device controller. As discussed in connection with FIG. 7, the device controllers are connected (either directly or indirectly) with the rack PLC720 (which is also referred to as the system controller). Before proceeding further, it should be noted that the rack PLC may also be referred to as thesystem controller720. However, unless specifically limited otherwise, other processing units can be used in place of or in combination with the rack PLC to perform one or more operations disclosed below.
• With reference to FIG. 7, the one or more technicians assemble the physical structure of the refrigeration system. After or concurrent with assembling the physical structure, the one or more technicians activate the[0130]rack PLC720 and thecomputer714. Among other initial operations performed by therack PLC720 and thecomputer714, therack PLC720 establishes a communication network with the devices of the refrigeration system and determines what devices are included with the refrigeration system. In general, therack PLC720 initiates one or more signals requesting the device controllers to identify themselves, and identify what devices are coupled to the device controllers (e.g., via the identification codes). Further, therack PLC720, with the help of the communication modules (e.g., thegateway interface714, AS-i masters722,734, etc.), establishes the protocols and addresses for communication in the refrigeration system.
• After establishing the communication network and the elements of the refrigeration system, the[0131]rack PLC720, with the assistance of thePC interface714, configures the refrigeration system by providing information (e.g., control and safety parameters, schedules, signals, etc.) to the device controllers. For example, therack PLC720 and/or thePC interface714 includes in memory the identification codes for various devices that can be attached to the refrigeration system. As a specific example, hundreds of compressor models can be used in the refrigeration system and, consequently, therack PLC720 and/or the PC interface includes in memory an identification code (e.g., model number) for each possible compressor. Associated with each identification code in memory are limits, equations, values, and other information used by the refrigeration system for operation. Further, databases may also be used for obtaining information based on combination of identification codes. Using the identification codes, the rack PLC acquire values, parameters (control and safety parameters), equations, limits, etc. from memory; perform calculations using the acquired information (e.g., calculate values or limits for the one or more parameters, create schedules, etc.); and acquire similar information from other processing units. The information received at the device controllers is used by the device controllers to locally operate (or control) the devices.
• The device controllers (e.g., the BCCSCM described earlier) can include one or more sensors that sense parameters identified by the[0132]rack PLC720. The sensed values are communicated via the established communication network to therack PLC720. The rack PLC uses the sensed parameters, stored information/data regarding the refrigeration system, and information stored at the rack PLC (or at other processing units such as the PC interface714) to operate (or control) the refrigeration system. Controlling the refrigeration system includes providing control signals and information to the device controllers for operating the devices.
• Referring now to Tables 1-4, the tables disclose what parameters are maintained at each module for one construction of the refrigeration system. Table 1 discloses the parameters maintained at the compressor control module.[0133]

  Compressor Module (BCCSCM) Configuration Data

  	Operating Parameter	Source
  	Compressor Model Number	Manufacture (User Input)
  	Suction Pressure Cut-In	System Controller
  	Suction Pressure Cut-Out	System Controller
  	Split Suction Assignment	System Controller
  	Discharge Pressure High Limit	System Controller
  	Discharge Temperature High Limit	System Controller
  	Motor Current Limit	System Controller
  	AS-i Address	Manufacture (User Input)
  	Compressor Type	System Controller
  	Number of Sensors	Internal Determination
  	Operating Voltage	System Controller
  	Oil Pressure Limit	System Controller
  	Oil Level Switch Enabled	Internal Determination
  	Motor Temp Limit	System Controller

• With reference to Table 1, the manufacturer of each compressor enters a compressor model number into the compressor control module. The compressor model number, when retrieved by the[0134]rack PLC720, identifies the respective compressor. Using the compressor model number, therack PLC720 can obtain related data for the compressor. For example, based on the compressor model number, therack PLC720 can obtain the specifications for the compressor, such as compressor manufacture, compressor type (e.g., scroll, screw, reciprocating, etc.), capacity, safety limits, etc. Also, as discussed above, therack PLC720 communicates one or more operating parameters to the compressor control module. The parameters provided from therack PLC720 to the compressor control module are identified in column two of Table 1 as “System Controller.” Other parameters may be communicated from the system controller to the control module and not all parameters are required for the control module in all constructions.
• Referring again to Table 1, some of the parameters are established or calculated by the compressor control module. For example, the “number of sensors” parameter is an internal calculation performed by the compressor control module. For example and in one construction, the compressor control module polls for sensors connected to the module. Based on the response, the compressor module can determine how many sensors are connected to the module.[0135]
• The oil level switch enabled parameter is also an internal determination for the construction shown in Table 1. For some compressor types (e.g., scroll compressors), an oil level switch is used to control the oil level of the compressor. The compressor module performs an internal determination whether an oil level switch is attached and enabled.[0136]
• Referring again to Table 1, the parameter “AS-i Address” is identified as a manufacturer or user input. The AS-i address parameter is used by the network for promoting communication between the system controller and the respective compressor module. The system controller can subsequently modify the AS-i address parameter to allow for automatic addressing of the attached device.[0137]

  Table 2, System Module (BCSBM) Configuration Data, discloses

  the parameters maintained at the system branch control module for

  one construction of the refrigeration system.

  System Branch Module (BCSBM) Configuration Data

  Operating Parameter	Source
  Case Model Number	Manufacture (User Input)
  Defrost Schedule	System Controller
  Discharge Air Temp Set Point	System Controller
  Defrost Type	System Controller
  Number of Defrosts per Day	System Controller
  Discharge Air Temperature High Limit	System Controller
  Defrost Termination Temperature	System Controller
  AS-i Address	Manufacture (User Input)
  Time and Date	System Controller

• Similar to what was discussed above for the compressor control module, the manufacture of each system branch control module enters a case model number into the control module. The case module number identifies the respective case model to the[0138]rack PLC720. Using the case model number, therack PLC720 obtains information relating to the case and the system branch. Also, as discussed earlier, therack PLC720 communicates one or more operating parameters to the system branch control module. The parameters provided from therack PLC720 to the system branch control module are identified in column two of Table 2 as “System Controller.” This information can be maintained at the system controller and at the individual modules. Other parameters may be communicated from therack PLC720 to the system branch control module and not all parameters are required for the system branch control module in all constructions. It is also envisioned that the identifying model number can be assigned by installation or service personnel via the system controller for field replacement of a failed device.
• Referring again to Table 2, the parameter “AS-i Address” is identified as a manufacturer or user input. The AS-i address parameter is used by the network for promoting communication between the system controller and the respective system branch control module. The system controller can subsequently modify the AS-i address parameter to allow for automatic addressing of the attached device.[0139]

  Table 3, Valve Module (BCVCM) Configuration Data, discloses

  the parameters maintained at the valve control module for

  one construction of the refrigeration system.

  Valve Module (BCVCM) Configuration Data

  Operating Parameter	Source
  Valve Model Number/Application Code	Manufacture (User Input)
  Number of Steps	Internal Determination
  Failsafe Position	System Controller
  AS-i Address	Manufacture (User Input)

• The manufacture of each valve enters a valve model number/application code into the valve control module. The valve model number identifies the respective valve attached to the valve control module. Using the valve model number, the system controller can obtain information relating to the valve. The parameter(s) provided from the system controller to the valve control module includes the failsafe position parameter for the valve. This parameter can be maintained at the system controller and at the individual modules. Other parameters may be communicated from the[0140]rack PLC720 to the valve control module and not all parameters are required for the valve control module in all constructions.
• Referring again to Table 3, the parameter “AS-i Address” is identified as a manufacturer or user input. The AS-i address parameter is used by the network for promoting communication between the system controller and the respective system branch control module. The system controller can subsequently modify the AS-i address parameter to allow for automatic addressing of the attached device.[0141]
• Additionally, the “number of steps” parameter is a parameter established by the valve control module. For example, the “number of steps” parameter is an internal calculation performed by operating a stepper motor attached to the valve and determining the number of steps performed by the stepper motor.[0142]

  Table 4, Case Control Module (BCMCC) Configuration Data,

  discloses the parameters maintained at the system

  branch control module for one construction

  of the refrigeration system.

  Case Control Module (BCMCC) Configuration Data

  Operating Parameter	Source
  Case Model Number	Manufacture (User Input)
  Defrost Schedule	System Controller
  Discharge Air Temp Set Point	System Controller
  Defrost Type	System Controller
  Number of Defrosts per Day	System Controller
  Discharge Air Temperature High Limit	System Controller
  Defrost Termination Temp	System Controller
  Network Address	Manufacture (User Input)
  Number of Sensors	Internal Determination
  EEPR Attached Y/N	Internal Determination
  Number of Steps	Internal Determination
  Failsafe EEPR Position	System Controller
  Time and Date	System Controller

• The manufacture of each case enters a case model number into the respective BCMCC. The case module number identifies the case model attached to the case control module. Using the case model number, the[0143]rack PLC720 can obtain information relating to the case. For example, based on the case module number, the system controller can obtain the specifications for the case. Therack PLC720 communicates one or more operating parameters to the case control module. Additionally, therack PLC720 can create and provide one or more schedules to the case control module. The parameters provided from therack PLC720 to the case control module are identified in column two as “System Controller.” Other parameters may be communicated from therack PLC720 to the case control module and not all parameters are required for the case control module in all constructions.
• Referring again to Table 4, some of the parameters are established or calculated by the case control module. For example, the “number of sensors” parameter is an internal calculation performed by the case control module. For example and in one construction, the case control module polls for sensors connected to the module. Based on the response, the case control module can determine how many sensors are connected to the module. Other parameters determined internally at the control module include the parameters: “EEPR attached Y/N” and “number of steps.” For the “EEPR Attached Y/N” parameter, the case control module polls whether an EEPR is attached to the case control module. The “number of steps” parameter is an internal calculation to determine the number of steps an attached stepper motor includes. This calculation is performed if the case includes an EEPR.[0144]
• Referring again to Table 4, the parameter “Network Address” is identified as a manufacturer or user input. It should be noted that, for the construction shown in FIG. 7, the case control module communicates with the system controller, via the PC interface, on a RS-485 network using a modbus protocol. Therefore the network address is not an AS-i address.[0145]
• With reference to FIG. 7, the fan control module (BCFCM) is a controller that activates/deactivates an attached fan. A table of the parameters for the fan control module is not provided because, for the construction shown, the BCFCM only activates or deactivates the fan. However, the[0146]rack PLC720 communicates with the fan control module via the condenser slave module and AS-i master as shown in FIG. 7 and as described above. Therefore, address information is still communicated with therack PLC720 based on the principals described herein.
• FIGS.[0147]17-21 include five tables that represent the information communicated to and from therack PLC720. The table1700 (FIG. 17) includes parameters associated with rack data. The table1800 (FIG. 18) includes parameters associated with suction group data. The table1900 (FIG. 19) includes parameters associated with compressor data. The parameters in table1900 are repeated for each compressor of the refrigeration system. The table2000 (FIG. 20) includes parameters associated with system data. The parameters in table2000 are repeated for each system branch of the refrigeration system. The table in FIG. 2100 (FIG. 21) includes parameters associated with condenser data.
• As discussed earlier, before the refrigeration system (e.g., system[0148]700) can operate, the network needs to map (or identify) the components of the system before the components can communicate among themselves. That is, the addressing system for the components of the network needs to be in place before communication among the network can occur. Therack PLC720 and/or thePC interface714 initiate call signals or requests to determine what elements make up the communication network.
• For example, the[0149]rack PLC720 commands the attached AS-i master722 to scan what is attached to the AS-i master722. In response to call signals initiated by the AS-i master, each compressor control module48 (or1500),system branch module724, andvalve module726 responds by communicating respective addresses to the AS-i master. Based on the result, the AS-i master722 informs therack PLC720 how many modules are attached to the AS-i master722 and provides addresses to therack PLC720 allowing therack PLC720 to communicate with the control modules via the AS-i master722. Similarly, therack PLC720 and/orPC interface714 obtains addressing information from thecondenser slave controller732, and third party controls724 and748. Additionally, therack PLC720 and/orPC interface714 can obtain addressing information from thelocal HMI754,remote HMI752,wireless hub713,local workstation704,local network server702,remote workstation706, etc. Therack PLC720 can then build a map of therefrigeration system700 as a result of this information.
• Once the communications network is established, the[0150]rack PLC720 begins developingrefrigeration system700. In general, parameter information is communicated among components of the system, resulting in therack PLC720 configuring the system. Therack PLC720 requests a module to identify the component (e.g., compressor, case, valve, condenser) attached to the module. For example, each component can provide a model or ID number identify the respective component. In response to receiving the information, therack PLC720 obtains information stored from memory. The information includes safety information, which is selectively shared with the appropriate module(s). The information also includes operation information (control parameters, schedules, etc.), which is also selectively communicated to the appropriate module(s). Further discussion about what how information is obtained, where information is communicated, and where information is stored is discussed in connection with FIG. 17-21.
• With reference to tables[0151]1700,1800,1900,2000, and2100, the first column in each table1700-2100 relates the parameters associated with each data group. The second column of each tables1700-2100 indicates the original source of the related parameter. The different types of original sources include an operator entering the data for the associated parameter (referred to as “operator input”), a network query from the system controller to a networked device (referred to as “network query”), a parameter received from a control module (referred to as “BCVCM,” “BCSBM,” “BCCSCM,” “BCMCC,” or “BCFCM”), a parameter calculated using one or more pieces of information already obtained (referred to as “calculated”), and a parameter obtained from memory (referred to as “case database” or a variation thereof). For example, the “rack name” parameter of the rack data table1700 identifies the operator as providing the necessary information. The “number of systems (n)” parameter of the rack data table1700 is obtained by therack PLC720 performing a network query to determine the number of branch systems attached to therack PLC720. The “main liquid valve type” parameter of the rack data table1700 is obtained from thevalve control module726. The “suction pressure set point” parameter of the suction group data table1800 is a calculated parameter based on refrigerant type and case discharge air set point. Equations known to one skilled in the art can be used to calculate the suction pressure set point. The “operating current data” parameter of the compressor data table1900 is obtained from a database stored at thePC interface714. Other parameters within the tables1700-2100 are obtained using similar methods.
• The data and/or information for each parameter is obtained sequentially and is obtained in approximately the order as shown in FIGS.[0152]17-21. However, as also discussed, the order of obtaining the information can vary. Regardless of the order, tables1700-2100 identify the parameters communicated to and from therack PLC720 for one configuration of therefrigeration system700.
• The third and fourth columns[0153]1700-2100 identify whether the parameter is manually entered or automatically obtained.
• The fifth column identifies where each parameter is stored, and identifies from where the parameter is initiated and to where the parameter is communicated. As used within tables[0154]1700-2100, the symbol “C” identifies the parameter being stored at thePC interface714. The symbol “P” identifies the parameter being stored at therack PLC720. The symbol “M” identifies the letter being stored at a device control module. The symbol “AM” identifies the parameter being stored at the AS-i master722. The symbols “>” and “<” identify the flow of the communication (i.e., “source >destination” and from “destination<source”).
• For example, the “rack name” parameter of table[0155]1700 is maintained at both thePC interface714 and therack PLC720. Additionally, the rack name is originally entered at either thePC interface714 or thesystem controller720, and is subsequently communicated to the other processing units.
• For another example, the “compressor model number” parameter originates at the compressor control module[0156]48 (or1500) and is communicated to therack PLC720. From the rack PLC, the compressor model number is communicated from therack PLC720 to thePC interface714.
• For yet another example, the “number of systems (n) parameter” parameter is obtained during a network query, and is communicated from the AS-[0157]i master722 to either thePC interface714 or therack PLC720 and then is shared to both thePC interface714 and therack PLC720. Other parameters of tables1700-2100 are communicated similarly. Before proceeding further, it should be noted that the tables1700-2100 present one construction for the refrigeration system. The parameters used, the source of the parameters, how the information is obtained for each parameter, the storage location for each parameter, and how a parameter is calculated (if necessary) can vary for other constructions. Moreover, it is envisioned that not all of the parameter shown in tables1700-2100 may be used and other parameters can be added. Also and as discussed earlier, while therack PLC720 andPC interface714 are shown as separate components, it is envisioned that these components and/or functions performed by these components can be combined or divided differently. Therefore, other constructions of the refrigeration system can affect the tables1700-2100.
• The last column of each table[0158]1700-2100 identifies the parameters necessary for calculating a value or limit.
• Once the[0159]refrigeration system700 is configured, the system can begin operation. Of course, one or more subsystems can begin operation (before operation of the refrigeration system as a whole) as the necessary information for operating the subsystem(s) is obtained at the subsystem(s). Once operation of therefrigeration system700 begins, the system can perform a subsequent configuration. Reasons for a subsequent configuration include an alarm resulting in the deactivation of a device or subsystem, the operator changing the refrigeration system (e.g., adding a component such as adding a compressor), and the refrigeration performing a periodic update or review.
• For example, if a compressor[0160]14 is added or removed from thesystem700, the operator can inform the rack PLC (e.g., via the PC interface714) to perform a new configuration for the whole system. Alternatively, the operator can have the system controller update the existing configuration in view of the added component. As another example, the system can perform all of or a portion of the configuration process as part of a periodic maintenance program.
• As yet another example, the system can perform all of or a portion of the configuration process when an alarm is detected at the component level. For example, the device controllers receive the safety parameters for the device. When a sensed value of a safety parameter is outside of a sensed limit, the device controller generates an alarm and deactivates the device. The alarm, the parameter causing the alarm, the value of the parameter, and the time and date of the alarm is communicated to the rack PLC. Upon receiving the alarm, the[0161]rack PLC720 can perform all or a portion of the configuration process to update the system in view of the alarm. For example, if a compressor control module48 (or1500) detects an alarm condition, therack PLC720 can reconfigure the run pattern of the compressors14 (discussed earlier) in view of the deactivation of the faulty compressor. Other aspects of the refrigeration system can be reconfigured when an alarm is generated by a device. That is, depending on the location of the error, therack PLC720 will reconfigure the appropriate operation for the component, related components, and/or related subsystems (generally referred to as applicable components), which relate to the alarm.
• In another example, when a component does fail and require replacement, the replacement of the component may result in a new or different device controller being added to the system. The system controller identifies that a device controller has been removed and identifies a new controller has been installed. The new device controller may be the same type as the replaced controller. If the new component/controller is the same as the replaced component/controller, then the new device controller can be configured the same as the old controller. If the new/component controller is different than the replaced/component controller, then the system controller can reconfigure the portion of the refrigeration system including the new device controller. Additionally, the system controller can modify the control parameters of other modules/components to preempt a trending condition that could cause alarm in a single offending module.[0162]
• Before proceeding further, it is envisioned that in one construction of the refrigeration system, the[0163]rack PLC720 can detect the likelihood of an alarm not yet detected at the component level using data acquired from multiple systems. More specifically, therack PLC720 obtains acquired data from multiple devices. Based on acquired data from a first device, therack PLC720 can speculate eventual damage to a second device. Therack PLC720 can generate an alarm condition resulting in the deactivation of the first and/or second device, reconfigure the refrigeration system, and communicate the alarm to the high-level devices.
• It should also be noted that while operations of the system are described above, the order of operation could vary. That is, the refrigeration system is a complex system having many parameters (or variables), components, subsystems, etc. Because of the flexibility of the distributed system, a skilled artisan in the field of refrigeration can vary when various operations discussed herein are performed. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the order of operations discussed herein.[0164]
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of aspects of the integrated distributed intelligence control system of FIG. 7. FIG. 8 illustrates the use of wireless interfaces between the first field[0165]bus control network716, the second fieldbus control network730, and the third fieldbus control network740. Further, FIG. 8 illustrates locating one or more case controllers (e.g., BCMCC802) remote fromcommunication bus741. Finally, FIG. 8 also illustrates locating additional valve controllers (e.g.,BCVCM804,806) oncommunication bus741 and remotely.
• In the partially wireless system depicted in FIG. 8, an MPI compatible RF interface is used to facilitate communications between[0166]rack PLC720 andcondenser PLC732, and betweenrack PLC720 andremote HMI752. More particularly, rackPLC720 communicates via a wire-basedMPI interface731 with a first MPIcompatible RF transceiver810. It is believed that DECT compliant devices (e.g., DECT Engine MD32), available from Siemens, can be used to facilitate an MPI compatible wireless interface. A second MPIcompatible RF transceiver812 is associated withcondenser PLC732. Similarly, a third MPIcompatible RF transceiver814 is associated withremote HMI752.
• As explained above with regard to FIG. 7, it is preferable in some constructions to use a LonWorks® compatible bus system for the third[0167]field bus network740. This is because such compatibility is believed to facilitate connectivity and interoperability with third party controls746 and748. Further, such a bus typically enjoys a range (i.e., the reliable length of the bus) that exceeds the recommended range of the AS-i standard. Accordingly, in the construction illustrated in FIG. 8, LonWorks® compatible RF interfaces818,820, and822 are used for communications betweenrack PLC720, remote case controller802 (BCMCC802) and remote valve controller806 (BCVCM806). More particularly, the RF interfaces818,820, and822 comprise narrow band RF transceivers, such as RF to Twisted Pair Routers for LonWorks® (also referred to as an RF/TP-49 Router).
• As can now be appreciated from the constructions illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8,[0168]rack PLC720 operates as a master device and communicates with various slave control devices via a plurality of network interfaces. For example,rack PLC720 communicates with local device-level controllers (BCSBM724, BCCSCM48 (or1500), and BCVCM726) via local AS-i bus728.Rack PLC720 communicates withcondenser PLC732 to control fan controller (BCFCM736) and fan(s)830 via an MPI compatible RF interface comprising a hardwired MPI interface731 betweenrack PLC720,local RF interface810, andremote RF interface812.Rack PLC720 communicates withcase controllers BCMCC744 and802 viacommunication bus741, and a wireless link established betweenRF interfaces818 and820. Likewise, rackPLC720 communicates withvalve controllers BCVCM804 and806 viacommunication bus741, and a wireless link established betweenRF interfaces818 and822.
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a bus compatible refrigeration[0169]branch control system900, suitable for use as part of a refrigeration system, including the systems depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8. A refrigeration branch includes a number of refrigeration units (e.g., display cases, cold storage rooms, and the like) sharing a common closed-loop refrigeration control path. As illustrated construction of FIG. 9, the refrigerationbranch control system900 includes a Bus Compatible SystemBranch Module BCSBM724, which is constructed and arranged for communication withrack PLC720 via field bus control network728 (e.g., a local AS-i bus). It should be understood that multiple BCSBMs could be employed in a refrigeration system having multiple refrigeration branches. For convenience, the operation of one construction of a bus compatible refrigeration branch control system (e.g., system900) will be described with respect to a system having only a single refrigeration branch. It is also to be understood that the disclosure herein may be scaled to accommodate systems employing multiple refrigeration branches. The Appendix hereto identifies one hardware configuration for a BCSBM. Briefly stated, for the construction shown, the BCSBM comprises a processing capability and a data storage capability.
• [0170]BCSBM724 effects branch control by controlling the operation of a plurality of solid-state relay devices (SSRs). Such SSRs may include, for example, asuction stop SSR902, aliquid line SSR904, and agas defrost SSR906. In the construction illustrated in FIG. 9,BCSBM724 individually controls each of theSSRs902,904, and906. For example,BCSBM724 controls thesuction stop SSR902 via a firstdefrost control signal910. Similarly,BCSBM724 controls theliquid line SSR904 via a temperature/refrigeration control signal912.BCSBM724 also controls thedefrost SSR906 via a seconddefrost control signal914. In one construction, each of thesecontrol signals910,912, and914 comprises an on/off signal, directing the associated SSR to be either open circuited (non-conducting) or close circuited (conducting). It should be understood that each of theSSRs902,904, and906 is connected to an associated control valve (valves not shown) such that when thecorresponding control signal910,912, or914 is asserted, the SSR conducts and the associated control valve is opened or closed, as appropriate. Finally,BCSBM724 controls an electronic evaporator pressure regulator valve (EEPR valve)920 associated with the refrigeration branch via acontrol line922. Of course, other devices can be used in place of the SSRs.
• Advantageously, the[0171]BCSBM724 provides for distributed control of refrigeration and defrost cycles of an associated refrigeration branch. For example, in one construction, temperature control for a branch is achieved by positioning the associatedEEPR valve920. Case/fixture temperature(s) (e.g., discharge air temperature) is/are provided to rackPLC720 by a bus compatible modular case control subsystem (e.g.,BCMCC744, which is described in greater detail below with respect to FIGS.11-13). As such, the system does not require wiring a separate, additional temperature sensor for branch control because existing temperature data is made available toBCSBM724 viaBCMCC744 andrack PLC720. Based on the provided temperature information,rack PLC720 transmits the desired set point toBCSBM724 over localfield bus network728.BCSBM724 then drivesEEPR valve920 to the desired setting viacontrol line922. In another construction, case temperature, door open/close, and defrost termination inputs are added to theBCSBM724. This allows for operation of branch systems without the need of feedback from theBCMCC744.
• [0172]BCSBM724 can also affect a degree of temperature control by cycling the liquid line solenoid via theliquid line SSR904. In this regard,rack PLC720, in one construction, receives discharge air temperature readings from one or more display cases being cooled by the refrigeration branch. Such temperature information originates from one or more bus compatible modular case controllers, as described below. Based on the received temperature information,rack PLC720 provides liquid line commands to BCSBM724 over localfield bus network728.BCSBM724 thereafter cyclesliquid line SSR906 via temperature/refrigeration control line912.
• In another construction, case temperature, door open/close, and defrost termination inputs are added to the[0173]BCSBM724. This allows for operation of branch systems without the need of feedback from the BCMCC.
• Referring still to FIG. 9,[0174]BCSBM724 can also be used for defrosting an evaporator coil associated with the refrigeration branch. For example, in one construction,rack PLC720 determines the defrost scheduling for each branch. When a particular branch is scheduled to commence a defrost cycle,rack PLC720 instructsBCSBM724 to begin the defrost cycle.BCSBM724 thereafter drives the firstdefrost control line910 to cause thesuction stop SSR902 to operate the suction stop solenoid so as to cut off the refrigeration cycle. At or about the same time,BCSBM724 also drives the seconddefrost control line914 to cause thegas defrost SSR906 to open a gas defrost solenoid that allows a gas (e.g., hot gas) to flow through the evaporator coil and through a check valve associated with the liquid line solenoid—in effect, operating the system in reverse. It is to be understood that the use of a hot gas defrost cycle reflects an exemplary construction only; the system can be employed with cool gas defrosting, electric defrosting, and other known methods of defrosting. When the defrost cycle is complete (which may be determined on the basis of time or temperature or other criteria),rack PLC720 sends an appropriate message toBCSBM724 to terminate the defrost cycle and begin a new refrigeration cycle.
• At the end of a defrost cycle, it may be desirable to initiate a drip cycle in which condensate on the coil is allowed to drip off and flow out through a drain. If a drip cycle desired,[0175]rack PLC720 sends an appropriate command toBCSBM724 at the end of the defrost cycle. Rather than start a new refrigeration cycle, however,BCSBM724 removes the second defrost control signal914 thereby causing thegas defrost SSR902 to open the gas defrost solenoid, whileBCSBM724 continues to apply the first defrost control signal910 and maintain the suction stop solenoid in the closed position, viasuction stop SSR902. This continues until the drip cycle terminates.
• Similarly, when a fixture/case associated with the refrigeration branch is being cleaned or subject to a maintenance action, it is not normally desirable to operate a refrigeration cycle. Therefore, in such a mode,[0176]rack PLC720 sends a command toBCSBM724, which causessuction stop SSR902 to close the suction stop solenoid.
• Referring still to FIG. 9, modular[0177]branch control system900 provides, in one construction, a degree of back-up capability, thereby improving overall system robustness, should one or more components fail. For example, if communication withrack PLC720 is lost,BCSBM724 is constructed and configured so that it maintains the recent refrigeration and defrost set point and cycle information. Thus, the refrigeration branch remains operable despite the loss of communications withrack PLC720. Also, when multiple branch control modules are employed to control multiple refrigeration branches, it is preferable that only one branch be in a defrost cycle at any given time. Normally, this scheduling is coordinated byrack PLC720. In the event that communications withrack PLC720 are lost, however, each branch controller preferably continue to operate on its prior schedule so that the defrost cycles continue to run at non-overlapping times, despite the loss of communications withrack PLC720.
• Similarly, if the temperature associated with one or more display cases in the branch is being controlled by a local case controller (e.g., a BCMCC as illustrated in FIG. 11) and that local case controller fails,[0178]BCSBM724 can maintain a degree of temperature control by cyclingliquid line SSR904, in a manner similar to that described above.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a commercial refrigeration system that is compatible with the systems depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8, including multiple bus compatible valve controllers. The commercial refrigeration system illustrated in FIG. 10 includes one or more Bus Compatible Valve Control Modules (BCVCMs)[0179]726,804, and806.
• Each of the[0180]BCVCMs726,804, and806 is constructed and arranged, in one configuration, to control an electronically controlled valve associated with the commercial refrigeration system. For a more specific construction, each BCVCM is constructed to receive at least one valve position signal and provide at least one valve drive signal. In one construction, each BCVCM provides a stepper drive output for driving a stepper-motor controlled valve. It is to be understood, however, that the system can be modified for use with other types of valves, such as solenoid controlled valves. A non-exhaustive list of the types of refrigeration system valves that may be controlled in accordance with the distributed intelligence control system include, for example, heat reclaim valves, electronic evaporator pressure regulator valves (e.g., EEPR valves using a stepper-motor rather than a solenoid valve), flooding valves, main liquid pressure reduction valves, receiver pressure regulator valves, surge receiver control valves, split condenser valves, defrost control valves, secondary cooling control valves, oil control and separation valves, and electronic expansion valves (e.g., in a display fixture or a subcooler). Other examples of systems and valves adapted to be controlled by the system may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,343,375, 4,478,050, 4,503,685, 4,506,523, 5,440,894, 5,743,102, 5,921,092, and 6,067,482, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Appendix hereto identifies one hardware configuration for a BCVCM.
• The[0181]first BCVCM726 will be used here as an example. As illustrated in FIG. 10,BCVCM726 is configured to control an electronic expansion valve associated with a subcooler in a low temperature refrigeration branch. Those skilled in the art will recognize that subcoolers may be used to improve system efficiency by helping to shift some of the total system load from low temperature branches to medium or high temperature compressors.First BCVCM726 communicates directly withrack PLC720 via field bus control network728 (e.g., a local AS-i bus) to control the operation of a first electronically controlledvalve1002. Thefirst BCVCM726 determines the position of the first electronically controlledvalve1002. This step is illustrated schematically as a line1004 (see alsolines1014 and1024). In one construction, no physical valve position feedback lines are required. Rather, each electronically controlled valve (e.g., valve1002) is a stepper-motor controlled valve. The associated BCVCM determines valve position by keeping track of the number of steps the stepper motor has moved relative to a known reference point (i.e., zero point). In order to maintain control, the BCVCM periodically calibrates the valve position by temporarily returning to the reference point and moves the valve to the last commanded position (step) relative to the reference point. With the current position of the valve known,first BCVCM726 provides the valve position information to rackPLC720 viacontrol network728. Similarly, rackPLC720 provides a desired valve position signal tofirst BCVCM726 viacontrol network728. Upon receipt of the desired position information,first BCVCM726 provides a valve drive signal to the first electronically controlledvalve1002, vialine1006, to position the valve in the desired position.
• The operation and control of the[0182]second BCVCM804, asecond valve1012, andlines1014 and1016 is substantially similar to the operation of thefirst BCVCM726. Thesecond BCVCM804 illustrated in FIG. 10, however, is not located on fieldbus control network728. Rather,BCVCM804 is located at a position sufficiently remote fromrack PLC720 to require a different bus, such as field control bus741 (e.g., a LonWorks®/Echelon bus). Likewise, thethird BCVCM806 operates substantially similarly to the first andsecond BCVCMs726 and804, except thatBCVCM806 communicates withrack PLC720 via a wireless RF interface (as also illustrated in FIG. 8).
• As can now be appreciated, employing valve controllers such as[0183]BCVCMs726,804, and806 facilitates distributed control of the total refrigeration system and minimizes the amount of high power wiring required to provide integrated control of a plurality of system valves.
• It should be understood that while FIG. 10 illustrates a system having three BCVCMs-[0184]BCVCM726 located on a local AS-i bus,BCVCM804 located on bus having a relatively longer distance capability (e.g., control bus741), andBCVCM806 located on an RF compatible bus-the system is not limited to such an arrangement. Rather, a BCVCM may be used with each motor-driven valve requiring independent monitoring and control. Examples of such motor driven valves are provided in the Appendix.
• FIG. 10A is an exemplary schematic of a construction related to peer-to-peer control/communication. More particularly, FIG. 10A illustrates peer-to-peer communications between a case controller configured as a fixture/display monitor (e.g.,[0185]BCMCC744; see also FIGS.11-13) and a valve controller configured to control an evaporator valve associated with a subcooler on a low temperature refrigeration branch. A liquid temperature probe (e.g., digital case sensor1102) is installed at the inlet to each expansion valve or, alternatively, at the liquid line inlet to each case/fixture lineup (not shown). The liquid line probe provides digital temperature data to the case controller (BCMCC744), which provides the temperature data to rackPLC720.Rack PLC720 supplies an evaporator valve control command to the valve controller (BCVCM726) which causes the valve controller to drivevalve1002 to the desired position. Alternatively, the valve controller can be programmed to determine the correct position ofvalve1002 based on temperature data passed to it bycase controller744, viarack PLC720.
• FIGS.[0186]11-13 are block diagrams of aspects of a commercial refrigeration system according to FIGS. 7 and 8, including various system configurations providing bus compatible modular case monitoring and/or control. Briefly stated, FIG. 11 illustrates a system using bus compatible modular case controller (e.g.,BCMCCs744 and802) to provide case monitoring and control functions for a plurality of refrigeration display cases (not shown in FIG. 11). Similarly, FIG. 12 illustrates a modularcase control system1200 configured to provide case monitoring information for use by a system controller, such as, rackPLC720, or third party controller746 (FIG. 7). Finally, FIG. 13 illustrates the use of a modularcase control system1300 to provide branch control for a plurality of display cases comprising a refrigeration branch.
• Referring now to FIG. 11, a[0187]first BCMCC744 is constructed and arranged to communicate withrack PLC720 via control bus741 (e.g., a LonWorks®/Echelon bus as shown in FIG. 7). Asecond BCMCC802 is constructed and arranged to communicate withrack PLC720 via a wireless RF interface (see also FIG. 8). It should be understood that FIG. 11 is provided for exemplary purposes only; a given commercial refrigeration installation may include one or a plurality of BCMCCs, each having either a hard wired or wireless interface with a controller such asrack PLC720 orthird party controller746.
• Each BCMCC, in one construction, comprises a control unit (also referred to as a control module) and, possibly, one or more display units (also referred to as display modules). The control unit is responsible for network communications (e.g.,[0188]control unit744A communicates withrack PLC720 via control bus741). The control unit also includes a stepper drive output for controlling an EEPR valve. The display unit receives sensor data from one or more associated sensors and controls the power switching of various fans, anti-sweat heaters, lights, and defrost heaters via an associated power switching module. As will be made clear by reference to FIGS. 12 and 13 below, one control unit can control multiple display units via a serial link. For example, in one construction, one control unit is capable of interfacing with up to eight distinct display units. Thus, although FIG. 11 illustrates a configuration having one display unit per control unit, such a configuration is not required by the refrigeration system. Each control unit and display unit, in one construction, includes a data processing capability, as well as a data storage capability.
• Using[0189]BCMCC744 as an example, adisplay unit744A receives temperature information from one or moredigital case sensors1102. In one construction, thedigital case sensors1102 are constructed such that they are individually addressed and provide case temperature data toBCMCC744 in digital form over asingle wire harness1103. For example, a plurality ofdigital case sensors1102 provide digital temperature data with respect to each display case controlled byBCMCC744. It is to be appreciated that one or moredigital case sensors1102 may be used with each case.Display unit744B provides the digital temperature data to controlunit744A.Control unit744A supplies the temperature data to rackPLC720 viacontrol bus741.Rack PLC720 uses the temperature data, along with other system information, to determine appropriate display case control activities. Further, based on system data, including this temperature data,rack PLC720 determines an appropriate set point. The desired set point is transmitted to controlunit744A, which adjusts theEEPR valve1104 accordingly.Rack PLC720 also determines when a particular case requires a defrost action, fan control action, or lighting action. Using case lighting as an example,rack PLC720 preferably determines when a particular case is to be illuminated and provides an appropriate command to controlunit744A, which relays the command to displayunit744B.Display unit744B asserts a signal online1116 to cause a power switching module1106 (also referred to as a power module) to activate the light(s) of the associated case(s). Similar control actions are taken for defrost cycling (via line1112) and fan control (via line1114). Anti-sweat control actions (e.g., for anti-sweat heaters associated with display fixtures having reach-in doors) are also accommodated by the display unit and power switching module. It is noted, however, that many newer display fixtures do not require complicated anti-sweat controls.
• Advantageously, each power module (e.g., power module[0190]1106) can also serve as a local source of power for each BCMCC (including both the control module and the display module). For example, local AC power (not shown) is supplied toBCMCC744.Power module1106 converts the local AC power to DC power for use byBCMCC744. Accordingly, the only wiring used to interface between a BCMCC with other devices in the control system (e.g., rack PLC720) is relatively low power signal wire, some of which may be replaced by wireless interfaces, as explained herein.
• When a BCMCC (e.g., BCMCC[0191]744) is configured to control the power switching of display case activities (e.g., anti-sweat, defrost, fan, or lights), a separate power module (e.g., power module1106) is, in one construction, provided with each display unit, as shown in FIG. 11. If, however, a BCMCC is not used to control power switching of display case activities, only a single power module is used for each control unit associated with the particular BCMCC. This aspect of the system is illustrated in greater detail with respect to FIGS. 12 and 13 below.
• Although in the constructions illustrated in FIGS. 7, 8, and[0192]11 each BCMCC is ultimately controlled by a master controller (e.g., rack PLC720), one or more BCMCCs in a given refrigeration control system can optionally be configured for peer-to-peer control/communication. Hence, multiple BCMCCs can share temperature data, time data, defrost scheduling data, and the like to improve system efficiency. For example, by sharing information regarding defrost timing, each BCMCC on a given circuit can wait until all displays finish defrosting before starting a refrigeration cycle. By sharing information, such as current defrost status information, each BCMCC is capable of initiating coordinated defrost cycles to maintain minimum refrigeration load requirements and/or ensure sufficient defrost gas (for gas defrost systems).
• Advantageously, using the present modular case control system also improves total system fault tolerance. In the event of a network failure, such as the loss of communications with[0193]rack PLC720, each BCMCC is, in one construction, configured to revert to an internal schedule and attempt to provide temperature control by determining the appropriate setting of its corresponding EEPR valve. UsingBCMCC744 of FIG. 11 to illustrate this aspect, if communication withrack PLC720 is lost,BCMCC744 attempts to maintain display case(s) temperature at the most recent set point by internally determining a desired setting forEEPR valve1104. Similarly,display unit744B continues to provide power switching control for display case activities on an internally derived schedule.
• An interface device[0194]750 (e.g., a wireless device using an IR interface) supplies a capability to read and set case/fixture specific data. As described above with respect to FIG. 7,interface device750 comprises a remote keypad for use withdisplay unit744B to access temperature data and/or to input set point data. Thus, it is possible to input and monitor set point data and other data associated with a display case using a BCMCC without the use of a master system controller, such asrack PLC720. It should be understood, however, that when a master controller is present, such controller would preferably override any user set points entered viainterface device750.
• Optionally, each display unit (e.g.,[0195]display unit744B) can receive one or more general purpose switch inputs. For example, a door open/closed input1150 can be supplied todisplay unit744B when the display unit is used with a walk-in freezer.Display unit744B could use the door open/closed input1150 as an indication to turn off the fan(s) (vialine1114 and power switching module1106) whenever the door is open. Likewise, if door open/closed input1150 may be used to set an alarm condition, including an audible alarm, if a door is left open longer than a threshold time (e.g.,5 minutes). Other possible switch inputs include a defrost temperature probe (not shown) that provides a discrete switch signal at a preset temperature, indicating that a defrost cycle may be terminated.
• Referring still to FIG. 11, the operation of[0196]BCMCC802 is substantially similar to that ofBCMCC744. The primary difference betweenBCMCC744 andBCMCC802 is that the latter illustrates the possibility of using a wireless RF interface for communications betweenrack PLC720 andBCMCC802.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the use of a modular case control system (BCMCC[0197]1200) configured to provide fixture/case monitoring capabilities, but not case control capabilities. In describing FIG. 12, other advantageous aspects of modular case monitoring and control using a BCMCC will become apparent. TheBCMCC1200 is arranged to receive sensor data from a plurality of digital case sensors (1205,1207, and1209) via a plurality of display units (e.g.,display units1204,1206, and1208) over a common digital data transmission channel/line1212. Such sensor data, in one construction, comprises digital temperature data, as described above with regard to FIG. 11. Asingle power module1210, provides power to asingle control unit1202, as well as to all associated display units (1204,1206, and1208) and the sensors (1205,1207, and1209). Each display unit associated withBCMCC1200 provides the sensor data to thecontrol unit1202. Thus, only one control unit is needed to interface with a plurality of display units in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 11. Thecontrol unit1202 supplies the sensor data received from the display units to rackPLC720 or, alternatively, a third party controller (e.g.,third party control746 of FIG. 7).Rack PLC720 can use this information to control, among other things, a compressor (e.g., using BCCSCM48), a branch valve (e.g., using BCSBM724), another system valve such as an EEPR valve (e.g., using BCVCM726), or a condenser (e.g., using BCFCM736), to achieve temperature control of the cases associated withsystem1200.
• The configuration illustrated in FIG. 12 can also be used to illustrate another example of how peer-to-peer communication and control are made possible by the use of the distributed intelligence control system. An associated digital case sensor can determine the discharge air temperature of each case being monitored by[0198]BCMCC1200. In other words, the discharge air temperature of a first display case in a fixture lineup is monitored by a first digital case sensor (e.g., one of sensors1205) and provided to controlunit1202 by thefirst display unit1204. Differences between control units and display units are discussed above with respect to FIG. 11. Similarly, the discharge air temperature of the second display case is monitored by a second digital case sensor (e.g., one of sensors1207) and provided to controlunit1202 by thesecond display unit1206. This process is repeated for each display unit in the lineup.Control unit1202 provides the discharge air temperature data to rackPLC720 over the control network.Rack PLC720 uses this temperature data to control a liquid line solenoid, via a branch control module (e.g., BCSBM724) as described above with respect to FIG. 9 to achieve temperature control for the case lineup associated withsystem1200.
• Another of the many advantages of the distributed intelligence control system can be appreciated by reference to the modular case monitoring system illustrated in FIG. 12. A[0199]single control unit1202 can be used to monitor a plurality of display units (e.g.,display units1204,1206, and1208), but each of the displays/fixtures associated with such display units need not necessarily be on the same refrigeration branch. For instance, ifdisplay units1204 and1206 are associated with fixtures on a low temperature branch anddisplay unit1208 is associated with a fixture on another branch, each branch can operate on separate (preferably non-overlapping) defrost schedules (which in the case monitoring configuration illustrated in FIG. 12 can be controlled at the rack by a branch control module or a valve control module). Because the system uses distributed intelligence,control unit1202 receives information fromrack PLC720 to allow each display to correctly reflect the defrost status of the branch with which it is associated. Thus, using the example above, if the low temperature branch were in a defrost cycle,display units1204 and1206 would display a status message indicating as such, whiledisplay unit1208 would continue to display present case temperature information. Accordingly, high degrees of case monitoring and display granularity are maintained despite the fact that only one control unit is used.
• FIG. 13 is a block diagram that illustrates a branch control system using a modular[0200]case control system1300 for branch control functions. As illustrated in FIG. 13, theBCMCC1300 includes acontrol unit1302 controlling a plurality ofdisplay units1306,1308, and1310. Apower module1316 provides a local source of power forBCMCC1300. Thecontrol unit1302 receives control commands fromrack PLC720 or, alternatively, a third party controller.Control unit1302 also determines valve position information from anEEPR valve1304 and provides stepper motor commands to position theEEPR valve1304 in accordance with commands from rack PLC720 (or third party controller). In one construction,control unit1302 determines the valve position ofEEPR valve1304 by monitoring the number of steps applied and comparing that number to a known starting reference. Periodically, the stepper motor may be “re-zeroed” to ensure proper control. When using a BCMCC to provide branch control, the EEPR valve is, in one construction, located with the display case(s) rather than at the main rack with therack PLC720. Conversely, when branch control is achieved using a branch control module (e.g.,BCSBM724 of FIG. 9) or a valve control module (e.g.,BCVCM726 of FIG. 10), the EEPR valve is, in one construction, located at the main rack withrack PLC720.
• Referring still to FIG. 13, a commercial refrigeration branch can include one or more display cases associated with the[0201]display units1306,1308, and1310. A central controller, such asrack PLC720, maintains branch control by monitoring various parameters associated with the refrigeration system. Such parameters can include, for example, temperature data, compressor data, suction data, and the like. In thebranch control system1300 of FIG. 13, branch control is maintained by controlling the position ofEEPR valve1304. More particularly, rackPLC720 determines desired set points (e.g., discharge temperature) for the case lineup associated withBCMCC1300.Control unit1302 receives the set point information over the control network and determines the appropriate position forEEPR valve1304 to achieve the desired set point(s). In particular,control unit1302 includes a stepper motor drive output connected toEEPR valve1304 vialine1320. Hence, upon receipt of the desired set point fromrack PLC720,control unit1302 determines the correct valve position and drivesEEPR valve1304 to the desired position, thereby achieving the desired branch control function.
• FIG. 13 can also be used to illustrate another example of how peer-to-peer control/communication is available with the distributed intelligence refrigeration control system. If the discharge, suction, or motor temperatures are high in every compressor and the valve open positions according to the modular case controllers in the system (e.g., BCMCC[0202]1300) are not fully opened, the compressor controller (e.g., BCCSCM of FIG. 7) sends a signal to the respective control units (e.g., control unit1302), viarack PLC720, to open the valves (e.g., EEPR valve1304). If successful, such control action(s) reduce internal compressor temperatures and improve efficiency and compressor life expectancy. Similarly, if compressor temperatures are lower than expected (indicating, perhaps, a potential flood back condition that could damage or ruin a compressor), the compressor controller will search the system, viarack PLC720, to determine which EEPR valves may be open too far. Thereafter, the valves can be sequentially closed by sending commands to the respective control units (e.g., control unit1302), viarack PLC720.
• It should be understood, that the[0203]BCMCC1300 illustrated in FIG. 13 could be modified to provide single case control as well. In other words,BCMCC1300 could be configured to provide complete branch control, or single case control. It should further be understood that one or more of thedisplay units1306,1308, or1310 can be configured to provide power switching control in a manner described above with respect to FIG. 11. In such a configuration, a power module would be required for each display unit that provides power switching control (see FIG. 11).
• As has been explained above, one of the advantages of the distributed intelligence control system is the ease with which such system is installed at a user site. The modular case control concept, exemplary configurations of which are depicted in FIGS.[0204]11-13, illustrates this point further. For example, each display unit (e.g.,display units1204,1206,1208 of FIG. 12 or1306,1308,1310 of FIG. 13) is, in some constructions, automatically addressed by its associated control unit (e.g.,control unit1202 in FIG. 12 orcontrol unit1302 in FIG. 13). In other words, upon installation of the system, the control unit automatically determines how many display units are present, as well as their address/location. More specifically, the control unit automatically determines how many display units are attached. The display units are, in one construction, connected in serial fashion (a serial communication link from the control unit to the first display unit, and then out of the first display unit and into the second display unit, and so on).
• In one construction, each display unit has the ability to disable communications with all other display units that are “downstream” of it on the serial communication channel/link. After power up, all of the display units on a particular link are sent a command to disable their individual communications outputs. At this point, only the control unit and the first display unit are communicating; remaining display units are “cut off.” In this way, the control module (e.g.,[0205]control unit1202 in FIG. 12) can now uniquely associate a first address with the first display unit (e.g.,display unit1204 in FIG. 12). After the first display unit is addressed, the control unit instructs this first addressed display unit to turn on its communications output, thereby re-connecting the second display unit (e.g.,display unit1206 in FIG. 12) to the link. Now the control module can uniquely associate an address with the second display unit. This process is repeated until all display units are addressed (e.g., until a communications failure occurs indicating no more displays are present).
• Further, each display unit, in one construction, polls each digital case sensor (e.g.,[0206]sensor1102 of FIG. 11) associated with that display unit to determine the location of the sensors and type, thereby associating a unique identification/address for each such sensor. The sensor location and type information is forwarded to the control unit associated with that display unit. In one construction, each digital case sensor to be used in a given case/fixture is configured in a wire harness prior to installation. Each sensor, in one construction, includes a memory (e.g., an EEPROM) that is preprogrammed with a number that uniquely identifies the type of sensor (e.g., discharge air temperature, return air temperature, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, product temperature, and so on), as well as the location in the case in which it will be installed (e.g., left side, center, right side). In this way, the system is automatically configured upon installation, and end users and'system installers are not presented with the complexity of programming/addressing the system at installation time. The digital case sensors are preferably located to provide temperature information that facilitate specific control functions. Such sensors include, for example, discharge air temperature sensors, return air temperature sensors, product temperature sensors, inlet and outlet refrigeration line temperature sensors, and defrost terminate sensors (e.g., sensors located on the evaporator or in the airstream).
• FIG. 14 is a block diagram that helps to illustrate several of the many advantages of using a distributed intelligence refrigeration control system. FIG. 14 is described by way of a specific example including a fixture using modular case control (see FIGS.[0207]11-13). This description is for illustrative purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
• A master controller[0208]1402 (e.g., rack PLC720) communicates with a subsystem controller1406 (e.g., BCMCC744) over acommunication channel1404. For one construction, the only wiring between themaster controller1402 and thesubsystem controller1406 is thecommunication channel1404; no separate power wiring between them is required. Hence,master controller1402 andsubsystem controller1406 receive power locally, thereby reducing the installation complexity of the system. Indeed, ifcommunication channel1404 is a wireless channel, no wiring is required betweenmaster controller1402 andsubsystem controller1406.
• Each[0209]subsystem controller1406 in the system is, in one configuration, constructed and arranged to operate one or more subsystem controlled devices1408 (e.g., an EEPR valve, a solenoid valve, a solid state relay, a power switch, and the like) over one ormore control lines1410. Thus, where multiple wiring runs may be necessary to provide specific control actions, only local wiring is required. In other words, long runs of control wiring are not required between the master controller and the subsystem control device. For example, an EEPR valve associated with a fixture line up is controlled locally; there is no direct control wiring between the EEPR control valve and the master controller.
• Similarly, some subsystem controllers in the system are constructed and arranged to receive sensor input data, at a local level, from[0210]subsystem sensors1412 over one or more sensor data busses1414. For example, a plurality of subsystem sensors1412 (e.g.,digital case sensors1307 of FIG. 13) provide case temperature data with respect to a plurality of case monitoring locations. In this example,subsystem sensors1412 are constructed and arranged to communicate with subsystem controller1406 (e.g., display unit1306) over a sensor data bus1414 (e.g., a single twisted pair communication bus).Subsystem controller1406 transmits the sensor data tomaster controller1402 over communication channel1404 (e.g.,display unit1306 transmits the data to controlunit1302, which transmits the data to rack PLC720). Thus,master controller1402 receives remote sensor data without the need for installing complicated and lengthy wiring betweenmaster controller1402 and the remotely locatedsubsystem sensors1412.
• An Appendix hereto includes a series of tables that provide additional information regarding specific aspects of one construction of a commercial refrigeration control.[0211]
• It is to be understood that the foregoing description, the accompanying figures, and the Appendix have been given only by way of illustration and example, and that changes and modifications in the present disclosure, which will be readily apparent to all skilled in the art, are contemplated as within the scope of the invention, which is limited only by the scope of the appended claims. For example, as explained herein, certain constructions are described with respect to a multiport (MPI) interface for use with serial, digital communications. Those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure should understand that other field bus configurations may be used, such as ProfiBUS. ProfiBUS is a published standard, and MPI uses RS-485 at the hardware level but uses a proprietary data protocol from Siemens. Both MPI and ProfiBUS can be implemented in hard wired, wireless, or partially wireless configurations. The use of the term hardwired is intended to include fiber optic systems. Furthermore, although multiple constructions have been described, in part, in terms of bus systems using serial communication standards, the invention can be enjoyed using serial and/or parallel bus structures.[0212]
• It should also be understood that while aspects of the invention are disclosed in terms of commercial refrigeration display cases, the invention is not so limited. For example, the embodiments disclosed and described herein may be used in other commercial refrigeration applications such as, for example, cold storage rooms (e.g., meat lockers) and the like, as well as industrial, institutional, and transportational refrigeration systems and the like. Accordingly, the specific structural and functional details disclosed and described herein are provided for representative purposes and represent the preferred embodiments.[0213]
• Further, for purposes of disclosing the numerous constructions, various features have been described by reference to specific terms, such as BCCSCM, BCSBM, BCVCM, and BCMCC. While these terms have been used to ensure disclosure of the numerous constructions, they are the exclusive intellectual property of the assignee of the present application.[0214]
• In view of the above, it will be seen that the above constructions provide a wide variety of features and results. Manufacturing costs are reduced due to the use of fewer materials and components, as compared to non-networked refrigeration systems. Similarly, fabrication and installation is simplified due to the elimination of high voltage wiring, typically required by prior art systems. The use of modularity allows for standardized manufacturing techniques, while still accommodating customer requirements, such as interfacing with third party control and monitoring devices over standardized communication interfaces. Such improvements in manufacturing, fabrication, and installation also translate into improved system serviceability. The increased granularity of the system resulting from using a distributed control architecture increases the fault tolerance of the system. Implementing the system using optional wireless communication links (e.g., via RF links) where relatively large distances exist between networked components eliminates the cost for installing hardwired links. Such optional wireless links, by their nature, provide improved damage resistance from external problems such as lightening strikes, high voltage arcing, or high current transmission in adjoining equipment and wiring.[0215]
• Appendix[0216]

  Table 5 provides an overview of an exemplary preferred

  hardware and network connection set for several components

  of a refrigeration system suitable for use according

  to the invention illustrated and discussion herein.

  Device	Target Platform	Network Connections
  Rack PLC	Siemens S7-300 CPU314	AS-i; LonWorks ®/
  		Echelon;
  		TCP/IP; MPI
  Condenser PLC	Siemens S7-300 CPU314	MPI; AS-i
  Remote HMI	Siemens TP170A	MPI
  Local HMI	Siemens OP3	MPI
  BCCSCM	Atmel AT9052813	AS-i
  BCSBM	Siemens
  4 Out AS-i Module	AS-i
  BCVCM	Atmel AT9052813	AS-i; LonWorks ®/
  		Echelon
  BCFCM	AMI S4 AS-i ASIC	AS-i
  BCMCC	Echelon Neuron	LonWorks ®/Echelon
  Local	Windows NT	TCP/IP
  Workstation

• [0217]

  Table 6 provides an overview of an exemplary set

  of preferred input/output (I/O) devices controlled byrack

  PLC

  720 according to the present invention.

  I/O Specifications

  Controlled Devices	Max.	Network	I/O Device

  Compressors

  	16	AS-i	BCCSCM
  System Valves	256	LonWorks ®/Echelon	BCVCM
  (Motor Actuated)
  System Valves	64	AS-i	BCSBM
  (Solenoid Actuated)
  Case Lighting Circuits	32	AS-i	AS-i 4Out
  Condenser Fans
  	16	MPI	CondenserPLC
  Satellite Compressor
  	2	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Suction Groups
  	4	N/A	N/A

• [0218]

  Table 7 identifies a preferred set of analog inputs,

  with exemplary ranges, for use byrack PLC 720 to provide

  refrigeration control in accordance with the invention.

  Analog Inputs

  Input	Range	Max.	Network	I/O Device

  Ambient	−40°-120°	1	MPI	Condenser PLC
  Temperature
  Liquid Line	−40°-120°	1	Local	S7 Analog I/O
  Temperature
  Heat Reclaim	0-500PSI	2	Local	S7 Analog I/O
  Pressure
  Receiver Level
  	0%-100%	1	Local	S7 Analog I/O
  System Case	−40°-120°	256	LonWorks/	BCMCC
  Temperature			Echelon
  Suction	0-200PSI	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Pressure
  Suction	−40°-120°	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Temperature
  Discharge	0-500PSI	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Pressure
  Discharge
  	0°-275°		AS-i	BCCSCM
  Temperature
  Compressor	2-100	1 per	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Motor Current		compressor

• [0219]

  Table 8 identifies a preferred set of analog inputs, with exemplary

  ranges, for use byrack PLC 720 to provide refrigeration control

  in accordance with the invention.

  Digital Inputs

  Input	Range	Max.	Network	I/O Device

  System Defrost	True/False	32	AS-i	BCSBM
  Termination Bi-Metal
  Thermostat
  Heat Reclaim Status	True/False	1	Local	S7 Digital I/O
  Compressor Phase	True/False	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Reversal
  Compressor Phase	True/False	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Loss
  Compressor Internal	True/False	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Protect Fail
  Compressor Run Time	0-99999	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  Compressor Oil Fail	True/False	32	AS-i	BCCSCM
  EEPR Valve Position	0%-100%	256	LonWorks/	BCVCM
  			Echelon

• [0220]

  Table 9 identifies a preferred set of capacity-related control

  functions associated withrack PLC 720.

  Capacity Control

  Compressor Cycling Methods	Control Parameter

  First On First Off	Suction Pressure	Suction Pressure Reset
  Programmed Sequence
  (Uneven Comp.
  capacity)
  Real Time Sequence
  Reconstruction
  Other Capacity Control

  PWM Control	Pressure/Temperature
  Unloader support	Pressure/Temperature
  Variable Speed Drive control	Pressure/Temperature
  Satellite Control	Pressure/Temperature

• [0221]

  Table 10 identifies a preferred set of system branch control
  functions associated withrack PLC 720.
  System Branch Control

  Defrost	Case Temperature Control

  Scheduling/	TOD Clock	Liquid Line Solenoid	EEPR Suction Ctrl
  Initiation		Ctrl
  Termination	Time
  	Temperature/
  	Bimetal
  	Thermostat
  Drip Cycle
  (User
  selectable
  duration)

  Defrost Types	Case Lighting

  Electric	Heater Ctrl	TOD Control
  	Branch
  	Liquid
  Line Ctrl
  Gas	Liquid Line
  	Ctrl
  Off Time	Branch
  	Liquid
  Line Ctrl

• [0222]

  Table 11 identifies a preferred set of refrigeration system valve
  and condenser control functions associated withrack PLC 720.
  Valve Control

  	Control Parameter

  Flooding Valve Control
  Motor Driven	Receiver Level	Discharge Pressure
  Solenoid Actuated	Receiver Level	Discharge Pressure
  Heat Reclaim Lockout control
  Solenoid Actuated Main	Discharge Pressure	H.R. Coil Pressure
  Liquid Valve
  Motor Driven	Discharge Pressure	Receiver Pressure
  Solenoid Actuated Receiver	Pressure/
  	Temperature
  Pressure Regulator
  Motor Driven Auto Surge	Discharge Pressure	Receiver Pressure
  Valve

  Motor Driven Split Condenser	Discharge Pressure/Condenser Fan History
  Valve
  Solenoid Actuated/Motor
  Driven
  Function	Condenser Control
  Fan Cycling	Discharge Pressure/Liquid
  	Refrigerant Temp.
  Condenser Split	Discharge Pressure/Outdoor
  	Ambient Temp.

• Tables 12 and 13 identify a preferred set of alarm conditions for the refrigeration system controlled by[0223]rack PLC720. Table VIIIA identifies conditions having separate alarms associated with hi conditions and low conditions. Table VIIIB identifies conditions having a single system alarm. Both Table VIIIA and VIIIB identify, whether the condition is logged, whether the condition is displayed in real time, a preferred minimum update interval (MUI), and the accuracy of the measured condition.

  [t12]

  Monitoring and Alarm

  Label	Source	Hi Alarm	Lo Alarm	Data Log	RT Disp	MUI	Ace.
  Suction	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.1 PSI
  Pressure
  Suction	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.5°
  Temp
  Discharge	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1 PSI
  Pressure
  Discharge	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1°
  Temp
  Case	BCMCC/	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.5°
  Temp	Local I/O
  Ambient	Condenser	N/A	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.5°
  Temp	PLC
  Liquid	Local I/O	N/A	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1°
  Line Temp
  Receiver	Local I/O	N/A	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1 PSI
  Pres.
  Receiver	Local I/O	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1%
  Level
  Liquid	Local I/O		N/A	Yes	Yes	.5sec	1 PSI
  Pres.
  Motor	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	±2A
  Current

  [t13]

  Monitoring and Alarm (cont.)

  Label	Source	System Alarm	Data Log	RT Disp	MUI	Acc.
  Def/Ref	Internal	N/A	Yes	Yes	N/A	N/A
  Status	Clock
  Oil Fail	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	N/A	.5 sec	N/A
  Phase Loss	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	N/A	.5 sec	N/A
  Phase	BCCSCM	Yes	No	N/A	.5 sec	N/A
  Reversal
  Comp	BCCSCM	Yes	Yes	N/A	.5 sec	N/A
  Internal
  Heat	Local I/O	N/A	N/A	Yes	.5 sec	N/A
  Reclaim
  I.O.
  Heat	HVAC	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	N/A
  Reclaim	Input
  Stat.
  Auto Surge	BCVCM	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.1%
  Valve Stat*
  Main Liq.	BCVCM	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec
  Line Pres.
  Differential			% Pos	% Pos
  Valve
  Split Cond	Internal	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	N/A
  Stat
  Flooding	BCVCM	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.1%
  Valve Stat			% Pos	% Pos
  Receiver	BCVCM	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	.1%
  Pres Reg.
  All Comp	Internal	Yes	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
  Off
  Cond Fan	Internal	N/A	Yes	Yes	.5 sec	N/A
  Status

• [0224]

  Table 14 illustrates aspects of a preferred embodiment of
  alocal HMI device 754, suitable for use in the commercial
  refrigeration systems depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8.
  Hardware Detail

  	Siemens TP 170A	Siemens Part No.
  	TP 170A	6AV6545-0BA15-2AX0

  I/O Specifications

  Controlled Devices	Range	Max.	Network	I/O Device
  Alarm Output	N/A	1	N/A	N.O. Relay

  Functions

  	System Configuration	Status Display
  	Site Layout	Refrigeration Status
  	Branch System Configuration	Branch System Status
  	Refrigeration Configuration	Alarm Status
  	Alarm Configuration	Condenser Status
  	Data Logging Configuration	Site Status
  	Diagnostic Display	Maintenance Display
  	Historical Graphing	I/O Forcing
  	Real Time Graphing	Run Time Meter Maintenance
  	Alarm History	Set Clocks
  	User Logs	Clear History

• [0225]

  Table 15 illustrates aspects of a preferred embodiment of
  aremote HMI device 752, suitable for use in the commercial
  refrigeration systems depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8.
  Hardware Detail

  	Siemens OP3	Siemens Part No.
  	TP 170A	6AV6545-0BA15-2AX0

  I/O Specifications

  Controlled Devices	Range	Max.	Network	I/O Device
  Alarm Output	N/A	0	N/A	N.O. Relay

  Functions

  System Configuration	Status Display
  Local Branch System Configuration	Refrigeration Status
  Local Refrigeration Configitration	Branch System Status
  Rack Alarm Configuration	Alarm Status
  	Condenser Status
  Diagnostic Display	Maintenance Display
  Alarm History	I/O Forcing
  	Run Time Meter Maintenance
  	Set Clock
  	Clear History

• Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.[0226]

Claims (15)

What is claimed is:

1. A method of controlling a refrigeration system comprising

a condenser, an evaporator, and a plurality of compressors in fluid communication, and

a controller operable to control the plurality of compressors, the method comprising the acts of:

at the controller,

controlling the plurality of compressors with a current run pattern and resulting in a current run capacity;

determining whether to increase or decrease the current run capacity; and

when an increase or decrease in the current run capacity is required, creating a new run pattern to replace the current run pattern.

2. A method as set forth inclaim 1 wherein the method further comprises the act of monitoring run times for the plurality of compressors, and wherein the creating a new run pattern is based in part on the monitored run times.

3. A method as set forth inclaim 1 wherein the refrigeration system further includes a suction group and wherein the suction group includes the plurality of compressors.

4. A method as set forth inclaim 3 wherein the refrigeration system further includes a second suction group including a second plurality of compressors, wherein the controller is operable to control the second plurality of compressors, and wherein the method further comprises:

controlling the second plurality of compressors with a second current run pattern and resulting in a second current run capacity

determining whether to increase or decrease the second current run capacity for the second suction group; and

when an increase or decrease in the second current run capacity is required, creating a second new run pattern to replace the second current run pattern.

5. A method as set forth inclaim 4 wherein the method further comprises the act of monitoring run times for the second plurality of compressors, and wherein the creating a second new run pattern is based in part on the monitored run times for the second plurality of compressors.

6. A method as set forth inclaim 1 wherein the suction group includes a plurality of operable compressors and at least one inoperable compressor, and wherein the new run pattern is selected from the group of operable compressors.

7. A method as set forth inclaim 1 wherein creating a new run pattern comprises

determining a total capacity for the plurality of compressors,

determining a percentage of the total capacity for each compressor,

determining a current run capacity for the plurality of compressors, and

determining a next available run capacity percentage combination for the plurality of compressors.

8. A method as set forth inclaim 7 wherein the plurality of compressors includes a plurality of operable compressors and at least one inoperable compressor, and wherein the determining acts are performed for the operable compressors.

9. A method as set forth inclaim 2 wherein creating a new run pattern comprises

determining a total capacity for the plurality of compressors,

determining a percentage of the total capacity for each compressor,

determining a current run capacity for the plurality of compressors, and

determining a next available run capacity percentage combination for the plurality of compressors.

10. A method as set forth inclaim 9 wherein creating a new run pattern comprises

prior to determining a next available run capacity percentage combination, determining a plurality of capacity percentage combinations; and

optimizing the next run pattern if the next available run capacity percentage combination results in two compressor combinations having the same run capacity percentage.

11. A method of controlling a refrigeration system comprising

a condenser, an evaporator, and a plurality of compressors in fluid communication, and

a controller operable to control the plurality of compressors, the method comprising the acts of:

at the controller,

controlling the plurality of compressors with a current run pattern and resulting in a current run capacity;

determining a total capacity for the plurality of compressors;

determining a percentage of the total capacity for each compressor;

determining a next available run capacity percentage; and

determining a new run pattern to replace the current run pattern, the new run pattern including the next available run capacity percentage.

12. A method as set forth inclaim 11 wherein the method further comprises determining a current run capacity percentage for the plurality of compressors, determining whether to increase the current run capacity, and wherein the next available run capacity percentage is greater than the current run capacity percentage when the current run capacity percentage is less than one hundred percent.

13. A method as set forth inclaim 11 wherein the method further comprises determining a current run capacity percentage for the plurality of compressors, determining whether to decrease the current run capacity, and wherein the next available run capacity percentage is less than the current run capacity percentage when the current run capacity percentage is greater than zero percent.

14. A method as set forth inclaim 11 wherein the method further comprises the act of monitoring run times for the plurality of compressors, and wherein determining a new run pattern includes creating a new run pattern based on the monitored run times.

15. A method as set forth inclaim 11 wherein the plurality of compressors includes a plurality of operable compressors and at least one inoperable compressor, and wherein the determining acts are performed for the operable compressors.

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