US20030172291A1

Movatterモバイル変換

Info

Publication number: US20030172291A1
Application number: US10/361,067
Authority: US
Inventors: Paul Judge; Guru Rajan
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Secure Computing LLC
Priority date: 2002-03-08
Filing date: 2003-02-07
Publication date: 2003-09-11
Also published as: US8069481B2; EP2562976A1; EP2562976B1; US20030172292A1; JP4688420B2; US20060265747A1; EP2562986B1; JP2005520230A; US7213260B2; AU2009203095B2; US7096498B2; US20070300286A1; EP2562975A1; EP2562987A1; US20060253447A1; US8042181B2; US8042149B2; US8631495B2; US20060174341A1; US20030172294A1

Abstract

The present invention is directed to systems and methods for detecting and preventing the delivery of unsolicited communications. A communication transmitted over a communications network is received and analyzed by a system processor. The system processor can extract attributes from the communication and compare extracted attributes to information stored in a system data store. In processing the communication, the system processor may assign a confidence level, a trust level, or other indicia of content. The results of that processing, analysis, and comparison can be used to direct the further handling of the communication. The system processor can dispose of communications by quarantining, deleting, or forwarding.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/093,553; 10/094,211; and 10/094,266 all filed on Mar. 8, 2002, which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety.[0001]

BACKGROUND

The present invention is directed to methods and systems for automated and/or authenticated whitelisting for accurate communications filtering. More specifically, without limitation, the present invention relates to computer-based systems and methods for automated whitelist generation based on outbound traffic associated with electronic communications transmitted over a communications network.[0002]

The Internet is a global network of connected computer networks. Over the last several years, the Internet has grown in significant measure. A large number of computers on the Internet provide information in various forms. Anyone with a computer connected to the Internet can potentially tap into this vast pool of information.[0003]

The information available via the Internet encompasses information available via a variety of types of application layer information servers such as SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol), GOPHER (RFC 1436), WAIS, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol, RFC 2616) and FTP (file transfer protocol, RFC 1123).[0004]

One of the most wide spread method of providing information over the Internet is via the World Wide Web (the Web). The Web consists of a subset of the computers connected to the Internet; the computers in this subset run Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) servers (Web servers). Several extensions and modifications to HTTP have been proposed including, for example, an extension framework (RFC 2774) and authentication (RFC 2617). Information on the Internet can be accessed through the use of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI, RFC 2396). A URI uniquely specifies the location of a particular piece of information on the Internet. A URI will typically be composed of several components. The first component typically designates the protocol by which the address piece of information is accessed (e.g., HTTP, GOPHER, etc.). This first component is separated from the remainder of the URI by a colon (‘:’). The remainder of the URI will depend upon the protocol component. Typically, the remainder designates a computer on the Internet by name, or by IP number, as well as a more specific designation of the location of the resource on the designated computer. For instance, a typical URI for an HTTP resource might be:[0005]

http://www.server.com/dir1/dir2/resource.htm where http is the protocol, www.server.com is the designated computer and /dir1/dir2/resource.htm designates the location of the resource on the designated computer. The term URI includes Uniform Resource Names (URN's) including URN's as defined according to RFC 2141.[0006]

Web servers host information in the form of Web pages; collectively the server and the information hosted are referred to as a Web site. A significant number of Web pages are encoded using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) although other encodings using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) or XHTML. The published specifications for these languages are incorporated by reference herein; such specifications are available from the World Wide Web Consortium and its Web site (http://www.w3c.org). Web pages in these formatting languages may include links to other Web pages on the same Web site or another. As will be known to those skilled in the art, Web pages may be generated dynamically by a server by integrating a variety of elements into a formatted page prior to transmission to a Web client. Web servers, and information servers of other types, await requests for the information from Internet clients.[0007]

Client software has evolved that allows users of computers connected to the Internet to access this information. Advanced clients such as Netscape's Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer allow users to access software provided via a variety of information servers in a unified client environment. Typically, such client software is referred to as browser software.[0008]

Electronic mail (e-mail) is another wide spread application using the Internet. A variety of protocols are often used for e-mail transmission, delivery and processing including SMTP and POP3 as discussed above. These protocols refer, respectively, to standards for communicating e-mail messages between servers and for server-client communication related to e-mail messages. These protocols are defined respectively in particular RFC's (Request for Comments) promulgated by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). The SMTP protocol is defined in RFC 821, and the POP3 protocol is defined in RFC 1939.[0009]

Since the inception of these standards, various needs have evolved in the field of e-mail leading to the development of further standards including enhancements or additional protocols. For instance, various enhancements have evolved to the SMTP standards leading to the evolution of extended SMTP. Examples of extensions may be seen in (1) RFC 1869 that defines a framework for extending the SMTP service by defining a means whereby a server SMTP can inform a client SMTP as to the service extensions it supports and in (2) RFC 1891 that defines an extension to the SMTP service, which allows an SMTP client to specify (a) that delivery status notifications (DSNs) should be generated under certain conditions, (b) whether such notifications should return the contents of the message, and (c) additional information, to be returned with a DSN, that allows the sender to identify both the recipient(s) for which the DSN was issued, and the transaction in which the original message was sent.[0010]

In addition, the IMAP protocol has evolved as an alternative to POP3 that supports more advanced interactions between e-mail servers and clients. This protocol is described in RFC 2060.[0011]

The various standards discussed above by reference to particular RFC's are hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. These RFC's are available to the public through the IETF and can be retrieved from its Web site (http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html). The specified protocols are not intended to be limited to the specific RFC's quoted herein above but are intended to include extensions and revisions thereto. Such extensions and/or revisions may or may not be encompassed by current and/or future RFC's.[0012]

A host of e-mail server and client products have been developed in order to foster e-mail communication over the Internet. E-mail server software includes such products as sendmail-based servers, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes Server, and Novell Group Wise; sendmail-based servers refer to a number of variations of servers originally based upon the sendmail program developed for the UNIX operating systems. A large number of e-mail clients have also been developed that allow a user to retrieve and view e-mail messages from a server; example products include Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, and Eudora. In addition, some e-mail servers, or e-mail servers in conjunction with a Web server, allow a Web browser to act as an e-mail client using the HTTP standard.[0013]

As the Internet has become more widely used, it has also created new risks for corporations. Breaches of computer security by hackers and intruders and the potential for compromising sensitive corporate information are a very real and serious threat. Organizations have deployed some or all of the following security technologies to protect their networks from Internet attacks:[0014]

Firewalls have been deployed at the perimeter of corporate networks. Firewalls act as gatekeepers and allow only authorized users to access a company network. Firewalls play an important role in controlling traffic into networks and are an important first step to provide Internet security.[0015]

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are being deployed throughout corporate networks. While the firewall acts as a gatekeeper, IDS act like a video camera. IDS monitor network traffic for suspicious patterns of activity, and issue alerts when that activity is detected. IDS proactively monitor your network 24 hours a day in order to identify intruders within a corporate or other local network.[0016]

Firewall and IDS technologies have helped corporations to protect their networks and defend their corporate information assets. However, as use of these devices has become widespread, hackers have adapted and are now shifting their point-of-attack from the network to Internet applications. The most vulnerable applications are those that require a direct, “always-open” connection with the Internet such as web and e-mail. As a result, intruders are launching sophisticated attacks that target security holes within these applications.[0017]

Many corporations have installed a network firewall, as one measure in controlling the flow of traffic in and out of corporate computer networks, but when it comes to Internet application communications such as e-mail messages and Web requests and responses, corporations often allow employees to send and receive from or to anyone or anywhere inside or outside the company. This is done by opening a port, or hole in their firewall (typically, port 25 for e-mail and port 80 for Web), to allow the flow of traffic. Firewalls do not scrutinize traffic flowing through this port. This is similar to deploying a security guard at a company's entrance but allowing anyone who looks like a serviceman to enter the building. An intruder can pretend to be a serviceman, bypass the perimeter security, and compromise the serviced Internet application.[0018]

FIG. 1 depicts a typical prior art server access architecture. With in a corporation's[0019]

local network

190, a variety of computer systems may reside. These systems typically includeapplication servers120 such as Web servers and e-mail servers, user workstations runninglocal clients130 such as e-mail readers and Web browsers, anddata storage devices110 such as databases and network connected disks. These systems communicate with each other via a local communication network such asEthernet150.Firewall system140 resides between the local communication network andInternet160. Connected to theInternet160 are a host ofexternal servers170 andexternal clients180.

[0020]

Local clients

130 can accessapplication servers120 and shareddata storage110 via the local communication network.External clients180 can accessexternal application servers170 via theInternet160. In instances where alocal server120 or alocal client130 requires access to anexternal server170 or where anexternal client180 or anexternal server170 requires access to alocal server120, electronic communications in the appropriate protocol for a given application server flow through “always open” ports offirewall system140.

The security risks do not stop there. After taking over the mail server, it is relatively easy for the intruder to use it as a launch pad to compromise other business servers and steal critical business information. This information may include financial data, sales projections, customer pipelines, contract negotiations, legal matters, and operational documents. This kind of hacker attack on servers can cause immeasurable and irreparable losses to a business.[0021]

In the 1980's, viruses were spread mainly by floppy diskettes. In today's interconnected world, applications such as e-mail serve as a transport for easily and widely spreading viruses. Viruses such as “I Love You” use the technique exploited by distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attackers to mass propagate. Once the “I Love You” virus is received, the recipient's Microsoft Outlook sends emails carrying viruses to everyone in the Outlook address book. The “I Love You” virus infected millions of computers within a short time of its release. Trojan horses, such as Code Red use this same technique to propagate themselves. Viruses and Trojan horses can cause significant lost productivity due to down time and the loss of crucial data.[0022]

The Nimda worm simultaneously attacked both email and web applications. It propagated itself by creating and sending infectious email messages, infecting computers over the network and striking vulnerable Microsoft IIS Web servers, deployed on Exchange mail servers to provide web mail.[0023]

Most e-mail and Web requests and responses are sent in plain text today, making it just as exposed as a postcard. This includes the e-mail message, its header, and its attachments, or in a Web context, a user name and password and/or cookie information in an HTTP request. In addition, when you dial into an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to send or receive e-mail messages, the user ID and password are also sent in plain text, which can be snooped, copied, or altered. This can be done without leaving a trace, making it impossible to know whether a message has been compromised.[0024]

As the Internet has become more widely used, it has also created new troubles for users. In particular, the amount of “spam” received by individual users has increased dramatically in the recent past. Spam, as used in this specification, refers to any communication receipt of which is either unsolicited or not desired by its recipient.[0025]

The following are additional security risks caused by Internet applications:[0026]

E-mail spamming consumes corporate resources and impacts productivity. Furthermore, spammers use a corporation's own mail servers for unauthorized email relay, making it appear as if the message is coming from that corporation.[0027]

E-mail and Web abuse, such as sending and receiving inappropriate messages and Web pages, are creating liabilities for corporations. Corporations are increasingly facing litigation for sexual harassment or slander due to e-mail their employees have sent or received.[0028]

Regulatory requirements such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (regulating financial institutions) create liabilities for companies where confidential patient or client information may be exposed in e-mail and/or Web servers or communications including e-mails, Web pages and HTTP requests.[0029]

Using the “always open” port, a hacker can easily reach an appropriate Internet application server, exploit its vulnerabilities, and take over the server. This provides hackers easy access to information available to the server, often including sensitive and confidential information. The systems and methods according to the present invention provide enhanced security for communications involved with such Internet applications requiring an “always-open” connection.[0030]

Anti-spam systems in use today include fail-open systems in which all incoming messages are filtered for spam. In these systems, a message is considered not to be spam until some form of examination proves otherwise. A message is determined to be spam based on an identification technique. Operators of such systems continue to invest significant resources in efforts to reduce the number of legitimate messages that are misclassified as spam. The penalties for any misclassification are significant and therefore most systems are designed to be predisposed not to classify messages as spam.[0031]

One such approach requires a user to explicitly list users from whom email is desirable. Such a list is one type of “whitelist”. There are currently two approaches for creating such a whitelist. In a desktop environment, an end-user can import an address book as the whitelist. This approach can become a burden when operated at a more central location such as the gateway of an organization. Therefore, some organizations only add a few entries to the whitelist as necessary. In that case, however, the full effect of whitelisting is not achieved. The present invention improves upon these systems by including a system that allows a more effective solution for whitelisting while requiring reduced manual effort by end-users or administrators. The present invention also allows a whitelist system to be strengthened by authenticating sender information. Some exemplary known whitelist and/or spam detection systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,052,709, U.S. Pat. No. 6,161,130 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/154,137 (publication 2002/0199095 A1), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by this reference.[0032]

Many systems in use today employ a fail-closed system in which a sender must prove its legitimacy. A common example of this type of system uses a challenge and response. Such a system blocks all messages from unknown senders and itself sends a confirmation message to the sender. The sender must respond to verify that it is a legitimate sender. If the sender responds, the sender is added to the whitelist. However, spammers can create tools to respond to the confirmation messages. Some confirmation messages are more advanced in an effort to require that a human send the response. The present invention is an improvement upon these systems. The present invention can reference information provided by users to determine who should be whitelisted rather than rely on the sender's confirmation. The systems and methods according to the present invention provide enhanced accuracy in the automated processing of electronic communications.[0033]

SUMMARY

The present invention is directed to methods and systems for automated and/or authenticated whitelisting for accurate communications filtering. One preferred embodiment according to the present invention includes a system data store (SDS), a system processor and one or more interfaces to one or more communications networks over which electronic communications are transmitted and received. The SDS stores data needed to provide the desired system functionality and may include, for example, received communications, data associated with such communications, information related to known security risks, information related to corporate policy with respect to communications for one or more applications (e.g., corporate e-mail policy, Web access guidelines, message interrogation parameters, and whitelists) and predetermined responses to the identification of particular security risks, situations or anomalies.[0034]

The SDS may include multiple physical and/or logical data stores for storing the various types of information. Data storage and retrieval functionality may be provided by either the system processor or data storage processors associated with the data store. The system processor is in communication with the SDS via any suitable communication channel(s); the system processor is in communication with the one or more interfaces via the same, or differing, communication channel(s). The system processor may include one or more processing elements that provide electronic communication reception, transmission, interrogation, analysis and/or other functionality.[0035]

Accordingly, one preferred method of automated whitelisting includes a variety of steps that may, in certain embodiments, be executed by the environment summarized above and more fully described below or be stored as computer executable instructions in and/or on any suitable combination of computer-readable media. In some embodiments, an electronic communication directed to or originating from an application server is received. The source of the electronic communication may be any appropriate internal or external client or any appropriate internal or external application server. One or more tests are applied to the received electronic communication to evaluate the received electronic communication for a particular security risk. A risk profile associated with the received electronic communication is stored based upon this testing. The stored risk profile is compared against data accumulated from previously received electronic communications to determine whether the received electronic communication is anomalous. If the received communication is determined to be anomalous, an anomaly indicator signal is output. The output anomaly indicator signal may, in some embodiments, notify an application server administrator of the detected anomaly by an appropriate notification mechanism (e.g., pager, e-mail, etc.) or trigger some corrective measure such as shutting down the application server totally, or partially (e.g., deny access to all communications from a particular source).[0036]

In some embodiments, an electronic communication directed to or originating from an email server is received. One or more tests can be applied to the received electronic communication to compare the sender's address in the received electronic communication to addresses contained in one or more whitelists.[0037]

Some embodiments may also support a particular approach to testing the received electronic communication, which may also be applicable for use in network level security and intrusion detection. In such embodiments, each received communication is interrogated by a plurality of interrogation engines where each such interrogation engine is of a particular type designed to test the communication for a particular security risk. Each received communication is interrogated by a series of interrogation engines of differing types. The ordering and selection of interrogation engine types for use with received communications may, in some embodiments, be configurable, whereas in others the ordering and selection may be fixed.[0038]

In some embodiments using this queuing approach, the assignment of an index for a received communication to a queue for an interrogation engine of a particular type may involve an evaluation of the current load across all queues for the particular interrogation engine type. If a threshold load exists, a new instance of an interrogation engine of the particular type may be spawned with an associated index queue. The index for the received communication may then be assigned to the queue associated with the interrogation engine instance. In some embodiments, the load across the queues associated with the particular type may be redistributed across the queues including the one associated with the new interrogation engine instance prior to the assignment of the index associated with the newly received communication to the queue. Some embodiments may also periodically, or at particular times such as a determination that a particular queue is empty, evaluate the load across queues for a type of interrogation engine and if an inactivity threshold is met, shutdown excess interrogation instances of that type and disassociating or deallocating indices queues associated with shutdown instances.[0040]

Alternatively, a fixed number of interrogation engines of each particular type may be configured in which case dynamic instance creation may or may not occur. In fixed instance embodiments not supporting dynamic instance creation, assignment to a particular queue may result from any appropriate allocation approach including load evaluation or serial cycling through queues associated with each interrogation engine instance of the particular type desired.[0041]

In some embodiments, anomaly detection may occur through a process outlined as follows. In such a process, data associated with a received communication is collected. The data may be accumulated from a variety of source such as from the communication itself and from the manner of its transmission and receipt. The data may be collected in any appropriate manner such as the multiple queue interrogation approach summarized above and discussed in greater detail below. Alternatively, the data collection may result from a parallel testing process where a variety of test is individually applied to the received communication in parallel. In other embodiments, a single combined analysis such as via neural network may be applied to simultaneously collect data associated with the received communication across multiple dimensions.[0042]

The collected data is then analyzed to determine whether the received communication represents an anomaly. The analysis will typically be based upon the collected data associated with the received communication in conjunction with established communication patterns over a given time period represented by aggregated data associated with previously received communications. The analysis may further be based upon defined and/or configurable anomaly rules. In some embodiments, analysis may be combined with the data collection; for instance, a neural network could both collect the data associated with the received communication and analyze it.[0043]

The adaptive communication interrogation can use established communication patterns over a given time period represented by aggregated data associated with previously received communications. The analysis can further be based upon defined and/or configurable spam rules. In some embodiments, analysis can be combined with the data collection; for instance, a neural network could both collect the data associated with the received communication and analyze it.[0044]

Finally, if an anomaly is detected with respect to the received communication, an indicator signal is generated. The generated signal may provide a warning to an application administrator or trigger some other appropriate action. In some embodiments, the indicator signal generated may provide a generalized indication of an anomaly; in other embodiments, the indicator may provide additional data as to a specific anomaly, or anomalies, detected. In the latter embodiments, any warning and/or actions resulting from the signal may be dependent upon the additional data.[0045]

Data collected from received communications can be analyzed to determine whether the received communication is on one or more whitelists. The analysis is typically based upon the collected data associated with the received communication in conjunction with reference to one or more whitelists. If no match to a whitelist is found, the communication can be subject to a certain level of interrogation. If a match to the whitelist is found, the communication can either bypass any message interrogation or it can be subject to a different level of interrogation. In one preferred embodiment, if a match to a whitelist is found, the message can be subject to either adaptive message interrogation or no message interrogation. If no match to a whitelist is found, the message can be subject to normal message interrogation. Additionally, a whitelist can be created and/or updated based on outbound communication. In one preferred embodiment, some or all of the destination addresses of outbound communications are added to a whitelist. If a destination address already appears on a whitelist, a confidence value associated with the destination can be modified based upon the destination address' presence. For instance, a usage count may be maintained; such a usage count can reflect absolute usage of the address or usage of the address over a given period of time.[0046]

Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.[0047]

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.[0048]

FIG. 1 depicts a typical prior art access environment.[0049]

FIG. 2 depicts a hardware diagram for an environment using one preferred embodiment according to the present invention.[0050]

FIG. 3 is a logical block diagram of the components in a typical embodiment of the present invention.[0051]

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an exemplary anomaly detection process according to the present invention.[0052]

FIG. 5 is a sample anomaly detection configuration interface screen.[0053]

FIG. 6 is a bock diagram depicting the architecture of an exemplary embodiment of a security enhancement system according to the present invention.[0054]

FIG. 7 is a block diagram depicting the architecture of an exemplary embodiment of a risk assessment approach according to the present invention using multiple queues to manage the application of a plurality of risk assessments to a received communication.[0055]

FIGS.[0056]8A-8B are a flow chart depicting the process of accessing risk associated with a received communication using the architecture depicted in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an exemplary communication assessment process according to the present invention.[0057]

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of an exemplary whitelist management process according to the present invention.[0058]

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an exemplary interrogation process according to the present invention.[0059]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described in detail. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts throughout the views. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Finally, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meanings of “and” and “or” include both the conjunctive and disjunctive and may be used interchangeably unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.[0060]

Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.[0061]

Architecture of a Typical Access Environment[0062]

FIG. 2 depicts a typical environment according to the present invention. As compared with FIG. 1, the access environment using systems and methods according to the present invention may include a[0063]

hardware device

210 connected to the local communication network such asEthernet180 and logically interposed between thefirewall system140 and thelocal servers120 andclients130. All application related electronic communications attempting to enter or leave the local communications network through thefirewall system140 are routed to thehardware device210 for application level security assessment and/or anomaly detection.Hardware device210 need not be physically separate from existing hardware elements managing the local communications network. For instance, the methods and systems according to the present invention could be incorporated into astandard firewall system140 or router (not shown) with equal facility. In environment not utilizing a firewall system, thehardware device210 may still provide application level security assessment and/or anomaly detection.

For convenience and exemplary purposes only, the foregoing discussion makes reference to[0064]

hardware device

210; however, those skilled in the art will understand that the hardware and/or software used to implement the systems and methods according to the present invention may reside in other appropriate network management hardware and software elements. Moreover,hardware device210 is depicted as a single element. In various embodiments, a multiplicity of actual hardware devices may be used. Multiple devices that provide security enhancement for application servers of a particular type such as e-mail or Web may be used where communications of the particular type are allocated among the multiple devices by an appropriate allocation strategy such as (1) serial assignment that assigns a communication to each device sequentially or (2) via the use of a hardware and/or software load balancer that assigns a communication to the device based upon current device burden. A single device may provide enhanced security across multiple application server types, or each device may only provide enhanced security for a single application server type.

In one embodiment,[0065]

hardware device

210 may be a rack-mounted Intel-based server at either 1U or 2U sizes. Thehardware device210 can be configured with redundant components such as power supplies, processors and disk arrays for high availability and scalability. Thehardware device210 may include SSL/TLS accelerators for enhanced performance of encrypted messages.

The[0066]

hardware device

210 will include a system processor potentially including multiple processing elements where each processing element may be supported via Intel-compatible processor platforms preferably using at least one PENTIUM III or CELERON (Intel Corp., Santa Clara, Calif.) class processor; alternative processors such as UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, Calif.) could be used in other embodiments. In some embodiments, security enhancement functionality, as further described below, may be distributed across multiple processing elements. The term processing element may refer to (1) a process running on a particular piece, or across particular pieces, of hardware, (2) a particular piece of hardware, or either (1) or (2) as the context allows.

The[0067]

hardware device

210 would have an SDS that could include a variety of primary and secondary storage elements. In one preferred embodiment, the SDS would include RAM as part of the primary storage; the amount of RAM might range from 128 MB to 4 GB although these amounts could vary and represent overlapping use such as where security enhancement according to the present invention is integrated into a firewall system. The primary storage may in some embodiments include other forms of memory such as cache memory, registers, non-volatile memory (e.g., FLASH, ROM, EPROM, etc.), etc.

The SDS may also include secondary storage including single, multiple and/or varied servers and storage elements. For example, the SDS may use internal storage devices connected to the system processor. In embodiments where a single processing element supports all of the security enhancement functionality, a local hard disk drive may serve as the secondary storage of the SDS, and a disk operating system executing on such a single processing element may act as a data server receiving and servicing data requests.[0068]

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the different information used in the security enhancement processes and systems according to the present invention may be logically or physically segregated within a single device serving as secondary storage for the SDS; multiple related data stores accessible through a unified management system, which together serve as the SDS; or multiple independent data stores individually accessible through disparate management systems, which may in some embodiments be collectively viewed as the SDS. The various storage elements that comprise the physical architecture of the SDS may be centrally located, or distributed across a variety of diverse locations.[0069]

The architecture of the secondary storage of the system data store may vary significantly in different embodiments. In several embodiments, database(s) are used to store and manipulate the data; in some such embodiments, one or more relational database management systems, such as DB2 (IBM, White Plains, N.Y.), SQL Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), ACCESS (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), ORACLE 8i (Oracle Corp., Redwood Shores, Calif.), Ingres (Computer Associates, Islandia, N.Y.), MySQL (MySQL AB, Sweden) or Adaptive Server Enterprise (Sybase Inc., Emeryville, Calif.), may be used in connection with a variety of storage devices/file servers that may include one or more standard magnetic and/or optical disk drives using any appropriate interface including, without limitation, IDE and SCSI. In some embodiments, a tape library such as Exabyte X80 (Exabyte Corporation, Boulder, Colo.), a storage attached network (SAN) solution such as available from (EMC, Inc., Hopkinton, Mass.), a network attached storage (NAS) solution such as a NetApp Filer 740 (Network Appliances, Sunnyvale, Calif.), or combinations thereof may be used. In other embodiments, the data store may use database systems with other architectures such as object-oriented, spatial, object-relational or hierarchical or may use other storage implementations such as hash tables or flat files or combinations of such architectures. Such alternative approaches may use data servers other than database management systems such as a hash table look-up server, procedure and/or process and/or a flat file retrieval server, procedure and/or process. Further, the SDS may use a combination of any of such approaches in organizing its secondary storage architecture.[0070]

The[0071]

hardware device

210 would have an appropriate operating system such as WINDOWS/NT, WINDOWS 2000 or WINDOWS/XP Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), Solaris (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, Calif.), or LINUX (or other UNIX variant). In one preferred embodiment, thehardware device210 includes a pre-loaded, pre-configured, and hardened UNIX operating system based upon FreeBSD (FreeBSD, Inc., http://www.freebsd.org). In this embodiment, the UNIX kernel has been vastly reduced, eliminating non-essential user accounts, unneeded network services, and any functionality that is not required for security enhancement processing. The operating system code has been significantly modified to eliminate security vulnerabilities.

Depending upon the hardware/operating system platform, appropriate server software may be included to support the desired access for the purpose of configuration, monitoring and/or reporting. Web server functionality may be provided via an Internet Information Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), an Apache HTTP Server (Apache Software Foundation, Forest Hill, Md.), an iplanet Web Server (iPlanet E-Commerce Solutions—A Sun—Netscape Alliance, Mountain View, Calif.) or other suitable Web server platform. The e-mail services may be supported via an Exchange Server (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.), sendmail or other suitable e-mail server. Some embodiments may include one or more automated voice response (AVR) systems that are in addition to, or instead of, the aforementioned access servers. Such an AVR system could support a purely voice/telephone driven interface to the environment with hard copy output delivered electronically to suitable hard copy output device (e.g., printer, facsimile, etc.), and forward as necessary through regular mail, courier, inter-office mail, facsimile or other suitable forwarding approach. In one preferred embodiment, an Apache server variant provides an interface for remotely configuring the[0072]

hardware device

210. Configuration, monitoring, and/or reporting can be provided using some form of remote access device or software. In one preferred embodiment, SNMP is used to configure and/or monitor the device. In one preferred embodiment, any suitable remote client device is used to send and retrieve information and commands to/from thehardware device210. Such a remote client device can be provided in the form of a Java client or a Windows-based client running on any suitable platform such as a conventional workstation or a handheld wireless device or a proprietary client running on an appropriate platform also including a conventional workstation or handheld wireless device.

Application Layer Electronic Communication Security Enhancement[0073]

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of the logical components of a security enhancement system according to the present invention. The overall analysis, reporting and monitoring functionality is represented by[0074]

block

310, and anomaly detection is represented byblock370.

Blocks[0075]320-360 represent different assessments that may be applied to electronic communications. These blocks are representative of assessments that may be performed and do not constitute an exhaustive representation of all possible assessments for all possible application server types. The terms “test” and “testing” may be used interchangeably with the terms “assess”, “assessment” or “assessing” as appropriate in the description herein and in the claims that follow.

Application[0076]

specific firewall

320 provides functionality to protect against application-specific attacks. For instance in the context of e-mail, this assessment could protect against attacks directed towards Extended SMTP, buffer overflow, and denial of service.

Application[0077]specific IDS 330 provides real-time monitoring of activities specific to the application server. This may also retrieve information from multiple layers including the application layer, network layer and operating system layer. This compliments a network intrusion detection system by adding an additional layer of application specific IDS monitoring.

Application specific anti-virus protection and[0078]

anti-spam protection

340 provides support for screening application specific communications for associated viruses and/or spam.

[0079]

Policy management

350 allows definition of corporate policies with respect to the particular application in regard to how and what application specific communications are sent, copied or blocked. Executable attachments or communication components, often sources of viruses and/or worms, and/or questionable content can be stripped or quarantined before they get to the application server or client. Mail messages from competitors can be blocked or copied. Large messages can be relegated to off-peak hours to avoid network congestion.

[0080]

Application encryption

360 provides sending and receiving application communications securely, potentially leveraging hardware acceleration for performance.

The application security system processes incoming communications and appears to network intruders as the actual application servers. This prevents the actual enterprise application server from a direct or indirect attack.[0081]

Electronic communications attempting to enter or leave a local communications network can be routed through present invention for assessment. The results of that assessment can determine if that message will be delivered to its intended recipient.[0082]

An incoming or outgoing communication, and attachments thereto, are received by a security system according to the present invention. The communication in one preferred embodiment is an e-mail message. In other embodiments, the communication may be an HTTP request or response, a GOPHER request or response, an FTP command or response, telnet or WAIS interactions, or other suitable Internet application communication.[0083]

The automated whitelist generation of the present invention allows the system to automatically create and/or maintain one or more whitelists based on the outbound email traffic. In some embodiments, the system can monitor outbound, and/or inbound, email traffic and thereby determine the legitimate email addresses to add to the whitelist. The software can use a set of metrics to decide which outbound addresses are actually legitimate addresses.[0084]

A data collection process occurs that applies one or more assessment strategies to the received communication. The multiple queue interrogation approach summarized above and described in detail below provides the data collection functionality in one preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the assessments may be performed on each received message in parallel. A separate processing element of the system processor would be responsible for applying each assessment to the received message. In other embodiments, multiple risk assessments may be performed on the received communication simultaneously using an approach such as a neural network. The application of each assessment, or the assessments in the aggregate, generates one or more risk profiles associated with the received communication. The risk profile or log file generated based upon the assessment of the received communication is stored in the SDS. The collected data may be used to perform threat analysis or forensics. This processing may take place after the communication is already received and forwarded.[0085]

In one preferred embodiment, particular assessments may be configurably enabled or disabled by an application administrator. An appropriate configuration interface system may be provided as discussed above in order to facilitate configuration by the application administrator.[0086]

An anomaly detection process analyzes the stored risk profile associated with the received communication in order to determine whether it is anomalous in light of data associated with previously received communications. In one preferred embodiment, the anomaly detection process summarized above and described in detail below supports this detection functionality. Anomaly detection in some embodiments may be performed simultaneously with assessment. For instance, an embodiment using a neural network to perform simultaneous assessment of a received communication for multiple risks may further analyze the received communication for anomalies; in such an embodiment, the data associated with the previously received communications may be encoded as weighting factors in the neural network.[0087]

In some embodiments, the thresholds for various types of anomalies may be dynamically determined based upon the data associated with previously received communications. Alternatively, an interface may be provided to an application administrator to allow configuration of particular thresholds with respect to individual anomaly types. In some embodiments, thresholds by default may be dynamically derived unless specifically configured by an application administrator.[0088]

Anomalies are typically detected based upon a specific time period. Such a time period could be a particular fixed period (e.g., prior month, prior day, prior year, since security device's last reboot, etc.) and apply to all anomaly types. Alternatively, the time period for all anomaly types, or each anomaly type individually, may be configurable by an application administrator through an appropriate interface. Some embodiments may support a fixed period default for all anomaly types, or each anomaly type individually, which may be overridden by application administrator configuration.[0089]

In one preferred embodiment, the stored risk profile associated with the received communication is aggregated with data associated with previously received communications of the same type. This newly aggregate data set is then used in analysis of subsequently received communications of that type.[0090]

If an anomaly is detected, an anomaly indicator signal is output. The outputted signal may include data identifying the anomaly detected and the communication in which the anomaly was detected. Various types of anomalies are discussed below with respect to e-mail application security. These types of anomalies may be detected using the specific detection approach discussed below or any of the aforementioned alternative anomaly detection approaches.[0091]

The outputted signal may trigger a further response in some embodiments; alternatively, the outputted signal may be the response. In one preferred embodiment, the outputted signal may be a notification to one or more designated recipient via one or more respective, specified delivery platform. For instance, the notification could be in the form of an e-mail message, a page, a facsimile, an SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) alert, an SMS (Short Message System) message, a WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) alert, OPSEC (Operations Security) warning a voice phone call or other suitable message. Alternatively, such a notification could be triggered by the outputted signal.[0092]

Using SNMP allows interfacing with network level security using a manager and agent; an example would be monitoring traffic flow through a particular router. OPSEC is a formalized process and method for protecting critical information. WAP is an open, global specification that empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and services instantly. An example would be formatting a WAP page to a wireless device that supports WAP when an anomaly is detected. WAP pages are stripped down versions of HTML and are optimized for wireless networks and devices with small displays. SMS is a wireless technology that utilizes SMTP and SNMP for transports to deliver short text messages to wireless devices such as a Nokia 8260 phone. SMS messages could be sent out to these devices to alert a user of an intrusion detection of anomaly alert.[0093]

Instead of or in addition to a notification, one or more corrective measures could be triggered by the outputted signal. Such corrective measures could include refusing acceptance of further communications from the source of the received communication, quarantining the communication, stripping the communication so that it can be safely handled by the application server, and/or throttling excessive numbers of incoming connections per second to levels manageable by internal application servers.[0094]

In one preferred embodiment, an interface may be provided that allows an application administrator to selectively configure a desired response and associated this configured response with a particular anomaly type such that when an anomaly of that type is detected the configured response occurs.[0095]

Finally, if an anomaly is detected with respect to a received communication, the communication may or may not be forwarded to the intended destination. Whether communications determined to be anomalous are forwarded or not may, in certain embodiments, be configurable with respect to all anomaly types. Alternatively, forwarding of anomalous communications could be configurable with respect to individual anomaly types. In some such embodiments, a default forwarding setting could be available with respect to any individual anomaly types not specifically configured.[0096]

Whitelisting[0097]

In one embodiment, the system can be configured so that communications matched to a whitelist entry may be subject to either no interrogation or less rigorous interrogation. Once a whitelist has at least one entry, the incoming message interrogation system can utilize it in connection with the interrogation of a message.[0098]

FIG. 10 depicts operations that can be performed on a whitelist to add an entry. Once an outgoing address passes any[0099]

exclusion conditions

1005 described above, it can be added to a whitelist. The whitelist can be stored on the SDS. The system first checks to see if the address is already present on thelist1010. If present, the list can be updated with anynew information1015. Before new information is updated, the system can check for sufficient space in theSDS1025. If sufficient space is not available, additional space is allocated from theSDS1030. If an address is not found in a whitelist, an initial record can be added for that address. Before a new address is added to awhitelist1040, the system can check for sufficient space in theSDS1020. If sufficient space is not available, additional space is allocated from theSDS1035. In many embodiments, explicit space allocation need not occur rather implicit space allocation occurs as a result of aninformation update1015 or anadd entry1040.

The initial record for an outbound address can include the email address, the internal email address, the message sent time, usage count, last time used and/or any other characteristics one skilled in the art would find relevant or useful. In the case of an email address that is already present on a whitelist, the system can use a separate record for each instance of that email address being used as an outbound address or the system can maintain a single record for each outbound address with a summary of information in that entry, including information describing instances of use. The system can store records in a number of other ways using different data structures. The records may include other representations of data in addition to the email address, including by not limited to a hash of the email address.[0100]

In a preferred embodiment, the system can store records in a MySQL database. As a non-limiting example, the following command can be used to build a database comprising the external and internal email addresses, date of last update, and an occurrence counter.[0101]



create table ct_whitelist
(out_emailaddress	varchar(255) not null,	External email
		address
in_emailaddress	varchar(255) not null,	Internal email
		address
lastupdatetime	datetime,	Last update of this
		address
curr_count	integer,	Address occurrence
);		counter

Maintaining the Whitelist[0102]

In some embodiments, the system can allow unlimited storage. In other embodiments, the storage available for the list can be limited. In still other embodiments, the system can allow for management of the size of the list. A number of caching techniques can be used, including but not limited to first in first out and least recently used. Other techniques can include an accounting of the number of internal users that reported the outbound address. List cleanup can occur in real-time or periodically. Additionally, one skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of list management techniques and procedures can be used to manage a whitelist in connection with the present invention.[0103]

Whitelist Usage[0104]

An example of a system using a whitelist according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 9. One or more relevant parameters of[0105]

inbound communication

905 are compared against one ormore whitelists910. In some embodiments, the whitelist is checked at each incoming email message. In a preferred embodiment, the comparison includes origination email addresses. If the check against awhitelist910 reveals no match, then the message is subject tonormal message interrogation915. Normal message interrogation can employ analysis criteria that are the most sensitive to spam or other threats as discussed hereinabove. If a message passesnormal interrogation915, i.e. it is determined not to be spam or a threat (or to have a lower likelihood of being spam or a threat), it can be presented to its intended recipient fordelivery920. If the check against awhitelist910 reveals a match, the system can be configured to process the message in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, the system can be programmed or arranged to bypass925 any message interrogation and deliver the message to its intendedrecipient920. In an alternative embodiment, the system can be programmed or arranged to process the message using adaptive message interrogation930. If adaptive message interrogation930 determines a message is not spam, it can forward the message fordelivery920.

In some embodiments, both[0106]

options

925,930 are selectively available. The decision whether to pass whitelisted communications through adaptive message interrogation930 or to bypass anymessage interrogation925 can be made per deployment or can be based on the details of the whitelist entry. For instance, messages from more frequently used outbound address can bypass925 interrogation completely whereas messages from less frequently used outbound addresses can be subjected to adaptive message interrogation930.

If the message goes through normal or adaptive interrogation with the whitelist information, the interrogation module can utilize the whitelist information to effect the type and/or level of interrogation. In some preferred embodiments, the adaptive message interrogation can use multiple levels of trust, as further described below and in FIG. 11. In other embodiments, the adaptive message interrogation can set a confidence indicator indicative of the confidence the interrogator has in its characterization.[0107]

Messages that are not delivered to the intended recipient can be either quarantined or deleted. In an alternative embodiment, messages determined to be spam can be indicated as spam or a threat and forwarded to the intended recipient.[0108]

Additionally, each outbound email address can be assigned a confidence value. According to the confidence value associated with a given incoming email address, incoming messages can be subjected to variable levels of interrogation. In one preferred embodiment, incoming messages associated with lower confidence values are subjected to more aggressive spam interrogation and incoming messages associated with higher confidence values are subjected to less aggressive spam interrogation. In other embodiments, the message can be given positive credits to offset any negative spam detection points based on the confidence value.[0109]

One preferred embodiment of the system allows some or all external email recipients to be whitelisted[0110]935. Some embodiments can have a metric that describes the number of outgoing messages to a particular email address. When the metric reaches a certain threshold, the email address can be whitelisted. Other embodiments can include the ability to track addresses over time. In those embodiments, if the metric exceeds a certain value for a particular outbound email address during a particular time, then that entry can be whitelisted.

The parameters described above may be configurable by an application administrator through an appropriate interface. Some embodiments may support fixed parameters which may be overridden by application administrator configuration.[0111]

In some embodiments, the threshold for characterization as spam or a threat may be dynamically determined based upon the data associated with previously received communications. Alternatively, an interface may be provided to an application administrator to allow configuration of particular thresholds with respect to individual addresses. In some embodiments, thresholds by default may be dynamically derived unless specifically configured by an application administrator.[0112]

When spam or a threat is detected, instead of, or in addition to, a notification, one or more response measures could be triggered. Such responsive measures could include refusing acceptance of further communications from the source of the received communication, quarantining the communication, stripping the communication so that it can be forwarded to its intended recipient, and/or throttling excessive numbers of incoming communications from certain sources.[0113]

Authenticated Whitelist[0114]

One issue with whitelists is that attackers or spammers can pretend to send messages from whitelisted addresses and therefore bypass filtering and anti-spam tools. It is relatively easy for an attacker to forge the sender information on messages. To overcome this limitation of whitelists, the system of the present invention allows the authentication of the sender information. There are several methods for integrating sender authentication with a whitelist system. In one embodiment, only authenticated senders can be whitelisted. Such a procedure can reduce the likelihood of forged senders being whitelisted. However, in many environments, the percentage of messages that are authenticated is low, thereby reducing the effectiveness of whitelisting. Some embodiments of the present invention can allow both authenticated and unauthenticated senders to be whitelisted. In these embodiments, a higher trust value is given to messages from authenticated senders. SMIME and PGP offer mechanism for providing authentication.[0115]

One such embodiment is depicted in FIG. 11. As a non-limiting example, when a[0116]

message

1105 is received from a sender on awhitelist1115 an associated level of trust is retrieved or calculated1135. In some embodiments, the trust level value is a single value associated with the whitelist entry that simply requires retrieval. In other embodiments, the trust level value can be calculated as a weighted sum of various characteristics of the entry; in some such embodiments, the weights can be statically defined, defaulted subject to override by a user or other computer system or dynamically configurable. That associated level of trust can be compared to a threshold level1140. Any communications that have a trust level that meets or exceeds the trust level threshold can bypass message interrogation1120 while communications that do not have a trust sufficient trust level will be processed with at least someinterrogation1125. Messages that bypass interrogation1120 as well as messages that passinterrogation1125 can be delivered to the intendedrecipient1145. In such an embodiment, messages not associated with a whitelist entry are subjected to interrogation andfurther processing1150.

Some embodiments of the present invention can allow the[0117]

trust level threshold

1130 to be configured by an administrator, other user of the system or other computer systems.

Exclusions from Whitelist[0118]

The spam/threat detection according to present invention examines every outbound message and maintains a list of known outbound email addresses. The resulting list can then be used as the list of trusted senders. However, it may not be advisable in all cases to add every outbound message recipient to the list of trusted senders for incoming mail. For example, while a user may send a message to a newsgroup, that does not indicate that messages from this newsgroup should necessarily bypass mail filtering. To further illustrate, a user may send an unsubscribe message to a newsletter or in response to a spam message. Thus, there can be situations in which unconditional whitelist addition is not advisable. The system of the present invention allows certain exclusion conditions to be entered and applied.[0119]

These exclusion conditions can include rule sets, heuristics, artificial intelligence, decision trees, or any combination thereof. The conditions can be set by and administrator or other user of the system.[0120]

Multiple Queue Approach to Interrogation of Electronic Communications[0121]

With reference to FIG. 7, a multiple queue approach is provided for applying a plurality of risk assessments to a received communication.[0122]

Messages are first placed in an[0123]

unprocessed message store

730, a portion of the SDS, for advanced processing and administration. Messages come in from anexternal source740 and are placed in thisstore730. Thisstore730 maintains physical control over the message until the end of the process or if a message does not pass interrogation criteria and is, therefore, quarantined.

An index to the message in the[0124]

store

730 is used to pass through each of the

queues

771B,781B-784B,791B in thequeuing layer720 and to the

interrogation engines

771A,781A-784A,791A instead of the actual message itself to provide scalability and performance enhancements as the index is significantly smaller than the message itself.

Both the queues and the interrogation engines use the index to point back to the actual message in the[0125]

unprocessed message store

730 to perform actions on the message. Any suitable index allocation approach may be used to assign an index to a received message, or communication. For instances, indices may be assigned by incrementing the index assigned to the previously received communication beginning with some fixed index such as 0 for the first received communication; the index could be reset to the fixed starting point after a sufficiently large index has been assigned. In some embodiments, an index may be assigned based upon characteristics of the received communication such as type of communication, time of arrival, etc.

This approach provides independent processing of messages by utilizing a multi-threaded, multi-process methodology, thereby providing a scalable mechanism to process high volumes of messages by utilizing a multi-threaded, multi-process approach.[0126]

By processing messages independently, the[0127]

queuing layer

720 decides the most efficient means of processing by either placing an index to the message on an existing queue or creating a new queue and placing the index to the message on that queue. In the event that a new queue is created, a new instance of the particular interrogation engine type will be created that will be acting on the new queue.

Queues can be added or dropped dynamically for scalability and administration. The application administrator can, in one preferred embodiment, configure the original number of queues to be used by the system at start-up. The administrator also has the capability of dynamically dropping or adding specific queues or types of queues for performance and administration purposes. Each queue is tied to a particular interrogation engine where multiple queues and multiple processes can exist.[0128]

Proprietary application-specific engines can act on each queue for performing content filtering, rules-based policy enforcement, and misuse prevention, etc. A loosely coupled system allows for proprietary application-specific applications to be added enhancing functionality.[0129]

This design provides the adaptive method for message interrogation. Application-specific engines act on the message via the index to the message in the unprocessed message store for completing content interrogation.[0130]

Administration of the queues provides for retrieving message details via an appropriate interface such as a Web, e-mail and/or telephone based interface system as discussed above in order to facilitate access and management by the application administrator. Administration of the queues allows the administrator to select message queue order (other than the system default) to customize the behavior of the system to best meet the needs of the administrator's particular network and system configuration.[0131]

FIGS.[0132]8A-8B are flow charts depicting use of the multiple queue approach to assess risk associated with a received communication. At step802 a determination is made if the start-up of the process is being initiated; if so,

steps

805 and807 are performed to read appropriate configuration files from the SDS to determine the type, number and ordering of interrogation engines and the appropriate queues and instances are created. If not, the process waits atstep810 for receipt of a communication.

Upon receipt at[0133]

step

812, the communication is stored in a portion of the SDS referred to as the unprocessed message store. The communication is assigned atstep815 an index used to uniquely identify it in the unprocessed message store, and this index is placed in the first queue based upon the ordering constraints.

The processing that occurs at[0134]

step

810 awaiting receipt of communication continues independently of the further steps in this process, and will consequently spawn a new traversal of the remainder of the flow chart with each received communication. In some embodiments, multiple instances ofstep810 may be simultaneously awaiting receipt of communications.

In some embodiments, the receipt of a communication may trigger a load evaluation to determine if additional interrogation engines and associated queues should be initiated. In other embodiments, a separate process may perform this load analysis on a periodic basis and/or at the direction of an application administrator.[0135]

The index moves through the[0136]

queue

820 until it is ready to be interrogated by the interrogation engine associated with the queue as determined instep825. This incremental movement is depicted as looping between

steps

820 and825 until ready for interrogation. If the communication is not ready for evaluation atstep825, the communication continues moves to move through the queue atstep820. If the communication is ready, the index is provided to the appropriate interrogation engine atstep830 in FIG. 8B.

The interrogation engine processes the communication based upon its index in[0137]

step

830. Upon completion of interrogation instep835, the interrogation creates a new risk profile associated with the received communication based upon the interrogation.

If additional interrogations are to occur (step[0138]840), the index for the communication is place in a queue for an instance of the next interrogation type instep845. Processing continues withstep820 as the index moves through this next queue.

If no more interrogations are required (step[0139]840), a further check is made to determine if the communication passed interrogation by all appropriate engines atstep850. If the communication passed all interrogations, then it is forwarded to its destination instep855 and processing with respect to this communication ends atstep870.

If the communication failed one or more interrogation as determined at[0140]

step

850, failure processing occurs atstep860. Upon completion of appropriate failure processing, processing with respect to this communication ends atstep870.

Failure processing may involve a variety of notification and/or corrective measures. Such notifications and/or corrective measures may include those as discussed above and in further detail below with respect to anomaly detection.[0141]

Anomaly Detection Process[0142]

The Anomaly Detection process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention uses three components as depicted in FIG. 6:[0143]

1. Collection Engine[0144]

This is where the actual collection of data occurs. The collection engine receives a communication directed to or originating from an application server. One or more tests are applied to the received communication. These one or more tests may correspond to the various risk assessments discussed above.[0145]

The collection engine in one preferred embodiment as depicted in FIG. 6 uses the multiple queue approach discussed above; however, this particular collection engine architecture is intended as exemplary rather than restrictive with respect to collection engines usable within the context of this anomaly detection process.[0146]

As depicted in FIG. 6, the collection engine includes one or more interrogation engines of one or more interrogation engine types in an[0147]

interrogation layer

610. Associated with each interrogation engine type in aqueuing layer620 is at least one indices queue containing the indices of received communication awaiting interrogation by an interrogation engine of the associated type. Collectively, thequeuing layer620 and theinterrogation layer610 form the collection engine. A received communication is received, stored in the SDS and assigned an index. The index is queued in the queuing layer for processing through the collection engine.

2. Analysis Engine[0148]

The data collected by the previous component is analyzed for unusual activity by the[0149]

anomaly detection engine

640. The analysis is based on data accumulated from analysis of previously received communications over a period of time. A set of predefined heuristics may be used to detect anomalies using dynamically derived or predetermined thresholds. A variety of anomaly types may be defined generally for all types of Internet application communications while others may be defined for only particular application types such as e-mail or Web. The data associated with previously received communications andappropriate configuration data630 are stored in the SDS.

The set of anomaly types that the analysis engine will detect may be selected from a larger set of known anomaly types. The set of interest may be set at compile time or configurable at run time, or during execution in certain embodiments. In embodiments using the set approach all anomaly types and configuration information are set within the analysis engine. In some such embodiments, different sets of anomalies may be of interest depending upon the type of communication received. In configurable at run time embodiments, anomaly types are read from a configuration file or interactively configured at run time of the analysis engine. As with the set approach, certain anomaly types may be of interest with respect to only selected types of communication. Finally, in some embodiments (including some set or configurable ones), an interface such as described above may be provided allowing reconfiguration of the anomaly types of interest and parameters associated therewith while the analysis engine is executing.[0150]

The thresholds for various types of anomalies may be dynamically determined based upon the data associated with previously received communications. Alternatively, an interface may be provided to an application administrator to allow configuration of particular thresholds with respect to individual anomaly types. In some embodiments, thresholds by default may be dynamically derived unless specifically configured by an application administrator.[0151]

Anomalies are typically detected based upon a specific time period. Such a time period could be a particular fixed period (e.g., prior month, prior day, prior year, since security device's last reboot, etc.) and apply to all anomaly types. Alternatively, the time period for all anomaly types, or each anomaly type individually, may be configurable by an application administrator through an appropriate interface such as those discussed above. Some embodiments may support a fixed period default for all anomaly types, or each anomaly type individually, which may be overridden by application administrator configuration.[0152]

In one preferred embodiment, as depicted in FIG. 6, information from the risk profiles[0153]642,644,646 generated by the collection engine is compared with the acquired thresholds for anomaly types of interest. Based upon these comparisons, a determination is made as to whether the received communication is anomalous, and if so, in what way (anomaly type) the communication is anomalous.

In one preferred embodiment, the stored risk profile associated with the received communication is aggregated with data associated with previously received communications of the same type. This newly aggregate data set is then used in analysis of subsequently received communications of that type.[0154]

If an anomaly is detected, an anomaly indicator signal is output. The outputted signal may include data identifying the anomaly type detected and the communication in which the anomaly was detected such as[0155]

alert data

650. Various types of anomalies are discussed below with respect to e-mail application security. These types of anomalies may be detected using the specific detection approach discussed below or any of the aforementioned alternative anomaly detection approaches.

3. Action Engine[0156]

Based on the analysis, this component takes a decision of what sort of action needs to be triggered. Generally the action involves alerting the administrator of the ongoing unusual activity. An[0157]

alert engine

660 performs this task by providing any appropriate notifications and/or initiating any appropriate corrective actions.

The outputted signal may trigger a further response in some embodiments; alternatively, the outputted signal may be the response. In one preferred embodiment, the outputted signal may be a notification to one or more designated recipient via one or more respective, specified delivery platform. For instance, the notification could be in the form of an e-mail message, a page, a facsimile, an SNMP alert, an SMS message, a WAP alert, OPSEC warning a voice phone call or other suitable message. Alternatively, such a notification could be triggered by the outputted signal.[0158]

Instead of or in addition to a notification, one or more corrective measures could be triggered by the outputted signal. Such corrective measures could include refusing acceptance of further communications from the source of the received communication, quarantining the communication, stripping the communication so that it can be safely handled by the application server, and/or throttling excessive numbers of incoming connections per second to levels manageable by internal application servers.[0159]

In one preferred embodiment, an interface may be provided that allows an application administrator to selectively configure a desired response and associate this configured response with a particular anomaly type such that when an anomaly of that type is detected the configured response occurs.[0160]

FIG. 4 depicts a flow chart in a typical anomaly detection process according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The process starts in[0161]

step

410 by initializing various constraints of the process including the types of anomalies, thresholds for these types and time periods for which prior data is to be considered. This information may be configured interactively at initiation. In addition to, or instead of, the interactive configuration, previously stored configuration information may be loaded from the SDS.

The process continues at[0162]

step

420 where anomaly definitional information is read (e.g., Incoming messages that have the same attachment within a 15 minute interval.). A determination is then made as to whether a new thread is needed; this determination is based upon the read the anomaly details (step not shown). Instep430, if a new thread is required, the thread is spun for processing instep450. Instep440, the process sleeps for a specified period of time before returning to step420 to read information regarding an anomaly.

Once processing of the new thread commences in[0163]

step

450, information needed to evaluate the anomaly is retrieved from appropriate locations in the SDS, manipulated if needed, and analyzed instep460. A determination instep470 occurs to detect an anomaly. In one preferred embodiment, this step uses predetermined threshold values to make the determination; such predetermined threshold values could be provided interactively or via a configuration file. If an anomaly is not detected, the process stops.

If an anomaly is detected, an anomaly indicator signal is output at[0164]

step

480 which may result in a notification. The possible results of anomaly detection are discussed in more detail above with respect to the Action Engine.

The types of anomalies may vary depending upon the type and nature of the particular application server. The following discussion provides exemplary definitions of anomalies where e-mail is the application context in question. Anomalies similar, or identical, to these can be defined with respect to other application server types.[0165]

There are many potential anomaly types of interest in an e-mail system. The analysis is based on the collected data and dynamic rules for normality based on the historic audited data. In some embodiments, an application administrator can be provided with an interface for configuring predefined rules with respect to different anomaly types. FIG. 5 provides a sample screen for such an interface. The interface functionality may be provided via a Web server running on the security enhancement device or other suitable interface platform as discussed above.[0166]

In one preferred embodiment, the threshold value for the analysis for each anomaly is derived from an anomaly action table. The action for each anomaly is also taken from this table. The analysis identifies that some thing unusual has occurred and hands over to the action module. Enumerated below with respect to e-mail are anomalies of various types.[0167]

1. Messages from same IP Address—The point of collection for this anomaly is SMTPI/SMTPIS service. SMTPI/SMTPIS has information about the IP address from which the messages originate. The IP address is stored in the SDS. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period from the same IP address should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0168]

2. Messages from same Address (MAIL FROM)—The point of collection for this anomaly is SMTPI/SMTPIS service. SMTPIeSMTPIS has information about the address (MAIL FROM) from which the messages originate. The determined address is stored in the SDS. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period with the same MAIL FROM address should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0169]

3. Messages having same Size—The point of collection for this anomaly is SMTPI/SMTPIS service. SMTPI/SMTPIS has information about the size of the messages. The size of the message is stored in the SDS. This size denotes the size of the message body and does not include the size of the headers. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period with a same size should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0170]

4. Messages having same Subject—The point of collection for this anomaly is SMTPI/SMTPIS service. SMTPI/SMTPIS has information about the subject line of the message. The subject line information for the message is stored in the SDS. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period with the same subject line should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0171]

5. Messages having same Attachment—The point of collection for this anomaly is the MIME Ripper Queue. The MIME Ripper Queue parses the actual message into the constituent MIME parts and stores the information in the SDS. A part of this information is the attachment file name. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period with same attachment name should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0172]

6. Messages having same Attachment Extension—The point of collection for this anomaly is the MIME Ripper Queue. The MIME Ripper Queue parses the actual message into the constituent MIME parts and stores the information in the SDS. A part of this information is the attachment file extension. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period with same extension should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0173]

7. Messages having Viruses—This anomaly will be detected only if any of the anti-virus queues are enabled. The point of collection for this anomaly is the anti-virus Queue. The anti-virus Queue scans for any viruses on each individual MIME parts of the message. The scan details are stored in the SDS. A part of this information is the virus name. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period detected with viruses should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0174]

8. Messages having same Virus—This anomaly will be detected only if any of the anti-virus queues are enabled. The point of collection for this anomaly is the anti-virus Queue. The anti-virus Queue scans for any viruses on each individual MIME parts of the message. The scan details are entered into the SDS. A part of this information is the virus name. The criterion for this anomaly is that the number of message for the given period detected with same virus should be greater than the threshold. Based on the level of threshold, suitable alert is generated.[0175]

The table below depicts the fields in an anomaly table in one preferred embodiment using a relational database model for storing this information in the SDS.[0176]



Sl No.	Field Name	Data Type	Remarks

1.	anm_type	int	Primary key. Unique
			identifier for all
			anomalies. The list is
			given in next section.
2.	anm_name	varchar	Name of the Anomaly
			(Tag for the UI to
			display)
3.	can_display	tinyint	Anomaly is displayable
			or not in UI.
			0—Do not display
			1—Display
4.	is_enabled	tinyint	Specifies if the anomaly
			is enabled or not
			0—Disabled
			1—Enabled
5.	anm_period	int	Time in minutes. This
			time specifies the period
			for the anomaly check.

The table below depicts the fields in an anomaly action table in one preferred embodiment using a relational database model for storing this information in the SDS.[0177]



Sl No.	Field Name	Data Type	Remarks

1.	anm_type	int	Foreign key from
			anomaly table.
2.	anm_thresh	int	This value specifies the
			threshold for a particular
			action to be taken.
3.	alert_type	int	This is foreign key from
			alert type table. This
			value specifies the type
			of alert to be sent to the
			alert manager when this
			anomaly is detected.

Throughout this application, various publications may have been referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.[0178]

The embodiments described above are given as illustrative examples only. It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that many deviations may be made from the specific embodiments disclosed in this specification without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be determined by the claims below rather than being limited to the specifically described embodiments above.[0179]