US20030199538A1 - Pharmaceutical formulation comprising an immune response modifier - Google Patents

Abstract

Pharmaceutical formulations comprising an immune response modifier (IRM) chosen from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazolo-quinolineamines, oxazolo-quinolinamines, thiazolo-pyridinamines, oxazolo-pyridinamines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid are useful for the treatment of dermal associated conditions. Novel topical formulations are provided. In one embodiment, the topical formulations are advantageous for treatment of actinic keratosis, postsurgical scars, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis, and warts.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/340,605, filed Nov. 29, 2001 and Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/378,452, filed May 6, 2002.[0001]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical formulations comprising at least one immune response modifier chosen from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines. Embodiments of the present invention are directed to topical formulations for application to the skin of a mammal. Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for treating dermal diseases.[0002]
BACKGROUND
• Many imidazoquinoline amine, imidazopyridine amine, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amine, thiazoloquinoline amine, oxazoloquinoline amine, thiazolopyridine amine, oxazolopyridine amine, imidazonaphthyridine amine, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, and thiazolonaphthyridine amine compounds have demonstrated potent immunostimulating, antiviral and antitumor (including anticancer) activity, and have also been shown to be useful as vaccine adjuvants. These compounds are hereinafter collectively referred to as “IRM” (immune response modifier) compounds. One of these IRM compounds, known as imiquimod, has been commercialized in a topical formulation, Aldara™, for the treatment of anogenital warts associated with human papillomavirus.[0003]
• The mechanism for the antiviral and antitumor activity of these IRM compounds is thought to be due in substantial part to enhancement of the immune response by induction of various important cytokines (e.g., interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, etc.). Such compounds have been shown to stimulate a rapid release of certain monocyte/macrophage-derived cytokines and are also capable of stimulating B cells to secrete antibodies which play an important role in these IRM compounds' antiviral and antitumor activities. One of the predominant immunostimulating responses to these compounds is the induction of interferon (IFN)-α production, which is believed to be very important in the acute antiviral and antitumor activities seen. Moreover, up regulation of other cytokines such as, for example, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 also have potentially beneficial activities and are believed to contribute to the antiviral and antitumor properties of these compounds.[0004]
• Although some of the beneficial effects of IRMs are known, the ability to provide therapeutic benefit via topical application of an IRM compound for treatment of a particular condition at a particular location may be hindered by a variety of factors. These factors include irritation of the skin to which the formulation is applied, formulation wash away, insolubility and/or degradation of the IRM compound in the formulation, physical instability of the formulation (e.g., separation of components, thickening, precipitation/agglomerization of active ingredient, and the like), poor permeation, and undesired systemic delivery of the topically applied IRM compound. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for new methods and formulations to provide the greatest therapeutic benefit from this class of compounds.[0005]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• At several locations throughout the specification, guidance is provided through lists of examples. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group; it is not meant that the list is exclusive.[0006]
• In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an immune response modifier selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers.[0007]
• In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation comprises an immune response modifier selected from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms.[0008]
• The formulation can further comprise one or more of a preservative system, an emulsifier, and water.[0009]
• In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of treatment of a dermal associated condition comprising applying to skin a topical formulation comprising an immune response modifier selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers.[0010]
• In one embodiment, the method of treatment of a dermal associated condition comprises applying to skin a formulation comprising an immune response modifier selected from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms.[0011]
• In other embodiments, the method of treatment of a dermal associated condition comprises applying to skin a formulation comprising an immune response modifier selected from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and further comprising one or more of a preservative system, an emulsifier, and water.[0012]
• In one embodiment, the dermal associated condition is selected from actinic keratosis, postsurgical scars, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis, and warts.[0013]
• In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for delivering an immune response modifier to a dermal surface, the method comprising the steps of selecting a formulation comprising a compound selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazolo-quinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers; and applying the selected formulation to the dermal surface for a time sufficient to allow the formulation to deliver the IRM to the dermal surface.[0014]
• In one embodiment, the selected formulation comprises an immune response modifier selected from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms.[0015]
• Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, ratios, and numerical properties of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”.[0016]
• As used herein, “a” or “an” or “the” are used interchangeably with “at least one”, to mean “one or more” of the element being modified.[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a formulation comprising an immune response modifier compound selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms, and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers.[0018]
• These immune response modifier compounds, methods of making them, methods of using them and compositions containing them are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,338; 4,929,624; 4,988,815; 5,037,986; 5,175,296; 5,238,944; 5,266,575; 5,268,376; 5,346,905; 5,352,784; 5,367,076; 5,389,640; 5,395,937; 5,446,153; 5,482,936; 5,693,811; 5,741,908; 5,756,747; 5,939,090; 6,039,969; 6,083,505; 6,110,929; 6,194,425; 6,245,776; 6,331,539; 6,376,669; and 6,451,810; European Patent 0 394 026; US Publication 2002/0055517; and PCT Publications WO 00/47719; WO 00/76518; WO 01/74343; WO 02/46188; WO 02/46189; WO 02/46190; WO 02/46191; WO 02/46192; WO 02/46193; WO 02/46194; and WO 02/46749 the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.[0019]
• As noted above, many of the IRM compounds useful in the present invention have demonstrated significant immunomodulating activity. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the IRM compound can be chosen from imidazoquinoline amines, for example, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines defined by one of Formulas I-V below:[0020]

  
• wherein[0021]
• R[0022]₁₁is chosen from alkyl of one to ten carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of one to six carbon atoms, acyloxyalkyl wherein the acyloxy moiety is alkanoyloxy of two to four carbon atoms or benzoyloxy, and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms, benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, said benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms and halogen, with the proviso that if said benzene ring is substituted by two of said moieties, then said moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms;
• R[0023]₂₁is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, the benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms and halogen, with the proviso that when the benzene ring is substituted by two of said moieties, then the moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms; and
• each R[0024]₁is independently chosen from alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, halogen, and alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 0 to 2, with the proviso that if n is 2, then said R₁groups together contain no more than six carbon atoms;

  
• wherein[0025]
• R[0026]₁₂is chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms and substituted straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms, wherein the substituent is chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms; and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms substituted by straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms; and
• R[0027]₂₂is chosen from hydrogen, straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to eight carbon atoms, benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, the benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms, straight chain or branched chain alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, and halogen, with the proviso that when the benzene ring is substituted by two such moieties, then the moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms; and
• each R[0028]₂is independently chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, halogen, and straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms, and n is an integer from zero to 2, with the proviso that if n is 2, then said R₂groups together contain no more than six carbon atoms;

  
• wherein[0029]
• R[0030]₂₃is chosen from hydrogen, straight chain or branched chain alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, the benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, straight chain or branched chain alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen, with the proviso that when the benzene ring is substituted by two such moieties, then the moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms; and
• each R[0031]₃is independently chosen from straight chain or branched chain alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, halogen, and straight chain or branched chain alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, and n is an integer from zero to 2, with the proviso that if n is 2, then said R₃groups together contain no more than six carbon atoms;

  
• wherein[0032]
• R[0033]₁₄is —CHR_xR_ywherein R_yis hydrogen or a carbon-carbon bond, with the proviso that when R_yis hydrogen R_xis alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, hydroxyalkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, 1-alkynyl of two to ten carbon atoms, tetrahydropyranyl, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms, or 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, and with the further proviso that when R_yis a carbon-carbon bond R_yand R_xtogether form a tetrahydrofuranyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from hydroxy and hydroxyalkyl of one to four carbon atoms;
• R[0034]₂₄is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, phenyl, and substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen; and
• R[0035]₄is chosen from hydrogen, straight chain or branched chain alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, halogen, and straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms;

  
• wherein[0036]
• R[0037]₁₅is chosen from: hydrogen; straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to ten carbon atoms and substituted straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to ten carbon atoms, wherein the substituent is chosen from cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms substituted by straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms; straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms and substituted straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms, wherein the substituent is chosen from cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms substituted by straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms; hydroxyalkyl of one to six carbon atoms; alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms; acyloxyalkyl wherein the acyloxy moiety is alkanoyloxy of two to four carbon atoms or benzoyloxy, and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms; benzyl; (phenyl)ethyl; and phenyl; said benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen, with the proviso that when said benzene ring is substituted by two of said moieties, then the moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms;
• R[0038]₂₅is

  
• wherein[0039]
• R[0040]_Sand R_Tare independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, phenyl, and substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen;
• X is chosen from alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of one to four carbon atoms, haloalkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkylamido wherein the alkyl group contains one to four carbon atoms, amino, substituted amino wherein the substituent is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl of one to four carbon atoms, azido, chloro, hydroxy, 1-morpholino, 1-pyrrolidino, alkylthio of one to four carbon atoms; and[0041]
• R[0042]₅is chosen from hydrogen, straight chain or branched chain alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, halogen, and straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms;
• and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.[0043]
• The IRM compound can also be chosen from 6,7 fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines defined by Formula VI below:[0044]

  
• wherein m is 1, 2, or 3;[0045]
• R[0046]₁₆is chosen from hydrogen; cyclic alkyl of three, four, or five carbon atoms; straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to ten carbon atoms and substituted straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to ten carbon atoms, wherein the substituent is chosen from cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms substituted by straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms; fluoro- or chloroalkyl containing from one to ten carbon atoms and one or more fluorine or chlorine atoms; straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms and substituted straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms, wherein the substituent is chosen from cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms and cycloalkyl containing three to six carbon atoms substituted by straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms; hydroxyalkyl of one to six carbon atoms; alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms; acyloxyalkyl wherein the acyloxy moiety is alkanoyloxy of two to four carbon atoms or benzoyloxy, and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms, with the proviso that any such alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or acyloxyalkyl group does not have a fully carbon substituted carbon atom bonded directly to the nitrogen atom; benzyl; (phenyl)ethyl; and phenyl; said benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by one or two moieties independently chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen, with the proviso that when said benzene ring is substituted by two of said moieties, then the moieties together contain no more than six carbon atoms;
• and —CHR[0047]_xR_y
• wherein[0048]
• R[0049]_yis hydrogen or a carbon-carbon bond, with the proviso that when R_yis hydrogen R_xis alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, hydroxyalkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, 1-alkynyl of two to ten carbon atoms, tetrahydropyranyl, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms, or 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, and with the further proviso that when R_yis a carbon-carbon bond R_yand R_xtogether form a tetrahydrofuranyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from hydroxy and hydroxyalkyl of one to four carbon atoms,
• R[0050]₂₆is chosen from hydrogen, straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to eight carbon atoms, straight chain or branched chain hydroxyalkyl containing one to six carbon atoms, morpholinoalkyl, benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, the benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl or phenyl substituent being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by a moiety chosen from methyl, methoxy, and halogen; and
• —C(R[0051]_S)(R_T)(X) wherein R_Sand R_Tare independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, phenyl, and substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen;
• X is chosen from alkoxy containing one to four carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms, haloalkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkylamido wherein the alkyl group contains one to four carbon atoms, amino, substituted amino wherein the substituent is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl of one to four carbon atoms, azido, alkylthio of one to four carbon atoms, and morpholinoalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms, and[0052]
• R[0053]₆is chosen from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms, and straight chain or branched chain fluoro- or chloroalkyl containing one to four carbon atoms and at least one fluorine or chlorine atom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• In other embodiments of the present invention, the IRM compound can be chosen from imidazopyridine amines defined by Formula VII below:[0054]

  
• wherein[0055]
• R[0056]₁₇is chosen from hydrogen; —CH₂R_Wwherein R_Wis chosen from straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl containing one to ten carbon atoms, straight chain or branched chain alkenyl containing two to ten carbon atoms, straight chain or branched chain hydroxyalkyl containing one to six carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms, and phenylethyl; and —CH═CR_ZR_Zwherein each R_Zis independently straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl of one to six carbon atoms;
• R[0057]₂₇is chosen from hydrogen; straight chain or branched chain alkyl containing one to eight carbon atoms; straight chain or branched chain hydroxyalkyl containing one to six carbon atoms; alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkoxy moiety contains one to four carbon atoms and the alkyl moiety contains one to six carbon atoms; benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl and phenyl, the benzyl, (phenyl)ethyl oand phenyl being optionally substituted on the benzene ring by a moiety chosen from methyl, methoxy, and halogen; and morpholinoalkyl wherein the alkyl moiety contains one to four carbon atoms;
• R[0058]₆₇and R₇₇are independently chosen from hydrogen and alkyl of one to five carbon atoms, with the proviso that R₆₇and R₇₇taken together contain no more than six carbon atoms, and with the further proviso that when R₇₇is hydrogen then R₆₇is other than hydrogen and R₂₇is other than hydrogen or morpholinoalkyl, and with the further proviso that when R₆₇is hydrogen then R₇₇and R₂₇are other than hydrogen;
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[0059]
• In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the IRM compound can be chosen from 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines defined by Formula VIII below:[0060]

  
• wherein[0061]
• Z is chosen from:[0062]
• —(CH[0063]₂)_p— wherein p is 1 to 4;
• —(CH[0064]₂)_a—C(R_DR_E)(CH₂)_b—, wherein a and b are integers and a+b is 0 to 3, R_Dis hydrogen or alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, and R_Eis chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, hydroxy, —OR_Fwherein R_Fis alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, and —NR_GR′_Gwherein R_Gand R′_Gare independently hydrogen or alkyl of one to four carbon atoms; and
• —(CH[0065]₂)_a—(Y)—(CH₂)_b— wherein a and b are integers and a+b is 0 to 3, and Y is O, S, or —NR_J— wherein R_Jis hydrogen or alkyl of one to four carbon atoms;
• and wherein q is 0 or 1 and R[0066]₈is chosen from alkyl of one to four carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to four carbon atoms, and halogen,
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[0067]
• In a further embodiment, the IRM compound can be chosen from thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolonaphthyridine amines, thiazolopyridine amines, and oxazolopyridine amines of Formula IX:[0068]

  
• wherein:[0069]
• R[0070]₁₉is chosen from oxygen, sulfur and selenium;
• R[0071]₂₉is chosen from
• -hydrogen;[0072]
• -alkyl;[0073]
• -alkyl-OH;[0074]
• -haloalkyl;[0075]
• -alkenyl;[0076]
• -alkyl-X-alkyl;[0077]
• -alkyl-X-alkenyl;[0078]
• -alkenyl-X-alkyl;[0079]
• -alkenyl-X-alkenyl;[0080]
• -alkyl-N(R[0081]₅₉)₂;
• -alkyl-N[0082]₃;
• -alkyl-O—C(O)—N(R[0083]₅₉)₂;
• -heterocyclyl;[0084]
• -alkyl-X-heterocyclyl;[0085]
• -alkenyl-X-heterocyclyl;[0086]
• -aryl;[0087]
• -alkyl-X-aryl;[0088]
• -alkenyl-X-aryl;[0089]
• -heteroaryl;[0090]
• -alkyl-X-heteroaryl; and[0091]
• -alkenyl-X-heteroaryl;[0092]
• R[0093]₃₉and R₄₉are each independently:
• -hydrogen;[0094]
• —X-alkyl;[0095]
• -halo;[0096]
• -haloalkyl;[0097]
• —N(R[0098]₅₉)₂;
• or when taken together, R[0099]₃₉and R₄₉form a fused aromatic, heteroaromatic, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring;
• X is chosen from —O—, —S—, —NR[0100]₅₉—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, and a bond; and
• each R[0101]₅₉is independently H or C_1-8alkyl;
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[0102]
• In another embodiment, the IRM compound can be chosen from imidazonaphthyridine amines and imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines of Formulae X and XI below:[0103]

  
• wherein[0104]
• A is ═N—CR═CR—CR═; ═CR—N═CR—CR—; ═CR—CR═N—CR═; or ═CR—CR═CR—N═;[0105]
• R[0106]₁₁₀is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0107]
• —C[0108]_1-20alkyl or C_2-20alkenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -aryl;[0109]
• -heteroaryl;[0110]
• -heterocyclyl;[0111]
• —O—C[0112]_1-20alkyl,
• —O—(C[0113]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —O—(C[0114]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O—(C[0115]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —CO—O—C[0116]_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0117]_0-2—C_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0118]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0119]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0120]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —N(R[0121]₃₁₀)₂;
• —N[0122]₃;
• oxo;[0123]
• -halogen;[0124]
• —NO[0125]₂;
• —OH; and[0126]
• —SH; and[0127]
• —C[0128]_1-20alkyl-NR₃₁₀-Q-X—R₄₁₀or —C_2-20alkenyl-NR₃₁₀-Q-X—R₄₁₀wherein Q is —CO— or —SO₂—; X is a bond, —O— or —NR₃₁₀— and R₄₁₀is aryl; heteroaryl; heterocyclyl; or —C_1-20alkyl or C_2-20alkenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -aryl;[0129]
• -heteroaryl;[0130]
• -heterocyclyl;[0131]
• —O—C[0132]_1-20alkyl,
• —O—(C[0133]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —O—(C[0134]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O—(C[0135]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —CO—O—C[0136]_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0137]_0-2—C_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0138]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0139]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0140]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —N(R[0141]₃₁₀)₂;
• —NR[0142]₃₁₀—CO—O—C_1-20alkyl;
• —N[0143]₃;
• oxo;[0144]
• -halogen;[0145]
• —NO[0146]₂;
• —OH; and[0147]
• —SH; or R[0148]₄₁₀is

  
• wherein Y is —N— or —CR—;[0149]
• R[0150]₂₁₀is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0151]
• —C[0152]_1-10alkyl;
• —C[0153]_2-10alkenyl;
• -aryl;[0154]
• —C[0155]_1-10alkyl-O—C_1-10alkyl;
• —C[0156]_1-10alkyl-O—C_2-10alkenyl; and
• —C[0157]_1-10alkyl or C_2-10alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• —OH;[0158]
• -halogen;[0159]
• —N(R[0160]₃₁₀)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0161]₃₁₀)₂;
• —CO—C[0162]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0163]₃;
• -aryl;[0164]
• -heteroaryl;[0165]
• -heterocyclyl;[0166]
• —CO-aryl; and[0167]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0168]
• each R[0169]₃₁₀is independently chosen from hydrogen and C_1-10alkyl; and
• each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, C[0170]_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl,
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;[0171]

  
• wherein[0172]
• B is —NR—C(R)[0173]₂—C(R)₂—C(R)₂—; —C(R)₂—NR—C(R)₂—C(R)₂—; —C(R)₂—C(R)₂—NR—C(R)₂— or —C(R)₂—C(R)₂—C(R)₂—NR—;
• R[0174]₁₁₁is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0175]
• —C[0176]_1-20alkyl or C_2-20alkenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -aryl;[0177]
• -heteroaryl;[0178]
• -heterocyclyl;[0179]
• —O—C[0180]_1-20alkyl;
• —O—(C[0181]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —O—(C[0182]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O—(C[0183]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —CO—O—C[0184]_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0185]_0-2—C_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0186]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0187]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0188]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —N(R[0189]₃₁₁)₂;
• —N[0190]₃;
• oxo;[0191]
• -halogen;[0192]
• —NO[0193]₂;
• —OH; and[0194]
• —SH; and[0195]
• —C[0196]_1-20alkyl-NR₃₁₁-Q-X—R₄₁₁or —C_2-20alkenyl-NR₃₁₁-Q-X—R₄₁₁wherein Q is —CO— or —SO₂—; X is a bond, —O— or —NR₃₁₁— and R₄₁₁is aryl; heteroaryl; heterocyclyl; or —C_1-20alkyl or C_2-20alkenyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -aryl;[0197]
• -heteroaryl;[0198]
• -heterocycyl;[0199]
• —O—C[0200]_1-20alkyl,
• —O—(C[0201]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —O—(C[0202]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O—(C[0203]_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —CO—O—C[0204]_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0205]_0-2—C_1-20alkyl;
• —S(O)[0206]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0207]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0208]_0-2—(C_1-20alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —N(R[0209]₃₁₁)₂;
• —NR[0210]₃₁₁—CO—O—C_1-20alkyl;
• —N[0211]₃;
• oxo;[0212]
• -halogen;[0213]
• —NO[0214]₂;
• —OH; and[0215]
• —SH; or R[0216]₄₁₁is

  
• wherein Y is —N— or —CR—;[0217]
• R[0218]₂₁₁is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0219]
• —C[0220]_1-10alkyl;
• —C[0221]_2-10alkenyl;
• -aryl[0222]
• —C[0223]_1-10alkyl —O—C_1-10-alkyl;
• —C[0224]_1-10alkyl-O—C_2-10alkenyl; and
• —C[0225]_1-10alkyl or C_2-10alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -OH;[0226]
• -halogen;[0227]
• —N(R[0228]₃₁₁)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0229]₃₁₁)₂;
• —CO—C[0230]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0231]₃;
• -aryl;[0232]
• -heteroaryl;[0233]
• -heterocyclyl;[0234]
• —CO-aryl; and[0235]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0236]
• each R[0237]₃₁₁is independently chosen from hydrogen and C_1-10alkyl; and
• each R is independently chosen from hydrogen, C[0238]_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl,
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[0239]
• In a further embodiment, the IRM compound can be chosen from imidazoquinoline amines and imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, for example, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines and tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines defined by Formulas XII, XIII and XIV below:[0240]

  
• wherein[0241]
• R[0242]₁₁₂is -alkyl-NR₃₁₂—CO—R₄₁₂or -alkenyl-NR₃₁₂—CO—R₄₁₂wherein R₄₁₂is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl or alkenyl, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0243]
• -alkenyl;[0244]
• -alkynyl;[0245]
• -(alkyl)[0246]_0-1-aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0247]_0-1-(substituted aryl);
• -(alkyl)[0248]_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —(alkyl)[0249]_0-1-(substituted heteroaryl);
• —O-alkyl;[0250]
• —O-(alkyl)[0251]_0-1-aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0252]_0-1-(substituted aryl);
• —O-(alkyl)[0253]_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0254]_0-1-(substituted heteroaryl);
• —CO-aryl;[0255]
• —CO-(substituted aryl);[0256]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0257]
• —CO-(substituted heteroaryl);[0258]
• —COOH;[0259]
• —CO—O-alkyl;[0260]
• —CO-alkyl;[0261]
• —S(O)[0262]_0-2-alkyl;
• —S(O)[0263]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0264]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-(substituted aryl);
• —S(O)[0265]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0266]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-(substituted heteroaryl);
• —P(O)(OR[0267]₃₁₂)₂;
• —NR[0268]₃₁₂—CO—O-alkyl;
• —N[0269]₃;
• -halogen;[0270]
• —NO[0271]₂;
• —CN;[0272]
• -haloalkyl;[0273]
• —O-haloalkyl;[0274]
• —CO-haloalkyl;[0275]
• —OH;[0276]
• —SH; and in the case of alkyl, alkenyl, or heterocyclyl, oxo;[0277]
• or R[0278]₄₁₂is

  
• wherein R[0279]₅₁₂is an aryl, (substituted aryl), heteroaryl, (substituted heteroaryl), heterocyclyl or (substituted heterocyclyl) group;
• R[0280]₂₁₂is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0281]
• -alkyl;[0282]
• -alkenyl;[0283]
• -aryl;[0284]
• -(substituted aryl);[0285]
• -heteroaryl;[0286]
• -(substituted heteroaryl);[0287]
• -heterocyclyl;[0288]
• -(substituted heterocyclyl);[0289]
• -alkyl-O-alkyl;[0290]
• -alkyl-O-alkenyl; and[0291]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0292]
• —OH;[0293]
• -halogen;[0294]
• —N(R[0295]₃₁₂)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0296]₃₁₂)₂;
• —CO—C[0297]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0298]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0299]₃;
• -aryl;[0300]
• -(substituted aryl);[0301]
• -heteroaryl;[0302]
• -(substituted heteroaryl);[0303]
• -heterocyclyl;[0304]
• -(substituted heterocyclyl);[0305]
• —CO-aryl; and[0306]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0307]
• each R[0308]₃₁₂is independently chosen from hydrogen; C_1-10alkyl-heteroaryl; C_1-10alkyl-(substituted heteroaryl); C_1-10alkyl-aryl; C_1-10alkyl-(substituted aryl) and C_1-10alkyl;
• v is 0 to 4;[0309]
• and each R[0310]₁₂present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein[0311]
• R[0312]₁₁₃is -alkyl-NR₃₁₃—SO₂—X—R₄₁₃or -alkenyl-NR₃₁₃—SO₂—X—R₄₁₃;
• X is a bond or —NR[0313]₅₁₃—;
• R[0314]₄₁₃is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkyl or alkenyl, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0315]
• -alkenyl;[0316]
• -aryl;[0317]
• -heteroaryl;[0318]
• -heterocyclyl;[0319]
• -substituted cycloalkyl;[0320]
• -substituted aryl;[0321]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0322]
• -substituted heterocyclyl;[0323]
• —O-alkyl;[0324]
• —O-(alkyl)[0325]_0-1-aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0326]_0-1-substituted aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0327]_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0328]_0-1-substituted heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0329]_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0330]_0-1-substituted heterocyclyl;
• —COOH;[0331]
• —CO—O-alkyl;[0332]
• —CO-alkyl;[0333]
• —S(O)[0334]_0-2-alkyl;
• —S(O)[0335]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0336]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted aryl;
• —S(O)[0337]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0338]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0339]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —S(O)[0340]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted heterocyclyl;
• -(alkyl)[0341]_0-1-NR₃₁₃R₃₁₃;
• -(alkyl)[0342]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO—O-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0343]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0344]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO-aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0345]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO-substituted aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0346]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO-heteroaryl;
• -(alkyl)[0347]_0-1-NR₃₁₃—CO-substituted heteroaryl;
• —N[0348]₃;
• -halogen;[0349]
• -haloalkyl;[0350]
• -haloalkoxy;[0351]
• —CO-haloalkyl;[0352]
• —CO-haloalkoxy;[0353]
• —NO[0354]₂;
• —CN;[0355]
• —OH;[0356]
• —SH; and in the case that R[0357]₄₁₃is alkyl, alkenyl, or heterocyclyl, oxo;
• R[0358]₂₁₃is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0359]
• -alkyl;[0360]
• -alkenyl;[0361]
• -aryl;[0362]
• -substituted aryl;[0363]
• -heteroaryl;[0364]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0365]
• -alkyl-O-alkyl;[0366]
• -alkyl-O-alkenyl; and[0367]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0368]
• —OH;[0369]
• -halogen;[0370]
• —N(R[0371]₃₁₃)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0372]₃₁₃)₂;
• —CO—C[0373]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0374]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0375]₃;
• -aryl;[0376]
• -substituted aryl;[0377]
• -heteroaryl;[0378]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0379]
• -heterocyclyl;[0380]
• -substituted heterocyclyl;[0381]
• —CO-aryl;[0382]
• —CO-(substituted aryl);[0383]
• -CO-heteroaryl; and[0384]
• -CO-(substituted heteroaryl);[0385]
• each R[0386]₃₁₃is independently chosen from hydrogen, C_1-10alkyl, and when X is a bond R₃₁₃and R₄₁₃can combine to form a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring;
• R[0387]₅₁₃is chosen from hydrogen, C_1-10alkyl, and R₄₁₃and R₅₁₃can combine to form a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring;
• v is 0 to 4 and each R[0388]₁₃present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein[0389]
• R[0390]₁₁₄is -alkyl-NR₃₁₄—CY—NR₅₁₄—X—R₄₁₄or -alkenyl-NR₃₁₄—CY—NR₅₁₄—X—R₄₁₄
• wherein[0391]
• Y is ═O or ═S;[0392]
• X is a bond, —CO— or —SO[0393]₂—;
• R[0394]₄₁₄is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkyl or alkenyl, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0395]
• -alkenyl;[0396]
• -aryl;[0397]
• -heteroaryl;[0398]
• -heterocyclyl;[0399]
• -substituted aryl;[0400]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0401]
• -substituted heterocycyl;[0402]
• —O-alkyl;[0403]
• —O-(alkyl)[0404]_0-1-aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0405]_0-1-substituted aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0406]_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0407]_0-1-substituted heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0408]_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0409]_0-1-substituted heterocyclyl;
• —COOH;[0410]
• —CO—O-alkyl;[0411]
• —CO-alkyl;[0412]
• —S(O)[0413]_0-2-alkyl;
• —S(O)[0414]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0415]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted aryl;
• —S(O)[0416]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0417]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0418]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —S(O)[0419]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-substituted heterocyclyl;
• -(alkyl)[0420]_0-1-NR₃₁₄R₃₁₄;
• -(alkyl)[0421]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO—O-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0422]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0423]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO-aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0424]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO-substituted aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0425]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO-heteroaryl;
• -(alkyl)[0426]_0-1-NR₃₁₄—CO-substituted heteroaryl;
• —N[0427]₃;
• -halogen;[0428]
• -haloalkyl;[0429]
• -haloalkoxy;[0430]
• —CO-haloalkoxy;[0431]
• —NO[0432]₂;
• —CN;[0433]
• —OH;[0434]
• —SH; and, in the case that R[0435]₄₁₄is alkyl, alkenyl or heterocyclyl, oxo; with the proviso that when X is a bond R₄₁₄can additionally be hydrogen;
• R[0436]₂₁₄is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0437]
• -alkyl;[0438]
• -alkenyl;[0439]
• -aryl;[0440]
• -substituted aryl;[0441]
• -heteroaryl;[0442]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0443]
• -alkyl-O-alkyl;[0444]
• -alkyl-O-alkenyl; and[0445]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0446]
• —OH;[0447]
• -halogen;[0448]
• —N(R[0449]₃₁₄)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0450]₃₁₄)₂;
• —CO—C[0451]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0452]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0453]₃;
• -aryl;[0454]
• -substituted aryl;[0455]
• -heteroaryl;[0456]
• -substituted heteroaryl;[0457]
• -heterocyclyl;[0458]
• -substituted heterocyclyl;[0459]
• —CO-aryl;[0460]
• —CO-(substituted aryl);[0461]
• —CO-heteroaryl; and[0462]
• —CO-(substituted heteroaryl);[0463]
• each R[0464]₃₁₄is independently chosen from hydrogen and C_1-10alkyl;
• R[0465]₅₁₄is chosen from hydrogen, C_1-10alkyl, and R₄₁₄and R₅₁₄can combine to form a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring;
• v is 0 to 4 and each R[0466]₁₄present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl,
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[0467]
• In yet another embodiment, the IRM compound can be chosen from imidazoquinoline amines and imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, for example, 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines and tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines defined by Formulas XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, and XXVI below[0468]

  
• wherein:[0469]
• X is —CHR[0470]₅₁₅—, —CHR₅₁₅-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₁₅-alkenyl-;
• R[0471]₁₁₅is chosen from:
• —R[0472]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-R₆₁₅-alkyl;
• —R[0473]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-R₆₁₅-alkenyl;
• —R[0474]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-R₆₁₅-aryl;
• —R[0475]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-R₆₁₅-heteroaryl;
• —R[0476]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-R₆₁₅-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0477]₄₁₅—CR₃₁₅-Z-H;
• —R[0478]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₆₁₅-alkyl;
• —R[0479]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₆₁₅-alkenyl;
• —R[0480]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₆₁₅-aryl;
• —R[0481]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₆₁₅-heteroaryl;
• —R[0482]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₆₁₅-heterocyclyl; and
• —R[0483]₄₁₅—NR₇₁₅—CR₃₁₅—R₈₁₅;
• Z is —NR[0484]₅₁₅—, —O—, or —S—;
• R[0485]₂₁₅is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0486]
• -alkyl;[0487]
• -alkenyl;[0488]
• -aryl;[0489]
• -heteroaryl;[0490]
• -heterocyclyl;[0491]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0492]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0493]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0494]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of:[0495]
• —OH;[0496]
• -halogen;[0497]
• —N(R[0498]₅₁₅)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0499]₅₁₅)₂;
• —CO—C[0500]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0501]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0502]₃;
• -aryl;[0503]
• -heteroaryl;[0504]
• -heterocyclyl;[0505]
• —CO-aryl; and[0506]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0507]
• R[0508]₃₁₅is ═O or ═S;
• R[0509]₄₁₅is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0510]₅₁₅is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• R[0511]₆₁₅is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0512]₇₁₅is H, C_1-10alkyl, arylalkyl, or R₄₁₅and R₇₁₅can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocylcic ring;
• R[0513]₈₁₅is H, C_1-10alkyl, or R₇₁₅and R₈₁₅can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• Y is —O— or —S(O)[0514]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0515]
• each R[0516]₁₅present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0517]
• X is —CHR[0518]₅₁₆—, —CHR₅₁₆-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₁₆-alkenyl-;
• R[0519]₁₁₆is chosen from:
• —R[0520]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-R₆₁₆-alkyl;
• —R[0521]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-R₆₁₆-alkenyl;
• —R[0522]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-R₆₁₆-aryl;
• —R[0523]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-R₆₁₆-heteroaryl;
• —R[0524]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-R₆₁₆-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0525]₄₁₆—CR₃₁₆-Z-H;
• —R[0526]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₆₁₆-alkyl;
• —R[0527]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₆₁₆-alkenyl;
• —R[0528]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₆₁₆-aryl;
• —R[0529]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₆₁₆-heteroaryl;
• —R[0530]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₆₁₆-heterocyclyl; and
• —R[0531]₄₁₆—NR₇₁₆—CR₃₁₆—R₈₁₆;
• Z is —NR[0532]₅₁₆—, —O—, or —S—;
• R[0533]₂₁₆is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0534]
• -alkyl;[0535]
• -alkenyl;[0536]
• -aryl;[0537]
• -heteroaryl;[0538]
• -heterocyclyl;[0539]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0540]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl;[0541]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0542]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0543]
• —OH;[0544]
• -halogen;[0545]
• —N(R[0546]₅₁₆)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0547]₅₁₆)₂;
• —CO—C[0548]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0549]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0550]₃;
• -aryl;[0551]
• -heteroaryl;[0552]
• -heterocyclyl;[0553]
• —CO-aryl; and[0554]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0555]
• R[0556]₃₁₆is ═O or ═S;
• R[0557]₄₁₆is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0558]₅₁₆is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• R[0559]₆₁₆is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0560]₇₁₆is H, C_1-10alkyl, arylalkyl, or R₄₁₆and R₇₁₆can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered hetercyclic ring;
• R[0561]₈₁₆is H or C_1-10alkyl; or R₇₁₆and R₈₁₆can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• Y is —O— or —S(O)[0562]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0563]
• each R[0564]₁₆present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0565]
• X is —CHR[0566]₃₁₇—, —CHR₃₁₇-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₁₇-alkenyl-;
• R[0567]₁₁₇is chosen from:
• -alkenyl;[0568]
• -aryl; and[0569]
• —R[0570]₄₁₇-aryl;
• R[0571]₂₁₇is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0572]
• -alkyl;[0573]
• -alkenyl;[0574]
• -aryl;[0575]
• -heteroaryl;[0576]
• -heterocyclyl;[0577]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0578]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl;[0579]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0580]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0581]
• —OH;[0582]
• -halogen;[0583]
• —N(R[0584]₃₁₇)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0585]₃₁₇)₂;
• —CO—C[0586]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0587]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0588]₃;
• -aryl;[0589]
• -heteroaryl;[0590]
• -heterocyclyl;[0591]
• —CO-aryl; and[0592]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0593]
• R[0594]₄₁₇is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0595]₃₁₇is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0596]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0597]
• each R[0598]₁₇present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0599]
• X is —CHR[0600]₃₁₈—, —CHR₃₁₈-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₁₈-alkenyl-;
• R[0601]₁₁₈is chosen from:
• -aryl;[0602]
• -alkenyl; and[0603]
• —R[0604]₄₁₈-aryl;
• R[0605]₂₁₈is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0606]
• -alkyl;[0607]
• -alkenyl;[0608]
• -aryl;[0609]
• -heteroaryl;[0610]
• -heterocyclyl;[0611]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0612]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl;[0613]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl; and[0614]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0615]
• —OH;[0616]
• -halogen;[0617]
• —N(R[0618]₃₁₈)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0619]₃₁₈)₂;
• —CO—C[0620]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0621]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0622]₃;
• -aryl;[0623]
• -heteroaryl;[0624]
• -heterocyclyl;[0625]
• —CO-aryl; and[0626]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0627]
• R[0628]₄₁₈is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0629]₃₁₈is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0630]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0631]
• each R[0632]₁₈present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0633]
• X is —CHR[0634]₃₁₉—, —CHR₃₁₉-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₁₉-alkenyl-;
• R[0635]₁₁₉is chosen from:
• -heteroaryl;[0636]
• -heterocyclyl;[0637]
• —R[0638]₄₁₉-heteroaryl; and
• —R[0639]₄₁₉-heterocyclyl;
• R[0640]₂₁₉is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0641]
• -alkyl;[0642]
• -alkenyl;[0643]
• -aryl;[0644]
• -heteroaryl;[0645]
• -heterocyclyl;[0646]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0647]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0648]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0649]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0650]
• —OH;[0651]
• -halogen;[0652]
• —N(R[0653]₃₁₉)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0654]₃₁₉)₂;
• —CO—C[0655]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0656]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0657]₃;
• -aryl;[0658]
• -heteroaryl;[0659]
• -heterocyclyl;[0660]
• —CO-aryl; and[0661]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0662]
• R[0663]₄₁₉is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0664]₃₁₉is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0665]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0666]
• each R[0667]₁₉present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0668]
• X is —CHR[0669]₃₂₀—, —CHR₃₂₀-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₂₀-alkenyl-;
• R[0670]₁₂₀is chosen from:
• -heteroaryl;[0671]
• -heterocyclyl;[0672]
• —R[0673]₄₂₀-heteroaryl; and
• —R[0674]₄₂₀-heterocyclyl;
• R[0675]₂₂₀is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0676]
• -alkyl;[0677]
• -alkenyl;[0678]
• -aryl;[0679]
• -heteroaryl;[0680]
• -heterocyclyl;[0681]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0682]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0683]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0684]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0685]
• —OH;[0686]
• -halogen;[0687]
• —N(R[0688]₃₂₀)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0689]₃₂₀)₂;
• —CO—C[0690]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0691]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0692]₃;
• -aryl;[0693]
• -heteroaryl;[0694]
• -heterocyclyl;[0695]
• —CO-aryl; and[0696]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0697]
• R[0698]₄₂₀is alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0699]₃₂₀is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0700]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0701]
• each R[0702]₂₀present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0703]
• X is —CHR[0704]₅₂₁—, —CHR₅₂₁-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₂₁-alkenyl-;
• R[0705]₁₂₁is chosen from:
• —R[0706]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₆₂₁-alkyl;
• —R[0707]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₆₂₁-alkenyl;
• —R[0708]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₆₂₁-aryl;
• —R[0709]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₆₂₁-heteroaryl;
• —R[0710]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₆₂₁-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0711]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—R₇₂₁;
• —R[0712]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NR₅₂₁—R₆₂₁-alkyl;
• —R[0713]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NR₅₂₁—R₆₂₁-alkenyl;
• —R[0714]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NR₅₂₁—R₆₂₁-aryl;
• —R[0715]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NR₅₂₁—R₆₂₁-heteroaryl;
• —R[0716]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NR₅₂₁—R₆₂₁-heterocyclyl; and
• —R[0717]₄₂₁—NR₃₂₁—SO₂—NH₂;
• R[0718]₂₂₁is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0719]
• -alkyl;[0720]
• -alkenyl;[0721]
• -aryl;[0722]
• -heteroaryl;[0723]
• -heterocyclyl;[0724]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0725]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl;[0726]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0727]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0728]
• —OH;[0729]
• -halogen;[0730]
• —N(R[0731]₅₂₁)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0732]₅₂₁)₂;
• —CO-C[0733]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0734]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0735]₃;
• -aryl;[0736]
• -heteroaryl;[0737]
• -heterocyclyl;[0738]
• —CO-aryl; and[0739]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0740]
• Y is —O— or —S(O)[0741]_0-2—;
• R[0742]₃₂₁is H, C_1-10alkyl, or arylalkyl;
• each R[0743]₄₂₁is independently alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups, or R₃₂₁and R₄₂₁can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• each R[0744]₅₂₁is independently H, C_1-10alkyl, or C_2-10alkenyl;
• R[0745]₆₂₁is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0746]₇₂₁is C_1-10alkyl, or R₃₂₁and R₇₂₁can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0747]
• each R[0748]₂₁present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0749]
• X is —CHR[0750]₅₂₂—, —CHR₅₂₂-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₂₂-alkenyl-;
• R[0751]₁₂₂is chosen from:
• —R[0752]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₆₂₂-alkyl;
• —R[0753]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₆₂₂-alkenyl;
• —R[0754]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₆₂₂-aryl;
• —R[0755]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₆₂₂-heteroaryl;
• —R[0756]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₆₂₂-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0757]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—R₇₂₂;
• —R[0758]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NR₅₂₂—R₆₂₂-alkyl;
• —R[0759]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NR₅₂₂—R₆₂₂-alkenyl;
• —R[0760]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NR₅₂₂—R₆₂₂-aryl;
• —R[0761]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NR₅₂₂—R₆₂₂-heteroaryl;
• —R[0762]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NR₅₂₂—R₆₂₂-heterocyclyl; and
• —R[0763]₄₂₂—NR₃₂₂—SO₂—NH₂;
• R[0764]₂₂₂is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0765]
• -alkyl;[0766]
• -alkenyl;[0767]
• -aryl;[0768]
• -heteroaryl;[0769]
• -heterocyclyl;[0770]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0771]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0772]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0773]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0774]
• —OH;[0775]
• -halogen;[0776]
• —N(R[0777]₅₂₂)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0778]₅₂₂)₂;
• —CO—C[0779]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0780]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0781]₃;
• -aryl;[0782]
• -heteroaryl;[0783]
• -heterocyclyl;[0784]
• —CO-aryl; and[0785]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0786]
• Y is —O— or —S(O)[0787]_0-2—;
• R[0788]₃₂₂is H, C_1-10alkyl, or arylalkyl;
• each R[0789]₄₂₂is independently alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups, or R₃₂₂and R₄₂₂can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• each R[0790]₅₂₂is independently H, C_1-10alkyl, or C_2-10alkenyl;
• R[0791]₆₂₂is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0792]₇₂₂is C_1-10alkyl, or R₃₂₂and R₇₂₂can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0793]
• each R[0794]₂₂present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0795]
• X is —CHR[0796]₃₂₃—, —CHR₃₂₃-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₂₃-alkenyl-;
• Z is —S—, —SO—, or —SO[0797]₂—;
• R[0798]₁₂₃is chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0799]
• -aryl;[0800]
• -heteroaryl;[0801]
• -heterocyclyl;[0802]
• -alkenyl;[0803]
• —R[0804]₄₂₃-aryl;
• —R[0805]₄₂₃-heteroaryl;
• —R[0806]₄₂₃-heterocyclyl;
• R[0807]₂₂₃is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0808]
• -alkyl;[0809]
• -alkenyl;[0810]
• -aryl;[0811]
• -heteroaryl;[0812]
• -heterocyclyl;[0813]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0814]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0815]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0816]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0817]
• —OH;[0818]
• -halogen;[0819]
• —N(R[0820]₃₂₃)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0821]₃₂₃)₂;
• —CO—C[0822]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0823]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0824]₃;
• -aryl;[0825]
• -heteroaryl;[0826]
• -heterocyclyl;[0827]
• —CO-aryl; and[0828]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0829]
• each R[0830]₃₂₃is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each R[0831]₄₂₃is independently alkyl or alkenyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0832]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0833]
• each R[0834]₂₃present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0835]
• X is —CHR[0836]₃₂₄—, —CHR₃₂₄-alkyl-, or —CHR₃₂₄-alkenyl-;
• Z is —S—, —SO—, or —SO[0837]₂—;
• R[0838]₁₂₄is chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0839]
• -aryl;[0840]
• -heteroaryl;[0841]
• -heterocyclyl;[0842]
• -alkenyl;[0843]
• —R[0844]₄₂₄-aryl;
• —R[0845]₄₂₄-heteroaryl; and
• —R[0846]₄₂₄-heterocyclyl;
• R[0847]₂₂₄is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0848]
• -alkyl;[0849]
• -alkenyl;[0850]
• -aryl;[0851]
• -heteroaryl;[0852]
• -heterocyclyl;[0853]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0854]
• -alkyl-Y- alkenyl;[0855]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0856]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituent chosen from:[0857]
• —OH;[0858]
• -halogen;[0859]
• —N(R[0860]₃₂₄)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0861]₃₂₄)₂;
• —CO—C[0862]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0863]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0864]₃;
• -aryl;[0865]
• -heteroaryl;[0866]
• -heterocyclyl;[0867]
• —CO-aryl; and[0868]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0869]
• each R[0870]₃₂₄is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• each R[0871]₄₂₄is independently alkyl or alkenyl;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0872]_0-2—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0873]
• each R[0874]₂₄present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0875]
• X is —CHR[0876]₅₂₅—, —CHR₅₂₅-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₂₅-alkenyl-;
• R[0877]₁₂₅is chosen from:
• —R[0878]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-alkyl;
• —R[0879]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-alkenyl;
• —R[0880]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-aryl;
• —R[0881]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-heteroaryl;
• —R[0882]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0883]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₅₂₅R₇₂₅;
• —R[0884]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₉₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-alkyl;
• —R[0885]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₉₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-alkenyl;
• —R[0886]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₉₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-aryl;
• —R[0887]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₉₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-heteroaryl; and
• —R[0888]₄₂₅—NR₈₂₅—CR₃₂₅—NR₉₂₅-Z-R₆₂₅-heterocyclyl;
• R[0889]₂₂₅is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0890]
• -alkyl;[0891]
• -alkenyl;[0892]
• -aryl;[0893]
• -heteroaryl;[0894]
• -heterocyclyl;[0895]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0896]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl;[0897]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0898]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0899]
• —OH;[0900]
• -halogen;[0901]
• —N(R[0902]₅₂₅)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0903]₅₂₅)₂;
• —CO—C[0904]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0905]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0906]₃;
• -aryl;[0907]
• -heteroaryl;[0908]
• -heterocyclyl;[0909]
• —CO-aryl; and[0910]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0911]
• each R[0912]₃₂₅is ═O or ═S;
• each R[0913]₄₂₅is independently alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0914]₅₂₅is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• R[0915]₆₂₅is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0916]₇₂₅is H, C_1-10alkyl which may be interrupted by a hetero atom, or R₇₂₅can join with R₅₂₅to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R[0917]₈₂₅is H, C_1-10alkyl, arylalkyl, or R₄₂₅and R₈₂₅can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R[0918]₉₂₅is C_1-10alkyl which can join together with R₈₂₅to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0919]_0-2—;
• Z is a bond, —CO—, or —SO[0920]₂—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0921]
• each R[0922]₂₅present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen and trifluoromethyl;

  
• wherein:[0923]
• X is —CHR[0924]₅₂₆—, —CHR₅₂₆-alkyl-, or —CHR₅₂₆-alkenyl-;
• R[0925]₁₂₆is chosen from:
• —R[0926]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-alkyl;
• —R[0927]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-alkenyl;
• —R[0928]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-aryl;
• —R[0929]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-heteroaryl;
• —R[0930]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-heterocyclyl;
• —R[0931]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₅₂₆R₇₂₆;
• —R[0932]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₉₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-alkyl;
• —R[0933]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₉₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-alkenyl;
• —R[0934]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₉₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-aryl;
• —R[0935]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₉₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-heteroaryl; and
• —R[0936]₄₂₆—NR₈₂₆—CR₃₂₆—NR₉₂₆-Z-R₆₂₆-heterocyclyl;
• R[0937]₂₂₆is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[0938]
• -alkyl;[0939]
• -alkenyl;[0940]
• -aryl;[0941]
• -heteroaryl;[0942]
• -heterocyclyl;[0943]
• -alkyl-Y-alkyl;[0944]
• -alkyl-Y-alkenyl;[0945]
• -alkyl-Y-aryl; and[0946]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[0947]
• —OH;[0948]
• -halogen;[0949]
• —N(R[0950]₅₂₆)₂;
• —CO—N(R[0951]₅₂₆)₂;
• —CO—C[0952]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[0953]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[0954]₃;
• -aryl;[0955]
• -heteroaryl;[0956]
• -heterocyclyl;[0957]
• —CO-aryl; and[0958]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[0959]
• each R[0960]₃₂₆is ═O or ═S;
• each R[0961]₄₂₆is independently alkyl or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• each R[0962]₅₂₆is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• R[0963]₆₂₆is a bond, alkyl, or alkenyl, which may be interrupted by one or more —O— groups;
• R[0964]₇₂₆is H, C_1-10alkyl which may be interrupted by a hetero atom, or R₇₂₆can join with R₅₂₆to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R[0965]₈₂₆is H, C_1-10alkyl, arylalkyl, or R₄₂₆and R₈₂₆can join together to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R[0966]₉₂₆is C_1-10alkyl which can join together with R₈₂₆to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;
• each Y is independently —O— or —S(O)[0967]_0-2—;
• Z is a bond, —CO—, or —SO[0968]₂—;
• v is 0 to 4; and[0969]
• each R[0970]₂₆present is independently chosen from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, and trifluoromethyl;
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing.[0971]
• In another embodiment, the IRM compound can be chosen from 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amines compounds defined by Formula XXVII[0972]

  
• wherein[0973]
• X is alkylene or alkenylene;[0974]
• Y is —CO—, —CS—, or —SO[0975]₂—;
• Z is a bond, —O—, —S—, or —NR[0976]₅₂₇—;
• R[0977]₁₂₇is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C_1-20alkyl or C_2-20alkenyl, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently chosen from:
• -alkyl;[0978]
• -alkenyl;[0979]
• -aryl;[0980]
• -heteroaryl;[0981]
• -heterocyclyl;[0982]
• -substituted cycloalkyl;[0983]
• —O-alkyl;[0984]
• —O-(alkyl)[0985]_0-1-aryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0986]_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —O-(alkyl)[0987]_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• —COOH;[0988]
• —CO—O-alkyl;[0989]
• —CO-alkyl;[0990]
• —S(O)[0991]_0-2-alkyl;
• —S(O)[0992]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-aryl;
• —S(O)[0993]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heteroaryl;
• —S(O)[0994]_0-2-(alkyl)_0-1-heterocyclyl;
• -(alkyl)[0995]_0-1-N(R₅₂₇)₂;
• -(alkyl)[0996]_0-1-NR₅₂₇—CO—O-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0997]_0-1-NR₅₂₇—CO-alkyl;
• -(alkyl)[0998]_0-1-NR₅₂₇—CO-aryl;
• -(alkyl)[0999]_0-1-NR₅₂₇—CO-heteroaryl;
• —N[1000]₃;
• -halogen;[1001]
• -haloalkyl;[1002]
• -haloalkoxy;[1003]
• —CO-haloalkyl;[1004]
• —CO-haloalkoxy;[1005]
• —NO[1006]₂;
• —CN;[1007]
• —OH;[1008]
• —SH; and in the case of alkyl, alkenyl, and heterocyclyl, oxo;[1009]
• R[1010]₂₂₇is chosen from:
• -hydrogen;[1011]
• -alkyl;[1012]
• -alkenyl;[1013]
• -alkyl-O-alkyl;[1014]
• -alkyl-S-alkyl;[1015]
• -alkyl-O-aryl;[1016]
• -alkyl-S-aryl:[1017]
• -alkyl-O-alkenyl;[1018]
• -alkyl-S-alkenyl; and[1019]
• -alkyl or alkenyl substituted by one or more substituents chosen from:[1020]
• —OH;[1021]
• -halogen;[1022]
• —N(R[1023]₅₂₇)₂;
• —CO—N(R[1024]₅₂₇)₂;
• —CS—N(R[1025]₅₂₇)₂;
• —SO[1026]₂—N(R₅₂₇)₂;
• —NR[1027]₅₂₇—CO—C_1-10alkyl;
• —NR[1028]₅₂₇—CS—C_1-10alkyl;
• —NR[1029]₅₂₇—SO₂—C_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—C[1030]_1-10alkyl;
• —CO—O—C[1031]_1-10alkyl;
• —N[1032]₃;
• -aryl;[1033]
• -heteroaryl;[1034]
• -heterocyclyl;[1035]
• —CO-aryl; and[1036]
• —CO-heteroaryl;[1037]
• R[1038]₃₂₇and R₄₂₇are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, halogen, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino and alkylthio;
• each R[1039]₅₂₇is independently H or C_1-10alkyl;
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.[1040]
• As used herein, the terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl” and the prefix “alk-” are inclusive of both straight chain and branched chain groups and of cyclic groups, i.e. cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl. Unless otherwise specified, these groups contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, with alkenyl groups containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferred groups have a total of up to 10 carbon atoms. Cyclic groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic and preferably have from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms. Exemplary cyclic groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and adamantyl.[1041]
• The term “haloalkyl” is inclusive of groups that are substituted by one or more halogen atoms, including perfluorinated groups. This is also true of groups that include the prefix “halo-”. Examples of suitable haloalkyl groups are chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like.[1042]
• The term “aryl” as used herein includes carbocyclic aromatic rings or ring systems. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl and indenyl. The term “heteroaryl” includes aromatic rings or ring systems that contain at least one ring hetero atom (e.g., O, S, N). Suitable heteroaryl groups include furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, carbazolyl, benzoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, and so on.[1043]
• “Heterocyclyl” includes non-aromatic rings or ring systems that contain at least one ring hetero atom (e.g., O, S, N) and includes all of the fully saturated and partially unsaturated derivatives of the above mentioned heteroaryl groups. Exemplary heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and the like.[1044]
• In some embodiments, the topical formulations of the present invention are prepared using the free base form of the IRM compound.[1045]
• The amount of an IRM compound that will be therapeutically effective in a specific situation will depend on such things as the activity of the particular compound, the dosing regimen, the application site, the particular formulation and the condition being treated. As such, it is generally not practical to identify specific administration amounts herein; however, those skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate therapeutically effective amounts based on the guidance provided herein, information available in the art pertaining to these compounds, and routine testing. The term “a therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of the compound sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect, such as cytokine induction, inhibition of TH2 immune response, antiviral or antitumor activity, reduction or elimination of postsurgical scarring, or reduction or resolution of actinic keratosis or pre-actinic keratosis lesions.[1046]
• In general, the amount of the IRM compound present in a topical formulation of the invention will be an amount effective to treat a targeted condition, to prevent recurrence of the condition, or to promote immunity against the condition. The amount or concentration of the IRM compound can range from 0.001% to 10% by weight based on the total formulation weight, such as, for example, from 0.03% to 5.0% by weight, or from 0.1 to 1.0% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of the IRM compound is at least 0.003% by weight, such as, for example, at least 0.005%, at least 0.01%, at least 0.03%, at least 0.10%, at least 0.30% and at least 1.0%. In other embodiments, the amount of the IRM compound is at most 5.0% by weight, such as, for example, at most 3.0%, and at most 1.0%.[1047]
• The topical formulations of the invention additionally comprise a fatty acid. As used herein, the term “fatty acid” means a carboxylic acid, either saturated or unsaturated, comprising 6 to 28 carbon atoms, such as, for example, from 10 to 22 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of such fatty acids include isostearic acid, oleic acid, and linear- or- branched chained carboxylic acids of 6 to 18 carbon atoms. The fatty acid may be present in the formulation in an amount sufficient to solubilize the IRM compound. In one embodiment, the amount of the fatty acid can range from 0.05% to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the formulation, such as, for example, from 1% to 30%, from 3% to 15% and from 5% to 10%. In certain embodiments, the amount of the fatty acid is at least 3.0% by weight, such as, for example, at least 5.0%, at least 10.0%, and at least 25%. The fatty acid component of the formulation can comprise one or more fatty acids.[1048]
• The topical formulations of the invention additionally comprise at least one hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms. By “hydrophobic” is meant that the component is essentially insoluble in water, i.e. immiscible with water and unable to form a micelle in water, and does not contain polyoxyethylene or acid salt groups. Preferably the hydrophobic, aprotic component has a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than 2. The HLB of a component may be determined as described, for example, in Attwood, D., Florence, A. T.[1049]Surfactant Systems: Their Chemistry Pharmacy, and Biology.New York: Chapman & Hall, 471-473, 1983. By “aprotic” is meant that the component cannot donate a proton to the IRM and does not contain groups such as carboxyl, hydroxy, primary and secondary amino, primary and secondary amido, or quaternary ammonium groups. Preferably this component has a pKa of at least 14.2 and does not substantially solubilize or form a complex such as an acid-base pair or complex or a hydrogen bond complex with the IRM compound. By “not substantially” is meant that the ratio of the IRM compound's solubility in the hydrophilic, aprotic component to that in isostearic acid is less than 1:40.
• Formulations intended for dermal or topical use desirably have a certain minimum amount of an oil phase to provide qualities such as spreadability, feel on the skin, texture, and so on. However, if all the components of the oil phase solubilize the IRM, then the degree of saturation of the IRM in the formulation will decrease, making it more difficult to deliver the IRM from the formulation to the skin. Addition of the hydrophobic, aprotic component can increase the oil phase volume of the topical formulation to provide desirable qualitites such as spreadability and feel, while at the same time not appreciably altering the degree of saturation or thermodynamic activity of the IRM. For example, the amount of fatty acid, which solubilizes the IRM, can be reduced to increase the degree of IRM saturation while maintaining a sufficient oil phase volume by virtue of the addition of the hydrophobic, aprotic component, which does not offset the increased IRM saturation. Thus, the topical formulation of the present invention can facilitate both physical property and drug delivery requirements. Degree of saturation and thermodynamic activity of the IRM in these formulations is equal to the IRM concentration in the oil phase divided by the saturation concentration of the IRM in the oil phase. When the topical formulations of the present invention contain saturated IRM the thermodynamic activity or degree of saturation is unity, and when partially saturated the thermodynamic activity or degree of saturation is less than unity.[1050]
• The amount of the hydrophobic, aprotic component present in a formulation of the invention can range from 1% to 30% by weight based on the total formulation weight, for example, from 3% to 15% by weight, and from 5 to 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of the hydrophobic, aprotic component is at least 3.0% by weight, for example, at least 5.0%, and at least 10.0%. The weight ratio of the hydrophobic, aprotic component to the fatty acid can be 0.025:1 to 600:1, for example, 0.5:1 to 50:1, and 2:1 to 30:1. The combined amount (weight percent of the total topical formulation weight) of the hydrophobic, aprotic component and the fatty acid can be 2% to 50% by weight, for example 2% to 30%, 5% to 30%, 5% to 20%, and 10% to 20%.[1051]
• Examples of useful hydrophobic, aprotic components include but are not limited to fatty acid esters, for example, isopropyl mysristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate; triglycerides, for example, caprylic/capric triglyceride; cetyl esters wax; hydrocarbons of 8 or more carbon atoms, for example, light mineral oil, white petrolatum; and waxes, for example, beeswax. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic, aprotic component is chosen from one or more of isopropyl mysristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, and diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate.[1052]
• The formulations of the present invention can also comprise a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent. Examples of suitable hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agents include cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose; polysaccharide gums such as xanthan gum; and homopolymers and copolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythriol such as those polymers designated as carbomers in the United States Pharmacopoeia. Suitable carbomers include, for example, those available as Carbopol™ 934P, Carbopol 971P, Carbopol 940, Carbopol 974P, Carbopol 980, and Pemulen™ TR-1 (USP/NF Monograph; Carbomer 1342), all available from Noveon, Cleveland, Ohio. In one embodiment of the present invention, the viscosity enhancing agent is chosen from Carbopol 974P and 980. When included, the viscosity enhancing agent is generally present in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 10% by weight of total formulation weight, such as, for example, from 0.5% to 5% by weight, from 0.5% to 1.5% by weight, and from 0.7% to 3% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of the viscosity enhancing agent is at least 0.5% by weight, for example, at least 0.6% by weight, at least 0.7% by weight, at least 0.9% by weight, and at least 1.0% by weight.[1053]
• The formulations of the invention can additionally comprise an emulsifier. Suitable emulsifiers include non-ionic surfactants such as, for example, polysorbate 60, sorbitan monostearate, polyglyceryl-4 oleate, polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether, etc. In certain embodiments, the emulsifier is chosen from poloxamers (e.g., Pluronic™ F68, also known as Poloxamer 188, a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol), available from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and sorbitan trioleate (e.g., Span 85 available from Uniqema, New Castle, Del.). If included, the emulsifier is generally present in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by weight of total formulation weight, for example, from 0.5% to 5% by weight, and from 0.75% to 3.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of the emulsifier is at least 1.0% by weight, for example, at least 2.5%, at least 3.5%, and at least 5.0%.[1054]
• In certain embodiments of the present invention, the formulation can also include at least one chelating agent. The chelating agent functions to chelate metal ions that may be present in the formulation. Suitable chelating agents include salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), such as the disodium salt. If included, the chelating agent is generally present in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 0.1% by weight, and preferably from 0.01% to 0.05% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of the chelating agent is at least 0.005% by weight, such as, for example, at least 0.01%, and at least 0.05%.[1055]
• The formulation can also include a preservative system. The preservative system is generally comprised of at least one preservative compound chosen from methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, phenoxyethanol, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, sorbic acid, a fatty acid monoester of glycerin such as glycerol monolaurate, and a fatty acid monoester of propylene glycol such as propylene glycol monocaprylate. The preservative system may also include a preservative enhancing solubilizer which enhances the solubility of the preservative in the aqueous phase, examples of which include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and propylene glycol. In one embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of methylparaben, propylparaben, and propylene glycol. In another embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In one embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of phenoxyethanol, methylparaben or methyl- and ethylparaben, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In another embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. In another embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and poly(ethylene glycol)(4) monolaurate. In another embodiment, the preservative system can be comprised of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, one or more of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or phenoxyethanol, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. In the above embodiments, the methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben can each be present in the formulations in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 0.5% by weight of the formulation weight, for example, from 0.05% to 0.25% by weight, and from 0.1% to 0.2% by weight. The iodopropynyl butylcarbamate can be present in the formulations in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 0.1%. The phenoxyethanol can be present in the formulations in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 1%. The propylene glycol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether can each be present in the formulations in an amount ranging from 1% to 30% by weight of the formulation weight, such as, for example, from 5% to 25% by weight, and from 10% to 15% by weight. The preservative system can be present in the formulations in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 30% by weight of the formulation weight, for example, from 0.05% to 30%, from 0.1% to 25% by weight, and from 0.2% to 15% by weight. In a further embodiment, the methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, and phenoxyethanol can be solubilized in propylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol)(4) monolaurate, or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether prior to addition to the formulation. The preservative system can be selected such that it meets the criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness set forth in the United States Pharmacopeia <51>.[1056]
• The formulations of the present invention may additionally comprise at least one pH adjuster. Suitable pH adjusters include organic bases and inorganic bases such as, for example, KOH, NaOH. The pH of the topical formulations of the present invention generally ranges from 3.5 to 7.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the topical formulations of the present invention can range from 4.0 to 6.0, preferably 5.0. In another embodiment of the invention, the pH of the topical formulations of the present invention can range from 5.5 to 6.5, preferably 6.0.[1057]
• Any of the foregoing formulations can be in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion such as a cream or a lotion. Such an emulsion can comprise an oil phase comprising the IRM compounds, a fatty acid in an amount sufficient to solubilize the IRM compounds, a hydrophobic, aprotic component; and an aqueous phase comprising a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent, for example, a carbomer. In certain embodiments, the amount or concentration of the IRM in the oil phase can be at least 0.01%, for example, at least 0.02%, at least 0.1%, and at least 1% with respect to oil phase weight. In other embodiments, the amount or concentration of the IRM in the oil phase can be at most 20%, for example, at most 10%, and at most 5% with respect to oil phase weight. The emulsion can be preserved so that when challenged by an antimicrobial effectiveness test, it meets regulatory requirements for topical creams packaged in multiple-use containers.[1058]
• Any of the foregoing formulations according to the present invention can be applied to the dermal surfaces of a mammal. Depending on the IRM compound concentration, formulation composition, and dermal surface, the therapeutic effect of the IRM compound may extend only to the superficial layers of the dermal surface or to tissues below the dermal surface. Thus, another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of a dermal associated condition comprising applying to skin one of the foregoing formulations. As used herein, a “dermal associated condition” means an inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic or other condition that involves a dermal surface or that is in sufficient proximity to a dermal surface to be affected by a therapeutic agent topically applied to the dermal surface. Examples of a dermal associated condition include warts, atopic dermatitis, basal cell carcinoma, postsurgical scars, and actinic keratosis.[1059]
• In one embodiment, the formulations can be applied to the surface of skin for treatment of actinic keratosis (AK). Actinic keratoses are premalignant lesions considered biologically to be either carcinoma in-situ or squamous intraepidermal neoplasia. AK is the most frequent epidermal tumor and is induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, typically from sunlight. Because of its precancerous nature, AK may be considered the most important manifestation of sun-induced skin damage.[1060]
• In some embodiments, the above described formulations are particularly advantageous for dermal application for a period of time sufficient to obtain a desired therapeutic effect without undesired systemic absorption of the IRM.[1061]
EXAMPLES
• The following Examples are provided to further describe various IRM formulations and methods according to the invention. The examples, however, are not intended to limit the formulations and methods within the spirit and scope of the invention.[1062]
Examples 1-7 and Comparative Example C1
• Table 1 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention in a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1063]

  	TABLE 1
  	Topical Cream
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredient	Comparative Example
  (Compendial Status)	C1 (Placebo)	Example 1	Example 2	Example 3	Example 4	Example 5	Example 6	Example 7

  IRM Compound 1	0.00	0.001	0.003	0.010	0.03	0.10	0.30	1.00
  Isostearic Acid	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	7.00	10.00
  Isopropyl Myristate (NF)	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	8.00	5.00
  Carbomer 974P (NF)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
  Poloxamer 188 (NF)	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
  Propylene Glycol (USP)	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00
  Methylparaben (NF)	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  Propylparaben (NF)	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
  Edetate Disodium (USP)	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  Sodium Hydroxide (NF)	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
  Solution, 20% w/w
  Purified Water (USP)	65.65	65.649	65.647	65.64	65.62	65.55	65.35	64.60
  Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

• The formulations set forth in Table 1 were prepared in the following manner:[1064]
• Oil phase preparation: 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c] [1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine (IRM compound 1) was dissolved in isostearic acid and isopropyl myristate, with heat if necessary. Carbomer 974P was then dispersed in the oil phase.[1065]
• Water phase preparation: Edetate disodium was dissolved in the water. Methylparaben and propylparaben were dissolved in propylene glycol and the solution was subsequently added to the water phase. Poloxamer 188 was then added to the water phase and mixed until dissolved.[1066]
• Phase combination: The oil phase was added to the water phase at ambient conditions. The emulsion was then homogenized. After homogenization, sodium hydroxide solution (20% w/w) was added and the resulting cream was mixed until smooth and uniform. The pH of the cream was measured and a pH adjustment was made with additional sodium hydroxide solution, if necessary, to meet the in-process target pH of 5.[1067]
• Formulations containing 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine (IRM Compound 1) were tested for their ability to induce increases in cytokine concentrations in rats following topical application. This study was undertaken to evaluate cytokine induction following a single dosing of various strengths and timepoints or a multiple vs. single dosing of IRM Compound 1. The formulations described above were tested by examining tissue and serum concentrations of TNF-α, MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and IFN-α cytokines following drug treatment.[1068]
• Female CD hairless rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) weighing 200-250 grams were used in all studies. Animals were randomized to treatment groups and dosed five per treatment group.[1069]
• The rats were acclimated to collars around the neck on two consecutive days prior to actual dosing. The rats were collared before dosing to prevent ingestion of the drug, and were then dosed topically with 50 μL of active cream or the appropriate placebo on right flank and then housed individually following dosing. At various times following dosing, the rats were anesthetized and blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Blood was allowed to clot at room temperature and serum was separated from the clot via centrifugation and stored at −20° C. until it was analyzed for cytokine concentrations.[1070]
• Following blood collection, the rats were euthanized and their skins removed. Tissue from both treated site (at) and contralateral site (away) were obtained using an 8 mm punch biopsy, weighed, placed in a sealed 1.8 ml cryovial and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen tissue sample was then suspended in 1.0 mL RPMI medium (Celox, Hopkins, Minn.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin, and 2-mercaptoethanol (RPMI complete) combined with a protease inhibitor cocktail set III (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). The tissue was homogenized using a Tissue Tearor™ (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.) for approximately 1 minute. The tissue suspension was then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes under refrigeration to pellet debris, and the supernatant collected and stored at −20° C. until analyzed for cytokine concentrations.[1071]
• ELISAs for rat MCP-1 were purchased from BioSource Intl. (Camarillo, Calif.) and rat TNF-α were purchased from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, Calif.) and performed according to manufacturer's specifications. Results for both TNF-α, and MCP-1 were expressed in pg/200 mg tissue or pg/ml serum. The sensitivity of the TNF-α ELISA was 31.2 pg/ml and of the MCP-1 ELISA was 11.7 pg/ml. IFN-α concentrations in both serum and skin tissue were determined using a bioassay that measured inhibition of the viral cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus on rat LMS-C2 fibroblast cells as previously described (Reiter, M. J., Testerman, T. L., Miller, R. L., Weeks, C. E., and Tomai, M. A. (1994) “Cytokine Induction in Mice by the Immunomodulator Imiquimod.” J. Leukocyte Biol. 55, 234-240). IIT Research Institute, Chicago Ill., performed these assays. Results for IFN-α concentrations were normalized to a standard reference rat IFN-α, preparation with results being reported in U/mL and are normalized per mg of tissue.[1072]
• The data shown below in Tables 2-4 are from three separate experiments and analyzed to 1) measure pharmacokinetics by full time course, 2) measure dose response and 3) measure multiple vs. single dosing.[1073]
• In order to determine the kinetics of local and systemic cytokine production following local administration of IRM Compound 1, the full time course study (Study 1 with results in Table 2) was done by topically dosing rats with the topical cream formulation of Example 7. Serum and tissue samples were taken at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours post dose. Multiple cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α and IFN-α) were analyzed separately.[1074]
• With the tissue data, for each hour measured, a paired t-test (used to eliminate within subject variability) analyzed the difference between treated tissue and control tissue from the same animal. A p-value less than alpha=0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference between the treated and control tissue at that hour. The data are presented in Table 2.[1075]

  TABLE 2
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Application of the Topical Formulation of
  Example 7 Full Time Coursea

  		Cytokine Concentrationb
  Time (hours)		TNF-α

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control site

  0	untreated	0	NA	96 ± 5
  16	placebo	0	103 ± 8	71 ± 6
  1	1%	6 ± 6	318 ± 33c	96 ± 13
  2	1%	0	1125 ± 74c	124 ± 18
  4	1%	0	1120 ± 51c	129 ± 11
  8	1%	24 ± 16	429 ± 56c	91 ± 12
  16	1%	6 ± 4	231 ± 22c	87 ± 27
  24	1%	32 ± 32	198 ± 28c	103 ± 13
  48	1%	49 ± 49	74 ± 10	69 ± 15

  	MCP-1

  0	untreated	81 ± 30	NA	44 ± 2
  16	placebo	144 ± 9	144 ± 41	42 ± 3
  1	1%	86 ± 29	40 ± 8	42 ± 3
  2	1%	123 ± 31	234 ± 29c	50 ± 4
  4	1%	101 ± 28	723 ± 89c	41 ± 5
  8	1%	438 ± 91c	1474 ± 202c	38 ± 3
  16	1%	424 ± 96c	1209 ± 325c	31 ± 5
  24	1%	187 ± 39	813 ± 151c	39 ± 1
  48	1%	141 ± 24	145 ± 48c	36 ± 6

  	IFN-α

  0	untreated	<200	NA	<650
  16	placebo	<200	<650	<650
  1	1%	<200	<650	<650
  2	1%	<200	<650	<650
  4	1%	<200	<650	<650
  8	1%	<200	3/5≧650	<650
  16	1%	<200	<650	<650
  24	1%	<200	<650	<650
  48	1%	<200	<650	<650

• A multiple dose study was done to monitor effects of a multiple dose regimen (Study 2 with results shown in Table 3). Rats were dosed two times a week for six hours for three weeks with topical cream formulation of Example 5. Placebo (Comparative Example C1) and single dosed rats were done for comparison and done simultaneously with the last dosing of the multiple dose set. Serum and tissue samples were taken at 8 and 24 hours post dose and analyzed for MCP-1.[1076]
• An analysis identical to that of Study 1 was performed for Study 2. This data set was broken up by treatment (multiple- or single-use) and time point prior to analysis. Again, placebo data were recorded only at the 8-hour time point for single use, but were used to compare placebo to every treatment and time point combination separately. The results are set forth in Table 3 below.[1077]

  TABLE 3
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Topical Application of the Topical Cream
  Formulation of Example 5 Multiple vs. Single Dosea

  Time		Cytokine Concentrationb
  (hours)		MCP-1

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control Site

  0	None	89 ± 11	NA	20 ± 10
  	(untreated)
  24	Placebo	41 ± 14	42 ± 15	28 ± 6
  8	Multiple	71 ± 13	784 ± 48c	42 ± 5
  	0.1%
  24	Multiple	105 ± 36	145 ± 23c	32 ± 6
  	0.1%
  8	Single	73 ± 9	519 ± 99c	33 ± 6
  	0.1%
  24	Single	82 ± 3c	412 ± 130c	35 ± 7
  	0.1%

• A dose response study (Study 3 with results shown in Table 4) was performed by dosing with the topical cream formulations of Examples 3-5 and 7, containing various concentrations of IRM Compound 1. Serum and tissue samples were taken at 8 and 24 hours post dose and analyzed for MCP-1. The studies tested topical delivery of creams comprising IRM Compound 1 for its ability to affect a local MCP-1 induction at four concentrations.[1078]
• Serum data compared active treatment to placebo (Comparative Example C1) separately at each specified time point. Note that the placebo group was only measured at 24 hours post dose and these observations were compared to each time point for the active group.[1079]

  TABLE 4
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Topical Application of the Formulations of
  Examples 3-5 and 7a

  		Cytokine Concentrationb
  Time (hours)		MCP-1

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control Site

  0	controls	207 ± 96	NA	38 ± 12
  24	placebo	367 ± 178	61 ± 14	20 ± 5
  	(Comparative
  	Example C1)
  8	0.01%	81 ± 23	61 ± 12	36 ± 7
  	(Example 3)
  8	0.03%	81 ± 20	271 ± 29	48 ± 5
  	(Example 4)
  8	0.1%	153 ± 14	1119 ± 122c	51 ± 8
  	(Example 5)
  8	1.0%	136 ± 23	1370 ± 99c	50 ± 15
  	(Example 7)
  24	0.01%	71 ± 18	183 ± 49c	33 ± 13
  	(Example 3)
  24	0.03%	71 ± 20	212 ± 49c	40 ± 7
  	(Example 4)
  24	0.1%	226 ± 73	628 ± 127c	40 ± 11
  	(Example 5)
  24	‘1.0%	149 ± 45	756 ± 38c	30 ± 9
  	(Example 7)

Examples 8-13
• Table 5 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention in a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1080]

  TABLE 5
  	Topical Cream
  Ingredient	(percentage weight-by weight)

  (Compendial Status)	Example 8	Example 9	Example 10	Example 11	Example 12	Example 13

  IRM Compound 2	0.01	0.03	0.10	1.00	0.003	0.30
  Isostearic Acid	5.00	5.00	5.00	10.00	5.00	5.00
  Isopropyl Myristate (NF)	10.00	10.00	10.00	5.00	10.00	10.00
  Carbomer 974P (NF)	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.75	1.00	1.00
  Poloxamer 188 (NF)	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
  Propylene Glycol (USP)	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00	15.00
  Methylparaben (NF)	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  Propylparaben (NF)	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
  Edetate Disodium (USP)	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  Sodium Hydroxide (NF)	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.35	0.50	0.50
  Solution, 20% w/w
  Purified Water (USP)	65.64	65.62	65.55	65.05	65.647	65.35
  Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

• The formulations set forth in Table 5 were prepared in the following manner:[1081]
• Oil phase preparation: N-[4-(4-Amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea (IRM Compound 2) was dissolved in isostearic acid and isopropyl myristate, with heat if necessary. Carbomer 974P was then dispersed in the oil phase.[1082]
• Water phase preparation: Edetate disodium was dissolved in the water. Methylparaben and propylparaben were dissolved in propylene glycol, and the solution was subsequently added to the water phase. Poloxamer 188 was then added to the water phase and mixed until dissolved.[1083]
• Phase combination: The oil phase was added to the water phase at ambient conditions. The emulsion was then homogenized. After homogenization, sodium hydroxide solution (20% w/w) was added and the resulting cream was mixed until smooth and uniform. The pH of the cream was measured, and a pH adjustment was made with additional sodium hydroxide solution, if necessary, to meet the in-process target pH of 5.[1084]
• Formulations containing N-[4-(4-Amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea (IRM Compound 2) were tested for their ability to induce increases in cytokine concentrations in rats following topical application. This study was undertaken to evaluate cytokine induction following a single dosing of various strengths and timepoints or a multiple vs. single dosing of IRM Compound 2. The formulations described above were tested by examining tissue and serum concentrations of TNF-α, MCP-1 and IFN-α following drug treatment as described in Examples 1-7.[1085]
• The data shown below in Tables 6-8 are from three separate experiments and analyzed to 1) measure pharmacokinetics by full time course, 2) measure dose response and 3) measure multiple vs. single dosing.[1086]
• In order to determine the kinetics of local and systemic, cytokine production following local administration of IRM Compound 2, the full time course study (Study 1 with results in Table 6) was done by topically dosing rats with the topical cream formulation of Example 11 as described in Examples 1-7. The data are presented in Table 6.[1087]

  TABLE 6
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Application of the Topical Formulation of Example 11
  Full Time Coursea

  Cytokine Concentrationb

  Time (hours)

  TNF-α

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control site

  0	untreated	29 ± 15	NA	70 ± 11
  16	placebo	42 ± 9	131 ± 32	69 ± 11
  1	1%	38 ± 38	44 ± 14	35 ± 19
  2	1%	2 ± 2	75 ± 20c	33 ± 13
  4	1%	3 ± 3	321 ± 18c	62 ± 20
  8	1%	0	894 ± 180c	21 ± 9
  16	1%	12 ± 12	377 ± 45c	22 ± 12
  24	1%	16 ± 8	285 ± 15c	52 ± 14
  48	1%	24 ± 7	74 ± 9	65 ± 13

  	MCP-1

  0	untreated	100 ± 20	NA	33 ± 7
  16	placebo	144 ± 9	225 ± 106	22 ± 4
  1	1%	117 ± 17	56 ± 9	55 ± 9
  2	1%	126 ± 29	50 ± 13	54 ± 8
  4	1%	136 ± 29	161 ± 18c	71 ± 9
  8	1%	189 ± 28	1020 ± 319	45 ± 15
  16	1%	297 ± 35	1294 ± 122c	40 ± 9
  24	1%	217 ± 12	1044 ± 185c	41 ± 11
  48	1%	120 ± 22	134 ± 14c	34 ± 7

  	IFN-α

  0	untreated	<65	NA	<650
  16	placebo	<65	<650	<650
  1	1%	<65	<650	<650
  2	1%	<65	<650	<650
  4	1%	<65	<650	<650
  8	1%	<65	901 ± 571	<650
  16	1%	<65	1330 ± 386c	<650
  24	1%	<65	<650	<650
  48	1%	<65	<650	<650

• A multiple dose study was done to monitor effects of a multiple dose regimen (Study 2 with results shown in Table 7). Rats were dosed two times a week for six hours for three weeks with topical cream formulation of Example 10. Placebo (Comparative Example C1) and single dosed rats were done for comparison and done simultaneously with the last dosing of the multiple dose set. Serum and tissue samples were taken at 16 and 24 hours post dose and analyzed for MCP-1.[1088]
• An analysis identical to that of Study 1 was performed for Study 2. This data set was broken up by treatment (multi or single use) and time point prior to analysis. Again, placebo data were recorded only at the 16-hour time point for single use, but were used to compare placebo to every treatment and time point combination separately. The results are set forth in Table 7 below.[1089]

  TABLE 7
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Topical Application of the Topical Cream
  Formulation of Example 10 Multiple vs. Single Dosea

  Cytokine Concentrationb

  Time (hours)

  MCP-1

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control Site

  0	None	161 ± 58	NA	80 ± 22
  	(untreated
  16	Placebo	214 ± 35	71 ± 16	47 ± 11
  16	Multiple	321 ± 62	1173 ± 117c	86 ± 14
  	0.1%
  24	Multiple	217 ± 43	388 ± 80c	58 ± 5
  	0.1%
  16	Single	205 ± 32	1448 ± 241c	77 ± 15
  	0.1%
  24	Single	279 ± 45	1172 ± 288c	90 ± 15
  	0.1%

• A dose response study (Study 3 with results shown in Table 8) was performed by dosing with the topical cream formulations of Examples 8-11, containing various concentrations of IRM Compound 2. Serum and tissue samples were taken at 16 and 24 hours post dose and analyzed for MCP-1. The studies tested topical delivery of creams comprising IRM Compound 2 for its ability to affect a local MCP-1 induction at four concentrations.[1090]
• Serum data compared active treatment to placebo (Comparative Example C1) separately at each specified time point. Note that the placebo group was only measured at 16 hours post dose and these observations were compared to each time point for the active group.[1091]

  TABLE 8
  Cytokine Concentrations in Rat Serum and Dermal Tissue
  Following Topical Application of the Formulations of
  Examples 8-11a

  Cytokine Concentrationb

  Time (hours)

  MCP-1

  Post Dose	Dose	Serum	Treated Site	Control Site

  0	controls	293 ± 23	NA	41 ± 11
  16	placebo	293 ± 76	44 ± 10	36 ± 12
  	(Comparative
  	Example C1)
  16	0.01%	276 ± 50	257 ± 85	57 ± 20
  	(Example 8)
  16	0.03%	318 ± 86	210 ± 10	45 ± 9
  	(Example 9)
  16	0.10%	529 ± 141	2622 ± 616c	73 ± 9
  	(Example 10)
  16	1.0%	345 ± 51	3166 ± 470c	71 ± 11
  	(Example 11)
  24	0.01%	298 ± 65	276 ± 87	94 ± 32
  	(Example 8)
  24	0.03%	253 ± 34	427 ± 238	28 ± 14
  	(Example 9)
  24	0.10%	331 ± 93	1461 ± 264c	19 ± 7
  	(Example 10)
  24	1.0%	358 ± 52	1952 ± 185c	17 ± 6
  	(Example 11)

Examples 14-18
• Table 9 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention on a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1092]

  	TABLE 9
  	Topical Creams
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredients	Ex. 14	Ex. 15	Ex. 16	Ex. 17	Ex. 18

  IRM Compound 1	0.01	0.10	1.00	3.00	1.00
  Isostearic Acid (874)	5.00	5.00	10.00	25.00	10.00
  *Diisopropyl dimer	10.00	10.00	5.00	5.00	—
  dilinoleate
  **Caprylic/capric	—	—	—	—	5.00
  triglycerides
  Carbomer 980, NF	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.90	0.70
  Diethylene glycol	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
  monoethyl ether
  USA - NF
  Disodium EDTA, USP	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  Poloxamer 188, NF	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
  Purified Water	70.94	70.85	69.95	52.55	69.95
  Methylparaben, NF	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  Ethylparaben	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  20% (w/w) NaOH	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.60	0.40
  Total % w/w	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Examples 19-24
• Table 10 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention on a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1093]

  	TABLE 10
  	Topical Creams
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredients	Ex. 19	Ex. 20	Ex. 21	Ex. 22	Ex. 23	Ex. 24

  IRM	0.003	0.03	0.10	1.00	3.00	1.00
  Compound 2
  Isostearic Acid	5.00	5.00	5.00	10.00	25.00	10.00
  (874)
  Diisopropyl	10.00	10.00	10.00	5.00	5.00	—
  dimer
  dilinoleate
  Caprylic/capric	—	—	—	—	—	5.00
  triglycerides
  Carbomer 980,	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.60	0.70
  NF
  Diethylene	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
  glycol
  monoethyl
  ether
  USA - NF
  Disodium	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  EDTA, USP
  Poloxamer	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
  188, NF
  Purified Water	70.95	70.92	70.85	69.95	53.19	69.95
  Methylparaben,	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  NF
  Ethylparaben	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
  20%	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.26	0.40
  (w/w) NaOH
  Total % w/w	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

• The formulations described in Tables 9 and 10 were prepared using the following general method:[1094]
• Oil Phase Preparation:[1095]
• The IRM compound was dissolved in isostearic acid and diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate (or caprylic/capric acid triglyceride) with heat if necessary.[1096]
• Water Phase Preparation:[1097]
• Edetate disodium was dissolved in the water. Poloxamer 188 was then added to the water phase and mixed until dissolved. Carbomer 980 was then added to the water phase and mixed until the carbomer was fully dispersed and hydrated. Methylparaben and propylparaben were dissolved in diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and the solution was subsequently added to the water phase.[1098]
• Phase Combination:[1099]
• The water phase was added to the oil phase at ambient conditions. The emulsion was then mixed at high speed or homogenized. After homogenization, sodium hydroxide solution (20% w/w) was added and the resulting cream was mixed until smooth and uniform. The pH of the cream was measured and a pH adjustment was made with additional sodium hydroxide solution, if necessary, to meet the in-process target pH of 5.[1100]
Examples 25-28
• Table 11 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention on a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1101]

  	TABLE 11
  	Topical Cream
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredient	Ex. 25	Ex. 26	Ex. 27	Ex. 28

  IRM Compound 1	1	1	1	1
  Isostearic Acid (874)	10	10	10	8
  Diisopropyl dimer	5	5	5	1
  dilinoleate
  Carbomer 980, NF	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
  Diethylene glycol	10	10	10	10
  monoethyl ether
  USA —NF
  Disodium EDTA, USP	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  Poloxamer 188, NF	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
  Purified Water	Qs to 100	Qs to 100	Qs to 100	Qs to 100
  Methylparaben, NF	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
  Ethylparaben	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
  20% (w/w) NaOH	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
  10% iodopropynyl	—	1	—	—
  butylcarbamate in
  PEG-4 laurate
  Phenoxyethanol	—	—	0.5	—

Examples 29-135
• Topical creams containing the IRM compounds listed in Table 12 were prepared using the general methods described above for Examples 1-24. Each IRM was formulated into one or more of the model formulations shown in Tables 13 and 14. Table 15 summarizes the topical creams that were prepared.[1102]

  TABLE 12
  IRM
  Compound	Chemical Name

  3	1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  4	1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-
  	amine
  5	2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]
  	naphthyridin-4-amine
  6	1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-
  	amine
  7	2-methylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  8	2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]
  	naphthyridin-4-amine
  9	2-ethylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  10	4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]
  	naphthyridine-1-ethanol
  11	N1-[2-(4-amino-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)ethyl]
  	benzamide
  12	1-{2-[3-(3-pyridyl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]
  	quinolin-4-amine
  13	1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  14	1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-
  	4-amine
  15	N4-[4-(4-amino-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)butyl]-4-
  	morpholinecarboxamide
  16	N3-[4-(4-amino-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)butyl]
  	nicotinamide
  17	1-{2-[3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]
  	quinolin-4-amine
  18	1-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]
  	quinolin-4-amine
  19	2-methyl-1-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pentyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]
  	quinolin-4-amine
  20	N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)
  	propyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide
  21	N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)
  	propyl]-2-methylpropanamide
  22	N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-
  	yl)propyl]butanamide
  23	2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,
  	5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  24	N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]
  	quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}ethanesulfonamide
  25	N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}propanamide
  26	1-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-propyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-4-amine
  27	N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-N'-ethylthiourea
  28	2-ethyl-1-{4-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]butyl}-1H-
  	imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  29	2-ethyl-1-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)butyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-4-amine
  30	N-{3-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-1-yl]propyl}cyclopentanecarboxamide
  31	N-{3-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-6,7-dimethyl-1H-
  	imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-y1]propyl}morpholine-4-
  	carboxamide
  32	1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-4-amine
  33	8,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[4,5-
  	c]quinolin-6-amine
  34	4-amino-α,α,2-trimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-
  	imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol
  35	2-hydroxymethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-
  	1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
  36	2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-
  	c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine
  37	N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-
  	1-yl)propyl]methanesulfonamide

• [1103]

  	TABLE 13
  	Model Formulation
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredient	A	B	C	D	E	F	G

  IRM	0.01	0.1	1	1	1	1	1
  Isostearic acid	5	5	5	20	42	13	6
  Isopropyl myristate	10	10	10	10	2	10	10
  Carbomer 974P	1	1	1	1	1	1.5	1
  Purified water	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
  Poloxamer 188	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
  Propylene glycol	15	15	15	15	13	15	15
  Xanthan gum	—	—	—	—	0.4	—	—
  Methylparaben	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
  Disodium EDTA	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  20% NaOH	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7

• [1104]

  	TABLE 14
  	Model Formulation
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ingredient	H	I	J	K	L	M

  IRM	0.01	0.1	1	1	3	5
  Isostearic acid	5	5	5	10	10	10
  Diisopropyl dimer	10	10	10	5	5	5
  dilinoleate
  Carbomer 980	0.7	0.7	0.7	1.0	1.0	1.0
  Purified water	*	*	*	*	*	*
  Poloxamer 188	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.6
  Diethylene glycol	10	10	10	10	10	10
  monoethyl ether
  Xanthan gum	—	—	—	0.1	0.1	0.1
  Methylparaben	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
  Ethylparaben	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
  Disodium EDTA	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  20% NaOH	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4

• [1105]

  TABLE 15
  Example	IRM Compound	Model Formulation

  29	3	A
  30	3	B
  31	3	C
  32	4	A
  33	4	B
  34	4	C
  35	5	A
  36	5	B
  37	5	D
  38	6	A
  39	6	B
  40	6	C
  41	7	A
  42	7	B
  43	7	C
  44	8	A
  45	8	B
  46	8	C
  47	9	A
  48	9	B
  49	9	C
  50	10	A
  51	10	B
  52	10	C
  53	11	A
  54	11	B
  55	11	E
  56	12	A
  57	12	B
  58	12	C
  59	13	A
  60	13	B
  61	13	F
  62	14	A
  63	14	B
  64	14	G
  65	15	H
  66	15	I
  67	15	K
  68	16	H
  69	16	I
  70	16	K
  71	17	A
  72	17	B
  73	17	C
  74	18	H
  75	18	I
  76	18	K
  77	19	H
  78	19	I
  79	19	K
  80	20	H
  81	20	I
  82	20	K
  83	20	L
  84	20	M
  85	21	H
  86	21	I
  87	21	K
  88	22	H
  89	22	I
  90	22	J
  91	23	H
  92	23	I
  93	23	J
  94	24	H
  95	24	I
  96	24	K
  97	25	H
  98	25	I
  99	25	K
  100	26	H
  101	26	I
  102	26	K
  103	27	H
  104	27	I
  105	27	K
  106	28	H
  107	28	I
  108	28	K
  109	29	H
  110	29	I
  111	29	K
  112	30	H
  113	30	I
  114	30	K
  115	31	H
  116	31	I
  117	31	K
  118	32	A
  119	32	B
  120	32	C
  121	33	A
  122	33	B
  123	33	C
  124	34	A
  125	34	B
  126	34	C
  127	35	A
  128	35	B
  129	35	C
  130	36	A
  131	36	B
  132	36	C
  133	37	H
  134	37	I
  135	37	K

• The topical creams of Examples 29-135 were tested using the test method described below. The results are shown in Table 16 below where each value is the mean of the values from the 3rats in the treatment group.[1106]
Single Dose MCP-1 Induction Test Method
• Female CD hairless rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) weighing 200-250 grams are used. Animals are randomized to treatment groups and dosed three per treatment group.[1107]
• The rats are acclimated to collars around the neck on two consecutive days prior to actual dosing. A 50 μL dose of active cream or the appropriate placebo is applied to the right flank and gently rubbed into the skin of the rat. The rats are then collared and housed individually to prevent ingestion of the drug. At selected post treatment time points, the rats are anesthetized, and blood (3 mls) is collected by cardiac puncture. Blood is allowed to clot at room temperature. Serum is separated from the clot via centrifugation, and stored at −20° C. until it is analyzed for MCP-1 concentration.[1108]
• Following blood collection, the rats are euthanized, and their skins removed. Tissue samples (4 from each site) from both the treated site and contralateral site (untreated) are obtained using an 8 mm punch biopsy, weighed, placed in a sealed 1.8 ml cryovial, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen tissue sample is then suspended in 1.0 mL RPMI medium (Celox, Hopkins, Minn.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin, and 2-mercaptoethanol (RPMI complete) combined with a protease inhibitor cocktail set III (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). The tissue is homogenized using a Tissue Tearor™ (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.) for approximately 1 minute. The tissue suspension is then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes under refrigeration to pellet debris, and the supernatant is collected and stored at −20° C. until analyzed for MCP-1 concentration.[1109]
• ELISAs for rat MCP-1 are purchased from BioSource Intl. (Camarillo, Calif.) and performed according to manufacturer's specifications. Results are expressed in pg/ml, the values for the tissue samples are normalized per 200 mg of tissue. The sensitivity of the MCP-1 ELISA is 12 pg/ml.[1110]

  TABLE 16
  MCP-1 (pg/ml)

  IRM Cream

  Cream of

  6 hours

  24 hours

  Placebo Cream

  Example	Serum	Treated	Untreated	Serum	Treated	Untreated	Serum	Untreated

  29	123	202	46	291	55	34	142	59
  30	119	92	31	177	201	43	142	59
  31	212	1235	54	267	606	125	142	59
  32	26	54	59	79	82	69	54	56
  33	54	70	71	56	74	58	54	56
  34	72	88	58	59	319	69	54	56
  35	170	110	55	162	142	62	80	58
  36	94	674	46	86	1216	96	80	58
  37	153	1826	38	136	2036	77	80	58
  38	178	65	120	211	121	86	142	59
  39	193	220	61	259	263	59	142	59
  40	226	1204	58	284	1086	95	142	59
  41	54	82	96	45	88	71	73	96
  42	65	129	78	54	126	88	73	96
  43	77	824	68	89	1016	93	73	96
  44	86	256	*	177	488	*	128	**28
  45	172	1444	*	157	1041	*	128	**28
  46	177	1720	*	406	1023	*	128	**28
  47	58	53	59	81	95	73	37	73
  48	71	200	61	63	112	61	37	73
  49	92	1254	62	83	1436	75	37	73
  50	170	1033	56	*	655	56	88	*
  51	625	551	787	*	149	787	88	*
  52	811	348	314	*	86	314	88	*
  53	70	63	46	76	47	45	7	31
  54	68	35	27	71	26	24	7	31
  55	75	35	21	44	33	32	7	31
  56	115	44	*	115	425	*	201	**42
  57	119	411	*	267	1252	*	201	**42
  58	190	1560	*	476	1508	*	201	**42
  59	155	46	36	271	41	53	107	54
  60	123	53	58	175	80	69	107	54
  61	133	172	52	151	1131	46	107	54
  62	143	211	55	174	428	61	96	26
  63	320	1614	51	230	1217	74	96	26
  64	970	1094	529	425	390	99	96	26
  65	43	34	57	46	81	61	83	59
  66	29	73	28	32	42	74	83	59
  67	19	54	61	25	34	72	83	59
  68	60	77	82	91	72	35	68	72
  69	143	74	52	99	73	59	68	72
  70	59	77	34	91	134	60	68	72
  71	259	79	62	134	84	57	177	53
  72	138	255	65	122	990	63	177	53
  73	251	999	63	293	1411	108	177	53
  74	99	66	71	73	99	89	61	91
  75	76	101	78	3	170	73	61	91
  76	66	6779	64	188	4949	104	61	91
  77	28	47	35	21	43	40	30	38
  78	27	35	37	33	49	59	30	38
  79	24	41	40	27	50	38	30	38
  80	51	59	23	50	163	0	97	15
  81	9	0	15	83	34	10	97	15
  82***	61	32	0	121	303	45	97	15
  82***	50	149	36	79	225	76	93	120
  83	110	164	124	61	275	172	93	120
  84	59	177	92	98	629	40	93	120
  85	81	0	0	0	0	0	177	0
  86	116	0	0	0	0	0	177	0
  87	69	0	0	0	0	0	177	0
  88	114	56	41	87	43	42	141	33
  89	74	47	49	132	49	40	141	33
  90	91	96	47	111	109	41	141	33
  91	42	91	53	86	874	57	34	46
  92	83	1238	74	92	1087	67	34	46
  93	98	2037	64	114	1124	74	34	46
  94	102	98	107	48	136	133	110	100
  95	49	130	90	95	158	112	110	100
  96	68	255	79	132	528	81	110	100
  97	34	88	106	54	95	92	36	102
  98	17	116	108	83	123	91	36	102
  99	51	150	89	43	945	76	36	102
  100	111	81	83	55	115	72	82	58
  101	33	72	55	75	209	64	82	58
  102	79	489	54	112	3199	103	82	58
  103	82	88	69	31	107	94	7	61
  104	13	66	55	61	72	63	7	61
  105	75	83	87	54	60	69	7	61
  106	72	96	103	64	168	158	8	137
  107	21	129	98	48	168	75	8	137
  108	95	314	72	135	3267	128	8	137
  109	72	60	71	71	78	62	12	31
  110	44	76	57	92	72	75	12	31
  111	70	143	83	32	2397	68	12	31
  112	66	67	120	28	84	70	30	102
  113	46	107	106	70	1034	93	30	102
  114	14	627	65	196	2880	111	30	102
  115	39	38	41	84	77	90	84	157
  116	73	81	90	64	57	223	84	157
  117	66	113	52	79	91	61	84	157
  118	132	59	59	135	46	52	*	*
  119	123	184	31	144	104	42	*	*
  120	124	1261	45	171	892	56	*	*
  121	90	74	51	88	96	75	78	57
  122	72	415	50	91	613	82	78	57
  123	156	1502	52	226	1043	48	78	57
  124	92	94	27	96	95	110	97	652
  125	123	198	128	107	72	120	97	652
  126	136	1828	97	73	1348	349	97	652
  127	67	66	46	81	90	22	51	81
  128	63	80	58	55	53	35	51	81
  129	49	382	58	35	809	59	51	81
  130	132	55	41	135	162	43	74	32
  131	124	279	59	144	822	60	74	32
  132	124	1901	13	171	1212	11	74	32
  133	64	106	0	52	199	32	26	8
  134	9	76	0	70	59	0	26	8
  135	59	89	0	76	47	0	26	8

Examples 136-140
• Table 17 summarizes topical formulations made in accordance with the present invention on a percentage weight-by-weight basis.[1111]

  	TABLE 17
  	Topical Creams
  	(percentage weight-by-weight)

  Ex.

  Ingredients	136	Ex. 137	Ex. 138	Ex. 139	Ex. 140

  IRM	1	1	1	1	1
  Compound 1
  Isostearic	10	10	8	10	10
  Acid
  Diisopropyl	—	5	1	5	5
  dimer
  dilinoleate
  Caprylic/	5	—	—	—	—
  capric
  triglycerides
  Carbomer	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
  980
  Diethylene	10	10	10	10	10
  glycol
  monoethyl
  ether
  Disodium	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
  EDTA
  Poloxamer	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
  188
  Purified	Qs to	Qs to 100	Qs to 100	Qs to 100	Qs to 100
  Water	100
  Methylparaben	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
  Ethylparaben	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2
  20% (w/w)	Qs to	Qs to pH	Qs to pH	Qs to pH	Qs to pH
  	pH
  NaOH	5-5.5	5-5.5	5-5.5	6.5	5-5.5
  Iodopropynyl	—	0.1	—	—	—
  butylcarbamate
  PEG-4 Laurate	—	0.9	—	—	—
  Phenoxyethanol	—	1	—	—	—
  Sorbic acid	—	0.15	—	—	—

• The topical creams of Examples 136-140 were tested using the test method described below. The results are shown in Table 18 below where each value is the mean of the values from the 3 rats in the treatment group. “Normal animals” did not receive any treatment.[1112]
Single Dose Cytokine Induction Test Method
• Female CD hairless rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) weighing 200-250 grams are used. Animals are randomized to treatment groups and dosed three per treatment group.[1113]
• The rats are acclimated to collars around the neck on two consecutive days prior to actual dosing. A 50 μL dose of active cream is applied to the right flank and gently rubbed into the skin of the rat. The rats are then collared and housed individually to prevent ingestion of the drug. At 6 hours post treatment, the rats are anesthetized, and blood (3 mls) is collected by cardiac puncture. Blood is allowed to clot at room temperature, serum is separated from the clot via centrifugation, and stored at −20° C. until it is analyzed for cytokine concentrations.[1114]
• Following blood collection, the rats are euthanized, and their skins removed. Tissue samples (4 from each site) from both the treated site and contralateral site (untreated) are obtained using an 8 mm punch biopsy, weighed, placed in a sealed 1.8 ml cryovial, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen tissue sample is then suspended in 1.0 mL RPMI medium (Celox, Hopkins, Minn.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin, and 2-mercaptoethanol (RPMI complete) combined with a protease inhibitor cocktail set III (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). The tissue is homogenized using a Tissue Tearor™ (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.) for approximately 1 minute. The tissue suspension is then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes under refrigeration to pellet debris. The supernatant is collected and stored at −20° C. until analyzed for cytokine concentrations.[1115]
• ELISAs for rat MCP-1 are purchased from BioSource Intl. (Camarillo, Calif.) and rat TNF-α are purchased from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, Calif.) and performed according to manufacturer's specifications. Results are expressed in pg/ml, the values for the tissue samples are normalized per 200 mg of tissue. The sensitivity of the MCP-1 ELISA is 12 pg/ml and the sensitivity of the TNF-α ELISA is 31 pg/ml.[1116]

  TABLE 18
  Cytokine Induction

  IRM Cream Treated Animals

  Normal Animals

  Cream of

  MCP-1 (pg/ml)

  TNF-α (pg/ml)

  MCP-1 (pg/ml)

  TNF-α (pg/ml)

  Example	Serum	Treated	Untreated	Serum	Treated	Untreated	Serum	Tissue	Serum	Tissue

  136	119	1208	51	64	808	85	73	39	64	67
  137	90	1815	78	78	597	78	73	39	64	67
  138	5	1351	27	66	636	69	73	39	64	67
  139	62	1509	85	50	443	75	73	39	64	67
  140	24	2373	28	80	948	95	73	39	64	67

Claims (83)

What is claimed is:

1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising:

an immune response modifier (IRM) compound selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines;

a fatty acid;

a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and

a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers.

2. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the formulation further comprises a preservative system and an emulsifier.

3. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component has a hydrophilic lipophilic balance of less than 2.

4. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component has a pKa greater than 14.2.

5. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the ratio of the hydrophobic, aprotic component to the fatty acid is 0.025:1 to 600:1.

6. The formulation according to claim I wherein the combined weight percent of the hydrophobic, aprotic component and the fatty acid is 2 to 50.

7. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the fatty acid is isostearic acid.

8. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component is selected from aprotic fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons of 8 or more carbon atoms, and waxes.

9. The formulation according toclaim 8 wherein the aprotic fatty acid ester is isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cetyl esters wax, or a combination thereof.

10. The formulation according toclaim 8 wherein the hydrocarbon of 8 or more carbon atoms is mineral oil or petrolatum.

11. The formulation according toclaim 1 wherein the hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent comprises a carbomer.

12. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and propylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

13. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and ethylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

14. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.

15. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and one or more of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or phenoxyethanol.

16. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.

17. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises phenoxyethanol and one or both of methylparaben and ethylparaben.

18. The formulation according toclaim 2 wherein the preservative system comprises a preservative enhancing solubilizer.

19. The formulation according toclaim 18 wherein the preservative enhancing solubilizer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol or a combination thereof.

20. The formulation ofclaim 2 comprising:

(a) 0.001 to 5% w/w

2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-methylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-{2-[3-(3-pyridyl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-{2-[3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)propyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide,

2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}ethanesulfonamide,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}propanamide,

1-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-propyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-{4-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]butyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)butyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{3-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]propyl}cyclopentanecarboxamide,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

8,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrido[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-6-amine,

4-amino-α,α,2-trimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol,

2-hydroxymethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

or a combination thereof;

(b) 0.05 to 40% w/w isostearic acid;

(c) 1 to 30% w/w hydrophobic, aprotic component;

(d) 0.5 to 10% w/w emulsifier;

(e) 0.01 to 30% w/w preservative system; and

(f) 0.1 to 10% carbomer.

21. The formulation ofclaim 20 comprising:

(a) 0.03 to 3% w/w 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea, 2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine, or a combination thereof;

(b) 3 to 25% w/w isostearic acid;

(c) 3 to 15% w/w hydrophobic, aprotic component;

(d) 0.75 to 3.5% w/w emulsifier;

(e) 0.1 to 25% w/w preservative system; and

(f) 0.5 to 5% w/w carbomer.

22. A method of treating a dermal associated condition, the method comprising a step of:

applying to skin a formulation comprising an immune response modifier (IRM) selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers.

23. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the ratio of the hydrophobic, aprotic component to the fatty acid is 0.025:1 to 600:1.

24. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the combined weight percent of the hydrophobic, aprotic component and the fatty acid is 2 to 50.

25. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component is selected from the group consisting of aprotic fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons of 8 or more carbon atoms, and waxes.

26. The method according toclaim 25 wherein the aprotic fatty acid ester is isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cetyl esters wax, or combinations thereof.

27. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent comprises a carbomer.

28. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the topical formulation further comprises:

a preservative system; and

an emulsifier.

29. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the IRM is 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea, 1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-methylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-{2-[3-(3-pyridyl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-{2-[3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)propyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide,

2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl}-1 H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}ethanesulfonamide,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}propanamide,

1-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-propyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-{4-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]butyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)butyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{3-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]propyl}cyclopentanecarboxamide,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

8,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrido[1′,2′: 1,2]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-6-amine,

4-amino-α,α,2-trimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol,

2-hydroxymethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, or a combination thereof.

30. The method according toclaim 22 wherein the dermal associated condition is selected from actinic keratosis, postsurgical scars, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis, and warts.

31. The method according toclaim 30 wherein the IRM is 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-methylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethylthiazolo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-{2-[3-(3-pyridyl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-{2-[3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)propoxy]ethyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

1-[2-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-[3-(4-amino-2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)propyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide,

2-butyl-1-{2-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]ethyl} -1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}ethanesulfonamide,

N-{2-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}propanamide,

1-[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2-propyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-{4-[(1-methylethyl)sulfonyl]butyl}-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-ethyl-1-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)butyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

N-{3-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]propyl}cyclopentanecarboxamide,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

8,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrido[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-6-amine,

4-amino-α,α,2-trimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanol,

2-hydroxymethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, or a combination thereof.

32. The method according toclaim 30 wherein the formulation further comprises a preservative system and an emulsifier.

33. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and propylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

34. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and ethylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

35. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.

36. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and one or more of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or phenoxyethanol.

37. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.

38. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises phenoxyethanol and one or both of methylparaben and ethylparaben.

39. The method according toclaim 32 wherein the preservative system comprises a preservative enhancing solubilizer.

40. The method according toclaim 39 wherein the preservative enhancing solubilizer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol or a combination thereof.

41. A method for delivering an immune response modifier (IRM) to a dermal surface, the method comprising the steps of:

selecting a formulation comprising:

(a) an immune response modifier selected from imidazoquinoline amines, imidazotetrahydroquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines, thiazoloquinoline amines, oxazoloquinoline amines, thiazolopyridine amines, oxazolopyridine amines, imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines;

(b) a fatty acid;

(c) a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and

(d) a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent selected from cellulose ethers and carbomers; and

applying the selected topical formulation to the dermal surface.

42. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising:

an immune response modifier (IRM) compound selected from the group consisting of imidazonaphthyridine amines, tetrahydroimidazonaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines;

a fatty acid; and

a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms.

43. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the formulation further comprises a preservative system.

44. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component has a hydrophilic lipophilic balance of less than 2.

45. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component has a pKa greater than 14.2.

46. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the ratio of the hydrophobic, aprotic component to the fatty acid is 0.025:1 to 600:1.

47. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the combined weight percent of the hydrophobic, aprotic component and the fatty acid is 2 to 50.

48. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the fatty acid is isostearic acid.

49. The formulation according toclaim 42 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component is selected from aprotic fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons of 8 or more carbon atoms, and waxes.

50. The formulation according toclaim 49 wherein the aprotic fatty acid ester is isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cetyl esters wax, or combinations thereof.

51. The formulation ofclaim 49 wherein the hydrocarbon of 8 or more carbon atoms is mineral oil or petrolatum.

52. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and propylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

53. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and ethylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

54. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.

55. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and one or more of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or phenoxyethanol.

56. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.

57. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises phenoxyethanol and one or both of methylparaben and ethylparaben.

58. The formulation according toclaim 43 wherein the preservative system comprises a preservative enhancing solubilizer.

59. The formulation according toclaim 58 wherein the preservative enhancing solubilizer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol or a combination thereof.

60. The formulation ofclaim 43 comprising:

(a) 0.001 to 5% w/w imidazonaphthyridine amine, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amine, thiazolonaphthyridine amine, or a combination thereof;

(b) 0.05 to 40% w/w isostearic acid;

(c) 1 to 30% w/w hydrophobic, aprotic component; and

(d) 0.01 to 30% w/w preservative system.

61. The formulation ofclaim 43 further comprising an emulsifier and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent.

62. The formulation ofclaim 60 further comprising an emulsifier and a hydrophilic viscosity enhancing agent.

63. The formulation ofclaim 62 wherein the viscosity enhancing agent comprises a carbomer.

64. The formulation ofclaim 63 comprising:

(a) 0.03 to 3% w/w

2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

or a combination thereof;

(b) 3 to 25% w/w isostearic acid;

(c) 3 to 15% w/w hydrophobic, aprotic component;

(d) 0.1 to 25% w/w preservative system;

(e) 0.75 to 3.5% w/w emulsifier; and

(f) 0.5 to 5% w/w carbomer.

65. A method of treating a dermal associated condition, the method comprising a step of:

applying to skin a formulation comprising an immune response modifier (IRM) chosen from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines; a fatty acid; and a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms.

66. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the ratio of the hydrophobic, aprotic component to the fatty acid is 0.025:1 to 600:1.

67. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the combined weight percent of the hydrophobic, aprotic component and the fatty acid is 2 to 50.

68. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the hydrophobic, aprotic component is selected from the group consisting of aprotic fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons of 8 or more carbon atoms, and waxes.

69. The method according toclaim 68 wherein the aprotic fatty acid ester is isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl dimer dilinoleate, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cetyl esters wax, or combinations thereof.

70. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the formulation further comprises:

a preservative system; and

an emulsifier.

71. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the IRM is 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, or a combination thereof.

72. The method according toclaim 65 wherein the dermal associated condition is actinic keratosis, postsurgical scars, basal cell carcinoma, atopic dermatitis, and warts.

73. The method according toclaim 72 wherein the IRM is 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, N-[4-(4-amino-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-1-yl)butyl]-N′-cyclohexylurea,

2-butyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4-amine,

1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-ethoxymethyl-1-phenylmethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

4-amino-2-butyl-α,α-dimethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridine-1-ethanol,

1-[(R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine,

2-butyl-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c][1,5]naphthyridin-4-amine, or a combination thereof.

74. The method according toclaim 72 wherein the formulation further comprises: a preservative system; and

an emulsifier.

75. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and propylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

76. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises methylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation and ethylparaben at 0.01 to 0.5% w/w of the formulation.

77. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate.

78. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and one or more of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, or phenoxyethanol.

79. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.

80. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises phenoxyethanol and one or both of methylparaben and ethylparaben.

81. The method according toclaim 74 wherein the preservative system comprises a preservative enhancing solubilizer.

82. The method according toclaim 81 wherein the preservative enhancing solubilizer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol or a combination thereof.

83. A method for delivering an immune response modifier (IRM) to a dermal surface, the method comprising the steps of:

selecting a formulation comprising:

(a) an immune response modifier selected from imidazonaphthyridine amines, imidazotetrahydronaphthyridine amines, and thiazolonaphthyridine amines;

(b) at fatty acid;

(c) a hydrophobic, aprotic component miscible with the fatty acid and comprising a hydrocarbyl group of 7 or more carbon atoms; and

applying the selected formulation to the dermal surface.