US20030201554A1 - Gas dissolving apparatus and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and apparatus for dissolving a gas into a fluid which may contain at least one other dissolved gas. The apparatus includes an inlet tube for receipt of the fluid from a container containing the fluid. A gas inlet is operably connected to the inlet tube for the introduction of gas into the fluid. The mixture of gas and fluid is introduced into a gas transfer device via the inlet tube. The gas transfer device is positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container so that the gas transfer device is hydrostatically pressurized in order to increase the rate and concentration at which the gas is dissolved into the fluid. The gas and fluid mixture is allowed to flow downward through the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas are dissolved in the fluid. The fluid having the gas dissolved therein enters an outlet means positioned within the gas transfer device. The fluid having the gas dissolved therein flows upward through the outlet means and is released from the gas transfer device while the bubbles of gas which are not dissolved in the fluid are retained in the gas transfer device.

Description

RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCTIUS01/30793, filed on Oct. 2, 2001, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. International Application No. PCT/US01/30793 was published in English, and is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/677,369, filed on Oct. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,055, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• There are many instances when it is desirable to dissolve a gas, whether soluble or insoluble, into a fluid which may already contain other dissolved gases. For example, the macro and microbial organisms in all rivers, lakes, oceans, and all aerobic wastewater treatment processes are based on the presence of sufficient dissolved oxygen to sustain their life processes. Normally, in undisturbed bodies of water there is a rather low density of macro and micro organisms in the surface water and the limited natural absorption of oxygen from the air into the water is sufficient to maintain sufficient concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water to sustain the life processes of that body of water. However, with increased population density and industrial activity, the associated organic water pollution causes a high microbial oxygen demand that natural oxygen aeration processes cannot begin to provide sufficient oxygen resources. Thus, artificial aeration mechanisms are required to enhance oxygen absorption.[0002]
• Some specific examples of oxygenation applications are worthy of discussion. Odors at aerobic wastewater treatment facilities are associated with the inability to maintain sufficient levels of dissolved oxygen (“D.O.”). In the absence of sufficient D.O., nitrates are reduced to N[0003]₂gas. In the absence of both D.O. and nitrates, strongly reducing conditions develop and sulfates are reduced to H₂S, also known as “rotten egg gas.” This process can occur in any aquatic system where the oxygen demand exceeds the D.O. supply. In addition, indoles, skatoles, and mercaptans are also generated. These volatile compounds all have an offensive odor even at very low concentrations.
• The high organic pollution in municipal wastewater of sewer lift stations supports a corresponding high microbial population, which, in turn, requires a high rate of D.O. to meet the demand. If the demand is not. met, H[0004]₂S formation readily occurs, as well as the formation of other compounds that have an offensive odor. Consequently, sewer force mains are a common source of odor nuisance for municipal public works.
• Some industries (pharmaceutical, petroleum, and chemical, for example) create significant air pollution problems in the course of aerobically treating their wastewater by the use of conventional aeration systems. The wastewaters contain significant volatile organics/solvents which are readily biodegradable if they can be retained in the aqueous phase for a sufficient time. The use of conventional aeration systems has led to the requirement that the wastewater aeration basins must be covered to capture and incinerate the off gas in order to comply with air emission regulations. The need for a covered basin arises because conventional aeration systems readily strip the organics/solvents from the aqueous phase, not allowing for a sufficient time to biograde in the liquid.[0005]
• Aerobic activated sludge processes are dependent upon oxygen transfer and sludge settling and recycle in the secondary clarifiers. It is now possible to develop high concentrations of sludge concentrations within the reactors, such as with the use of aerobic fluidized beds and moving bed filters, to the point where oxygen transfer becomes the limiting factor. Specifically, high levels of D.O. are required without subjecting the sludge to high energy dissipation/turbulence conditions which could shear off the biofilms or hinder flocculent sedimentation in the secondary clarifiers.[0006]
• Fish farming and shrimp production commonly occurs in large ponds. To maximize production, the ponds are operated at the edge of D.O. availability. Since a still pond absorbs very little oxygen, there exists a need for artificial aeration to sustain high levels of fish/shellfish production.[0007]
• The desire to increase dissolved oxygen levels is also applicable to slow moving rivers (such as the Cuyahoga River flowing through Cleveland, Ohio, and the rivers in Bangkok and Taipei) and canals (such as the waterways of Chicago, Ill. and the canals of Amsterdam). Many industries must curtail production (to considerable economic detriment) due to insufficient D.O. in the rivers, streams, and canals to which they discharge their treated wastewaters. Odor and corrosion problems can also occur in the bottom layer of stratified lakes and reservoirs feeding hydroelectric power dams. The low D.O. levels also result in fish kills.[0008]
• Systems for dissolving a gas into a fluid are not limited to dissolving oxygen in water. Other gas/fluid combinations include: hydrogenation of vegetable oils, coal liquification, yeast production, Vitamin C production, pharmaceutical and industrial aerobic bioprocesses, and other processes well known in the art.[0009]
• Therefore, it is desired to provide an apparatus and method of dissolving a gas into a fluid possibly containing other dissolved gases that has application in at least the following situations:[0010]
• Slow moving rivers and canals[0011]
• Reservoirs[0012]
• Fish, shrimp shellfish, and/or mussel ponds[0013]
• Aerobic wastewater treatment systems[0014]
• Sewer lift stations[0015]
• Wastewater industries such as the pharmaceutical, petroleum, and chemical industries[0016]
• Aerated lagoons[0017]
• Hydrogenation of vegetable oils[0018]
• Coal liquification[0019]
• Yeast Production[0020]
• Vitamin C product[0021]
• Pharmaceutical and industrial aerobic bioprocesses[0022]
• Ozonation of water or other fluids[0023]
• Dissolving xenon in fluids for injecting into the body[0024]
• Supersaturating eye-wash liquids with supersaturated D.O.[0025]
• Conventional aeration systems either bubble air through diffusers in the bottom of the aeration tank or splash the water in contact with the air. These systems typically absorb 1 to 2 lbs. of oxygen per kilowatt hour of energy consumed. Oxygen absorption efficiency is generally not an issue with these systems because air is free. These systems are most efficient when the D.O. in the water is near zero and are progressively inefficient as the water D.O. level approaches saturation, i.e., 9.2 ppm at 20° C. at sea level. Because the oxygen used in the aeration process is from the air and therefore at no cost, the costs of such systems emanates from capital costs and operating costs. The capital cost of a surface aerator capable of dissolving one ton per day of D.O. is about $40,000. The cost of power for the aerator is $70 to $140/ton of D.O. If the capital costs are amortized at 8% for a 10 year life, the total cost is approximately $87 to $157/ton of D.O.[0026]
• In addition to costs, there are other disadvantages or shortcomings of conventional aeration systems. These shortcomings include: (a) low achievable D.O. concentrations of only 1 to 3 ppm; (b) high off-gas production; (c) high air stripping of volatile organic contaminants; (d) high energy dissipation in the reactor; (e) floc shear; and (f) limited D.O. supply potential.[0027]
• As an alternative to conventional systems using “free” air to increase D.O. levels, systems now exist which generate or store oxygen on-site and dissolve this generated or stored oxygen into the water. Some of these systems are as economical as conventional aeration systems. Some of these systems address some of the shortcomings of conventional aeration systems. However, these systems have their own shortcomings.[0028]
• For example, when high purity oxygen is being transferred into water, issues arise as to handling of dissolved nitrogen (“D.N.”) already in the water. D.N. is not utilized in an aqueous environment. Air is primarily comprised of 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen gas. When water is in contact with air for prolonged periods, the water is saturated with D.N. At 20° C., the saturation concentration of D.N. in water is 16 mg/L. With conventional aeration systems, D.N. levels remain in a steady state. However, when high purity oxygen is introduced into the water, it results in a reduced D.N. partial pressure which strips the D.N. from the dissolved phase into the gas phase where it, in turn, reduces the percentage oxygen composition. The reduction in percentage oxygen composition reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas phase, and the saturation concentration of oxygen, and ultimately the rate of oxygen transfer.[0029]
• Thus, the presence of D.N. in the incoming water presents a trade-off situation. If high oxygen absorption efficiency is to be achieved, the increased nitrogen gas composition in the gas phase has to be accepted. This reduces the D.O. concentration which can be achieved in the discharge. Conversely, if high D.O. levels are to be achieved in the discharge, then the stripped nitrogen in the gas phase has to be wasted to reduce its percentage composition carrying with it a commensurate ratio of oxygen gas and reducing the percentage oxygen absorption efficiency.[0030]
• Therefore, it is desirable to develop an oxygenation system which manages the level of D.N. already present in the water, and which reduces the composition of N[0031]₂of the gas phase to allow for higher potential D.O. saturation (total gas composition of N₂+O₂=100%). Further, effervescent loss of highly saturated D.O. in the discharge should be prevented if the D.N. is reduced. Of course, these principles are applicable to dissolving a gas into a fluid containing dissolved gases other than dissolving oxygen in water (containing dissolved nitrogen).
• Another problem associated with prior art systems is the ability of the systems to provide a protracted period of contact (generally preferred to be greater than 100 seconds) of the bubbles of oxygen (air) with the water. Prolonged contact of the bubbles with the water helps to ensure a high oxygen absorption efficiency. Further, bubbles in the water should be controlled—the greater number of bubbles of oxygen, the greater the percentage oxygen absorption efficiency. Therefore, it is desired to provide an oxygenation system and method which fully utilizes the bubbles in the system and which prolongs the contact of those bubbles with the water to increase oxygen absorption efficiency of the apparatus.[0032]
• With regard to the systems using oxygen rather than air, it is well known that high purity oxygen can be transported to the site in the form of liquid oxygen which is subsequently converted to gaseous oxygen for delivery to the oxygenator apparatus. Alternatively, on-site generation using cryogenic separation or pulsed swing adsorption produced O[0033]₂is feasible for oxygen requirements of 0.5 to 40 tons or more per day. Costs of liquid oxygen transported to the site fluctuate with the vagarities of site-specific conditions and the number of regional suppliers in competition, among other factors. Thus, in some instances, the cost of transported liquid oxygen may be prohibitive.
• In some situations, a very high level of D.O. must be achieved in the discharge to match the accumulative oxygen consumption demand in order to prevent anaerobic conditions from developing. Such situations include, but are not limited to those present in primary clarifiers, excessively polluted urban rivers, gravity and force main sewers, combined sewer overflow storage basins, sludge dewatering operations, and wastewater lagoons. As high purity oxygen contains 100% O[0034]₂whereas air contains only 21% O₂, it would be expected that the rate of oxygenation would be five times as fast, and high purity oxygen would be utilized for such situations. However, as discussed above, in traditional oxygenation systems using high purity oxygen, there is a significant stripping of N₂gas already dissolved in the water. Therefore, the full potential of using high purity oxygen instead of air to achieve high levels of D.O. has not been realized.
• The gas transfer reactions in traditional oxygenation systems using high purity oxygen have occurred at near ambient pressure. Oxygen dissolution into water is enhanced by increased pressure in the oxygen/water contactor (bubble swarm). For example, at 1 atmosphere of pressure and at 20 degrees Celsius, the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration is 45 mg/L for water at sea level and in contact with high purity oxygen. At 2 atmospheres of pressure at the same temperature, the dissolved oxygen concentration saturation increases to 90 mg/L.[0035]
• However, the unit energy consumption is excessive if the water has to be pumped into the oxygen/water contactor to achieve pressurization because there is no practical way to recover this energy when the water leaves the contactor. However, if the oxygen/water contactor is placed below the ground surface and pressurized by a static head of water, the water can be moved into and out of it with negligible energy—only frictional losses. Yet, the oxygen transfer is significantly enhanced without associated energy consumption for pumping to maintain the pressure.[0036]
• For oxygen generated using cryogenic systems, the oxygen can be produced in either the liquid or gaseous forms. If the oxygen is to be used at the same rate as it is produced, the gaseous state is preferred as it is less expensive to produce the gaseous form. However, if the generated oxygen is not used immediately, storage usually requires generation in the liquid state which significantly increases the costs associated with the generated oxygen, both as to production and due to the requirement for double-walled liquid oxygen storage tanks.[0037]
• Another on-site production system is known as the pulsed swing absorption (PSA) process which utilizes pressure vessels filled with molecular sieves. A standard air compressor is used to feed the PSA device, and it generates oxygen with a 90% to 95% purity. The outlet pressure is related to the pressure of the air compressor which thus is the major cost factor in operating a PSA system. Therefore, it is desired to use the lowest possible PSA outlet pressure. In view of the available oxygen sources not based on “free” air, it is desirable to use PSA systems.[0038]
• Overall, it is desirable to provide an apparatus and method for dissolving a gas into a fluid which: (a) has a low capital cost; (b) has a low operating cost (kwhr/ton of gas dissolved); (c) discharges high D.O. concentrations; and (d) has a high oxygen absorption efficiency. Ideally, the system should be capable of producing a discharge D.O. of at least 10 mg/L to 250 mg/L, or more, and have an oxygen absorption efficiency of at least 80%, all accomplished with reasonable capital costs and a low unit operating cost.[0039]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is an apparatus and method for dissolving a gas (whether soluble or insoluble) into a fluid which may or may not contain other dissolved gases. For example, the present invention may be used as an oxygenation system, i.e., dissolving oxygen into water (water contains dissolved nitrogen).[0040]
• In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises an inlet, an outlet, a bubble contact chamber, an acceleration device, a helix-shaped bubble harvester, and a bubble return pipe. The inlet receives the fluid containing the extraneous dissolved gas and is located at the top of the apparatus. Near the inlet and at the top of the bubble contact chamber is located the acceleration device for acceleration of the fluid therethrough into the chamber. The acceleration design may comprise a horizontally oriented plate extending through the entire upper end of the chamber and having at least one aperture therein. The chamber is made of two portions. The upper portion has either a constant or a generally diverging inside surface. The lower portion is substantially cylindrical in shape with a closed bottom end having at least one aperture therethrough. An inlet for introduction of the gas to be dissolved is connected to the chamber. The outlet is operatively connected to at least one aperture of the bottom end of the chamber. Residing in the bottom portion of the chamber is a helix-shaped bubble harvester. The bubble return pipe of the apparatus is vertically oriented and cylindrical in shape. The bubble return pipe has an open bottom end in the lower portion of the chamber, an open top end in the upper portion of the chamber, and at least one aperture located in the lower portion of the chamber proximate to the harvester.[0041]
• During operation of this embodiment, fluid enters the inlet and flows through the acceleration device. The accelerated fluid provides turbulence to prevent the bubble swarm from collapsing and to keep the bubble size small. Without this turbulence, the bubble swarm will coalesce and collapse, greatly reducing the oxygen absorption rate. The harvester translates the fluid flow into a horizontal component which allows the bubbles to rise and attach to the underside of the helix-shaped harvester. The bubbles then flow upward by gravity and inward due to centrifugal force in the helix. The bubbles either flow into the bubble return pipe through at least one aperture in the tube and into the bubble chamber for recycling, or travel upward along the underside of the helix-shaped harvester until the bubbles rise upward toward the bubble swarm. Exiting out the outlet is a fluid containing a high concentration of dissolved gas and devoid of bubbles.[0042]
• In another embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, first and second vertical cylindrical tubes are concentrically oriented, with the first tube inside the second tube. The space inside the first tube is the first inner space and is the space through which fluid containing dissolved gas exits upward out of the apparatus. The second inner space is the space between the first and second tubes and is the space through which fluid and the dissolved gas enter the apparatus.[0043]
• Two alternatives of this invention are disclosed. In one alternative, the combination of an acceleration device, an inlet, a helix-shaped bubble harvester, and a bubble return tube are placed near the bottom of the apparatus. This combination is referred to as the gas dissolver, and operates similarly to the previously described embodiment. Briefly, fluid flows through the acceleration device in the second inner space. The gas is introduced to the second inner space immediately below the acceleration device to result in bubbles and fluid flowing downward within the second inner space. At the harvester, bubbles are returned to the second inner space. The fluid having dissolved gas exits upward through the first inner space.[0044]
• In a second alternative, the combination of an acceleration device, a harvester, and a bubble return tube are placed near the top of the apparatus. This combination is referred to as the dissolved gas stripper. The apparatus also includes a means for receiving waste gas from the oxygen gas absorber in the bottom of the apparatus, including a first vent located near the gas dissolver, waste gas tube, and a second vent located above the second harvester. Waste gas (gas from a gas dissolved in the fluid initially but later displaced by the dissolved gas) exits from the gas dissolved through the first vent and the waste gas tube into the bubble tube of the dissolved gas stripper. At the dissolved gas stripper, waste gas exits the apparatus through the second vent.[0045]
• The dissolved gas stripper function is enhanced by the low pressure in the bubble swarm at the top of the apparatus, while the oxygen absorber function is enhanced by the increased hydrostatic head at the bottom of the apparatus.[0046]
• In yet another embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, the harvester and bubble return pipe are placed near the bottom of the inlet side of a U-tube oxygenator. The use of the harvester and return pipe results in more efficient transfer. Thus, this modified U-tube oxygenator need not be as deep as a conventional U-tube oxygenator.[0047]
• In another embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a container having fluid therein, an inlet tube, a gas inlet, a gas transfer device, and an outlet tube. The fluid is pumped from the container into the inlet tube. The gas inlet is operably connected to the inlet tube so that gas is introduced into the fluid. The gas transfer device is positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container so that the gas transfer device is hydrostatically pressurized in order to increase the rate and concentration at which the gas is dissolved into the fluid. The mixture of fluid and gas is introduced into the gas transfer device through the inlet tube. This mixture flows downward through the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas are dissolved into the fluid. The fluid having the gas dissolved therein enters an outlet tube positioned within the gas transfer device. The fluid having the gas dissolved therein flows upward through the outlet tube and is released from the gas transfer device, and is returned to the container from which the fluid was initially introduced into the inlet tube. The bubbles of gas that are not dissolved into the fluid are retained in the gas transfer device.[0048]
• The apparatus and method of the present invention is inexpensive to produce, install, maintain, and operate when compared to many systems used for oxygenation, for example. The apparatus and method may be used to dissolve a gas into a fluid which may or may not contain other dissolved gases. It has application where oxygenation is required, such as in slow moving rivers and canals, reservoirs, fish/shellfish/mussel ponds, aerobic wastewater treatment systems, primary clarifiers, sewer lift stations, wastewater industrial applications, lagoons, and more. It is also not limited to oxygenation of water, but is applicable for other gas dissolving applications.[0049]
• The present invention is also highly efficient in absorption of the gas into the fluid. When the embodiment including a stripper is used, this efficiency is further increased. The apparatus may be used for fluid applications as well as when hydrostatic pressure is available, such as at the beginning of sewer force mains, or when a gas transfer device is positioned below the surface of the fluid to be introduced into the gas transfer device.[0050]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 shows a side view of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which the outer tube member is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus;[0051]
• FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 at line[0052]2-2 of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectioned view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 at line[0053]3-3 of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectioned view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 at line[0054]4-4 of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 5 shows a side view of a second embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention wherein the exterior of the apparatus is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus;[0055]
• FIG. 6 shows a side view of a third embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention wherein the outer tube member is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus;[0056]
• FIG. 7 shows a side view of a fourth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention wherein the tube member is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus; and[0057]
• FIG. 8 shows a side view of a fifth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.[0058]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a side view of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which the outer tube member is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus. In this embodiment,[0059]apparatus10 is used to oxygenate water. Because water contains dissolved nitrogen which is displaced by the dissolved oxygen,apparatus10 also permits for outgassing (stripping) of nitrogen gas.
• [0060]Apparatus10 includesfirst tube member12,second tube member14,third tube member16,gas feed inlet18,accelerator plate20,bubble harvester22,waste gas vent24, andwaste gas tube26. Both theupper end28 and thebottom end30 of first tube62 are open. The interior offirst tube12 betweenupper end28 andbottom end30 defines firstinner space32.First tube member12 is oriented in a substantially vertical orientation and is comprised of a material impervious to the passage of fluid therethrough. If the fluid comprises water, for example,first tube12 may be comprised of plastic or metal. The material offirst tube12 should also be resistant to corrosion caused by the fluid.
• [0061]Apparatus10 also includessecond tube member14 oriented in a substantially vertical orientation. Second tube member is of a diameter greater than the diameter offirst tube member12 and is oriented in a substantial concentric orientation relative to thefirst tube member12.Second tube member14 has openupper end34 and closedbottom end36. The space between the outside offirst tube member12 and the inside ofsecond tube member14 is secondinner space40.Second tube member14 should also be impervious to the flow of the fluid therethrough and it is preferred that it be resistant to corrosion caused by the fluid.Second tube member14 should also be made of a material impervious to the flow of any material on the outside ofsecond tube member14 and is preferred to be resistant to corrosion caused by such material. First andsecond tube members12 and14 may be comprised of a similar material, but this is not required.
• [0062]Third tube member16 has openupper end42 and openbottom end44, is cylindrical in shape, and also substantially vertically oriented within secondinner space40.Bottom end44 is on the place formed bybottom end30 offirst tube member12.Upper end42 is within secondinner space40 abovebubble harvester22,waste gas vent24 andwaste gas tube26, and belowaccelerator plate20 andinlet18.Third tube member16 also includes at least one aperture orslot46proximate harvester22.Third tube member16 should be comprised of a material impervious to the flow of fluid or the waste gas therethrough. Thus,third tube member16 may be comprised of the same material asfirst tube member12 and/orsecond tube member14, but this is not required.
• In the embodiment of FIG. 1,[0063]third tube member16 is shown to lie against first tube member12 (see also FIGS. 3 and 4). It is required that third tube member reside within secondinner space40, as explained in greater detail below. It is not required thatthird tube member16 be in contact withfirst tube member12 as shown; however, as will be explained hereinafter, it is advantageous to placethird tube member16 closer to the central longitudinal axis offirst tube member12 and ofapparatus10 and, more specifically, close to the central axis of helix-shapedharvester22.
• Returning now to FIG. 1,[0064]apparatus10 also includesinlet18, serving as an inlet means for introduction of the gas (in this illustration oxygen) to be dissolved into the fluid housed in secondinner space40. The gas may be pumped intoinlet18 by means well known in the art for introduction of the gas into secondinner space40 throughsecond tube member14.
• [0065]Apparatus10 further comprisesaccelerator plate20.Accelerator plate20 serves as a means to accelerate the flow of fluid therethrough. As shown in FIG. 2, a cross-sectional view along line2-2 of FIG. 1, in this embodiment,accelerator plate20 comprises a donut-shaped plate substantially extending horizontally and substantially filling secondinner space40.Accelerator plate20 also includes at least oneaperture48 for the flow of fluid therethrough.
• [0066]Accelerator plate20 is only one alternative that may be used in the present invention. Again, the primary object ofaccelerator plate20 is to accelerate the flow of fluid beneathaccelerator plate20 when compared to the flow of fluid aboveaccelerator plate20. Thus, the acceleration means used to accomplish this objective must reside within the secondinner space40, need not extend across the entire secondinner space40, and, overall, may be an accelerator of the type well known in the art. For example, a suitable acceleration means may be a small mixer which, likeaccelerator plate20, prevents or inhibits the bubbles from coalescing and collapsing.
• As shown in FIG. 1 and in FIG. 3 (a cross-sectional view along line[0067]3-3 of FIG. 1),apparatus10 also includeswaste gas vent24 andwaste gas tube26. Bothwaste gas vent24 andwaste gas tube26 are positioned belowupper end42 ofthird tube member16 and abovebubble harvester22. In this embodiment,waste gas vent24 simply comprises a trap to trap rising waste gas.Waste gas tube26 extends throughsecond tube member14 below the upper lip ofwaste gas vent24 to capture waste gas and allow it to travel throughwaste gas tube26.
• Returning to FIG. 1,[0068]apparatus10 further includesbubble harvester22. As shown in FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of line4-4 of FIG. 1,harvester22 is positioned within secondinner space40 and substantially extends from the outside offirst tube member12 to the inside ofsecond tube member14 while accommodatingthird tube member16 therethrough. Returning to FIG. 1,harvester22 is helix-shaped and includesupper end50 andbottom end52.Bottom end52 ofharvester22 is positioned abovebottom end36 ofsecond tube member14 and belowbottom end30 offirst tube member12. Theupper end50 ofharvester22 is belowaccelerator plate20,inlet18,waste gas vent24, andwaste gas tube26.
• Based on the above description, the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 1 is now described. Fluid (in this example, water) is allowed to flow downward within second[0069]inner space40 towardaccelerator plate20. Gas (in this example, oxygen) is introduced into secondinner space40 atinlet18.Acceleration plate20 causes an increase in velocity in the fluid and bubbles belowaccelerator plate20 when compared to the flow of fluid aboveaccelerator plate20. The faster flowing fluid is caused by the restriction of cross-sectional area in secondinner space40 and results in the creation of downward moving jets of fluid. The downward moving fluid jets assist in maintaining a dynamic swarm of bubbles of the gas within secondinner space40. Without the jets, the bubble swarm would coalesce and/or collapse, drastically reducing the gas bubble surface area per unit volume of liquid within secondinner space40.
• The bubbles continue to flow downward toward helix-shaped[0070]bubble harvester22.Harvester22 acts similar to a parallel plate separator in that the fluid flow is converted into a horizontal component, which results in the bubbles rising to the underside ofharvester22 above. This process removes bubbles from the fluid flow and causes the bubbles to rise upward in the opposite direction of the fluid flow along the underside ofharvester22. The centrifugal force impacted by helix-shapedharvester22 also forces bubbles toward the center of secondinner space40. Some bubbles may be, during this process, in sufficient contact with the fluid to become dissolved in the fluid. If bubbles are not so dissolved, they enterslots46 ofthird tube member16. These fugitive bubbles of gas are thus collected in the zone ofharvester22 ofapparatus10 and conveyed by gravity upthird tube member16 and into the bubble swarm of secondinner space40.
• Because less than all of the bubbles are absorbed into the fluid, bubbles are continually wasted from[0071]apparatus10. Excess bubbles leaveapparatus10 by being trapped bywaste gas vent24 andexit apparatus10 bywaste gas tube26. The fluid containing dissolvedgas exits apparatus10 by flowing upward throughfirst tube member12.
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the gas dissolving apparatus of the present invention is comprised of few parts and of no moving parts, other than might be recognized or desired to introduce gas through[0072]inlet18 and/or fluid through second inner space40 (see FIG. 6, for example). Thus, the apparatus is cost effective, both as to capital costs and costs of operation. The apparatus does not require significant maintenance. The apparatus allows large particles to freely pass through the system. Yet, it is quite capable of resulting in high nonsoluble gas absorption efficiency.
• Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a side view of a second embodiment of the apparatus wherein the exterior of the apparatus is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus. In this embodiment,[0073]apparatus100 includesinlet102, dissolvedgas feed103,accelerator plate104,bubble contact chamber106,bubble harvester108, bubblereturn tube member110, andoutlet112.Inlet102 serves as a means for receipt of the fluid with or without a gas therethrough. Dissolvedgas feed103 serves as a means for introduction of the gas to the fluid housed inchamber106.Accelerator plate104, similar toaccelerator plate20 of FIG. 1, serves to accelerate the flow of fluids and bubbles inchamber106 when compared to the fluid flow ininlet102.
• [0074]Bubble chamber106 is comprised offirst portion114 andsecond portion116. As illustrated,first portion114 has a diverging interior surface.Second portion116 is substantially cylindrical and includes abottom surface118 having at least oneaperture120 therethrough.Aperture120 is operatively connected tooutlet112.
• Within[0075]second portion116 ofchamber106 isharvester108. Likeharvester22 of FIG. 1,harvester108 is helical and, except for the accommodation of bubblereturn tube member110, substantially extends across the interior ofsecond portion116 ofchamber106.
• Bubble[0076]return tube member110 is substantially vertical and proximate to the center axis ofchamber106.Tube member110, likethird tube member16 of FIG. 1, has openupper end122, openbottom end124, and at least oneaperture126.Apertures126 are locatedproximate harvester108 and are below the upper end ofharvester108.
• As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the embodiment of FIG. 5 will operate in the presence of hydrostatic pressure, such as in a pump discharge. In such a configuration, there also is no need to accommodate outgassing of initially dissolved gases displaced by the absorption of the gas. Therefore, the embodiment of FIG. 3 does not contain any special components for handling waste gas.[0077]
• Considering the operation of the apparatus of FIG. 5, fluid is introduced to apparatus via[0078]inlet102 and gas is introduced viagas inlet103. Increased jet velocity of the fluid is achieved by passage of the fluid throughaccelerator plate104 in the manner described in association withaccelerator plate20 of FIG. 1. The expanded cross-section offirst portion114 ofchamber106 reduces the downward velocity of the fluid to less than or equal to that of the buoyant velocity of the bubbles of gas in the bubble swarm inchamber106. This reduction in fluid velocity allows retention of a very high concentration of bubbles in the swarm housed inchamber106. The configuration ofchamber106 therefore enhances gas absorption. Maintenance of prolonged bubble residence times in the bubble swarm is helpful in this regard.
• As fluid and bubbles reach[0079]harvester108 insecond portion116 ofchamber106,harvester108 translates the fluid flow into a horizontal component which permits the bubbles to rise and attach to the underside ofharvester108, thereby removing them from the fluid flow. The bubbles then flow upward by gravity and inward due to centrifugal force in helix-shapedharvester108. Some bubbles may, during this process, be in sufficient contact with the fluid to become dissolved in the fluid. If the bubbles do not become dissolved, the bubbles enterapertures126 of bubblereturn tube member110 and flow upward outupper end122 oftube member110 intochamber106. Thus,apparatus100 returns fugitive bubbles to enhance efficiency by prolonging their residence times. Fluid having gas dissolved therein exitschamber106 throughaperture120 ofbottom surface118 ofchamber106 intooutlet112.
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that several mechanisms contribute to the gas absorption efficiency of the apparatus of FIG. 5. The shape of[0080]chamber106 assists in keeping bubbles in contact with the fluid for an extended period of time to enhance absorption. To dissolve oxygen in water, for example, it is desired to force contact of the bubbles with the water for as much as100 seconds to ensure absorption. Also, the continuation ofharvester108 and bubblereturn tube member110 recycle fugitive (unabsorbed) bubbles back intochamber106. This also increases absorption efficiency.
• It will also be appreciated that the exact shapes of[0081]chamber106 need not be as illustrated in FIG. 5. For example, various angles and lengths offirst portion114 of chamber are possible. Also,second portion116 need not be cylindrical in shape. Also, the chamber could be of unitary conical shape, unitary cylindrical shape, or any other shape reasonably able to promote the flow of fluid and the bubble swarm as described herein.
• Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a side view of a third embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention wherein the outer tube member is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus. In this embodiment,[0082]apparatus150, likeapparatus10 of FIG. 1, includesfirst tube member12,second tube member14,third tube member16, inlet means18,accelerator plane20, first helix-shapedbubble harvester22, firstwaste gas vent24, and firstwaste gas outlet26. This embodiment further includes second accelerator plate152, second helix-shapedbubble harvester154,fourth tube member156, secondwaste gas vent158, and secondwaste gas outlet160. The apparatus further includesfifth tube member162 connecting firstgas tube outlet26 to the open bottom end offourth tube member156.
• As will become apparent with the description of[0083]apparatus150 below, the lower portion ofapparatus150 is primarily responsible for absorption of the gas, and the upper portion is primarily responsible for stripping an initially dissolved gas which is replaced with the absorbed gas. If used to oxygenate water, the lower portion is the oxygen absorption and the upper portion is the nitrogen stripper.
• In the embodiment of FIG. 6,[0084]apparatus150 is buried in an excavated shaft,bottom end36 ofsecond tube member14 is approximately 10 feet or more below the surface of the earth.First tube member12 is about 12 inches in diameter andsecond tube member14 is about 36 inches in diameter. These dimensions are illustrative, not a necessity, and not to be limiting in any respect.
• Also nearby is[0085]tank164 having the fluid therein. Tank outlet means166 extends into the fluid residing intank164 and is operatively connected toupper end34 ofsecond tube member14. Tank inlet means168 extends into the fluid residing intank164 and is operatively connected toupper end28 offirst tube member12. To initiate and/or maintain flow of fluid fromtank164 through tank outlet means166 intoapparatus150, pump means170 is shown.
• Now, turning to the operation of[0086]apparatus150, fluid is pumped fromtank164 through tank outlet means166 intoupper end34 ofsecond tube member14. In one embodiment, the velocity of fluid enteringupper end34 oftube member14 is approximately 0.5 ft/sec to 2.0 ft/sec. The fluid passes through second accelerator plate152. Second accelerator plate152 restricts the cross-sectional area for fluid flow and includes apertures (see FIG. 2) to cause the fluid to accelerate into downward jets. In one embodiment, the downward jets of fluid move at approximately 6 ft/sec to 12 ft/sec. The increased velocity jets maintain a dynamic bubble swarm in the upper portion ofapparatus150. The rise velocity of the bubbles in this upper portion (only about 0.5 ft/sec to 1 ft/sec in one embodiment) is low enough so that most of the bubbles accumulate and remain in the dynamic bubble swarm. The gas fed into the upper portion originates from first waste gas vent through firstwaste gas tube26 as described below. As the gas bubbles accumulate in secondinner space40 in this upper portion ofapparatus150, they are crowded downward and are eventually lost as the bubble swarm is pushed below secondwaste gas vent158 to enter secondwaste gas tube160.
• At the upper portion of[0087]apparatus150, as fluid flows downward through the bubble swarm the gas (introduced at inlet means18 originally) is dissolved into the fluid and a gas already dissolved in the fluid is stripped out of the fluid into the gas phase. Fugitive bubbles which get inadvertently dragged out of the bubble swarm must be efficiently captured and returned to the bubble swarm. This is accomplished with second helix-shapedbubble harvester154 andfourth tube member156 in a manner as previously described in association with comparable components shown in FIGS. 1 and 5.
• Fluid, devoid of fugitive bubbles, continues downward from the bottom of[0088]second harvester154 towardfirst accelerator plate20. In one embodiment, the velocity of the fluid in this area is about 0.5 ft/sec to 2.0 ft/sec. The operation of the device is, at this point, as described in association withapparatus10 of FIG. 1 Because less than all of the gas is absorbed in the lower portion ofapparatus150, some bubbles are continually wasted from the system throughwaste gas vent24 into firstwaste gas tube26, throughfifth tube member162 intofourth tube member156. These bubbles are then processed as described above for eventual exit from the system via secondwaste gas vent158 and secondwaste gas tube160. Of course, fluid containing dissolved gas and devoid of bubbles exits the bottom offirst harvester22 and flows upward throughfirst tube member12, through tank inlet means168, intotank164.
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the embodiment of FIG. 6 reduces the extraneous gas (gas initially dissolved in the fluid) in the system to enhance absorption of the gas. The extraneous gas is reduced before the gas dissolver. It will also be appreciated that, although shown as installed in an excavation, the apparatus of FIG. 6 need not be so installed. Instead,[0089]apparatus150 may be placed in a tube or directly into the fluid.
• Referring now to FIG. 7, there is shown a fourth embodiment of the present invention wherein[0090]U-tube member190 of the apparatus is translucent to illustrate the components of the apparatus.U-tube member190 has an inlet side and an outlet side. In this embodiment,apparatus180 comprises a conventionalU-tube oxygenator182, ahelical bubble harvester184, and a bubble return pipe (tube member)186.Harvester184 is similar to the bubble harvesters of FIGS. 1, 5, and6 andbubble return pipe186 is similar to those of FIGS. 1, 5, and6.
• Fluid enters[0091]apparatus180 on the inlet side ofU-tube member190.U-tube oxygenator182 includesinlet188 for introduction of the gas (such as oxygen) to be dissolved into the fluid (such as water) housed inU-tube member190. In one alternative embodiment of the present invention,inlet188 is vertically oriented and extends through the inlet side ofU-tube member190. In this embodiment,harvester184 is placed proximate the bottom of the inlet side of theU-tube member190.
• During operation of[0092]apparatus180,harvester184 andbubble return pipe186 serve the same functionality as described in association with the embodiments of FIGS. 1, 5, and6. Specifically, as bubble move down the inlet side of theU-tube member190, undissolved (fugitive) bubbles flow upward against the underside ofharvester184. During this process, some bubbles may be in sufficient contact with the fluid to become dissolved in the fluid. If the bubbles are not so dissolved, they then flow into the apertures ofbubble return pipe186 to be returned to the bubble swarm aboveharvester184. Exiting out the outlet side ofU-shaped tube member190 is the fluid containing a high concentration of dissolved gas and devoid of bubbles.
• With regard to the embodiment of FIG. 7, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that use of[0093]harvester184 to capture bubbles results in a more efficient transfer of gas into the fluid. As a result, the U-tube apparatus does not have to be as deep as a conventional U-tube apparatus to achieve the same absorption levels and dissolved oxygen concentrations.
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the present invention solves several shortcomings of the prior art and can be used to dissolve soluble and insoluble gases. The apparatus manages the dissolved gases initially present in the fluid and stripped by the dissolved gas. The apparatus provides a high bubble area per volume of fluid to result in a high reduction in dissolved gas deficit. Fugitive bubbles are effectively separated and recycled to increase the percentage absorption efficiency of the gas. Hydrostatic pressurization rather than mechanical pressurization is used for dissolving the gas, thereby reducing operational costs. Also, gas is fed into a pressurized fluid chamber without the necessity of equal pressure from a PSA generator or other oxygen source.[0094]
• It will also be appreciated that the harvester and bubble return pipe of the present invention may be used in any container containing fluid, and need not be vertically oriented as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 5,[0095]6, and7. Instead, the harvester/bubble return pipe may be used to capture bubbles from any fluid flowing in a pipe or conduit (or other container). Further, the harvester/bubble return pipe combination is useful whether or not any gas is to be dissolved into the fluid.
• It will be further appreciated that the use of the harvester/bubble return pipe combination can reduce the cross-section and/or depth of bubble contactor of any apparatus in which it is used. Such reductions result in a lower cost of the apparatus and any cost of excavation of the apparatus, if applicable.[0096]
• Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a side view of a fifth embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention. In this embodiment,[0097]apparatus200 utilizes high purity oxygen in order to achieve high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in water. However, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatapparatus200 may also be utilized to dissolve other types of gases into other types of fluids.
• [0098]Apparatus200 includescontainer205,gas feed210,inlet tube220,gas transfer device230, andoutlet tube240.Container205 contains water. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8,container205 comprises a tank. In this embodiment, the tank is impervious to the passage of water therethrough. The material of the tank is resistant to corrosion caused by the water. For example, the tank may be comprised of plastic or metal. It will be recognized by those of skill in the art that in other embodiments of thepresent invention container205 may comprise a natural container, such as, for example, a lagoon, or a sewage pool.
• In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8,[0099]gas transfer device230 comprises anupper end232, and a closedbottom end234. In this embodiment,upper end232 is closed. However, in other embodiments of the inventionupper end232 may be open. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8,gas transfer device230 further comprises afirst portion231 and asecond portion233. As illustrated,first portion231 has a diverging interior surface.Second portion233 is substantially cylindrical. In an alternative embodiment, the gas transfer device simply has a diverging interior surface and is generally conical in shape. As explained in more detail below, other embodiments of a gas transfer device may be utilized inapparatus200.
• [0100]Inlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 may be of any size and shape provided that each ofinlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 permit for appropriate transfer of volume of fluid at desired flow rates. Further,inlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 are comprised of a material impervious to the passage of fluid therethrough. It is also desired that the material ofinlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 be resistant to corrosion caused by the fluid. If the fluid comprises water, for example,inlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 may be comprised of plastic or metal.Inlet tube220 andoutlet tube240 may be comprised of a similar material, but this is not required.
• A[0101]first end221 ofinlet tube220 is positioned withincontainer205, and is adapted for the receipt of the fluid fromcontainer205 to which the high purity oxygen will be introduced. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the water fromcontainer205 is pumped intofirst end221 ofinlet tube220 via apump215 of a type well know in the art. Asecond end222 ofinlet tube220 is adapted for the introduction of the mixture of the fluid and the high purity oxygen intogas transfer device230 throughupper end232, as discussed below. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8,second end222 extends throughupper end232.
• A first[0102]open end241 ofoutlet tube240 is positioned within thesecond portion233 ofgas transfer device230.Outlet tube240 extends throughupper end232. Asecond end242 ofoutlet tube240 is positioned outside ofgas transfer device230, and is adapted for the release of oxygenated water outside ofgas transfer device230. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8,second end242 is positioned withincontainer205.
• [0103]Gas transfer device230 is positioned belowfluid surface207 in order to create increased hydrostatic pressure ingas transfer device230. In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8, a midpoint oflongitudinal axis236 ofgas transfer device230 is positioned about 10 feet belowfluid surface207 in order to create the increased hydrostatic pressure ingas transfer device230. However, the gas transfer device may be positioned less than 10 feet belowfluid surface207. In addition,gas transfer device230 may be positioned as much as 100 feet or more belowfluid surface207.
• The only requirement for this fifth embodiment of the present invention is that[0104]gas transfer device230 be positioned belowfluid surface207 in order to create increased hydrostatic pressure in thegas transfer device230, which in turn increases the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the oxygenated water released fromgas transfer device230. In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 8,gas transfer device230 is positioned underground in anunderground structure235. In this embodiment,underground structure235 comprises an excavated caisson; however, the gas transfer device may be positioned underground in a variety of different manners. In this embodiment,gas transfer device230 is positioned underground asfluid surface207 is below ground level.
• [0105]Gas transfer device230 need not be positioned underground. Instead,gas transfer device230 simply must be positioned belowfluid surface207. For example, in one embodiment of thepresent invention container205 may be positioned 30 feet above ground level. Thus, in this embodiment,gas transfer device230 need not be positioned underground in order forgas transfer device230 to be positioned belowfluid surface207.
• [0106]Apparatus200 further comprisesgas feed210 operably connected toinlet tube220 for the introduction of gas (in this illustration high purity oxygen) into the water contained withininlet tube220. The gas will subsequently be dissolved into the water, as explained below.Gas feed210 is operably connected toinlet tube220 betweenfirst end221 andsecond end222. In an alternative embodiment,gas feed210 may introduce the gas directly intogas transfer device230. The gas may be pumped intogas feed210 by means well know in the art. The flow rates of the water introduced intogas transfer device230 may range from less than 1 gallon of water per minute to over 200 million gallons of water per day.
• Based on the above description, the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 8 is now described. Fluid (in this example, water) is pumped via[0107]pump215 fromcontainer205 intoinlet tube220 throughfirst end221, and the water flows from thefirst end221 ofinlet tube220 toward thesecond end222 ofinlet tube220. Gas (in this example, high purity oxygen) is introduced into the water contained withininlet tube220 atgas feed210. In one embodiment, the velocity of the water and high purity oxygen mixture introduced intogas transfer device230 throughupper end232 is approximately 10 feet per second. This high inlet velocity provides turbulence which continually shears the larger bubbles of oxygen gas and maintains a bubble swarm with an exceptionally high gas surface/water volume ratio. Since the bubbles tend to coalesce under lower turbulence which exists at thesecond portion233 ofgas transfer device230, the bubbles are sheared into smaller bubbles at thefirst portion231 ofgas transfer device230 by the vigorous turbulence of the water and high purity oxygen mixture introduced intogas transfer device230 viainlet tube220. Thus, the bubble swarm is prevented from collapsing and greatly reducing the oxygen absorption rate.
• As the cross section of[0108]gas transfer device230 increases as the water and oxygen bubble mixture moves toward thesecond portion233 ofgas transfer device230, the downward velocity of the water becomes less than the buoyant upward velocity of the bubbles. Therefore, most of the bubbles are retained withingas transfer device230, while the oxygenated water passes through thefirst end241 ofoutlet tube240. The oxygenated water flows toward thesecond end242 ofoutlet tube240 and is released outsidegas transfer device230 viasecond end242. Asgas transfer device230 is hydrostatically pressurized due to its placement below thefluid surface207, a high level of oxygen is dissolved into the water, while simultaneously minimizing the problems caused by stripping the dissolved N₂from the water into the high purity oxygen phase.
• Instead of hydrostatically pressurizing[0109]gas transfer device230, the pressure can be increased ingas transfer device230 by pumping the fluid and gas mixture into the gas transfer device against a throttling valve of a type well known in the art as the mixture is introduced intogas transfer device230. However, placinggas transfer device230 belowfluid surface207 achieves the necessary pressurization in a much more energy efficient manner. Ifgas transfer device230 is positioned at the same level asfluid surface207, the unit energy consumption for pressurizinggas transfer device230 for the purpose of dissolving oxygen is approximately 700 kilowatt-hours per ton of dissolved oxygen. The cost associated with such energy consumption is approximately $220,000. However, the energy consumption decreases to approximately 350 kilowatt-hours per ton of dissolved oxygen ifmidpoint236 ofgas transfer device230 is positioned 20 feet belowfluid surface207. The cost associated with such energy consumption is approximately $120,000. The reason for this dramatic decrease in energy consumption is that the requirements for pumping the fluid intogas transfer device230 do not change significantly; however, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the oxygenated water released fromgas transfer device230 increases from 15 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the oxygenated water released fromgas transfer device230 increases as the depth at whichgas transfer device230 is placed belowfluid surface207 increases.
• In one embodiment of the present invention, if[0110]midpoint236 ofgas transfer device230 is positioned 60 feet belowfluid surface207, the oxygenated water released from the gas transfer device contains a concentration of 90 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. In the same embodiment of the present invention, ifmidpoint236 ofgas transfer device230 is positioned 100 feet belowfluid surface207, the oxygenated water released fromgas transfer device230 contains a concentration of over 120 mg/L of dissolved oxygen.
• Water that contains more than air saturated concentrations of dissolved oxygen is referred to as “superoxygenated” water. However, if the discharged water contains over 120 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, some of the dissolved oxygen may spontaneously effervesce. Such effervescence can be minimized, if not eliminated, if[0111]second end242 is positioned withincontainer205 and if the superoxygenated water is released fromsecond end242 back intocontainer205, or if the superoxygenated water is released into some other bulk volume of water that contains low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Further, the low turbulence depressurization of the oxygenated water as it flows throughoutlet tube240 also enhances the retention of the dissolved oxygen in the discharge. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the oxygenated water released fromsecond end242 ofoutlet tube240 is subsequently introduced into the apparatuses shown in FIGS. 1, 5,6, or7 so that additional amounts of oxygen may be dissolved in the water through the operation of these apparatuses as described above.
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that[0112]apparatus200 may comprise other gas transfer devices besidesgas transfer device230 as long as the gas bubbles are not swept out of the gas transfer device with the water passing through the gas transfer device, but remain in, or are captured and recycled to the gas transfer device. In other words, the bubble movement must be uncoupled from the water movement. This can be accomplished in two ways. The first way is if the vertical downward flow of water through the gas transfer device can be reduced to less than the vertical upward buoyant velocity of the gas bubbles, such as through the use ofgas transfer device230. A second example of a gas transfer device wherein the vertical downward flow of water is reduced to less than the vertical upward buoyant velocity of bubbles is a cylindrical gas transfer device with an accelerator plate at the top of the gas transfer device which provides the energy necessary to maintain the bubble swarm so that it does not collapse. However, at the same time, the downward movement of the water within the cylindrical gas transfer device is less than the buoyant velocity of the bubbles so that the bubbles are trapped indefinitely within the gas transfer device. Such a gas transfer device is the second embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG.
• The second way to ensure that the bubble movement is uncoupled from the water movement is if the bubbles can be harvested from the water flow through a helix or parallel plate separator or a centrifugal force, and returned to the gas transfer device. In such gas transfer devices, the downward water velocities are higher than the buoyant velocity of the bubbles, causing the bubbles to move in the direction of the water. However, this bubble and water mixture is then passed through a helix or parallel plate separator or centrifugal force to separate the bubbles and return them to the water flow. An example of this type of gas transfer device is the fourth embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 7.[0113]
• It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that by pressurizing the gas transfer device shown in FIG. 8, high levels of a gas are dissolved into a fluid, and the fluid retains such high levels of the gas while minimizing the stripping of dissolved N[0114]₂in the fluid introduced into the gas transfer device. The apparatus does not consume much energy as pressurization occurs hydrostatically by the placement ofgas transfer device230 belowfluid surface207. The embodiment of the present invention is particularly useful when a high level of dissolved oxygen must be achieved in the discharge to match the accumulative oxygen consumption demand and prevent noxious end products, such as H₂S. Such anaerobic environments include, but are not limited to primary clarifiers, excessively polluted urban rivers, gravity and force main sewers, combined sewer overflow storage basins, sludge dewatering operations, and wastewater lagoons.
• It will also be appreciated that the apparatus of the present invention has use in a myriad of other applications. In oxygenation of water for example, the present invention may be used for slowly moving rivers and canals, lagoons, reservoirs, fish/shellfish/mussel/shrimp ponds, wastewater treatment systems, sewer lift stations, and wastewater processing for various industries; including but not limited to the pharmaceutical, petroleum, food and chemical industries. The present invention is also useful for dissolving hydrogen into vegetable oil, hydrogen into coal liquifaction fluids, or for pharmaceutical and industry aerobic bioprocesses, such as yeast production and Vitamin C production. The present invention also has application for ozonation of water or other fluids.[0115]
• The foregoing is offered primarily for purposes of illustrating the apparatus and method of the present invention. It will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art that the materials, dimensions, operating procedures and conditions, and other parameters of the gas dissolving apparatus and method may be further modified or substantiated in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.[0116]

Claims (26)

I claim:

1. An apparatus for dissolving a gas into a fluid, the apparatus comprising:

a container having fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container;

a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid from the container, and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means operably connected to the fluid inlet means between the first end of the fluid inlet means and the second end of the fluid inlet means for introduction of the gas into the fluid before it is introduced into the gas transfer device; and

an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device.

2. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the fluid comprises water.

3. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the gas comprises oxygen.

4. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the fluid comprises water and the gas comprises oxygen.

5. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the gas transfer device has a generally diverging inside surface.

6. The apparatus ofclaim 1 further comprising an acceleration plate positioned within the gas transfer device for acceleration of the fluid and gas mixture therethrough, and wherein the gas transfer device is substantially cylindrical in shape.

7. The apparatus ofclaim 1 further comprising a helix-shaped bubble harvester positioned within the gas transfer device.

8. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the gas transfer device is positioned underground.

9. The apparatus ofclaim 8 wherein the gas transfer device is positioned in an excavated caisson.

10. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the second end of the outlet means is positioned within the container for the release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein into the container.

11. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein a midpoint of a longitudinal axis of the gas transfer device is positioned at least about ten feet below the surface of the fluid in the container.

12. The apparatus ofclaim 1 further comprising a pumping means operably connected to the first end of the fluid inlet means for pumping the fluid from the container into the fluid inlet means.

13. An apparatus for dissolving a gas into fluid, the apparatus comprising:

a container having fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container;

a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid from the container, and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means for introduction of the gas into the gas transfer device; and

an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device.

14. A method for dissolving a gas into a fluid, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a container having the fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

providing a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of fluid in the container;

providing a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

providing a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means operably connected to the fluid inlet means between the first end of the fluid inlet means and the second end of the fluid inlet means for introduction of the gas into the fluid before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

providing an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device;

allowing the fluid to flow from the container into the first end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid to flow through the fluid inlet means;

introducing the gas into the fluid through the gas inlet means before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

introducing the fluid and gas mixture into the gas transfer device through the upper end of the gas transfer device via the second end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid and gas mixture to flow downward through the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas are dissolved into the fluid;

allowing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein to enter the first end of the outlet means and flow toward the second end of the outlet means;

releasing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device via the second end of the outlet means; and

retaining the bubbles of gas which are not dissolved into the fluid in the gas transfer device.

15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the fluid comprises water such that the method results in dissolving the gas into the water.

16. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the gas comprises oxygen such that the method results in dissolving the oxygen into the fluid.

17. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the fluid comprises water and the gas comprises oxygen such that the method results in dissolving the oxygen into the water.

18. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the gas transfer has a generally diverging inside surface.

19. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising the steps of:

positioning the second end of the outlet means within the container; and

releasing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein into the container.

20. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising the step of positioning the gas transfer device underground.

21. The method ofclaim 20 further comprising the step of positioning the gas transfer device in an excavated caisson.

22. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising the step of positioning a midpoint of a longitudinal axis of the gas transfer device at least about ten feet below the surface of the fluid in the container.

23. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising the steps of:

providing a pumping means operably connected to the first end of the fluid inlet means; and

pumping the fluid from the container into the first end of the inlet means.

24. The method of dissolving a gas into a fluid, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a container having fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

providing a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container, the gas transfer device being substantially cylindrical in shape;

providing a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

providing a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means operably connected to the fluid inlet means between the first end of the fluid inlet means and the second end of the fluid inlet means for introduction of the gas into the fluid before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

providing an acceleration plate positioned within the gas transfer device for acceleration of the fluid and gas mixture therethrough;

providing an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device;

allowing the fluid to flow from the container to the first end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid to flow through the fluid inlet means;

introducing the gas into the fluid through the gas inlet means before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

introducing the fluid and gas mixture into the gas transfer device through the upper end of the gas transfer device via the second end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid and gas mixture to flow downward through the acceleration means and the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas are dissolved into the fluid;

allowing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein to enter the first end of the outlet means and flow toward the second end of the outlet means;

releasing the fluid having the gas dissolved into the fluid therein from the gas transfer device via the second end of the outlet means; and

retaining the bubbles of gas which are not dissolved into the fluid in the gas transfer device.

25. A method of dissolving a gas into a fluid, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a container having fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

providing a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container;

providing a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

providing a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means operably connected to the fluid inlet means between the first end of the fluid inlet means and the second end of the fluid inlet means for introduction of the gas into the fluid before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

providing a helix-shaped bubble harvester positioned within the gas transfer device;

providing an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device;

allowing the fluid to flow from the container into the first end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid to flow through the fluid inlet means;

introducing the gas into the fluid through the gas inlet means before it is introduced into the gas transfer device;

introducing the fluid and gas mixture into the gas transfer device through the upper end of the gas transfer device via the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid and gas mixture to flow downward through the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas travel downward to the helix-shaped bubble harvester where the bubbles are kept in contact with the fluid for dissolving at least a portion of the gas into the fluid;

allowing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein to enter the first end of the outlet means and flow toward the second end of the outlet means;

releasing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device via the second end of the outlet means; and

retaining the bubbles of gas which are not dissolved into the fluid in the gas transfer device.

26. A method for dissolving a gas into a fluid, the apparatus comprising:

providing a container having fluid therein, the fluid having a surface;

providing a gas transfer device, the gas transfer device having an upper end and a closed bottom end, the gas transfer device positioned below the surface of the fluid in the container;

providing a fluid inlet means, the fluid inlet means having a first end for receipt of the fluid from the container, and a second end for the introduction of the fluid into the gas transfer device;

providing a gas inlet means, the gas inlet means for introduction of the gas into the gas transfer device;

providing an outlet means, the outlet means having a first end positioned within the gas transfer device for receipt of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein, and a second end positioned outside of the gas transfer device for release of the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device;

allowing the fluid to flow from the container into the first end of the fluid inlet means;

allowing the fluid to flow through the fluid inlet means;

introducing the fluid into the gas transfer device via the second end of the fluid inlet means;

introducing the gas into the gas transfer device via the gas inlet means;

allowing the fluid and gas mixture to flow downward through the gas transfer device such that bubbles of gas are dissolved into the fluid;

allowing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein to enter the first end of the outlet means and flow toward the second end of the outlet means;

releasing the fluid having the gas dissolved therein from the gas transfer device via the second end of the outlet means; and

retaining the bubbles of gas which are not dissolved into the fluid in the gas transfer device.

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