US20030191309A1 - N-substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids useful as inhibitors of C-proteinase and for treating or preventing disorders related to unregulated collagen production - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a novel class of organic molecules capable of inhibiting C-proteinase, and to their use to regulate, modulate and/or inhibit abnormal collagen formation as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment of fibrotic disorders.

Description

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a novel class of organic molecules capable of inhibiting the enzyme C-proteinase, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the C-proteinase inhibitory compounds and methods of using the compounds and compositions to regulate, modulate and/or inhibit collagen production and/or maturation as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of myriad diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production.[0001]
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Collagen Structure. At present, nineteen different types of collagens have been identified. These collagens, which include fibrillar collagen types I, II and III, are synthesized as procollagen precursor molecules which contain peptide extensions at both their amino- and carboxy-termini. These peptide extensions, referred to as “pro-regions,” are designated as N- and C-propeptides, respectively.[0002]
• The pro-regions are typically cleaved upon secretion of the procollagen triple helical precursor molecule from the cell to yield a mature triple helical collagen molecule. Upon cleavage, the “mature” collagen molecule is capable of association, for example, into highly structured collagen fibers. See e.g., Fessler and Fessler, 1978,[0003]Annu. Rev. Biochem.47:129-162; Bornstein and Traub, 1979, in:The Proteins(eds. Neurath, H. and Hill, R. H.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 412-632; Kivirikko et al., 1984, in:Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry(eds. Piez, K. A. and Reddi, A. H.), Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, pp. 83-118; Prockop and Kivirikko, 1984,N. Engl. J. Med.311:376-383; Kuhn, 1987, in:Structure and Function of Collagen Types(eds. Mayne, R. and Burgeson, R. E.), Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla., pp. 1-42.
• Diseases Associated With The Abnormal Production of Collagen. A variety of critical diseases have been linked to inappropriate or unregulated collagen production and/or maturation. These diseases include pathological fibrosis or scarring (including endocardial sclerosis), idiopathic interstitial fibrosis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, perimuscular fibrosis, Symmers' fibrosis, pericentral fibrosis, hepatitis, dermatofibroma, billary cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, acute pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, kidney fibrosis/glomerulonephritis, kidney fibrosis/diabetic nephropathy, scleroderma/systemic, scleroderma/local, keloids, hypertrophic scars, severe joint adhesions/arthritis, myelofibrosis, corneal scarring, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy (duchenne's), cardiac fibrosis, muscular fibrosis/retinal separation, esophageal stricture and payronles disease. Further fibrotic disorders may be induced or initiated by surgery, including scar revision/plastic surgeries, glaucoma, cataract fibrosis, corneal scarring, joint adhesions, graft vs. host disease, tendon surgery, nerve entrapment, dupuytren's contracture, OB/GYN adhesions/fibrosis, pelvic adhesions, peridural fibrosis, restenosis. One strategy for the treatment of these diseases is to inhibit the pathological overproduction of collagen. Thus, identification and isolation of molecules which control, inhibit and/or modulate the production of collagen are of major medical interest.[0004]
• Relationship Between Collagen Formation and C-Proteinase. Recent evidence suggests that C-proteinase is the essential key enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the C-propeptide of, for example, fibrillar collagens, including type I, type II, and type III collagen. See e.g. Prockep et al., 1998,[0005]Matrix Biol.16:399-408; Lee et al., 1997,J. Biol. Chem.272:19059-19066; Suzuk et al., 1996,Development122:3587-3595.
• C-proteinase was first observed in the culture media of human and mouse fibroblasts (Goldberg et al., 1975,[0006]Cell4:45-50; Kessler and Goldberg, 1978,Anal. Biochem.86:463-469), and chick tendon fibroblasts (Duskin et al., 1978,Arch. Biochem. Biophys.185:326-332; Leung et al., 1979,J. Biol. Chem.254:224-232). An acidic proteinase which removes the C-terminal propeptides from type I procollagen has also been identified. Davidson et al., 1979,Eur. J. Biochem.100:551.
• A partially purified protein having C-proteinase activity was obtained from chick calvaria in 1982. Njieha et al., 1982,[0007]Biochemistry23:757-764. In 1985, chicken C-proteinase was isolated, purified and characterized from conditioned media of chick embryo tendons. Hojima et al., 1985,J. Biol. Chem.260:15996-16003. Murine C-proteinase has been subsequently purified from media of cultured mouse fibroblasts. Kessler et al., 1986,Collagen Relat. Res.6:249-266; Kessler and Adar, 1989, Eur.J. Biochem.186:115-121. Finally, the cDNA encoding human C-proteinase has been identified (see, e.g., Takahara et al., 1994,J. Biol. Chem.269:26280-26285; Li et al., 1996,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA93:5127-5130; Kessler at al., 1996,Science271:360-362.
• C-Proteinase Inhibitors. Experiments conducted with purified forms of chick and mouse C-proteinases indicate that C-proteinase is instrumental in the formation of functional collagen fibers. Fertala et al., 1994,[0008]J. Biol. Chem.269:11584. As a consequence of its critical role in collagen production and maturation, scientists have sought to identify compounds that inhibit C-proteinase. See e.g., Hojima et al., supra. Compounds identified to date include metal chelators (e.g., EDTA, phenanthroline, EGTA, basic amino acids (e.g., lysine and arginine), peptides (e.g., chymostatin, pepstatin A, and concanavalin A), proteins (e.g., α₂-macroglobulin, ovostatin, and fetal bovine serum), metals ions (e.g., Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺), reducing agents (e.g., dithiothreitol), detergents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) and certain salts and buffers (e.g., phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride and tris hydrochloride). In contrast, microbial inhibitors such as leupeptin, phosphoramidon, antipain, bestatin, elastinal, and amastatin are considered to have weak or no effect on the activity of C-proteinase. For references discussing the various C-proteinase inhibitors identified to date, see Leung et al., supra; Ryhänen et al., 1982,Arch. Biochem. Biophys.215:230-236; WO97/05865; and the references cited therein.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Hydroxamic Acid Inhibitors
• C-proteinase belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) superfamily of zinc endopeptidases which are involved in tissue remodeling. Members of the MMP family include MMP-1 (human collagenase), MMP-2 (gelatinase), and MMP-9 (human gelatinase B). See e.g. WO98/34918; Krumme et al., 1998,[0009]FEBS Lett.436:209-212. The MMPs are characterized by an active site zinc ion that plays an essential role in the enzymatic activity of MMPs. Rational drug discovery efforts, involving the inhibition of MMPs, have focused on inhibitor classes that contain a functional group that can coordinate the zinc ion and thereby inactivate the target MMP. See e.g. Krumme et al., supra. One such inhibitor class are hydroxamic acids. As revealed by the x-ray crystal structure determination of hydroxamic acid:MMP cocrystals, the hydroxamic acid coordinates the active site zinc in a bidentate manner via the hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygens of the hydroxamic group. See Grams et al., 1995,Biochem.34:14012-14020; Bode et al., 1994,EMBO J.,13:1263-1269. Despite their potent affinity as zinc coordinators, hydroxamic acids demonstrate a considerable degree of specificity within the MMP family. Thus a potent inhibitor of MMP-1 (human collagenase) may have only minimal potency against another MMP such as C-proteinase. Thus the development of potent hydroxamic acid inhibitors against a particular MMP requires considerable research effort and experimentation.
• Development Of Compounds To Inhibit C-Proteinase Activity. In view of its essential role in the formation and maturation of collagen, C-proteinase provides an ideal therapeutic target towards the treatment or prevention of disorders related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation. However, none of the C-proteinase inhibitors identified to date have proven to be clinically effective therapeutics for the treatment of collagen-related diseases. Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for compounds that are specific and potent inhibitors of C-proteinase, especially C-proteinase inhibitory compounds which provide clinically relevant benefits in the treatment or prevention of diseases associated with unregulated collagen production and/or maturation.[0010]
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In one aspect, the present invention provides a novel class of organic molecules that are potent and/or selective inhibitors of C-proteinase. As a consequence of this activity, the compounds of the invention are capable of modulating, regulating or inhibiting collagen production or maturation by affecting C-proteinase activity.[0011]
• The compounds of the invention are generally N-substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are N-aryl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (I):[0012]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0013]
• a is an integer from 1 to 4;[0014]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0015]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0016]
• Ar[0017]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;
• Ar[0018]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y²;
• each Y[0019]¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• each Y[0020]²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group,
• with the provisos that:[0021]
• (i) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar[0022]²is 4′-methoxyphenyl, then Ar¹is other than phenyl, 4′-flourophenyl, 4′-chlorophenyl, 4′-trifluoromethylphenyl or 4′-methoxyphenyl; (ii) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar²is phenyl, then Ar¹is other than 4′-chlorophenyl;
• (iii) when a is two, b and c are each zero and Ar[0023]¹is phenyl, then Ar²is other than 4′-chlorophenyl or 4′-bromophenyl; and
• (iv) when a and b are each one, c is zero then Ar[0024]¹is other than carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, biaryl, biaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, (N-aryl-lower alkylpiperazino)-lower alkyl
• wherein, in proviso (iv), aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, carbocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic aryl.[0025]
• In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention are N-aryl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (II):[0026]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0027]
• d is an integer from 1 to 4;[0028]
• e is an integer from 0 to 4;[0029]
• f is an integer from 0 to 4;[0030]
• Ar[0031]³is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y³, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y³;
• Ar[0032]⁴is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴;
• each Y[0033]³is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, methyl, —SO₂NH₂and trihalomethyl; each Y⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0034]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0035]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups,
• with the provisos that:[0036]
• (i) when d and e are each one, f is zero and Ar[0037]⁴is 4′-methoxyphenyl, then Ar³is other than phenyl, 4′-fluorophenyl, 4′-chlorophenyl, 4′-trifluoromethylphenyl or 4′-methoxyphenyl;
• (ii) when d and e are each one, f is zero and Ar[0038]⁴is phenyl, then Ar³is other than 4′-chlorophenyl;
• (iii) when d is two, d and e are each zero and Ar[0039]³is phenyl, then Ar⁴is other than 4′-chlorophenyl or 4′-bromophenyl; and
• (iv) when d and e are each one, f is zero then Ar[0040]³is other than carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, biaryl, biaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, (N-aryl-lower alkylpiperazino)-lower alkyl
• wherein, in proviso (iv), aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, carbocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic aryl.[0041]
• In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention are N-cycloalkyl or N-heterocycloalkyl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (III):[0042]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0043]
• g is an integer from 1 to 4;[0044]
• h is an integer from 0 to 4;[0045]
• i is an integer from 0 to 4;[0046]
• Z is selected from the group consisting of (C[0047]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;
• Ar[0048]⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶;
• each Y[0049]⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₀) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0050]⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′; and
• R′ and R″ are as previously defined for structure (II), with the proviso that when g and h is 1, i is 0, and Ar[0051]⁶is phenyl, then Z is other than C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, N-lower alkyl-piperazino-lower alkyl, (morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidino, piperidyl or N-lower alkylpiperidyl)-lower alkyl.
• In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention are N′ substituted urea-arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (IV):[0052]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0053]
• j is an integer from 1 to 4;[0054]
• k is an integer from 0 to 4;[0055]
• Ar[0056]⁷is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀)aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷;
• R[0057]¹⁸and R¹⁹are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl; and
• each Y[0058]⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are substituted urea compounds having the structural formula (V):[0059]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0060]
• 1 is an integer from 1 to 4;[0061]
• m is an integer from 0 to 4;[0062]
• Ar[0063]⁸is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀)aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸;
• R[0064]²⁰is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;
• R[0065]²¹is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• each Y[0066]⁸is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are benzoyl substituted hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (VI):[0067]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0068]
• n is an integer from 1 to 4;[0069]
• o is an integer from 0 to 4;[0070]
• Ar[0071]⁹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹; and
• each R[0072]²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹and Y⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• In a final embodiment, the compounds of the invention are benzylsulfonyl substituted hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (VII):[0073]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0074]
• p is an integer from 1 to 4;[0075]
• q is an integer from 0 to 4;[0076]
• Ar[0077]¹⁰is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀)aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹; and
• each R[0078]³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷and Y¹⁰is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the above-described compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. Such a composition can be used in the methods of the invention to inhibit, regulate or modulate the production or maturation of collagen by inhibiting C-proteinase activity and to treat or prevent a variety of collagen-related disorders.[0079]
• In yet another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting C-proteinase activity. The method involves contacting the enzyme C-proteinase, or an active fragment or derivative thereof, with an amount of a compound or composition according to the invention effective to block collagen production. Methods of inhibiting C-proteinase in vivo can be used to inhibit, regulate or modulate collagen production or maturation as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of disorders related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation.[0080]
• In a final aspect, the present invention provides methods for the treatment or prevention of disorders related to, or associated with, inappropriate or unregulated collagen production or maturation. The method involves administering to an animal subject, including a human, an amount of a compound according to the invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, effective to treat or prevent the particular collagen-related disorder.[0081]
• Disorders which can be treated or prevented according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, pathological fibrosis or scarring.[0082]
4. DEFINITIONS
• As used herein, the following terms shall have the following meanings:[0083]
• “C-proteinase:” refers to an enzyme capable of processing collagen molecules, derivatives or fragments of collagen molecules or precursors of collagen molecules, collagen derivatives or collagen fragments by cleaving the amino acid sequence -Ala[0084]↓Asp-Asp-, -Gly↓Asp-Glu- and/or -Ala↓Asp-Gln- at the position marked with “↓”. The term “C-proteinase” includes human C-proteinase as well as derivatives, analogs, fragments and variants thereof capable of processing collagen molecules as described above.
• “Alkyl:” refers to a saturated branched, straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical. Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, isopentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl and the like. In preferred embodiments, the alkyl groups are (C[0085]₁-C₈) alkyl, more preferably (C₁-C₆) alkyl and most preferably (C₁-C₃) alkyl.
• “Alkenyl:” refers to an unsaturated branched, straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The radical may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s). Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, vinylidene, propenyl, propylidene, isopropenyl, isopropylidene, butenyl, butenylidene, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, cyclobutenyl, pentenyl, isopentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl and the like. In preferred embodiments, the alkenyl group is (C[0086]₂-C₈) alkenyl, more preferably (C₂-C₆) alkenyl and most preferably (C₂-C₃) alkenyl.
• “Alkynyl:” refers to an unsaturated branched, straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Typical alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, isobutynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and the like. In preferred embodiments, the alkynyl group is (C[0087]₂-C₈) alkynyl, more preferably (C₂-C₆) and most preferably (C₂-C₃) alkynyl.
• “Cycloalkyl:” refers to a cyclic or polycyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropanyl, cyclobutanyl, cyclopentanyl, cyclohexanyl and higher cycloalkyls, adamantyl, cubanyl, prismanyl and higher polycylicalkyls, etc. In preferred embodiments, the cycloalkyl is (C[0088]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl. Particularly preferred cycloalkyls are cyclohexanyl and adamantyl.
• “Heterocycloalkyl:” refers to a cycloalkyl moiety wherein one of the ring carbon atoms is replaced with another atom such as N, P, O, S, As, Ge, Se, Si, Te, etc. Typical heterocycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, imidazolidyl, piperazyl, piperidyl, pyrazolidyl, pyrrolidyl, quinuclidyl, etc. In preferred embodiments, the cycloheteroalkyl is 5-10 membered. Particularly preferred cycloheteroalkyls are morpholino, tetrahydrofuryl, and pyrrolidyl.[0089]
• “Substituted Cycloalkyl or Cylcoheteroalkyl:” refers to a cycloalkyl or cycloheteroalkyl radical wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with another substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —CN, —NO[0090]₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NR, —C(O)NROR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —NR—C(O)R, -tetrazol-5-yl, —NR—SO₂—R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, -halogen and -trihalomethyl where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• “Aryl:” refers to an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical having a conjugated n electron system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, penta-2,4-dienyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aceanthrylyl, acenaphthyl, anthracyl, azulenyl, chrysenyl, indacenyl, indanyl, ovalenyl, perylenyl, phenanthrenyl, phenalenyl, picenyl, pyrenyl, pyranthrenyl, rubicenyl and the like. In preferred embodiments, the aryl group is (C[0091]₅-C₂₀) aryl, more preferably (C₅-C₁₀) aryl and most preferably phenyl.
• “Substituted Aryl:” refers to an aryl radical wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with another substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —CN, —NO[0092]₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NR, —C(O)NROR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —NR—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, —NR—SO₂—R, -tetrazol-5-yl, -halogen and -trihalomethyl where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, heteroaryl and alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• “Alkaryl:” refers to a straight-chain (C[0093]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl group wherein one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the terminal carbon is replaced with an (C₅-C₂₀) aryl moiety. Alkaryl also refers to a branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group wherein one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a terminal carbon is replaced with an aryl moiety. Typical alkaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, benzylidene, benzylidyne, benzenobenzyl, naphthalenobenzyl and the like. In preferred embodiments, the alkaryl group is (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, i.e., the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the alkaryl group is (C₁-C₆) and the aryl moiety is (C₅-C₂₀). In particularly preferred embodiments the alkaryl group is (C₆-C₁₃), i.e., the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the alkaryl group is (C₁-C₃) and the aryl moiety is (C₅-C₁₀).
• “Substituted Alkaryl:” refers to an alkaryl radical wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the aryl moiety are each independently replaced with another substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —CN, —NO[0094]₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(S)NRR, —C(NRR)NR, —NR—C(O)R, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —NR—C(O)—NRR, -halogen and -trihalomethyl, where each R is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl or alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• “Heteroaryl:” refers to an aryl moiety wherein one or more carbon atoms has been replaced with another atom, such as N, P, O, S, As, Ge, Se, Si, Te, etc. Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to acridarsine, acridine, arsanthridine, arsindole, arsindoline, benzodioxole, benzothiadiazole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine, isoarsindole, isoarsinoline, isobenzofuran, isochromane, isochromene, isoindole, isophosphoindole, isophosphinoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phosphoindole, phosphinoline, phthalazine, piazthiole, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, selenophene, tellurophene, thiazopyrrolizine, thiophene and xanthene. In preferred embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a 5-20 membered heteroaryl, with 5-10 membered heteroaryl being particularly preferred.[0095]
• “Substituted Heteroaryl:” refers to a heteroaryl radical wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with another substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —CN, —NO[0096]₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NR, —C(O)NROR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —NR—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, —NR—SO₂—R, -tetrazol-5-yl, -halogen and -trihalomethyl where each R is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl and alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• “Alk-heteroaryl:” refers to a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group where one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a terminal carbon atom is replaced with a heteroaryl moiety In preferred embodiments, the alkheteroaryl group is a 6-26 membered alkheteroaryl, i.e., the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the alk-heteroaryl is (C[0097]₁-C₆) and the heteroaryl moiety is a 5-20-membered heteroaryl. In particularly preferred embodiments, the alk-heteroaryl is a 6-13 membered alk-heteroaryl, i.e., the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety is (C₁-C₃) and the heteroaryl moiety is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl.
• “Substituted Alk-heteroaryl:” refers to an alk-heteroaryl radical wherein one or more hydrogens on the heteroaryl moiety are each independently replaced with another substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —CN, —NO[0098]₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(S)NRR, —C(NRR)═NR, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, —NR—SO₂—R, -tetrazol-5-yl, -halogen and -trihalomethyl, where each R is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl or alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• “Electron-donating functional group” An electron-donating functional group is any functional group that produces an inductive field effect by presenting a partial negative charge to the parent group that the functional group is attached to. As used herein, representative electron-donating groups include, but are not limited to, —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR, where each R is independently —H, (C[0099]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.
• “Electron-withdrawing functional group” An electron-withdrawing functional group is any functional group that produces an inductive field effect by presenting a partial positive charge to the parent group that the functional group is attached to. As used herein, representative electron-withdrawing functional groups include, but are not limited to, —F, —NO, —NO[0100]₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, —SO₂NHR, —SO₂R, and —S(O)R, where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.
• “Lower Alkyl” defines branched or unbranched organic compounds with up to and including 7, preferably up to and including 4 and advantageously one or two carbon atoms.[0101]
• “A lower alkyl group” is branched or unbranched and contains 1 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms, and represents for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and the like.[0102]
• “Carbocylic aryl” represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, for example phenyl or phenyl mono-, di- or tri-substituted by one, two or three radicals selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, cyano and trifluoromethyl or phenyl disubstituted on adjacent carbon atoms by lower alkylenedioxy, such as methylenedioxy; or 1- or 2-naphthyl. Preferred is phenyl or phenyl monosubstituted by lower alkoxy, halogen or trifluoromethyl.[0103]
• “Heterocyclic aryl” represents monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, for example pyridyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrrazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, or any said radical substituted by lower alkyl or halogen. Pyridyl represents 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, advantageously 2- or 3-pyridyl. Thienyl represents 2- or 3-thienyl, advantageously 2-thienyl. Quinolyl represents preferably 2-, 3- or 4-quinolyl, advantageously 2-quinolyl. Isoquionolyl represents preferably 1-, 3- or 4-isoquinolyl. Benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl represents preferably 3-benzopyranyl or 3-benzothiopyranyl, respectively. Thiazolyl represents preferably 2- or 4-thiazolyl, advantageously 4-thiazolyl. Triazolyl is preferably 1-, 2- or 5-(1,2,4-triazolyl). Tetrazolyl is preferably 5-tetrazolyl. Imidazolyl is preferably 4-imidazolyl.[0104]
• “Biaryl” is preferably carbocyclic biaryl, e.g. biphenyl, namely 2, 3 or 4-biphenyl, advantageously 4-biphenyl, each optionally substituted by e.g. lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl or cyano.[0105]
• “C[0106]₃-C₇-cycloalkyl” represents a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon optionally substituted by lower alkyl which contains 3 to 7 ring carbons and is advantageously cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl optionally substituted by lower alkyl.
• “Carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl” represents preferably straight chain or branched aryl-C[0107]₁-C₄alkyl in which carbocyclic aryl has meaning as defined above, e.g. benzyl or phenyl-(ethyl, propyl or butyl), each unsubstituted or substituted on the phenyl ring as defined under carbocyclic aryl above, advantageously optionally substituted benzyl.
• “Heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl” represents preferably straight chain or branched heterocyclic aryl-C[0108]₁-C₄-alkyl in which heterocyclic aryl has meaning as defined above, e.g. 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridylmethyl or (2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl)-(ethyl, propyl or butyl); or 2- or 3-thienylmethyl or (2- or 3-thienyl)-(ethyl, propyl or butyl); 2-, 3-, or 4-quinolylmethyl or (2-, 3- or 4-quinolyl)-(ethyl, propyl or butyl); or 2- or 4-thiazolylmethyl or (2- or 4-thiazolyl)-(ethyl, propyl or butyl); and the like.
“Cycloalkyl-lower alkyl” represents preferably (cyclopentyl- or cyclohexyl)-(methyl or ethyl), and the like.
• “Biaryl-lower alkyl” represents preferably 4-biphenylyl-(methyl or ethyl) and the like.[0109]
5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides a novel class of organic compounds capable of inhibiting the enzyme C-proteinase, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of such compounds, and methods of using the compounds to inhibit, regulate or modulate collagen formation or maturation as a therapeutic approach towards the treatment or prevention of diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation.[0110]
• 5.1 The Compounds[0111]
• In one embodiment, compounds which are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat or prevent diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are generally N-aryl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (I):[0112]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0113]
• a is an integer from 1 to 4;[0114]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0115]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0116]
• Ar[0117]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;
• Ar[0118]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y²;
• each Y[0119]¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• each Y[0120]²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• with the provisos that:[0121]
• (i) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar[0122]²is 4′-methoxyphenyl, then Ar¹is other than phenyl, 4′-flourophenyl, 4′-chlorophenyl, 4′-trifluoromethylphenyl or 4′-methoxyphenyl; (ii) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar²is phenyl, then Ar¹is other than 4′-chlorophenyl;
• (iii) when a is two, b and c are each zero and Ar[0123]¹is phenyl, then Ar²is other than 4′-chlorophenyl or 4′-bromophenyl; and
• (iv) when a and b are each one, c is zero then Ar[0124]¹is other than carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, biaryl, biaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, or (N-aryl-lower alkylpiperazino)-lower alkyl,
• wherein, in proviso (iv), aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, carbocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic aryl.[0125]
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0126]¹and Y²in compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to, —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl, and —OCH₃.
• Functional groups having an acidic hydrogen that are suitable for Y[0127]²in compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to, —COOH, —SO₃H, —P(O) (OH)₂, —C(O)—NH—OH,

  
• where each R is independently H, (C[0128]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein. Functional groups capable of participating in a hydrogen bond that are suitable for Y²in compounds of formula (I) include both hydrogen-donating groups and hydrogen accepting groups. Typical hydrogen donating groups independently selected for Y²include, but are not limited to, —C(NHR)═N—OH, —NH—C(O)R, —NH—C(O)—NRR, —C(S)NHR, —C(O)NHR, —CO₂H, —NH₂, —C(NHR)═NR, —NH—C(O)—OR, —NH—SO₂—R, —NH—C(S)—NRR where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein. Typical hydrogen accepting groups selected for Y²include, but are not limited to, —CO₂R, SO₂R, —OR, SR, C(O)—R, —C(O)NRR, —C(S)NRR, —NH—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(S)—NRR, and —S(O)—R where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein. Typical polar functional groups selected for Y²in compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to —C≡N, —OR, and —SR where R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0129]¹and Y²in compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR; where each R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein. Furthermore, groups such as —SO₂R and —S(O)R may be selected for Y².
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0130]¹and Y²include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and halogen.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (I) are those compounds wherein Ar[0131]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹and Ar²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y². Particularly preferred compounds according this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (Ia):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0132]
• a is an integer from 1 to 4;[0133]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0134]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0135]
• R[0136]¹, R², R³, R⁴and R⁵are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• R[0137]⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹and R¹⁰are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond (e.g., a hydrogen-donating or a hydrogen-accepting functional group), a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• with the provisos that[0138]
• (i) when a and b are each one, c is other than zero; and[0139]
• (ii) when a is two, b and c are each zero and R[0140]¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹and R¹⁰are each —H, then R⁸is other than —F or —Cl.
• Electron-donating functional groups useful for substituting the A-phenyl ring of compounds according to structure (Ia) include —R, —Cl, —OR, —SR, and —NRR, where each R is independently —H, (C[0141]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Functional groups having an acidic hydrogen useful for substituting the B-phenyl ring of compounds according to structure (Ia) include —COOH, —SO[0142]₃H, —P(O) (OH)₂, —C(O)—NH—OH,

  
• where each R is independently —H, (C[0143]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein; and COOH is particularly preferred. Hydrogen-donating/accepting functional groups useful for substituting the B-phenyl ring of compounds according to structure (Ia) include —C(NHR)═N—OH, —NH—C(O)R, —NH—C(O)—NRR, —C(S)NHR, —C(O)NHR, —CO₂H, —NH₂, —C(NHR)═NR, —NH—(CO)—OR and —NH—SO₂—R, with —NH—C(O)—NRR being particularly preferred. Polar functional groups useful for substituting the B-phenyl ring of compounds according to structure (Ia) include —C≡N, —OR, and, —SR, with —OR being particularly preferred. Electron-withdrawing functional groups useful for substituting the B-phenyl ring of compounds according to structure (Ia) include —SOR, —S(O)R, —NO₂, and —CF₃, with —SO₂R being particularly preferred.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (Ia) are those compounds wherein the A- and/or B-phenyl rings are either unsubstituted or mono-substituted. When mono-substituted, the A-phenyl ring may be substituted at either the ortho, meta or para position; however, para-substitution is preferred. When mono-substituted, the B-phenyl ring may also be substituted at the ortho, meta or para position, with para-substitution being preferred.[0144]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (Ia) are those compounds wherein the A-phenyl ring is di-substituted (preferably at the meta- and para-positions) and/or the B-phenyl ring is either unsubstituted or mono-substituted (preferably at the para-position).[0145]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (Ia) are those compounds having the structural formula (Ia′):[0146]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0147]
• a is an integer from 1 to 4;[0148]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0149]
• R[0150]³, R⁴and R⁵are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group and a lipophilic functional group; and
• R[0151]⁶, R⁷and R⁸are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond (e.g., a hydrogen-donating or a hydrogen-accepting functional group), a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; with the provisos that
• (i) when a is 1, b is other than 1; and[0152]
• (ii) when a is two and b is zero and R[0153]³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷are each —H, then R⁸is other than —F or —Cl.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (Ia′) are those compounds wherein:[0154]
• a is an integer from 1 to 3;[0155]
• b is an integer from 0 to 2;[0156]
• R[0157]³and R⁴are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen (preferably —F or —Cl), —OR and trihalomethyl (preferably —CF₃);
• R[0158]⁵is selected from the group consisting of —H and —OR (preferably —H);
• R[0159]⁶is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)OR, —C(NH₂)═NOH and —SO₂R;
• R[0160]⁷is selected from the group consisting of —H and —C(NH₂)═NOH; and/or
• R[0161]⁸is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR, —NO₂, —C(O)OR, —SO₂R and —C(NH₂)═NOH; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and (C[0162]₁-C₃) alkyl (preferably methyl), (C₂-C₃) alkenyl and (C₁-C₃) alkynyl;
• with the provisos that[0163]
• (i) when a is 1, b is other than 1; and[0164]
• (ii) when a is two and b is zero and R[0165]³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷are each —H, then R⁸is other than —F or —Cl.
• Particularly preferred compounds according to structure (Ia′) are as follows:[0166]

  Compound
  (FG)	a	b	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8

  121	2	1	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  122	3	1	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  123	1	0	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  124	2	0	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  125	3	0	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  126	2	2	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  128	1	2	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  134	3	2	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  202	1	0	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  204	1	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  206	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  208	2	0	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  1268	2	2	—H	—H	—H	—H	—H	—NO2
  1300	2	2	—Cl	—H	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  1301	2	2	—OMe	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  1405	2	2	—H	—H	—OMe	—H	—H	—C(O)OH
  1455	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH
  1456	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1459	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  1460	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—H	—H	—SO2Me
  1465	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1468	2	2	—OMe	—H	—H	—C(O)OMe	—H	—H
  1474	2	1	—C5H11	—H	—H	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH

• In another preferred embodiment of the compounds of structure (I), Ar[0167]¹is (C₁-C₆) alkoxyphenyl (particularly 4′-(C₁-C₆) alkoxyphenyl). Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (Ib):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0168]
• a, b, c and Ar[0169]²are as previously defined for structure (I)
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (Ib) are those compounds wherein:[0170]
• a, b and c are as previously defined for structure (I);[0171]
• Ar[0172]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₁₀) aryl, (C₅-C₁₀) aryl mono-substituted with Y², 5-10 membered heteroaryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl mono-substituted with Y²;
• each Y[0173]²is independently selected from the group consisting of —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, —NR—C(O)—NRR, tetrazole, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR and —SO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0174]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl,
• with the provisos that when a and b is 1 then c is other than 0;[0175]
• Another preferred group of compounds according to structure (Ib) are those compounds wherein:[0176]
• a, b and c are as previously defined for structure (I);[0177]
• Ar[0178]²is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl mono-substituted with Y², thienyl and thienyl mono-substituted with Y²;
• each Y[0179]²is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR, —NRR, —NO₂, —NR—C(O)—NRR, tetrazole, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NH₂)═NOH, —C(O)NHOH and —SO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0180]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.
• Particularly preferred compounds according to structure (Ib) are as follows:[0181]

  Compound
  (EG)	a	b	c	Ar2

  202	1	0	0
  204	1	2	0
  206	2	2	0
  208	2	0	0
  1455	2	2	0
  1456	2	2	0
  1459	2	2	0
  1460	2	2	0
  1465	2	2	0
  1468	2	2	0
  1471	2	2	0
  1489	2	2	0

• In still another preferred embodiment of the compounds of structure (I), Ar[0182]²is mono- or di-substituted phenyl. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (Ic):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0183]
• Ar[0184]¹, a, b and c are as previously defined for structure (I);
• R[0185]¹¹, R¹²and R¹³are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —NR—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR—SO₂—R, and —SO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0186]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.
• One preferred embodiment of the compounds of structure (Ic) are those compounds wherein at least two of R[0187]¹¹, R¹²and R¹³are —H:
• Another preferred embodiment of the compounds of structure (Ic) are those compounds according to structure (Ic′):[0188]

  
• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0189]  
• a, b, Ar[0190]¹, R¹¹, R¹²and R¹³are as previously defined for structure (Ic).
• One particularly preferred group of compounds according to structure (Ic′) are those compounds wherein:[0191]
• a, b and c are as previously defined for structure (I);[0192]
• Ar[0193]¹is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, thienyl and the above-described heteroaryl groups which are independently substituted (preferably mono-substituted) with one or more Y¹groups;
• R[0194]¹¹, R¹²and R¹³are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NH₂)NOH, —NH—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, —NR—SO₂—R, tetrazol-5-yl and —SO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C[0195]₁-C₃) alkyl (preferably methyl), (C₂-C₃) alkenyl and (C₂-C₃) alkynyl.
• Another particularly preferred group of compounds according to structure (Ic′) are as follows:[0196]

  Compound
  (FG)	a	b	Ar1	R11	R12	R13

  1132	2	2	pyrid-2-yl	—OMe	—H	—H
  1374	2	1	1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl	—OMe	—H	—H
  1273	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—OMe	—H	—H
  1357	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—NH—C(O)Me	—H	—H
  1372	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—O(nBu)	—H	—H
  1410	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—OMe	—OMe	—H
  1464	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1369	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  1458	2	1	1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1414	2	2	thien-2-yl	—H	—H	—H
  1416	2	2	thien-2-yl	—O(nBu)	—H	—H
  1411	2	2	thien-2-yl	—NH—C(O)Me	—H	—H
  1463	2	2	thien-2-yl	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1457	2	2	thien-2-yl	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1409	2	2	thien-2-yl	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  121	2	1	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  122	3	1	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  123	1	0	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  124	2	0	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  125	3	0	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  126	2	2	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  128	1	2	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  134	3	2	phenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  202	1	0	4′-methoxyphenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  204	1	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  206	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  208	2	0	4′-methoxyphenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  1300	2	2	4′-chlorophenyl	—OMe	—H	—H
  1405	2	2	2′-methoxyphenyl	—COOH	—H	—H
  1455	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  1456	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1460	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1268	2	2	phenyl	—NO2	—H	—H
  1459	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH
  1465	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—H	—H	—SO2Me
  1468	2	2	4′-methoxyphenyl	—H	—H	—C(O)Me

• In another embodiment, the compounds that are capable of inhibiting c-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are generally N-aryl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (II):[0197]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0198]
• d is an integer from 1 to 4;[0199]
• e is an integer from 0 to 4;[0200]
• f is an integer from 0 to 4;[0201]
• Ar[0202]³is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y³, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y³;
• Ar[0203]⁴is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴;
• each Y[0204]³is independently selected from the group consisting of —SO₂NH₂, —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen and trihalomethyl;
• each Y[0205]⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0206]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0207]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups,
• with the provisos that:[0208]
• (i) when d and e are each one, f is zero and Ar[0209]⁴is 4′-methoxyphenyl, then Ar³is other than phenyl, 4′-fluorophenyl, 4′-chlorophenyl, 4′-trifluoromethylphenyl or 4′-methoxyphenyl;
• (ii) when d and e are each one, f is zero and Ar[0210]⁴is phenyl, then Ar³is other than 4′-chlorophenyl;
• (iii) when d is two, d and e are each zero and Ar[0211]³is phenyl, then Ar⁴is other than 4′-chlorophenyl or 4′-bromophenyl; and
• (iv) when d and e are each one, f is zero then Ar[0212]³is other than carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, biaryl, biaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, or (N-aryl-lower alkylpiperazino)-lower alkyl
• wherein, in proviso (iv), aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, carbocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic aryl.[0213]
• In one group of preferred compounds according to structure (II), Ar[0214]³is thienyl. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IIa):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein d, e, f and Ar[0215]⁴are as previously defined for structure (II).
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa) are those compounds wherein:[0216]
• d, e and f are as previously defined for structure (II);[0217]
• Ar[0218]⁴is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y⁴, 5-10 membered heteroaryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y⁴;
• each Y[0219]⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0220]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with halogen, —NR′R′, —NO[0221]₂or —CN.
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa) are those compounds wherein d is two, e is two and/or f is zero.[0222]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa) are those compounds wherein Ar[0223]⁴is selected from the group consisting of thienyl (preferably thien-2-yl), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl (also known as piazthiolyl) (preferably 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl or piathiol-5-yl), imidazolyl (preferably imidazol-4-yl), 1,7-thiazopyrrolizinyl (preferably 1,7-thiazopyrrolizin-5-yl) and the above-described heteroaryl groups which are independently substituted (preferably mono-substituted) with one or more Y⁴groups. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are as follows:

  Compound
  (EG)	d	e	f	Ar4

  1417	2	2	0
  1419		2	0
  1420	2	2	0
  1421	2	2	0
  1423	2	2	0
  1425	2	2	0
  1472	2	2	0

• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa) are those compounds wherein Ar[0224]⁴is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di- or tri-substituted with Y⁴. One group of preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IIa′):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0225]
• d, e, and f are as previously defined for structure (IIa);[0226]
• R[0227]¹⁴, R¹⁵and R¹⁶are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0228]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• R″ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di-substituted or tri-substituted with halogen or —CN, with the proviso that when d and e are each one, f is other than zero.[0229]
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa′) are those compounds wherein d is two, e is two and/or f is zero.[0230]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa′) are those compounds wherein at least two of R[0231]¹⁴, R¹⁵and R¹⁶are —H. Still another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIa′) are as follows:

  Compound
  (FG)	d	e	f	R14	R15	R16

  1302	2	2	0	—H	—H	—OMe
  1407	2	2	0	—H	—H	—C(O)OH
  1408	2	2	0	—H	—C(O)OH	—H
  1409	2	2	0	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH
  1411	2	2	0	—H	—H	—NH—C(O)Me
  1414	2	2	1	—H	—H	—H
  1415	2	2	0	—H	—OMe	—OMe
  1416	2	2	0	—H	—H	—O(nBu)
  1418	2	2	0	—H	—H
  1422	2	2	0	—H	—H	—CF3
  1424	2	2	0	—H	—H	—OCF3
  1457	2	2	0	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1461	2	2	0	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  1463	2	2	0	—H	—H	—SO2Me
  1466	2	2	0	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1469	2	2	0	—C(O)OMe	—H	—H

• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (II) are those compounds wherein Ar[0232]³is thienyl and Ar⁴is thienyl or thienyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are compounds having the structural formulae (IIb) and (IIb′):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0233]
• d, e and f are as previously defined for structure (II);[0234]
• R[0235]¹⁷is selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;
• R′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0236]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• R″ is (C[0237]₅-C₁₀) aryl.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structures (IIb) and (IIb′) are those compounds wherein d is two, e two and/or f is zero.[0238]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structures (IIb) and (IIb′) are as follows:[0239]

  	Compound
  	(FG)	d	e	f	R17
  	1417	2	2	0	—Br
  	1419	2	2	0
  	1425	2	2	0	—H
  	1472	2	2	0	—C(O)NHOH

• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (II) are those compounds wherein Ar[0240]³is benzodioxole. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are compounds having the structural formula (IIc):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein d, e, f, and Ar[0241]⁴are as previously defined for structure (II).
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc) are those compounds wherein:[0242]
• d, e and f are as previously defined for structure (I);[0243]
• Ar[0244]⁴is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y⁴, 5-10 membered heteroaryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl mono- or di-substituted with Y⁴; and
• Y[0245]⁴is as previously defined for structure (II).
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc) are those compounds wherein d is two, e is one and/or f is zero.[0246]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc) are those compounds wherein Ar[0247]⁴is selected from the group consisting of thienyl (preferably thien-2-yl), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl (also known as piazthiolyl) (preferably 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl or piathiol-5-yl), imidazolyl (preferably imidazol-4-yl), 1,7-thiazopyrrolizinyl (preferably 1,7-thiazopyrrolizin-5-yl) and the above-described heteroaryl groups which are independently mono- or di-substituted (preferably mono-substituted) with one or more Y⁴groups. Particularly preferred compounds of structure (IIc) according to this aspect of the invention are as follows:

  Compound
  (EG)	d	e	f	Ar4

  1367	2	1	0
  1361	2	1	0
  1362	2	1	0
  1363	2	1	0
  1365	2	1	0
  1371	2	1	0
  1473	2	1	0

• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc) are those compounds wherein Ar[0248]⁴is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di- or tri-substituted with Y⁴. One group of preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IIc′):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0249]
• d, e, f, R[0250]¹⁴, R¹⁵and R¹⁶are as previously defined for structure (IIa′).
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc′) are those compounds wherein d is two, e is one and/or f is zero.[0251]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc′) are those compounds wherein at least two of R[0252]¹⁴, R¹⁵and R¹⁶are —H.
• Yet another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IIc′) are as follows:[0253]

  Compound
  (FG)	d	e	f	R14	R15	R16

  1273	2	1	0	—H	—H	—OMe
  1370	2	1	0	—H	—H	—C(O)OH
  1373	2	1	0	—H	—C(O)OH	—H
  1369	2	1	0	—H	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH
  1357	2	1	0	—H	—H	—NH—C(O)Me
  1360	2	1	0	—H	—H	—H
  1410	2	1	0	—H	—OMe	—OMe
  1372	2	1	0	—H	—H	—O(nBu)
  1368	2	1	0	—H	—H
  1364	2	1	0	—H	—H	—CF3
  1366	2	1	0	—H	—H	—OCF3
  1458	2	1	0	—H	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H
  1462	2	1	0	—C(NH2)═NOH	—H	—H
  1464	2	1	0	—H	—H	—SO2Me
  1467	2	1	0	—SO2Me	—H	—H
  1470	2	1	0	—C(O)OMe	—H	—H

• Still another group of preferred compounds according to structure (II) are those compounds wherein Ar[0254]³is benzodioxole and Ar⁴is thienyl or thienyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are compounds having the structural formulae (IId) and (IId′):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0255]
• d, e, f are as previously defined for structures (IIb) and (IIb′);[0256]
• each R[0257]¹⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0258]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• R″ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di-substituted or tri-substituted with halogen or —CN.[0259]
• One preferred group of compounds according to structures (IId) and (IId′) are those compounds where d is two, e is one and/or f is zero.[0260]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structures (IId) and (IId′) are as follows:[0261]

  	Compound
  	(FG)	d	e	f	R17
  	1367	2	1	0	—Br
  	1361	2	1	0
  	1371	2	1	0	—H
  	1473	2	1	0	—C(O)NHOH

• In another embodiment, the compounds which are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are generally N-cycloalkyl or N-heterocycloalkyl substituted arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (III):[0262]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0263]
• g is an integer from 1 to 4;[0264]
• h is an integer from 0 to 4;[0265]
• i is an integer from 0 to 4;[0266]
• Z is selected from the group consisting of (C[0267]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;
• Ar[0268]⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶;
• each Y[0269]⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0270]⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R—; and
• R′ and R″ are as previously defined for structure (II), with the proviso that when g and h are 1, i is 0, and Ar[0271]⁶is phenyl, then Z is other than C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, N-lower alkyl-piperazino-lower alkyl, (morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidino, piperidyl or N-lower alkylpiperidyl)-lower alkyl.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (III) are those compounds wherein g is two and/or i is zero.[0272]
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (III) are those compounds wherein:[0273]
• Z is adamantyl, cyclohexyl, morpholino, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidyl and piperidyl mono-substituted with Y[0274]⁵;
• Ar[0275]⁶is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl mono-substituted with Y⁶; and
• Y[0276]⁵is —(CH₂)_n-phenyl, where n is an integer from 0 to 3.
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (III) are those compounds wherein Ar[0277]⁶is (C₁-C₆) alkoxyphenyl. Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IIIa):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0278]
• g, h and Z are as previously defined for structure (III).[0279]
• Particularly preferred compounds according to structure (IIIa) are as follows:[0280]

  Compound
  (FG)	g	h	Z

  1131	2	2
  1306	2	1
  1335	2	0
  1379	2	0
  1380	2	1

• In another embodiment, the compounds that are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are generally N′ substituted urea-arylsulfonylamino hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (IV):[0281]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0282]
• j is an integer from 1 to 4;[0283]
• k is an integer from 0 to 4;[0284]
• Ar[0285]⁷is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀)aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷;
• R[0286]¹⁸and R¹⁹are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0287]⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0288]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR; where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₉) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0289]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl or —SO₂NHR; where R is —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₀) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0290]⁷include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• One group of preferred compounds according to structure (IV) are those compounds wherein Ar[0291]⁷is(C₅-C₂₀) aryl or (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷as defined in formula (IV). Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IVa):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0292]
• j, k, R[0293]¹⁸and R¹⁹are as defined in formula (IV);
• R[0294]²⁰, R²¹, R²²R²³, R²⁴are independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for compounds of formula (IVa) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, and where each R is independently —H, (C[0295]₂-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0296]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl; and —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0297]⁷include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (IV) are those compounds wherein Ar[0298]⁷is phenyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷as defined in formula (IV). Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (IVb):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0299]
• R[0300]¹⁸and R¹⁹are as defined in formula (IV);
• R[0301]⁵⁰, R⁵¹and R⁵²are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0302]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred compounds according to structure (IVb) are as follows:

  Compound
  (FG)	R18	R19	R50	R51	R52
  1730	4-chlorophenyl	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1731	—CH2phenyl	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1732	—CH2—CH2-phenyl	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1733	—Me	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1858		—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1891	—Ph	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1894	—CH2-(4—fluorophenyl)	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1895	-phenyl	—Ph	—OMe	—H	—H
  1896	-4-biphenyl	—H	—OMe	—H	—H
  1943		—H	—H	—H	—OMe
  1944		—H	—H	—OMe	—H

• In another embodiment, the compounds that are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are urea-hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (V):[0303]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0304]
• 1 is an integer from 1 to 4;[0305]
• m is an integer from 0 to 4;[0306]
• Ar[0307]⁸is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸;
• each R[0308]²⁰is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;
• R[0309]²¹is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• each Y[0310]⁸is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0311]⁷in compounds of formula (V) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR; where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0312]⁷in compounds of formula (V) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, —SO₂NHR; where R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0313]⁷in compounds of formula (V) include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• In another embodiment, the compounds that are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are benzoyl substituted hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (VI):[0314]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0315]
• n is an integer from 1 to 4;[0316]
• o is an integer from 0 to 4;[0317]
• Ar[0318]⁹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹; and
• each R[0319]²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹and Y⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0320]⁹in compounds of formula (VI) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR, where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0321]⁹in compounds of formula (VI) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR, where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0322]⁹include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• Another group of preferred compounds according to structure (VI) are those compounds wherein Ar[0323]⁹is phenyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸as defined in formula (VI). Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (VIa):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0324]
• R[0325]²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹are as defined in formula (VI).;
• R[0326]³⁰, R³¹and R³²are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0327]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. A particularly preferred compound according to structure (VIa) is FG 2032:

  
• In a final embodiment, the compounds that are capable of inhibiting C-proteinase according to the invention, and which can therefore be used in methods to inhibit, modulate or regulate collagen production or maturation or to treat diseases related to, or associated with, unregulated collagen production or maturation are benzylsulfonyl substituted hydroxamic acids having the structural formula (VII):[0328]

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0329]
• p is an integer from 1 to 4;[0330]
• q is an integer from 0 to 4;[0331]
• Ar[0332]¹⁰is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹⁰, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹⁰; and
• each R[0333]³³R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶,R³⁷and Y¹⁰is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0334]¹⁰in compounds of formula (VII) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, and where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0335]¹⁰in compounds of formula (VII) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0336]¹⁰include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• A group of preferred compounds according to structure (VII) are those compounds wherein Ar[0337]¹⁰is phenyl independently substituted with one or more Y¹⁰as defined in formula (VII). Particularly preferred compounds according to this aspect of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula (VIIa):

  
• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:[0338]
• R[0339]³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷are as defined in formula (VII);
• R[0340]³⁸, R³⁹and R⁴⁰are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O) NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; and
• each R is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0341]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred compounds according to structure (VIIa) is FG 2033:

  
• The chemical structural formulae referred to herein may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism, conformational isomerism, geometric isomerism and/or stereo isomerism. As the formulae drawings within this specification can only represent one of the possible tautomeric, conformational isomeric, geometric isomeric or stereo isomeric forms, it should be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric, conformational isomeric, geometric isomeric or stereo isomeric forms which exhibit biological or pharmacological activity as defined herein.[0342]
• The compounds of the invention may be in the form of free acids, free bases or pharmaceutically effective acid addition or base addition salts. Such acid addition salts can be readily prepared by treating a compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable acids include, by way of example and not limitation, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids (hydrochloric, hydrobromic, etc.), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, etc.; and organic acids such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, 2-hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, propandioic acid, butandioic acid, etc. Conversely, the acid addition salt can be converted into the free base form by treatment with alkali. Appropriate base addition salts can be readily prepared by treating a compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable base.[0343]
• In addition to the above compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, the invention is further directed, where applicable, to solvated as well as unsolvated forms of the compounds (e.g. hydrated forms) exhibiting biological or pharmacological activity as defined herein.[0344]
• 5.2 Methods of Making the Compounds[0345]
• The compounds of the invention may be prepared by any process known to be applicable to the preparation of chemical compounds. Suitable processes are well-known in the art. See e.g., Tamura et al., 1998,[0346]J. Med. Chem.41:640-649; MacPherson et al., 1997,J. Med. Chem.40:2525-2532; and WO96/27583. Preferred processes are illustrated by the representative examples. Necessary starting materials may be obtained commercially or by standard procedures of organic chemistry.
• By way of example, the compounds of the invention can be conveniently prepared by schemes (I) thru (XV) below:[0347]

  
• In Scheme (I),[0348]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0349]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0350]
• Ar[0351]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;
• Ar[0352]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y²;
• each Y[0353]¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• each y[0354]²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0355]
• According to Scheme (I), methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate 1 is added to a solution of a primary amine 2 in ethanol. The mixture is heated to reflux (ca. 90° C.) for 20 h and then concentrated. The residue 3 is dissolved in methylene chloride (2.8 mL/mmol), followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 4 (1 eq.) and Amberlyst (A-21) weakly basic ion exchange resin (0.8 g/mmol). The mixture is vortexed overnight at room temperature (ca. 18 h), monitored by TLC by observing the disappearance of sulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to yield residue 5. To 5 is added 2 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0356]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is vortexed overnight (monitored by TLC), concentrated, followed by work up procedure and/or chromatographic purification to afford 6. Two work up procedures are set up depending upon the feature of the product.
• Hydrophobic compounds 6 are treated with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0357]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 6 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0358]
• In the case that a solid product formed during the work up process, the solid is collected, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacco. In the case that TLC indicates low purity of the desired product, purification is conducted using silica gel chromatography and/or recrystallization.[0359]

  
• In Scheme (II),[0360]
• e is an integer from 0 to 4;[0361]
• f is an integer from 0 to 4;[0362]
• Ar[0363]³is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y³, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y³;
• Ar[0364]⁴is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴;
• each Y[0365]³is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen and trihalomethyl;
• each Y[0366]⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR′, —SR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂′, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0367]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0368]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups;and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0369]
• According to Scheme (II), methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate 7 is added to a solution of a primary amine 8 in ethanol. The mixture is heated to reflux (ca. 90° C.) for 20 h and then concentrated. The residue 9 is dissolved in methylene chloride (2.8 mL/mmol), followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 10 (1 eq.) and Amberlyst (A-21) weakly basic ion exchange resin (0.8 g/mmol). The mixture is vortexed overnight at room temperature (ca. 18 h), monitored by TLC by observing the disappearance of sulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to yield residue 11. To 11 is added 2 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0370]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is vortexed overnight (monitored by TLC), concentrated, followed by a work up procedure and/or chromatographic purification to afford 12. The work up procedure used depended upon the hydrophobicity of the product:
• Hydrophobic compounds 12 are treated with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0371]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 12 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0372]
• In the case that solid product formed during work up process, the solid is collected, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacco. In the case that TLC indicates low purity of the desired product, purification is conducted using silica gel chromatography and/or recrystallization.[0373]

  
• In Scheme (III)[0374]
• h is an integer from 0 to 4;[0375]
• i is an integer from 0 to 4;[0376]
• Z is selected from the group consisting of (C[0377]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;
• Ar[0378]⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more y⁶;
• each Y[0379]⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;
• each y[0380]⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR′, —SR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S) —NR′R′;
• R′ and R″ are as previously defined for Scheme (II);[0381]
• and R is methyl or ethyl.[0382]
• According to Scheme (III), methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate 13 is added to a solution of a primary amine 14 in ethanol. The mixture is heated to reflux (ca. 90° C.) for 20 h and then concentrated. The residue 15 is dissolved in methylene chloride (2.8 mL/mmol), followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 16 (1 eq.) and Amberlyst (A-21) weakly basic ion exchange resin (0.8 g/mmol). The mixture is vortexed overnight at room temperature (ca. 18 h), monitored by TLC by observing the disappearance of sulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to yield residue 17. To 17 is added 2 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0383]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is vortexed overnight (monitored by TLC), concentrated, followed by work up procedure and/or chromatographic purification to afford 18. The work up procedure used depended upon the hydrophobicity of the product:
• Hydrophobic compounds 18 are treated with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0384]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 18 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution is to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0385]
• In the case that solid product formed during work up process, the solid is collected, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacco. In the case that TLC indicates low purity of the desired product, purification is conducted using silica gel chromatography and/or recrystallization.[0386]

  
• In Scheme (IV),[0387]
• a is an integer from 1 to 4;[0388]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0389]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0390]
• Ar[0391]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;
• Ar[0392]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more y²;
• each Y[0393]¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-accepting functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• each Y[0394]²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• R is methyl or ethyl; and[0395]
• X is chloro or bromo.[0396]
• According to Scheme (IV), a primary amine 19 is dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 20 and Amberlyst weakly basic ion exchange resin to yield compound 21. Compound 21 is dissolved in dry DMF and stirred under argon. To this mixture is added sodium hydride 60% suspended in mineral oil and the resulting mixture stirred. To this mixture is added compound 22 to yield compound 23 after silica gel chromatography. To compound 23 is added freshly prepared NH[0397]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred to afford compound 24. Depending on the chemical properties of compound 24, it is worked up as follows.
• Hydrophobic compounds 24 are treated with a HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0398]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 24 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0399]

  
• In Scheme (V),[0400]
• d is an integer from 1 to 4;[0401]
• e is an integer from 0 to 4;[0402]
• f is an integer from 0 to 4;[0403]
• Ar[0404]³is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y³, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y³;
• Ar[0405]⁴is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴;
• each Y[0406]³is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen and trihalomethyl;
• each Y[0407]⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR′, —SR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0408]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0409]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups;
• R is methyl or ethyl; and[0410]
• X is chloro or bromo.[0411]
• According to Scheme (V), a primary amine 25 is dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 26 and Amberlyst weakly basic ion exchange resin to yield compound 27. Compound 27 is dissolved in dry DMF and stirred under argon. To this mixture is added sodium hydride 60% suspended in mineral oil and the resulting mixture stirred. To this mixture is added compound 28 to yield compound 29 after silica gel chromatography. To compound 29 is added freshly prepared NH[0412]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred to afford compound 30. Depending on the chemical properties of compound 30, it is worked up as follows:
• Hydrophobic compounds 30 are treated with a HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0413]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 30 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0414]

  
• In Scheme (VI),[0415]
• g is an integer from 1 to 4;[0416]
• h is an integer from 0 to 4;[0417]
• i is an integer from 0 to 4;[0418]
• Z is selected from the group consisting of (C[0419]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;
• Ar[0420]⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶;
• each Y[0421]⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0422]⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0423]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0424]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups;
• R is methyl or ethyl; and[0425]
• X is chloro or bromo.[0426]
• According to Scheme (VI), a primary amine 31 is dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride 32 and Amberlyst weakly basic ion exchange resin to yield compound 33. Compound 33 is dissolved in dry DMF and stirred under argon. To this mixture is added sodium hydride 60% suspended in mineral oil and the resulting mixture stirred. To this mixture is added compound 34 to yield compound 35 after silica gel chromatography. To compound 35 is added freshly prepared NH[0427]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred to afford compound 36. Depending on the chemical properties of compound 36, it is worked up as follows.
• Hydrophobic compounds 36 are treated with a HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0428]₄₁filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds, 36 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH 7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0429]

  
• In Scheme (VII),[0430]
• a is an integer from 1 to 2;[0431]
• b is an integer from 0 to 4;[0432]
• c is an integer from 0 to 4;[0433]
• Ar[0434]¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;
• Ar[0435]²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y²;
• each Y[0436]¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• each Y[0437]²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0438]
• According to Scheme (VII), to a solution of compound 37 in anhydrous methylene chloride at room temperature is added triethyl amine and compound 38. After the mixture is stirred, sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for additional period of time to yield compound 39. To compound 39 is added compound 40 and triethyl amine. The resulting mixture is stirred and then quenched with citric acid yielding compound 41. To compound 41 in methanol is added freshly prepared NH[0439]₂OH solution. The mixture is stirred and concentrated to yield compound 42.

  
• In Scheme (VIII),[0440]
• d is an integer from 1 to 4;[0441]
• e is an integer from 0 to 4;[0442]
• f is an integer from 0 to 4;[0443]
• Ar[0444]³is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y³, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y³;
• Ar[0445]⁴is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁴;
• each Y[0446]³is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen and trihalomethyl;
• each Y[0447]⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0448]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0449]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0450]
• According to Scheme (VIII), to a solution of compound 43 in anhydrous methylene chloride at room temperature is added triethyl amine and compound 44. After the mixture is stirred, sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for additional period of time to yield compound 45. To compound 45 is added compound 46 and triethyl amine. The resulting mixture is stirred and then quenched with citric acid yielding compound 47. To compound 47 in methanol is added freshly prepared NH[0451]₂OH solution. The mixture is stirred and concentrated to yield compound 48.

  
• In scheme (IX),[0452]
• g is an integer from 1 to 4;[0453]
• h is an integer from 0 to 4;[0454]
• i is an integer from 0 to 4;[0455]
• Z is selected from the group consisting of (C[0456]₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;
• Ar[0457]⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶;
• each Y[0458]⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0459]⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;
• each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C[0460]₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;
• each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C[0461]₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0462]
• According to scheme (IX), to a solution of compound 49 in anhydrous methylene chloride at room temperature is added triethyl amine and compound 50. After the mixture is stirred, sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for additional period of time to yield compound 51. To compound 51 is added compound 52 and triethyl amine. The resulting mixture is stirred and then quenched with citric acid yielding compound 53. To compound 53 in methanol is added freshly prepared NH[0463]₂OH solution. The mixture is stirred and concentrated to yield compound 54.

  
• In Scheme (X),[0464]
• k is an integer from 0 to 4;[0465]
• Ar[0466]⁷is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷
• R[0467]¹⁸and R¹⁹are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₅-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 6-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl; and
• each Y[0468]⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0469]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, and where each R is independently —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0470]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0471]⁷include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0472]
• According to Scheme (X), methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate 55 is added to a solution of a primary amine 56 in ethanol. The mixture is heated to reflux (ca. 90° C.) for 20 h and then concentrated. The residue 57 is dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by the addition of 4-(3-substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl chloride 58 (1 eq.) and Amberlyst (A-21) weakly basic ion exchange resin (0.8 g/mmol). The mixture is vortexed overnight at room temperature (ca. 18 h), monitored by TLC by observing the disappearance of sulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to yield residue 59. To 59 is added 2 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0473]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is vortexed overnight (monitored by TLC), concentrated, followed by work up procedure and/or chromatographic purification to afford 60. Two work up procedures are set up depending upon the feature of the product.
• Hydrophobic compounds 60 are treated with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0474]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 60 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0475]
• In the case that solid product formed during work up process, the solid is collected, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacco. In the case that TLC indicates low purity of the desired product, purification is conducted using silica gel chromatography and/or recrystallization.[0476]
• Compound 58 is prepared by the following method: To a solution of primary or secondary amine 61 (0.5 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at 0° C. was added 4-(chlorosulfonyl)phenyl isocyanate 62 (0.5 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 2 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford 4-(3-substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl chloride 58.[0477]

  
• In Scheme (XI),[0478]
• j is an integer from 1 to 4;[0479]
• k is an integer from 0 to 4;[0480]
• Ar[0481]⁷is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷;
• R[0482]¹⁸and R¹⁹are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₅-C₂₀) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0483]⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• R is methyl or ethyl.[0484]
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0485]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR; where each R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0486]⁷in compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0487]⁷include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• According to Scheme (XI), to a solution of compound 63 in anhydrous methylene chloride at room temperature is added triethyl amine and compound 64. After the mixture is stirred, sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added and the reaction mixture is stirred for additional period of time to yield compound 65. To compound 65 is added compound 66 and triethyl amine. The resulting mixture is stirred and then quenched with citric acid yielding compound 67. To compound 67 in methanol is added freshly prepared NH[0488]₂OH solution. The mixture is stirred and concentrated to yield compound 68.
• Compound 66 is prepared by the following method. To a solution of primary or secondary amine 69 (0.5 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at 0° C. was added 4-(chlorosulfonyl)phenyl isocyanate 70 (0.5 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 2 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford 4-(3-substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl chloride 66.[0489]

  
• In Scheme (XII),[0490]
• j is an integer from 1 to 4;[0491]
• k is an integer from 0 to 4;[0492]
• Ar[0493]⁷is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁷;
• R[0494]¹⁸and R¹⁹are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;
• each Y[0495]⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;
• R is methyl or ethyl; and[0496]
• X is chloro or bromo.[0497]
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0498]⁷in compounds of formula (XII) include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR; where each R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0499]⁷in compounds of formula (XII) include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0500]⁷include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• According to Scheme (XII), a primary amine 71 is dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by the addition of benzylsulfonyl chloride 72 and Amberlyst weakly basic ion exchange resin to yield compound 73. Compound 73 is dissolved in dry DMF and stirred under argon. To this mixture is added sodium hydride 60% suspended in mineral oil and the resulting mixture stirred. To this mixture is added compound 74 to yield compound 75 after silica gel chromatography. To compound 75 is added freshly prepared NH[0501]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred to afford compound 76. Depending on the chemical properties of compound 76, it is worked up as follows:
• Hydrophobic compounds 76 are treated with a HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0502]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Hydrophilic compounds 76 are triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0503]
• Preparation of (compound 72) 4-(3—Substituted-ureido)-benzenesulfonyl Chloride: To a solution of primary or secondary amine 77 (0.5 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at 0° C. is added 4-(chlorosulfonyl)phenyl isocyanate 78 (0.5 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 2 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford 4-(3-substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl chloride 72.[0504]

  
• In Scheme (XIII),[0505]
• n is an integer from 1 to 4;[0506]
• o is an integer from 0 to 4;[0507]
• Ar[0508]⁹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁹;
• each R[0509]²⁵, R^26,R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹and Y⁹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• X is chloro or bromo.[0510]
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0511]⁹include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR; where each R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0512]⁹include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0513]⁹include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and halogen.
• According to scheme (XIII), to a solution of 79 in 5:1 methanol/ethyl acetate (4.2 mL/mmol) is added by portion palladium (10%) in charcoal solid (10% w/w), followed by ammonium formate (4 eq.). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 6 hours and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate is concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Organic layer is washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 80. To a solution of 80 in acetonitrile (7.8 mL/mmol) is added the corresponding electrophile (1.1 eq.) substituted benzoyl halide 81 followed by triethyl amine (2 eq.). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and then partitioned between methylene chloride and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The acid layer is extracted with methylene chloride. Combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then treated with 10 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0514]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated to yield residue 82. Residue 82 is partitioned between 10:1 ethyl acetate/methanol and 1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the corresponding hydroxamic acid 83.

  
• In Scheme (XIV),[0515]
• p is an integer from 1 to 4;[0516]
• q is an integer from 0 to 4;[0517]
• Ar[0518]¹⁰is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹⁰;
• each R[0519]³³, R³⁴, R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷and Y¹⁰is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and
• X is chloro or bromo.[0520]
• Typical electron-donating functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0521]¹⁰include, but are not limited to —Cl, —R, —OR, —SR, and —NRR, where each R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl or (C₂-C₈) alkynyl. Particularly preferred electron-donating groups are —Cl and —OCH₃.
• Typical electron-withdrawing functional groups that are independently selected for Y[0522]¹⁰include, but are not limited to —F, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NHR; where R is independently H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl as defined herein.
• Typical lipophilic functional groups that are selected for Y[0523]¹⁰include, but are not limited to n-butyl, alkoxy such as butoxy, and bromo.
• According to scheme (XIV), to a solution of 84 in 5:1 methanol/ethyl acetate (4.2 mL/mmol) is added by portion palladium (10%) in charcoal solid (10% w/w), followed by ammonium formate (4 eq.). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 6 hours and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate is concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Organic layer is then washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 85. To a solution of 85 in acetonitrile (7.8 mL/mmol) is added the corresponding electrophile (1.1 eq.) substituted benzenesulfonyl halide 86 followed by triethyl amine (2 eq.). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and then partitioned between methylene chloride and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The acid layer is extracted with methylene chloride. Combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to yield 87. Residue 87 is then treated with 10 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0524]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated to yield residue 88. Residue 88 is partitioned between 10:1 ethyl acetate/methanol and 1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give isolated hydroxamic acid 88.

  
• In Scheme (XV),[0525]
• 1 is an integer from 1 to 4;[0526]
• m is an integer from 0 to 4;[0527]
• Ar[0528]⁸is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁸;
• R[0529]²⁰is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and
• R[0530]²¹is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl.
• According to Scheme (XV) to a solution of 89 in 5:1 methanol/ethyl acetate (4.2 mL/mmol) is added by portion palladium (10%) in charcoal solid (10% w/w), followed by ammonium formate (4 eq.). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 6 hours and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate is concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. Organic layer is washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 90. To a solution of 90 is added aldehyde 91 followed by triethyl amine to yield compound 92. To compound 92 is added compound 93 to yield compound 94. Compound 94 is treated with 10 equivalents of freshly prepared NH[0531]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated to yield residue 95.
• 5.3 Biological and Pharmacological Activity[0532]
• An individual compound's relevant activity and potency as an inhibitor of C-proteinase, to regulate or modulate collagen production or maturation and/or to treat disorders associated with unregulated collagen production may be determined using available techniques.[0533]
• Typically, active compounds of the invention will inhibit 50% of the activity of C-proteinase at concentrations in the range of 100 micromolar (μM) or less (i.e., those compounds exhibiting an IC[0534]₅₀of 100 μM or less) using standard biochemical assays (Dickson, 1953, Biochem. J. 55:170-171; Knight et al., 1992, FEBS 296:263-266). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that compounds exhibiting lower inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀s) are generally preferred for pharmacological applications; thus, preferably active compounds will exhibit IC₅₀s that are less than 10 μM, more preferably less than 1 μM, even more preferably less than 100 nanomolar (nM) and even more preferably less than about 10 nM or 1 nM. However, as compounds which exhibit IC₅₀s in the millimolar (mM) range can provide consequential pharmacological benefits, compounds which exhibit IC₅₀s as high as 1 mM to 10 mM are considered to possess biological or pharmacological activity.
• Alternatively, an in vitro procollagen assay may be used to determine the level of activity and effect of different compounds of the present invention on C-proteinase activity. In the procollagen assay, about 125 μg radiolabeled ([0535]¹⁴C) procollagen is added to 10 units/mL of chicken C-proteinase in a solution of 0.1 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02% Brij-35, and 5 mM CaCl₂in a total volume of 10 μl. The reaction is allowed to proceed for 15 minutes at 35° C. and is stopped with one-half volume of 3×stop/loading buffer (30 mM EDTA, 30% glycerol, 6% SDS, 0.006% Bromophenol-blue). Subsequently, the samples are heated to 100° C. for 4 minutes, and resolved by SDS-PAGE (Novex) using 6% polyacryleamide gels. The protein bands are detected by autoradiography. The amount of enzyme activity is based on the disappearance of the band corresponding to uncleaved procollagen. The IC₅₀of inhibitors can be determined by plotting the % activity versus inhibitor concentration and estimating the inhibitor concentration which results in 50% activity.
• 5.4 Indications[0536]
• Disorders associated with unregulated collagen production or maturation can be treated with the compounds and compositions of the present invention. While not intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that when administered to an animal subject, including a human, the compounds of the invention inhibit C-proteinase in vivo, thereby effectively modulating, regulating or inhibiting collagen production or maturation. As a consequence, the compounds are able to treat or prevent disorders associated with unregulated collagen production or maturation.[0537]
• Collagen-related disorders which can be treated or prevented according to the invention include pathological fibrosis or scarring, such as endocardial sclerosis, idiopathic interstitial fibrosis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, perimuscular fibrosis, Symmers' fibrosis, pericentral fibrosis, hepatitis, dermatofibroma, billary cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, acute pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, kidney fibrosis/glomerulonephritis, kidney fibrosis/diabetic nephropathy, scleroderma/systemic, scleroderma/local, keloids, hypertrophic scars, severe joint adhesions/arthritis, myelofibrosis, corneal scarring, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy (duchenne's), cardiac fibrosis, muscular fibrosis/retinal separation, esophageal stricture, payronles disease. Further, fibrotic disorders may be induced or initiated by surgery such as scar revision/plastic surgeries, glaucoma, cataract fibrosis, corneal scarring, joint adhesions, graft vs. host disease, tendon surgery, nerve entrapment, dupuytren's contracture, OB/GYN adhesions/fibrosis, pelvic adhesions, peridural fibrosis, restenosis. Still further fibrotic disorders may be induced by chemotherapy, including, for example lung fibrosis and the like.[0538]
• 5.5 Pharmaceutical Formulations And Routes Of Administration[0539]
• The compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts or hydrates thereof, can be delivered to a subject, including a human, using a wide variety of routes or modes of administration. Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, inhalation, transdermal, oral, rectal, transmucosal, intestinal and parenteral administration, including intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous injections.[0540]
• The compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or hydrates thereof, may be administered singly, in combination with other compounds of the invention, and/or in cocktails combined with other therapeutic agents. Of course, the choice of therapeutic agents that can be co-administered with the compounds of the invention will depend, in part, on the condition being treated.[0541]
• For example, the compounds of the invention can be administered in cocktails containing agents used to treat the pain and other symptoms and side effects commonly associated with fibrotic disorders. The compounds can also be administered in cocktails containing other agents that are commonly used to treat fibrotic disorders.[0542]
• The active compound(s) may be administered per se or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition containing the active compound(s) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. Administered compounds may be enantiomerically pure, or may be mixtures of enantiomers. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.[0543]
• For injection, the agents of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.[0544]
• For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated by combining the active compound(s) with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.[0545]
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.[0546]
• Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.[0547]
• For buccal administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.[0548]
• For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.[0549]
• The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.[0550]
• Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.[0551]
• Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.[0552]
• The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.[0553]
• In addition to the formulations previously described, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection or a transdermal patch. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.[0554]
• The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients. Examples of such carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.[0555]
• 5.5.1 Effective Dosage.[0556]
• Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount effective to prevent development of or to alleviate the existing symptoms of the subject being treated. Determination-of the effective amounts is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.[0557]
• For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the IC[0558]₅₀as determined in cell culture (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of the C-proteinase activity). Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
• A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound that results in amelioration of symptoms or a prolongation of survival in a patient. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD[0559]₅₀(the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED₅₀(the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD₅₀and ED₅₀. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. See, e.g., Fingl et al., 1975, in “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics”, Ch. 1 p.1.
• Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the C-proteinase inhibiting effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data; for example, the concentration necessary to achieve 50-90% inhibition of the C-proteinase using the assays described herein. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.[0560]
• Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value. Compounds should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%.[0561]
• In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.[0562]
• The amount of composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.[0563]
• 5.5.2 Packaging[0564]
• The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. Compositions comprising a compound of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labelled for treatment of an indicated condition. Suitable conditions indicated on the label may include treatment of arthritis or any other fibrotic disorder.[0565]
6. EXAMPLECompound Syntheses
• The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized according to known techniques. The following represent preferred methods for synthesizing certain compounds of the invention.[0566]
• 6.1 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(benzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 121)[0567]

  
• 6.1.1 Ethyl 3-[(benzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0568]
• Ethyl acrylate (1.05 g; 10 mmol) and benzylamine (1.10 g; 10 mmol) were dissolved in absolute ethanol and stirred 18 h at room temperature. The ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting oil dissolved CH[0569]₂Cl₂(20 mL). p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.10 g; 10 mmol) and triethylamine (1.05 g; 10 mmol) were added, and the resulting solution stirred at room temperature 5 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂(30 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with fresh CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄₁filtered and evaporated. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.36 g (89%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.18 (t, 3H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 7.00 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 5H), 7.79 (m, 2H).
• 6.1.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(benzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0570]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(benzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (3.30 g; 8.8 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0571]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 2.33 g (68%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.06 (m, 2H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 7.16 (d, 2H), 7.20-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.70 (bs, 1H), 10.38 (s, 1 H).
• 6.2 SYNTHESIS OF N-BENZYL-N-p-METHOXYBENZENE SULFONYL-G-AMINOBUTYRYL HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 122)[0572]
• 6.2.1 N-Benzyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide[0573]
• Benzylamine (3.75 g; 35 mmol), p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (6.20 g; 30 mmol), and triethylamine (3.20 g; 31 mmol) were dissolved in CH[0574]₂Cl₂(50 mL) and the resulting solution stirred 20 h at room temperature. The solution was washed with 0.5 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with additional CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to give 7.05 g (85%) of the title compound as a white solid.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ3.88 (s, 3H), 4.12 (d, 2H), 4.92(t, 1H), 6.97 (d, 2H), 7.18-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.80 (d, 2H).
• 6.2.2 Ethyl N-Benzyl-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyrate[0575]
• N-Benzyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (2.77 g; 10 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (35 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (0.55 g; 14 mmol), was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (2.95 g; 15 mmol) and sodium iodide (250 mg) were added successively and the reaction heated to 90° C. for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into diethyl ether (100 mL) and extracted with water (2×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO[0576]₄, filtered and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.62 g (93%) of the title compound as an oil.
• [0577]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.20 (t, 3H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 2.16 (t, 2H), 3.14 (m, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 7.29 (m, 5H), 7.77 (m, 2H).
• 6.2.3 N-Benzyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyryl Hydroxamic Acid[0578]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl N-phenyl-N-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-β-alaninate (3.55 g; 9.1 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0579]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 1.83 g (55%) of the title compound as a tan solid.
• [0580]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ1.46 (m, 2H), 1.77 (t, 2H) 3.03 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, 2H), 7.38 (m, 5H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 10.22 (s, 1H).
• 6.3 SYNTHESIS OF N-PHENYL-N-p-METHOXYBENZENE SULFONYL-GLYCINE[0581]
• HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 123)[0582]
• 6.3.1 N-phenyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycinate[0583]
• N-Phenyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide aniline (2.80 g; 30 mmol), p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (6.20 g; 30 mmol), and triethylamine (3.20 g; 31 mmol) were dissolved in CH[0584]₂Cl₂(50 mL) and the resulting solution stirred 18 h at room temperature. The solution was washed with 0.5 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with additional CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to give 6.66 g (84%) of the title compound as a thick oil that solidified upon standing.
• [0585]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ3.79 (s, 3H), 6.87 (d, 2H), 7.10 (d, 2H), 7.21 (m, 3H), 7.75 (m, 2H).
• 6.3.2 Ethyl N-Phenyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycinate[0586]
• N-Phenyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (2.63 g; 10 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (50 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (0.55 g; 14 mmol), was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Ethyl bromoacetate (2.50 g; 15 mmol) and sodium iodide (200 mg) were added successively and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 72 h. The mixture was poured into diethyl ether (100 mL) and extracted with water (2×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO[0587]₄, filtered, and evaporated to a semi-solid. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 2.80 g (80%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid.
• [0588]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.22 (t, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.61 (d, 2H).
• 6.3.3 N-Phenyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycine Hydroxamic Acid[0589]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (16 mL; 16 mmol) was added to ethyl N-phenyl-N-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-glycinate (2.80 g; 8.0 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 6 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0590]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 1.75 g (65%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• [0591]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ3.83 (s, 3H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 7.03-7.15 (2m, 4H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 8.89 (bs, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1 H).
• 6.4 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 124).[0592]

  
• 6.4.1 Ethyl 3-phenylamino-propionate[0593]
• Ethyl acrylate (2.05 g; 20 mmol) and aniline (1.85 g; 20 mmol) were added to a solution of concentrated HCl (1.5 mL) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) and the resulting mixture refluxed 20 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then poured into 1 N NaOH (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×100 mL), dried over MgSO[0594]₄, filtered, and evaporated to give 2.85 g (80%) of the title compound as a light amber oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.27 (t, 3H), 2.61 (t, 2H), 3.46 (t, 2H), 4.16 (q, 2H), 6.63 (d, 2H), 6.72 (m, 1H), 7.17 (m, 2H).
• 6.4.2 Ethyl 3-[(phenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0595]
• The crude oil of ethyl 3-phenylamino-propionate (1.78; 10 mmol) and p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.10 g; mmol) were dissolved in CH[0596]₂Cl₂(20 mL). Triethylamine (1.05 g; 10 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂(30 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with fresh CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.34 g (92%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.19 (t, 3H), 2.53 (m, 2H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 7.03 (m, 2H), 7.29 (m, 3H), 7.53 (m, 2H).
• 6.4.3 N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0597]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(phenyl)-(4-methoxy-benzene-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (3.30 g; 9.1 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0598]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 2.14 g (68%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.12 (t, 2H), 3.74 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 7.03 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 7.32 (m, 3H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1 H).
• 6.5 SYNTHESIS OF N-PHENYL-N-p-METHOXYBENZENE SULFONYL-G-AMINOBUTYRYL HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 125)[0599]
• 6.5.1 Ethyl N-Phenyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyrate[0600]
• N-Phenyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (2.63 g; 10 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (35 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (0.55 g; 14 mmol), was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Ethyl 4- bromobutyrate (2.95 g; 15 mmol) and sodium iodide (250 mg) were added successively and the reaction heated to 90° C. for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into diethyl ether (100 mL) and extracted with water (2×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO[0601]₄, filtered and evaporated to a solid. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.56 g (91%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• [0602]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.22 (t, 3H), 1.73 (m, 2H), 2.39 (t, 2H), 3.59 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.19 (m, 2H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 7.31 (m, 3H), 7.49 (m, 2H).
• 6.5.2 N-Phenyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyryl Hydroxamic Acid[0603]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl N-phenyl-N-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-b-alaninate (3.50 g; 9.0 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0604]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 2.25 g (69%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.
• [0605]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.12 (t, 2H), 3.74 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 7.03 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 7.32 (m, 3H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1 H).
• 6.6 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 126).[0606]

  
• 6.6.1 Ethyl 3-[(phenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0607]
• Ethyl acrylate (1.05 g; 10 mmol) and phenethylamine (1.21 g; 10 mmol) were dissolved in absolute ethanol and stirred 16 h at room temperature. The ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting oil dissolved CH[0608]₂Cl₂(20 mL). p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.10 g; 10 mmol) and triethylamine (1.05 g; 10 mmol) were added, and the resulting solution stirred at room temperature 20 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂(30 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with fresh CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.56 g (91%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.26 (t, 3H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.73 (m, 2H).
• 6.6.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0609]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(phenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (3.30 g; 9.1 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0610]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 2.23 g (65%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.23 (t, 2H), 2.74 (m, 2H), 3.23 (m, 2H), 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 7.11 (d, 2H), 7.15-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 10.50 (s, 1 H).
• 6.7 SYNTHESIS OF N-(2-Phenyl)ethyl-N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-glycine Hydroxamic Acid (FG 128).[0611]

  
• 6.7.1 Ethyl-N-(2-phenyl)ethyl-N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-glycinate[0612]
• Glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride (1.40 g; 10 mmol), phenylacetaldehyde (1.32 g; 10 mmol), and glacial acetic acid were added to methanol (20 mL) and the resulting solution cooled to 0° C. under argon. After 5 min, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.65 g; 10 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then stirred 16 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with the addition of 1 N HCl (30 mL) and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 1 h. After the removal of methanol under reduced pressure, the remaining aqueous mixture was cooled in an ice bath and carefully basified to pH 10 with 45% (w/w) aqueous KOH, and then extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with solutions of water (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried over MgSO[0613]₄, and evaporated to an oil. The crude material, p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.10 g; 10 mmol), and triethylamine (1.05 g; 10 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂(20 mL)and the resulting solution stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂(30 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with fresh CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 2.25 g (55%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.78 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.32 (m, 5H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 4.09 (m, 2H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t, 3H),
• 6.7.2 N-(2-Phenyl)ethyl-N-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-glycine hydroxamic acid[0614]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (12 mL; 12 mmol) was added to ethyl N-(2-phenyl)ethyl-N-p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl-glycinate (2.25 g; 5.5 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 6 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0615]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 1.50 g (75%) of the title compound as a white solid.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ10.66 (s, 1H), 8.95 (br s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.10-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.76 (m, 2H).
• 6.8 SYNTHESIS OF N-(2-PHENYL)ETHYL-N-p-METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL-G-AMINOBUTYRYL HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 134)[0616]
• 6.8.1 N-(2-Phenyl)ethyl p-Methoxybenzenesulfonamide[0617]
• Phenethylamine (4.25 g; 35 mmol), p-methoxybenzene sulfonyl chloride (6.20 g; 30 mmol), and triethylamine (3.32 g; 32 mmol) were dissolved in CH[0618]₂Cl₂(50 mL) and the resulting solution stirred 20 h at room temperature. The solution was washed with 0.5 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with additional CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to give 7.51 g (86%) of a thick, pale yellow oil.
• [0619]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ2.77 (t, 2H), 3.20 (q, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 4.60 (t, 1H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 7.05-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.75 (d, 2H)
• 6.8.2 Ethyl N-(2-Phenyl)Ethyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyrate[0620]
• N-(2-Phenyl) ethyl p-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (2.95 g; 10 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (35 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (0.55 g; 14 mmol), was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (2.95 g; 15 mmol) and sodium iodide (250 mg) were added successively and the reaction heated to 90° C. for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured into diethyl ether (100 mL) and extracted with water (2×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO[0621]₄, filtered and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65) gave 3.72 g (92%) of the title compound as an oil.
• [0622]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.26 (t, 3H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 2.33 (t, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 3.18 (m, 2H), 3.32 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.73 (m, 2H).
• 6.8.3 N-(2-Phenyl)Ethyl-N-p-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-γ-Aminobutyryl Hydroxamic Acid[0623]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (20 mL; 20 mmol) was added to ethyl N-(2-phenyl)ethyl-N-p-methoxybenzene sulfonyl-β- alaninate (3.65 g; 9.1 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0624]₂Cl₂(2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (1×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude gum. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 2.54 g (71%) of the title compound as an oil.
• [0625]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ1.68 (m, 2 H), 1.96 (t, 2 H), 2.77 (t, 2 H), 3.11 (t, 2 H), 3.29 (t, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 7.26-7.08 (m, 7 H), 7.72 (d, 2 H), 8.69 (s, 1 H), 10.23 (s, 1 H).
• 6.9 SYNTHESIS OF N-4-METHOXYPHENYL-N-4-METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL-GLYCINE HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 202)[0626]
• 6.9.1 Ethyl N-4-Methoxyphenyl-N-4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycinate[0627]
• N-4-Methoxyphenyl 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (1.46 g; 5.00 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (25 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (224 mg; 7.0 mmol), was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 15 min. Ethyl bromoacetate (1.25 g; 7.5 mmol) and a catalytic amount of sodium iodide were added and the resulting mixture heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction was poured into diethyl ether (50 mL) and washed with water (2×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO[0628]₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.75 g (92%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
• [0629]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.22 (t, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.14 (q, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 6.91 (d, 2H), 7.10 (d, 2H), 7.60 (d, 2H).
• 6.9.2 N-4-Methoxyphenyl-N-4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycine Hydroxamic Acid[0630]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (6 mL; 6 mmol) was added to ethyl N-4-methoxyphenyl-N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl- glycinate (673 mg; 1.77 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (40 mL) and extracted with CH[0631]₂Cl₂(2×40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 405 mg (63%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• [0632]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ3.72 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 6.84 (d, 2H), 7.01 (d, 2H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 7.53 (d, 2H), 8.86 (bs, 1H), 10.57 (s, 1H).
• 6.10 SYNTHESIS OF N-(4-METHOXYPHENYL)ETHYL-N-4-METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL-GLYCINE HYDROXAMIC ACID (FG 204)[0633]
• 6.10.1 Ethyl N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)Ethyl-N-4-Methoxybenzene Sulfonyl-Glycinate[0634]
• N-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethyl 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (1.50 g; 4.67 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (20 mL) and stirred under argon. Sodium hydride, 60% in mineral oil (224 mg; 5.6 mmol), was added and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature for 15 min. Ethyl bromoacetate (780 mL; 7.00 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was poured into diethyl ether (50 mL) and the organic material washed with water, dried over Na[0635]₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.76 g (93%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil.
• [0636]¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.20 (t, 3H), 2.81 (t, 2H), 3.43 (t, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 2H), 4.08 (q, 2H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 6.94 (d, 2H), 7.06 (d, 2H), 7.76 (d, 2H).
• 6.10.2 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)Ethyl-N-4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl-Glycine Hydroxamic Acid[0637]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (6 mL; 6 mmol) was added to ethyl N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl-N-4-methoxybenzene sulfonyl-glycinate (758 mg; 1.86 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (40 mL) and extracted with CH[0638]₂Cl₂(2×40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 327 mg (44%) of the title compound as a white solid.
• [0639]¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.69 (t, 2H), 3.25 (t, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 7.07 (m, 4H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 10.63 (s, 1H).
• 6.11 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 206)[0640]

  
• 6.11.1 Ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0641]
• Ethyl acrylate (1.05 g; 10.0 mmol) and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine (1.52 g; 10.0 mmol) were dissolved in absolute ethanol (25 mL) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was evaporated and crude ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenethy-amino]-propionate (1.25 g; 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH[0642]₂Cl₂(50 mL). 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.15 g; 5.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.5 g; 5.0 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.86 g (88%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.25 (t, 3H), 2.59 (t, 2H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.11 (q, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H).
• 6.11.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0643]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (6 mL; 6 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (587 mg; 1.40 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (40 mL) and extracted with CH[0644]₂Cl₂(2×40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 408 mg (71%) of the title compound as a white solid. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.24 (t, 2H), 2.68 (t, 2H), 3.21 (t, 2H), 3.31 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 6.84 (d, 2H), 7.11 (d, 4H), 7.71 (d, 2H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 10.49 (s, 1H).
• 6.12 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(n-butanesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 207)[0645]

  
• 6.12.1 Ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(n-butanesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0646]
• Crude ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenethyl-amino)-propionate (1.25 g; 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH[0647]₂Cl₂(50 mL). Butanesulfonyl chloride (1.57 g; 10.0 mmol) and triethylamine (0.5 g; 5.0 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.66 g (89%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ0.90 (t, 3H), 1.26 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 2.63 (t, 2H), 2.76 (m, 2H), 2.84 (t, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H), 3.54 (t, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 6.84 (d, 2H), 7.13 (d, 2H).
• 6.12.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(n-butanesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0648]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (8 mL; 8 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(n-butanesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (935 mg; 2.52 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (40 mL) and extracted with CH[0649]₂Cl₂(2×40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 545 mg (60%) as a gum which did not crystallize upon trituration with diethyl ether and hexanes. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ0.86 (t, 3H), 1.31, 2H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 2.28 (t, 2H), 2.76 (t, 2H), 2.96 (m, 2H), 3.32 (t, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 6.86 (d, 2H), 7.16 (d, 2H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 10.52 (s, 1H).
• 6.13 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 208)[0650]

  
• 6.13.1 Ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0651]
• Ethyl acrylate (2.05 g; 20 mmol) and anisidine (2.46 g; 20 mmol) were added to a solution of concentrated HCl (1.5 mL) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) and the resulting mixture refluxed 48 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then poured into 1 N NaOH (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×100 mL), dried over MgSO[0652]₄, filtered, and evaporated to give 3.15 g (70%) of a brown oil. A portion of the crude ethyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl-amino)propionate (1.12 g; 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.15 g; 5.5 mmol) and triethylamine (0.5 g; 5.0 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was washed with 1 N HCl (2×50 mL) and the aqueous layers back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂(50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.42 g (72%) of the title compound as a pale brown oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.20 (t, 3H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 3.78 (t, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 6.80 (m, 2H), 6.92 (m, 4H), 7.53 (m, 2H).
• 6.13.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0653]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (6 mL; 6 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-(4-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (507 mg; 1.29 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (40 mL) and extracted with CH[0654]₂Cl₂(2×40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (40 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 362 mg (74%) as a gum which did not crystallize upon trituration with diethyl ether and hexanes. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ2.24 (t, 2H), 3.67 (t, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 6.90 (m, 4H), 7.09 (d, 2H), 7.47 (d, 2H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1H).
• 6.14 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(diphenylmethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 256)[0655]

  
• 6.14.1 Ethyl 3-[(diphenylmethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0656]
• Ethyl acrylate (1.05 g; 10.0 mmol) and diphenylmethyamine (1.83 g; 10.0 mmol) were dissolved in absolute ethanol (25 mL) and stirred overnight at 70° C. The solution was evaporated and crude ethyl 3-(diphenylmethylamino)propionate (2.85 g; 10.0 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (50 mL). 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.30 g; 11.0 mmol) and pyridine (10 mL) were added and the mixture stirred overnight at 70° C. The dark reaction was washed with 1 N HCl (2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over MgSO[0657]₄, filtered, and evaporated to an oil. The black residue was eluted through a filter pad of silica gel using a hexanes/ethyl acetate step gradient to remove polar material. Preparative HPLC purification, eluting with a mixture of ethyl acetate/hexanes (35:65), gave 1.06 g (23%) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.16 (t, 3H), 2.12 (m, 2H), 3.57 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.99 (q, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 7.04 (m, 4H), 7.24 (m, 6H), 7.64 (d, 2H).
• 6.14.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(diphenylmethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide[0658]
• Freshly prepared hydroxylamine reagent (8 mL; 8 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(diphenylmethyl)-(4-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (563 mg; 1.24 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into 1 N HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CH[0659]₂Cl₂(2×50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give crude product. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded 262 mg (48%) of the title compound as a white solid. 300 MHz¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ1.81 (m, 2H), 3.40(m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 6.31 (s, 1H), 7.02 (m, 6H), 7.28 (m, 6H), 7.71 (d, 2H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 10.23 (s, 1H).
• 6.15 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1237)[0660]
• 6.15.1 Ethyl 3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0661]
• To a solution of β-alanine ethyl ester (154 mg, 1 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (7 mL) at room temperature was added triethyl amine (101 mg, 1 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (155 mg, 1.1 mmol). After being stirred for 0.5 h, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (318 mg, 1.5 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at room temperature, followed by the addition of 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (207 mg, 1 mmol) and triethyl amine (152 mg, 1.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 18 h, quenched with 10% citric acid (10 mL) and, after 30 min, extracted with methylene chloride (2×30 mL). Two phases was separated and the organic layers was washed with brine, dried over MgSO[0662]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (2/1:hexanes/ethyl acetate) to give ethyl 3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (44 mg, 0.1 mmol).
• 6.15.2 N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1237)[0663]
• Freshly prepared NH[0664]₂OH solution (1 M in methanol) (0.2 mL, 0.2 mmol) was added to ethyl 3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (44 mg, 0.1 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The crude product was triturated in ether and the residue was lyophilized from water to give N-hydroxy-3-[(4-chlorobenzyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (30 mg, 0.08 mmol) as a light yellow solid.¹H-NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.11 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 4.28 (s, 2 H), 3.85 (s, 3 H), 3.20 (br t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 1.86 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H).
• 6.16 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1492)[0665]
• 6.16.1 Methyl 3-[(4-Methoxyphenethyl)-(3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0666]
• A mixture of methyl acrylate (6.0 g, 69.7 mmol) and p-methoxyphenethyl amine (10.5 g, 69.7 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (88 mL) was refluxed for 3 days and then was concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)amino]-propionate (16.2 g). To a solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)amino]-propionate (3.0 g, 12.6 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (35 mL) was added 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.8 g, 12.6 mmol), followed by triethylamine (2.6 g, 25.3 mmol). After stirring for 18 h at room temperature, the mixture was quenched with 1 N HCl solution (150 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (100 mL). Combined organic layers was washed successively with 1 N HCl solution (100 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO[0667]₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (2.5/1 to 2/1:hexanes/EtOAc) to provide methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (3.28 g, 7.8 mmol).
• 6.16.2 Methyl 3-[(4-Methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0668]
• To a clear solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate in 5/1 methanol/ethyl acetate (30 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (300 mg) and ammonium formate (1.79 g, 28.4 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature for 24 h, the catalyst was filtered off through a pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was partitioned between methylene chloride (100 mL) and water (100 mL). Aqueous layer was extracted with another 100 mL of methylene chloride. Combined organic layer was washed with water (100 mL) and brine, dried over Na[0669]₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (2.8 g, 7.1 mmol) as a yellow gummy product.
• 6.16.3 N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1492)[0670]
• Freshly prepared NH[0671]₂OH solution (1 M in MeOH) (0.6 mL, 0.6 mmol)) was added to methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzenesulfonyl)amino]propionate (110 mg, 0.28 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and taken up with 10 mL of water. The mixture was acidified to pH 3-4 by 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Combined organic layers was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (10/1 methylene chloride/methanol) to give N-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-aminobenzene-sulfonyl)amino]-propionamide (33 mg, 0.08 mmol). NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.44 (s, 1 H), 8.72 (br s, 1 H), 7.23 - 6.25 (m, 8 H), 5.57 (br s, 2 H), 3.70 (s, 3 H), 3.33 (t, 2 H), 3.24 (t, 2 H), 2.65 (t, 2 H), 2.24 (t, 2 H).
• 6.17 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1496)[0672]
• 6.17.1 Methyl 3-[(4-Methoxyphenethyl)-(4-cyanobenzene-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0673]
• A mixture of methyl acrylate (6.0 g, 69.7 mmol) and p-methoxyphenethyl amine (10.5 g, 69.7 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (88 mL) was refluxed for 3 days and then was concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)amino]-propionate (16.2 g).[0674]
• To a solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)amino]-propionate (3.0 g, 12.6 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (35 mL) was added 4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.6 g, 12.6 mmol), followed by triethylamine (2.6 g, 25.3 mmol). After stirring for 18 h at room temperature, the mixture was quenched with 1 N HCl solution (150 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (2×100 mL). Combined organic layers was washed successively with 1 N HCl solution (100 mL) and brine, dried over MgSO[0675]₄₁filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (2/1:hexanes/EtOAc) to provide methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (3.14 g, 7.8 mmol).
• 6.17.2 Methyl 3-[(4-Methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate[0676]
• A suspension of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (220 mg, 0.55 mmol), sodium azide (43 mg, 0.66 mmol), and triethylamine hydrochloride (91 mg, 0.66 mmol) in anhydrous ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (3 mL) was fluxed for 48 h. Reaction mixture was concentrated, resuspended in water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with 0.5 N HCl solution and brine, dried over MgSO[0677]₄. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (112 mg, 0.25 mmol).
• 6.18 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1496)[0678]
• Freshly prepared NH[0679]₂OH solution (1 M in MeOH) (1.5 mL) was added to methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate (112 mg, 0.25 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 18 h, the reaction mixture was partitioned between 1 N HCl solution (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL). Two phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with another 30 mL of ethyl acetate. Combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give N-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(tetrazol-5yl)benzenesulfonyl)amino]-propionamide (52 mg, 0.12 mmol). NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (br s, 1 H), 8.22 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.81 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H), 3.69 (s, 3 H), 3.42 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.31 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.70 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.25 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H).
• 6.19 N-Hydroxy-N′,N′-disubstituted-propionamides[0680]
• N-Hydroxy-N′,N′-disubstituted-propionamides in examples 6.24.1 thru 6.24.37 were prepared according to general reaction schemes I, II, and III. More specifically, the following steps were executed:[0681]
• Step 1: Methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate is added to a solution of a primary amine in ethanol (1.3 mL/mmol). The mixture is heated to reflux (ca. 90° C.) for 20 h and then concentrated.[0682]
• Step 2: The residue of step 1 is dissolved in methylene chloride (2.8 mL/mmol), followed by the addition of sulfonyl chloride (1 eq.) and Amberlyst (A-21) weakly basic ion exchange resin (0.8 g/mmol). The mixture is vortexed overnight at room temperature (ca.18 h), monitored by TLC by observing the disappearance of sulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated.[0683]
• Step 3: To the residue of Step 2 is added 2 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0684]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is vortexed overnight (monitored by TLC), concentrated, followed by work up procedure and/or chromatographic purification to afford N-hydroxy-N′,N′-disubstituted-propionamides. Two work up procedures are set up depending upon the feature of the product.
• Step 4:[0685]
• Work up procedure A: (For hydroxamates 6.24.1-6.24.27): The residue of step 3 is treated with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is dried over MgSO[0686]₄₁filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then triturated with ether to remove undesired products which are discarded. The solid is collected and dried in vacco.
• Work up procedure B: (For hydrophilic hydroxamates 6.24.28 to 5.24.33): The residue of step 3 is triturated with ethyl acetate twice. Ethyl acetate is decanted and discarded. The residue is treated with water, neutralized by 1 N HCl solution to pH=7-8, and extracted with 10/1 ethyl acetate/methanol. The combined organic layers is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is triturated in ether, which is discarded, and dried in vacco to furnish the product as a white solid.[0687]
• In the case that solid product formed during work up process, the solid is collected, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacco.[0688]
• In the case that TLC indicates low purity of the desired product, purification will be conducted using silica gel chromatography and/or recrystallization.[0689]
• Preparation of neutralized NH[0690]₂OH solution (1 M) in methanol: A warm and clear solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in methanol (2 mM/mL) (it becomes clear upon heating) is added to another warm and clear solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol (3 mM/mL) (it also becomes clear upon heating). White precipitate of potassium chloride forms immediately. The mixture is cooled in an ice bath for 30 min. and filtered. The fresh filtrate (1 M) is used for the hydroxamation reaction.
• Preparation of 4-(3-Substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl choride: To a solution of primary or secondary amine (0.5 mmol) in THF (1 mL) at 0° C. was added 4-(chlorosulfonyl)phenyl isocyanate (0.5 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 2 h, the mixture was concentrated to afford 4-(3-substituted-ureido)benzenesulfonyl chloride. This material was then used in Step B as described above.[0691]
• 6.19.1 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(adamantan-2-yl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1335)[0692]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.68 (s, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.09 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 3.47 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (m, 2 H), 2.15-1.40 (m, 16H).[0693]
• 6.19.2 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1131)[0694]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.43 (s, 1 H), 8.71 (s, 1 H), 7.73 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 3.52 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 4 H), 3.28 (m, 2 H), 3.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 6 H), 2.25 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H),[0695]
• 6.19.3 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(pyridin-2-yl-ethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1132)[0696]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.45 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 8.46 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (m, 3 H), 7.22 (m, 2 H), 7.09 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H), 3.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.91 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.22 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0697]
• 6.19.4 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenethyl)-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1268)[0698]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.45 (s, 1 H), 8.75 (s, 1 H), 8.35 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 5 H), 3.43 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H), 3.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.78 9t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H).[0699]
• 6.19.5 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(phenethyl)-(thiophen-2yl-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1270)[0700]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.97 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.66 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 6 H), 3.36 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 3.29 (m, 2 H), 2.77 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.26 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0701]
• 6.19.6 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-methylsulfonyl-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1460)[0702]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.09 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 8.00 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H), 6.81 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H), 3.70 (s, 3 H), 3.37 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 3.29 (m, 2 H), 2.71 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.10 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H).[0703]
• 6.19.7 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl )-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1273)[0704]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.34 (s, 1 H), 8.65 (s, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.11 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 6.84 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.76 (s, s, 1 H), 6.75 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.17 (s, 2 H), 3.84 (s, 3 H), 3.21 (m, 2 H), 2.04 (m, 2 H).[0705]
• 6.19.8 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3[(4-chlorophenethyl)-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1300)[0706]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.43 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.31 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.08 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 3.25 (m, 4 H), 2.73 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.21 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0707]
• 6.19.9 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3[(cyclohexylethyl)-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1306)[0708]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.42 (s, 1 H), 8.69 (s, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 3.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.82 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 2.18 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 1.62 (m, 6 H), 1.15 (m, 3 H), 0.82 (m, 2 H).[0709]
• 6.19.10 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[benzodioxan-2-yl-methyl)-(4-methoxybenzene)-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1374)[0710]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.42 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (s, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.11 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 6.81 (m, 4 H), 4.36-4.27 (m, 2 H), 3.96 (m, 1 H), 3.84 (s, 3 H), 3.37 (m, 4 H), 2.52 (m, 1 H), 2.30 (m, 1 H).[0711]
• 6.19.11 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(thiophene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1371)[0712]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.37 (s, 1 H), 8.68 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.69 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (dd, J=4.8, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.87-6.76 (m, 3 H), 6.00 (s, 2 H), 4.26 (s, 2 H), 3.28 (m, 2 H), 2.09 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2 H).[0713]
• 6.19.12 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(5-benzenesulfonylthiophene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1361)[0714]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.39 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (s, 1 H), 8.06-7.66 (m, 7 H), 6.79-6.70 (m, 3 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.29 (s, 2 H), 3.36 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.11 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H).[0715]
• 6.19.13 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(4-n-butoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1372)[0716]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.33 (s, 1 H), 8.64 (s, 1 H), 7.73 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H)m 6.85-6.74 (m, 3 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 3.24 (m, 2 H), 2.04 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 1.94 (m, 2 H), 1.76 (m, 2 H), 1.44 (m, 2 H), 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3 H).[0717]
• 6.19.14 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(octanesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1359)[0718]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.43 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (s, 1 H), 6.96-6.80 (m, 3 H), 6.00 (s, 2 H), 4.25 (s, 2 H), 3.27 (m, 2 H), 3.06 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 1.62 (m, 2 H), 1.34-1.25 (m, 10 H), 0.85 (t, J=6.9 Hz).[0719]
• 6.19.15 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(5-bromothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1367)[0720]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.38 (s, 1 H), 8.68 (s, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.80 (m, 3 H), 6.00 (s, 2 H), 4.24 (s, 2 H), 3.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.10 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H).[0721]
• 6.19.16 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(4-acetylaminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1357)[0722]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.34 (s, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.74 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H), 6.85-6.78 (m, 3 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.19 (s, 2 H), 3.23 (m, 2 H), 2.08 (s, 3 H), 2.07 (m, 2 H).[0723]
• 6.19.17 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(3,4-dimethoxybenzene-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1410)[0724]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ7.39 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.12 (d, J 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (m, 3 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.21 (s, 2 H), 3.84 (s, 3 H), 3.82 (s, 3 H), 3.21 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2 H), 1.90 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H).[0725]
• 6.19.18 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole-4-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1362)[0726]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.27 (s, 1 H), 8.58 (s, 1 H), 8.38 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.22 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (dd, J=8.6, 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.77-6.67 (m, 3 H), 5.96 (s, 2 H), 4.48 (s, 2 H), 3.52 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H).[0727]
• 6.19.19 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(4-methylsulfonylbenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1464)[0728]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 8.06 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 3 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.29 (s, 2 H), 3.29 (m, 2 H), 2.49 (s, 3 H), 1.93 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H).[0729]
• 6.19.20 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(phenylmethylsulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1414)[0730]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 6 H), 6.94 (dd, J=5.1, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.37 (s, 2 H), 3.33 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 3.25 (m, 2 H), 2.94 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0731]
• 6.19.21 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(4-n-butoxybenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1416)[0732]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.43 (s, 1 H), 8.72 (s, 1 H), 7.69 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.09 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.94 (dd, J=5.2, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.05 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2 H), 3.28 (m, 2 H), 2.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.22 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 1.70 (m, 2 H), 1.42 (m, 2 H), 0.92 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3 H).[0733]
• 6.19.22 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(thiophen-2yl-ethyl)-(5-bromothiophen-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1417)[0734]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.53 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.38 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.95 (dd, J=5.0, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.90 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 (m, 4 H), 3.03 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.26 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0735]
• 6.19.23 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(2-thiophenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1425)[0736]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (dd, J=4.8, 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (dd, J=3.7, 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 (dd, J=5.1, 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (dd, J 5.0, 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.95 (dd, J=5.1, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.89 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.35 (m, 4 H), 3.02 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.26 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0737]
• 6.19.24 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(5-benzenesulfonylthiophene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1419)[0738]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.76-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.28 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (dd, J=4.8, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 (m, 4 H), 3.00 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 2.11 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0739]
• 6.19.25 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(4-acetylaminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1411)[0740]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.44 (s, 1 H), 10.31 (s, 1 H), 8.73 (s, 1 H), 7.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.71 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.33 (d, J 5.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (dd, J=4.9, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.29 (m, 4 H), 2.97 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.21 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.07 (s, 3 H).[0741]
• 6.19.26 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(4-methylsulfonylbenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1463)[0742]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.11 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H), 8.02 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2 H), 3.37 (m, 4 H), 3.29 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 2.10 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H).[0743]
• 6.19.27 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxy-phenethyl)-(4-carboxy-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1405)[0744]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6, room temp.) δ10.50 (s, 1 H), 8.75 (s, 1 H), 7.79-6.72 (m, 8 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 3.66 (br t, J=6.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.38 (m, 1 H), 3.25 (m, 2 H), 2.67 (m, 2 H), 2.34 (br t, J=6.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.28 (br t, J=7.1 Hz, 1 H).[0745]
• 6.19.28 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(4-(N′-hydroxyamidino)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1369)[0746]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.36 (s, 1 H), 9.94 (s, 1 H), 8.66 (s, 1 H), 7.89 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 6.85 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.77 (m, 2 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 5.95 (s, 2 H), 4.23 (s, 2 H), 3,25 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H).[0747]
• 6.19.29 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-(3-(N′-hydroxyamidino)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1458)[0748]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.36 (s, 1 H), 9.87 (s, 1 H), 8.97 (s, 1 H), 8.11 (s, 1 H), 7.96 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.81 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.62 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.83 (m, 3 H), 6.00 (s, 2 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 4.23 (s, 2 H), 3.27 (m, 2 H), 2.05 (m, 2 H).[0749]
• 6.19.30 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(N′-hydroxyamidino)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1455)[0750]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 9.91 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.76 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H), 6.82 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2 H), 5.92 (s, 2 H), 3.70 (s, 3 H), 3.35 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H), 3.25 (m, 2 H), 2.67 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 2.24 (t, J=7.3 Hz,2 H).[0751]
• 6.19.31 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(3-(N′-hydroxyamidino)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1456)[0752]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.47 (s, 1 H), 9.86 (s, 1 H), 8.75 (s, 1 H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.08 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 5.99 (s, 2 H), 3.36 (m, 2 H), 3.25 (m, 2 H), 2.66 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.24 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0753]
• 6.19.32 N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(3-(N′-hydroxyamidino)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1457)[0754]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 9.86 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 8.08 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.61 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.31 (dd, J=5.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (m, 2 H), 6.00 (s, 2 H), 3.35 (m, 4 H), 2.98 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2 H).[0755]
• 6.19.33 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(2-thiophenethyl)-(4-(N′-hydroxyamidino)-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1409)[0756]

  
• NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.45 (s, 1 H), 9.92 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (dd, J=5.1, 3.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.93 (s, 2 H), 3.35 (m, 4 H), 2.99 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0757]
• 6.20 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)ureido)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1730)[0758]

  
• Compound 1730 can be made using reaction scheme 10. NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.46 (s, 1 H), 9.16 (s, 1 H), 8.91 (s, 1 H), 8.74 (s, 1 H), 7.68 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.62 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.47 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 3.71 (s, 3 H), 3.22 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H), 3.21 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.67 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (t, J=7. 2 Hz, 2 H).[0759]
• 6.21 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(3-benzyl-ureido)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1731)[0760]

  
• Compound 1731 can be made using reaction scheme 10. NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.45 (s, 1 H), 9.04 (s, 1 H), 8.98 (s, 1 H), 8.73 (s, 1 H), 7.87-6.82 (m, 13 H), 4.30 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.70 (s, 3 H), 3.30 (m, 2 H), 3.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 2.66 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2 H), 2.21 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0761]
• 6.22 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(3-phenethyl-ureido)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1732)[0762]

  
• Compound 1732 can be made using reaction scheme 10. NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.44 (s, 1 H), 8.95 (s, 1 H), 8.89 (s, 1 H), 8.72 (s, 1 H), 7.62-6.81 (m, 13 H),3.71 (s, 3 H), 3.34 (m, 4 H), 3.19 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2 H), 2.75 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H), 2.65 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.21 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H).[0763]
• 6.23 SYNTHESIS OF N-Hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-(3-methyl-ureido)benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionamide (FG 1733)[0764]

  
• Compound 1733 can be made using reaction scheme 10. NMR (360 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.45 (s, 1 H), 8.98 (s, 1 H), 8.73 (s, 1 H), 7.59 (m, 4 H), 7.09 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 6.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H), 3.70 (s, 3 H), 3.30 (m, 2 H), 3.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.67 (m, 2 H), 2.64 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3 H), 2.21 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H).[0765]
• 6.24 SYNTHESIS OF FG 2032[0766]

  
• To a clear solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-nitrobenzensulfonyl)-amino]-propionate in 5:1 methanol/ethyl acetate (4.2 mL/mmol) is added by portion palladium (10%) in charcoal solid (10% w/w), followed by ammonium formate (4 eq.). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 6 hours and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate is concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate as a brown oily product in quantitative yield.[0767]
• To a solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate in acetonitrile (7.8 mL/mmol) is added benzoyl chloride followed by triethyl amine (2 eq.). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and then partitioned between methylene chloride and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The acid layer is extracted with methylene chloride. Combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then treated with 10 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0768]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated. The residue is partitioned between 10:1 ethyl acetate/methanol and 1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the corresponding hydroxamic acid FG 2032.
• 6.25 SYNTHESIS OF FG 2033[0769]

  
• To a clear solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-nitrobenzensulfonyl)-amino]-propionate in 5:1 methanol/ethyl acetate (4.2 mL/mmol) is added by portion palladium (10%) in charcoal solid (10% w/w), followed by ammonium formate (4 eq.). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 6 hours and filtered through a pad of celite. Filtrate is concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate as a brown oily product in quantitative yield.[0770]
• To a solution of methyl 3-[(4-methoxyphenethyl)-(4-aminobenzenesulfonyl)-amino]-propionate in acetonitrile (7.8 mL/mmol) is added benzenesulfonyl chloride followed by triethyl amine (2 eq.). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and then partitioned between methylene chloride and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The acid layer is extracted with methylene chloride. Combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is then treated with 10 equivalents of freshly prepared neutralized NH[0771]₂OH (1 M in methanol). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and concentrated. The residue is partitioned between 10:1 ethyl acetate/methanol and 1 N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the corresponding hydroxamic acid FG 2033.
• [0772]6.26 Synthesis of Other Compounds
• Other compounds of the invention can be synthesized by routine modification of the above-described syntheses, or by other methods that are well-known in the art. Appropriate starting materials are commercially available or can by synthesized using routine methods.[0773]
7. EXAMPLEC-proteinase IC₅₀Assays
• The following assay may be used to determine the level of activity and effect of the different compounds of the present invention on C-proteinase activity.[0774]
• To determine inhibition of recombinant human C-proteinase, 60 μl of a reaction mix (final concentration in 100 μl of 0.05M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 0.1M NaCl, 0.02% Brij-35, 5 mM CaCl[0775]₂, and 50 μM of a fluorogenic peptide) was added to 20 μl of the inhibitor in a 96 well plate. The reaction was started with the addition of 20 μl of the recombinant human C-proteinase mix. The reaction proceeded for 4 hours at 37° C. and the fluorescence was measured using a Bio-Tek Fl-600. The IC₅₀was determined by plotting the percentage of activity versus the inhibitor concentration and estimating the inhibitor concentration that gives 50% activity of the control with no inhibitor.
• The IC[0776]₅₀value of the inhibitors that have been tested is shown in TABLE 1.

  TABLE 1
  IC50 (μM) Of Various C-Proteinase Inhibitors

  	Compound (FG#)	IC50 (μM)

  	121	9
  	122	10
  	123	39
  	124	2
  	125	29
  	126	1
  	128	15.3
  	134	7
  	202	72.8
  	204	22.1
  	206	1.05
  	208	1.68
  	1131	80.5
  	1132	8
  	1268	3.03
  	1237	3.57
  	1270	1.21
  	1273	0.63
  	1300	2.43
  	1301	14.5
  	1302	5.7
  	1306	1.71
  	1335	36.5
  	1357	0.55
  	1360	1.17
  	1361	0.88
  	1362	1.51
  	1363	12.38
  	1364	2.60
  	1365	0.59
  	1366	2.85
  	1367	1.47
  	1368	6.01
  	1369	0.23
  	1370	0.87
  	1371	0.91
  	1372	1.70
  	1373	0.35
  	1379	>10
  	1380	>10
  	1405	1.46
  	1407	0.58
  	1408	0.75
  	1409	0.18
  	1410	1.77
  	1411	0.39
  	1414	3.50
  	1415	3.85
  	1416	0.82
  	1417	1.67
  	1418	5.37
  	1419	3.95
  	1420	3.00
  	1421	13.7
  	1422	8.36
  	1423	2.61
  	1424	8.88
  	1425	1.32
  	1455	0.086
  	1456	0.4
  	1457	0.84
  	1458	0.25
  	1459	7.12
  	1460	0.29
  	1461	12.90
  	1462	19.13
  	1463	0.70
  	1464	0.35
  	1465	9.07
  	1466	17.49
  	1467	8.39
  	1468	2.42
  	1469	15.39
  	1470	9.07
  	1471	4.08
  	1472	6.32
  	1473	8.85
  	1492	0.32
  	1496	0.25
  	1730	0.3
  	1731	0.010
  	1732	0.045
  	1733	0.057
  	1858	0.01
  	1891	0.026
  	1894	0.01
  	1895	0.784
  	1896	0.141
  	1943	0.81
  	1944	0.092
  	2032	0.41
  	2033	0.47

• 7.1 Tissue Culture Assay for the Determination of C-proteinase Activity and the IC[0777]₅₀of Inhibitors
• C-proteinase activity and the IC[0778]₅₀of inhibitors in vivo may be determined in tissue culture assays by measuring the production of procollagen and mature collagen in conditioned medium before and after treatment with a particular compound. The ratio of collagen and procollagen will directly correlate to the cellular conversion of the precursor to the mature collagen product, and as such indicate the C-proteinase activity.
• Alternatively, the media content of C-propeptide/cell may be determined, and compared for untreated cells and inhibitor-treated cells.[0779]
• 7.2 Animal Models for the Determination of C-proteinase Activity and the Efficacy of Inhibitors[0780]
• Several animal models which mimic clinical disorders related to unregulated or inappropriate collagen production are known in the art and may be employed to determine the in vivo efficacy of the compounds of the invention. These animal models include a wound chamber model in rats (Schilling et al., 1959,[0781]Surgery46:702-710), an estradiol stimulated uterus expansion model (Mandell et al., 1982,The Journal of Biological Chemistry257:5268-5273), and an induced angiogenesis model (Matrigel) (Passaniti et al., 1992,Laboratory Investigation67:519-528). Further animal models include clinical disorder models like liver fibrosis models (Tsukamoto et al., 1990,Seminar in Liver Disease10:56-65; Kock-Weser, 1952,Laboratory Investigation1:324-331; Marrione, 1949,American Journal of Pathology25:273-285; Tams, 1957,American Journal of Pathology33:13-27; Wahl et al., 1986,Journal of Experimental Medicine163:884-902), a pulmonary fibrosis model (Kelly et al., 1980,Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine96:954-964), arterial restenosis models (Jackson, 1994,Trends of Cardiovascular Medicine4:122-130; Clowes et al., 1983,Laboratory Investigation49:327-333), a kidney fibrosis model (Yamamoto et al., 1987,Kidney International32:514-525), a tendon repairing model (Franklin et al., 1986,The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine108:103-108), a tumor growth model (Kiohs, et al., 1985,JNCL75:353-359), a trabeculectomy model (Lahery et al., 1989,Journal of Ocular Pharmacology5:155-179), and an abdominal adhesions model (Williams et al., 1992,Journal of Surgical Research52:65-70).
• 7.3 Measurement of Cytotoxicity[0782]
• C-proteinase inhibitors were studied in cytotoxicity assays wherein quiescent cells were exposed to C-proteinase inhibitors for a given time and cell viability measured. By examining cellular metabolic activity, cell viability and cell survival were determined.[0783]
• C-proteinase inhibitors were tested on human foreskin fibroblasts that had been grown to confluence in 96 well microtiter plates in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum. Shortly before adding the inhibitors, the media was removed and 90 μl per microtiter well of fresh serum-free DMEM was added to the cells. The C-proteinase inhibitors were made up as concentrated stocks containing compound at 250 μM in the presence of 5% DMSO as solvent. A concentrated stock of 10 μl was added to each microtiter well to give a final compound concentration of 25μM in the presence of 0.5% DMSO. The cells were incubated in the presence of the C-proteinase inhibitor for 48 hours, and then cell viability and survival were measured as a function of metabolic activity. To examine cellular metabolic activity, 10 μl of WST-1 reagent (Boehringer Mannheim) was added to each well of a 96 well microtiter plate containing quiescent cells that were already in media. The plate was incubated at 37° C. for 120 minutes and removed. The absorbance at 450 nm-650 nm was recorded. Increased absorbance was observed in cells that were healthy. Controls included untreated healthy cells, and cells killed with 0.1% saponin.[0784]
• Cytotoxicity was evaluated as a function of cellular survival. Cellular survival was determined by measuring the metabolic activity of the quiescent cells after exposure to the C-proteinase inhibitors. To determine the metabolic activity of the cells, the color change of a trazolium dye over time was examined according to Mossmann, 1938,[0785]Immunol. Methods65:66; Carmichael, 1987,Cancer Res47:936, incorporated herein by reference. Healthy cells cleaved the dye producing a colored product that can be quantitated. Unhealthy cells demonstrated a reduction in metabolic activity and reduced color change. Dead cells had no metabolic activity and no effect on the dye was shown.
• The amount of dye cleaved by cells that had been incubated with inhibitor, expressed as a percentage relative to untreated cells, is shown in TABLE 2. Cells that register at 60% or below are considered either very sick or dead. Control cells that were intentionally killed give a value of close to 20%.[0786]

  TABLE 2
  Percent Metabolic Activity of Fibroblasts Exposed To Various
  C-Proteinase Inhibitors Relative to Untreated Fibroblasts

  	Compound	Percent

  	1300	109.9
  	1301	110.7
  	1302	102.3
  	1305	93.9
  	1306	106.3
  	1335	113.3
  	1357	108.1
  	1359	101.1
  	1360	114.5
  	1361	103.4
  	1362	119.4
  	1363	114.9
  	1364	117.2
  	1365	121.2
  	1366	107.4
  	1367	114.5
  	1368	110.2
  	1369	117.1
  	1370	117.9
  	1371	114.4
  	1372	109.2
  	1373	103.2
  	1374	117.6
  	1379	100.3
  	1380	107.7
  	1405	114.5
  	1407	111.5
  	1408	113.1
  	1409	108.8
  	1410	108.6
  	1411	108.2
  	1414	112.6
  	1415	109.6
  	1416	92.8
  	1417	120.3
  	1418	101.0
  	1419	104.7
  	1420	124.4
  	1421	118.2
  	1422	118.6
  	1423	119.9
  	1424	111.7
  	1425	109.5
  	1455	115.1
  	1456	106.8
  	1457	107.4
  	1458	111.0
  	1459	107.3
  	1460	108.9
  	1461	112.7
  	1462	112.6
  	1463	110.0
  	1464	111.0
  	1465	105.4

• 7.5 Specificity[0787]
• The compounds of the present invention were assayed against other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to determine compound specificity. MMP1 (collagenase), MMP2 (gelatinase) and MMP9 (gelatinase B) were assayed according to the protocols provided in WO 93/34918 for MMP1 and MMP2. The specificity of selected compounds of the present invention against MMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 are provided in Table 3.[0788]

  TABLE 3
  IC50 (uM) of Select C-Proteinase Inhibitors Against MMPs

  		IC50 of	IC50 of	IC50 of
  	IC50 of	MMP1/CPase	MMP2/CPase	MMP9/CPase
  FG #	Cpase (μM)	(μM)	(μM)	(μM)

  126	1.8	>8.0	2.2	3.5
  206	1.05	>10.7	2.1	1.5
  208	1.68	>11.2	0.46	0.30
  1455	0.086	>3.6	>4.5	>4.5
  1731	0.01	>891	>742.5	>742.5
  1732	0.032	>255	>360.5	>360.5
  1858	0.01	>1061	>855.0	>855.0
  1891	0.026		>112.1	>112.1
  1894	0.01	>516	94.9	>253.9

• The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of the invention, and any compounds and methods for the use thereof which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.[0789]
• All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.[0790]

Claims (70)

What is claimed:

1. A compound having an inhibitory effect on C-proteinase and having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

a is an integer from 1 to 4;

b is an integer from 0 to 4;

c is an integer from 0 to 4;

Ar¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹;

Ar²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y², 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y²;

each Y¹is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group; and

each Y²is independently selected from the group consisting of a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group,

with the provisos that

(i) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar²is 4′-methoxyphenyl, then Ar¹is other than phenyl, 4′-fluorophenyl, 4′-chlorophenyl, 4′-trifluoromethylphenyl or 4′-methoxyphenyl;

(ii) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar²is phenyl, then Ar¹is other than 4′-chlorophenyl;

(iii) when a is two, b and c are each zero and Ar¹is phenyl, then Ar²is other than 4′-chlorophenyl or 4′-bromophenyl; and

(iv) when a and b are each one, c is zero and Ar²is phenyl, then Ar¹is other than carbocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, biaryl, biaryl-lower alkyl, heterocyclic aryl-lower alkyl, or (N-aryl-lower alkylpiperazino)-lower alkyl,

wherein, in proviso (iv), aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, carbocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic aryl and heterocyclic aryl represents monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic aryl.

2. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Y¹and Y²are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NH₂; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

3. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein each Y²is independently selected from the group consisting of -halogen, -trihalomethyl, —R, —C(O)OR, —CN, —C(O)—NR—OR, —C(NRR)═N—OR, —C(O)—R, —C(O)NRR, —C(S)NRR, —C(NHR)═NR, —NRR, —NO₂, —NH—C(O)R, —NH—C(O)—NRR, —NH—C(O)—OR, —NH—SO₂—R, —NH—C(S)—NRR, ,—NH—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(S)—NRR, —OR, —P(O)(OH)(NRR), —P(O)(OH)₂, —SO₂R, —S(O)—R, —SO₃H, —SR, and -tetrazole; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H,(C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₅) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl.

4. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Ar¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹; and Ar²is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y².

5. The compound ofclaim 4 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

a, b, and c are as defined inclaim 1;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴and R⁵are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹and R¹⁰are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, a functional group having an acidic hydrogen, a functional group capable of participating in a hydrogen bond, a polar functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, an electron-donating functional group, and a lipophilic functional group;

with the provisos that

(i) when a and b are each one then c is other than zero; and

(ii) when a is two, b and c are each zero and R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁹and R¹⁰are each —H, then R⁸is other than —F or —Cl.

6. The compound ofclaim 5 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴and R⁵are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R, halogen, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —COOH, —SO₃H, —P(O)(OH)₂, —C(O)—NH—OH, —P(O)(OH)(NRR), and tetrazole; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

7. The compound ofclaim 5 wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹and R¹⁰) are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(NHR)═N—OH, —NH—C(O)R, —NH—C(O)—NRR, —C(S)NHR, —C(O)NHR, —CO₂H, —NR₂, —C(NHR)═NR, —NH—(CO)—OR, —NH—SO₂—R, —C≡N, —OR, —SR, —SO₂R, —S(O)R, —NO₂, and trihalomethyl; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

8. The compound ofclaim 5 wherein:

a is an integer from 2 to 4;

b is an integer from 0 to 4; and

c is zero.

9. The compound ofclaim 8 wherein:

a is an integer from 2 to 3;

b is an integer from 0 to 2;

R³and R⁴are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —OR, and trihalomethyl;

R⁵is selected from the group consisting of —H and —OR;

R⁶is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)OR, —C(NH₂)═NOH and —SO₂R;

R⁷is selected from the group consisting of —H and —C(NH₂)═NOH;

R⁸is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR, —NO₂, —C(O)OR, —SO₂R and —C(NH₂)═NOH; and

each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₃) alkyl, (C₂-C₃) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₃) alkynyl.

10. The compound ofclaim 5 selected from the group consisting of FG 121, FG 122, FG 123, FG 124, FG 125, FG 126, FG 128, FG 134, FG 202, FG 204, FG 206, FG 208, FG 1268, FG 1300, FG 1301, FG 1405, FG 1455, FG 1456, FG 1459, FG 1460, FG 1465, FG 1468 and FG 1474.

11. The compound ofclaim 1 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein a, b, c, Ar², and Y²are as defined inclaim 1 with the proviso that when a and b are 1 and Ar²is phenyl, then c is other than 0.

12. The compound ofclaim 11 wherein Y²is selected from the group consisting of -halogen, -trihalomethyl, —R, —C(O)OR, —CN, —C(O)—NR—OR, —C(NRR)═N—OR, —C(O)—R, —C(O)NRR, —C(S)NRR, —C(NHR)═NR, —NRR, —NO₂, —NH—C(O)R, —NH—C(O)—NRR, —NH—C(O)—OR, —NH—SO₂—R, —NH—C(S)—NRR, ,—NH—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(S)—NRR, —OR, —P(O)(OH)(NRR), —P(O)(OH)₂, —SO₂R, —S(O)—R, —SO₃H, —SR, and -tetrazole; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl.

13. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Ar²is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl mono-substituted with Y², thienyl, and thienyl mono-substituted with Y².

14. The compound ofclaim 11 wherein Ar²is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl mono-substituted with Y², thienyl, and thienyl mono-substituted with Y².

15. The compound ofclaim 11 that is selected from the group consisting of FG 202, FG 204, FG 206, FG 208, FG 1455, FG 1456, FG 1459, FG 1460, FG 1465, FG 1468, FG 1471, and FG 1489.

16. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Ar²is phenyl substituted with one or more Y²with the proviso that when a and b are 1 then c is other than 0.

17. The compound ofclaim 16 wherein Y²are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —NR—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR—SO₂—R, and —SO₂R; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

18. The compound ofclaim 16 having the structural formula:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R¹²⁵, R¹²⁶and R¹²⁷are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NH₂)NOH, —NH—C(O)R, —NR—C(O)—NRR, —NR—C(O)—OR, —NR—SO₂—R, -tetrazol-5-yl and —SO₂R; and each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl and (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, with the proviso that when a is 1 then b is other than 1.

19. The compound ofclaim 18 wherein Ar¹is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, and thienyl.

20. The compound ofclaim 18 that is selected from the group consisting of FG 1132, FG 1374, FG 1273, FG 1357, FG 1372, FG 1410, FG 1464, FG 1369, FG 1458, FG 1414, FG 1416, FG 1411, FG 1463, FG 1457, FG 1409, FG 121, FG 122, FG 123, FG 124, FG 125, FG 126, FG 128, FG 134, FG 202, FG 204, FG 206, FG 208, FG 1300, FG 1405, FG 1455, FG 1456, FG 1460, FG 1268, FG 1459, FG 1465 and FG 1468.

21. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein

each Y¹is independently selected from the group consisting of —SO₂NH₂, —R′, —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen and trihalomethyl;

each Y²is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, -tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl;

each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups.

22. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Ar¹is thienyl with the proviso that when a and b are each one and Ar²is phenyl then c is other than zero.

23. The compound ofclaim 22 wherein

each Y²is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups.

24. The compound ofclaim 22 wherein Ar¹is thien-2-yl.

25. The compound ofclaim 24 that is selected from the group consisting of FG 1417, FG 1419, FG 1420, FG 1421, FG 1423, FG 1425 and FG 1472.

26. The compound ofclaim 22 wherein:

Ar²is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y², 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y²;

each Y²is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with halogen, —NR′R′, —NO₂or —CN,

with the proviso that when a and b are each one and Ar²is phenyl then c is other than zero.

27. The compound ofclaim 22 wherein Ar²is selected from the group consisting of thienyl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,7-thiazopyrrolizinyl, phenyl, and phenyl independently mono-, di- or tri-substituted with Y².

28. The compound ofclaim 22 having the structural formula:

wherein R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹and R¹²⁰are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di-substituted or tri-substituted with halogen or —CN, with the proviso that when a and b are each one then c is other than zero.

29. The compound ofclaim 28 selected from the group consisting of FG 1302, FG 1407, FG 1408, FG 1409, FG 1411, FG 1414, FG 1415, FG 1416, FG 1418, FG 1422, FG 1424, FG 1457, FG 1461, FG 1463, FG 1466 and FG 1469.

30. The compound ofclaim 28 wherein a is two, b is two and c is zero.

31. The compound ofclaim 22 wherein Ar²is thienyl or thienyl independently substituted with one or more Y².

32. The compound ofclaim 31 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R¹²¹is selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;

R′ is selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

R″ is (C₅-C₁₀) aryl.

33. The compound ofclaim 32 selected from the group consisting of FG 1417, FG 1419, FG 1425, and FG 1472.

34. The compound ofclaim 31 wherein a is two, b is two and c is zero.

35. The compound ofclaim 1 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

36. The compound ofclaim 35 wherein:

Ar²is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, phenyl independently mono- or di-substituted with Y², 5-10 membered heteroaryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl mono- or di-substituted with Y².

37. The compound ofclaim 35 wherein a is two, b is one and c is zero.

38. The compound ofclaim 35 wherein Ar²is selected from the group consisting of thienyl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl, imidazolyl, and 1,7-thiazopyrrolizinyl.

39. The compound ofclaim 35 selected from the group consisting of FG 1367, FG 1361, FG 1362, FG 1363, FG 1365, FG 1371, and FG 1473.

40. The compound ofclaim 35 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

wherein R¹³⁰, R¹³¹and R¹³²are each independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

R″ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di-substituted or tri-substituted with halogen or —CN, with the proviso that when a and b are each one then c is other than zero.

41. The compound ofclaim 40 selected from the group consisting of FG 1273, FG 1370, FG 1373, FG 1369, FG 1357, FG 1360, FG 1410, FG 1372, FG 1368, FG 1364, FG 1366, FG 1458, FG 1462, FG 1464, FG 1467, and FG 1470.

42. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein Ar¹is benzodioxole and Ar²is thienyl or thienyl independently substituted with one or more Y².

43. The compound ofclaim 42 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein R¹²⁴is selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂,—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, and —NR′—C(O)—OR′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

each R″ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl independently mono-, di-substituted or tri-substituted with halogen or —CN.

44. The compound ofclaim 43 wherein a is two, b is one and c is zero.

45. The compound ofclaim 43 selected from the group consisting of FG 1367, FG 1361, FG 1371 and FG 1473.

46. A compound having an inhibitory effect on C-proteinase, said compound having the formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

g is an integer from 1 to 4;

h is an integer from 0 to 4;

i is an integer from 0 to 4;

Z is selected from the group consisting of (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl independently substituted with one or more Y⁵;

Ar⁶is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y⁶;

each Y⁵is independently selected from the group consisting of a lipophilic functional group, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl and 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl;

each Y⁶is independently selected from the group consisting of —R′, —OR′, —OR″, —SR′, —SR″, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, -halogen, -trihalomethyl, trihalomethoxy, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NR′R′, —C(O)NR′OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NOR′, —NR′—C(O)R′, —SO₂R′, —SO₂R″, —NR′—SO₂—R′, —NR′—C(O)—NR′R′, tetrazol-5-yl, —NR′—C(O)—OR′, —C(NR′R′)═NR′, —S(O)—R′, —S(O)—R″, and —NR′—C(S)—NR′R′;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈,) alkynyl; and

each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more —OR′, —SR′, —NR′R′, —NO₂, —CN, halogen or trihalomethyl groups,

with the proviso that when g and h are 1, i is 0, and Ar⁶is phenyl, then Z is other than C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, N-lower alkyl-piperazino-lower alkyl, (morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperidino, pyrrolidino, piperidyl or N-lower alkylpiperidyl)-lower alkyl.

47. The compound ofclaim 46 wherein g is two and i is zero.

48. The compound ofclaim 46 wherein:

Z is selected from the group consisting of adamantyl, cyclohexyl, morpholino, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidyl, and piperidyl mono-substituted with Y⁵;

Ar⁶is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl mono-substituted with Y⁶; and

Y⁵is —(CH₂)_n-phenyl, where n is an integer from 0 to 3.

49. The compound ofclaim 46 wherein Ar⁶is (C₁-C₆) alkoxyphenyl.

50. The compound ofclaim 49 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

51. The compound ofclaim 50 selected from the group consisting of FG 1131, FG 1306, FG 1335, FG 1379 and FG 1380.

52. A compound having an inhibitory effect on C-proteinase, said compound having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

r is an integer from 1 to 4;

s is an integer from 0 to 4;

Ar¹¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹¹5-20 membered heteroaryl, and 5-20 membered heteroaryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹¹;

G is selected from the group consisting of:

R⁹⁰and R⁹¹are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, (C₂-C₈) alkynyl, (C₃-C₁₀) cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₂₀) aryl, (C₅-C₂₀) substituted aryl, (C₆-C₂₆) alkaryl, (C₆-C₂₆) substituted alkaryl, 5-20 membered heteroaryl, 5-20 membered substituted heteroaryl, 6-26 membered alk-heteroaryl, and 6-26 membered substituted alk-heteroaryl;

R⁹²is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl; and

each Y¹¹, R⁹³, R⁹⁴, R⁹⁵, R⁹⁶, R⁹⁷, R⁹⁸, R⁹⁹, R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹, and R¹⁰²is independently selected from the group consisting of an electron-donating functional group, an electron-withdrawing functional group, and a lipophilic functional group.

53. The compound ofclaim 52 wherein Ar¹¹is selected from the group consisting of (C₅-C₂₀) aryl and (C₅-C₂₀) aryl independently substituted with one or more Y¹¹.

54. The compound ofclaim 53 wherein each Y¹¹is independently selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NH₂, where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

55. The compound ofclaim 52 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:

R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁴, R¹⁰⁵, R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

56. The compound ofclaim 52 which is selected from the group consisting of:

57. The compound ofclaim 55 having the structural formula wherein r is 2, s is 2, and R¹⁰⁶and R¹⁰⁷are each hydrogen.

58. The compound ofclaim 52 wherein G has the structural formula:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein:

R93, R⁹⁴, R⁹⁵, R⁹⁶, R⁹⁷and Y¹¹are each independently selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NH₂; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

59. The compound ofclaim 58 having the structural formula:

wherein:

R¹¹¹and R¹¹²are hydrogen;

R¹⁰⁸, R¹⁰⁹and R¹¹⁰are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; and

each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

60. The compound ofclaim 59 wherein r and s are 2.

61. The compound ofclaim 60 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

62. The compound ofclaim 52 wherein G has the structural formula:

and R⁹⁸, R⁹⁹, R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰²and Y¹¹are each independently selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO, —NO₂, —CN, -trihalomethyl, and —SO₂NH₂; where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl, and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

63. The compound ofclaim 62 wherein Ar¹¹is phenyl independently substituted with one or more Y¹¹.

64. The compound ofclaim 63 wherein r and s are two, having the structural formula:

R¹¹⁶and R¹¹⁷are each hydrogen;

R¹¹³, R¹¹⁴, R¹¹⁵are each independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —R, —OR, —SR, —NRR, —NO₂, —CN, halogen, trihalomethyl, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR, —C(NRR)═NOR, —C(O)NROR, —SO₂NRR, and —NRSO₂R; and

each R is independently selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₈) alkyl, (C₂-C₈) alkenyl and (C₂-C₈) alkynyl.

65. The compound ofclaim 64 having the structural formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

66. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound ofclaim 1,46 or52, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

67. A method of treating a disease related to inappropriate or unregulated production of collagen, said method comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according toclaim 1,46 or52.

68. The method of treating a fibrotic disorder selected from the group consisting of hepatic cirrhosis and arthritis, said method comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according toclaim 1,46 or52.

69. A zinc ion coordinating reagent, said reagent selected from the compounds ofclaim 1,46, or52.

70. The method of inhibiting an MMP, said method comprising the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound according toclaim 1,46, or52.