US20030171799A1 - Stent deploying catheter system and balloon catheter - Google Patents

Abstract

An intravascular catheter system for properly implanting a stent in a body lumen generally comprising a catheter having an elongated shaft with an inflatable balloon formed of compliant material and a stent mounted on the working length of the balloon. The balloon material is compliant within the working range of the balloon to provide substantial radial expansion. The wingless radially expansive balloon expands in a uniform manner, thereby producing uniform expansion and implantation of the stent. Another embodiment is directed to a balloon catheter having a semi-compliant balloon formed at least in part of a block copolymer.

Description

• This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 09/063,969, filed Apr. 21, 1998, entitled STENT DEPLOYING CATHETER SYSTEM, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to the field of intravascular catheters, and more particularly to a balloon catheter.[0002]
• In percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures a guiding catheter is advanced until the distal tip of the guiding catheter is seated in the ostium of a desired coronary artery. A guidewire, positioned within an inner lumen of an dilatation catheter, is first advanced out of the distal end of the guiding catheter into the patient's coronary artery until the distal end of the guidewire crosses a lesion to be dilated. Then the dilatation catheter, having an inflatable balloon on the distal portion thereof, is advanced into the patient's coronary anatomy over the previously introduced guidewire until the balloon of the dilatation catheter is properly positioned across the lesion.[0003]
• Once properly positioned, the dilatation balloon is inflated with liquid one or more times to a predetermined size at relatively high pressures (e.g. greater than 8 atmospheres) so that the stenosis is compressed against the arterial wall and the wall expanded to open up the passageway.[0004]
• Generally, the inflated diameter of the balloon is approximately the same diameter as the native diameter of the body lumen being dilated so as to complete the dilatation but not overexpand the artery wall. Substantial, uncontrolled expansion of the balloon against the vessel wall can cause trauma to the vessel wall. After the balloon is finally deflated, blood flow resumes through the dilated artery and the dilatation catheter can be removed therefrom.[0005]
• In such angioplasty procedures, there may be restenosis of the artery, i.e. reformation of the arterial blockage, which necessitates either another angioplasty procedure, or some other method of repairing or strengthening the dilated area. To reduce the restenosis rate and to strengthen the dilated area, physicians frequently implant an intravascular prosthesis, generally called a stent, inside the artery at the site of the lesion. Stents may also be used to repair vessels having an intimal flap or dissection or to generally strengthen a weakened section of a vessel. Stents are usually delivered to a desired location within a coronary artery in a contracted condition on a balloon of a catheter which is similar in many respects to a balloon angioplasty catheter, and expanded to a larger diameter by expansion of the balloon. The balloon is deflated to remove the catheter and the stent left in place within the artery at the site of the dilated lesion. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,768 (Lau et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,615 (Klemm et al.), which are incorporated herein by reference. Thus, stents are used to open a stenosed vessel, and strengthen the dilated area by remaining inside the vessel.[0006]
• In conventional stent deploying balloon catheters, the balloon is made of essentially non-compliant material, such as nylon or polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). Such non-compliant material exhibits little expansion in response to increasing levels of inflation pressure. Because the non-compliant material has a limited ability to expand, the uninflated balloon must be made sufficiently large that, when inflated, the balloon has sufficient working diameter to compress the stenosis and open the patient's passageway. However, a large profile non-compliant balloon can make the catheter difficult to advance through the patient's narrow vasculature because, in a uninflated condition, such balloons form flat or pancake shape wings which extend radially outward. Consequently, the wings of an uninflated balloon are typically folded into a low profile configuration for introduction and advancement through the vessel. The wings are again produced upon deflation of the balloon following stent deployment within the patient. These wings on the deflated balloon are undesirable because they result in an increased balloon profile which can complicate withdrawing the catheter after stent deployment.[0007]
• Although stent have been used effectively for some time, effectiveness of a stent can be diminished if it is not properly implanted within the vessel. For example, expansion of a balloon folded into a low profile configuration for introduction into the patient, can cause nonuniform expansion of a stent mounted on the balloon. The nonuniform expansion of conventional designs has resulted in the use of an elastic sleeve around the balloon and under the stent to distribute force from the expanding folded balloon to the stent uniformly, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,495 (Osborn), which is incorporated herein by reference. However, such sleeves may fail to completely prevent the nonuniform expansion of the stent, they increase the deflated profile upon insertion into the patient, and they complicate the assembly of the stent onto the balloon. Additionally, the final location of the implanted stent in the body lumen may be beyond the physician's control where longitudinal growth of the stent deploying balloon causes the stent's position on the balloon to shift during deployment. As the balloon's axial length grows during inflation, the stent may shift position along the length of the balloon, and the stent may be implanted upstream or downstream of the desired location in the body lumen. Thus, balloons which have a large amount of longitudinal growth during inflation provide inadequate control over the location of the implanted stent.[0008]
• Therefore, what has been needed is an improved catheter balloon. The present invention satisfies these and other needs.[0009]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• One embodiment of the invention is directed to a stent delivery system with a stent deploying balloon formed of compliant material that uniformly expands the stent to properly implant the stent within the patient's body lumen. Another embodiment is directed to a balloon catheter having balloon exhibiting semi-compliance or noncompliance, and a method of making the balloon.[0010]
• The stent delivery system of the invention generally comprises a catheter having an elongated shaft with an inflatable balloon on a distal portion of the catheter and a stent disposed about the working length of the balloon. The balloon is formed of material compliant at least within a working range of the balloon, and which therefore provides for substantially uniform radial expansion within the working range. The compliant balloon material therefore expands substantially elastically when pressurized at least within the pressure range disclosed herein for use in inflating the stent deploying balloon of the invention. The compliant balloon material will generally be an highly elastic material. The term “compliant” as used herein refers to thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers which exhibit substantial stretching upon the application of tensile force. Additionally, compliant balloons transmit a greater portion of applied pressure before rupturing than non-compliant balloons. Suitable compliant balloon materials include, but are not limited to, elastomeric materials, such as elastomeric varieties of latex, silicone, polyurethane, polyolefin elastomers, such as polyethylene, flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene methylacrylate (EMA), ethylene ethylacrylate (EEA), styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM). The presently preferred compliant material has an elongation at failure at room temperature of at least about 250% to at least about 500%, preferably about 300% to about 400%, and a Shore durometer of about 50A to about 75D, preferably about 60A to about 65D.[0011]
• When the stent delivery balloon of the invention is pressurized, the balloon expands radially in a uniform manner to a working diameter. Because the balloon expands uniformly without unwrapping wings, it will uniformly expand a stent mounted on the balloon. The uninflated balloon does not require folding into a low profile configuration for insertion into the patient or the use of elastomeric sleeves used with conventional stent deploying balloons made from relatively non-compliant material. Similarly, the balloon of the invention should have a substantial elastic recoil so that it deflates into a smaller diameter with little or no wings. The undesirable flat or pancake shape wings which form when conventional stent deploying balloons are deflated are thus avoided.[0012]
• Additionally, minimal axial growth of the balloons during inflation provides improved control over the placement of the implanted stent in the body lumen. The compliant balloon results in improved abrasion and puncture resistance relative to the conventional non-compliant stent deploying balloons at least in part because there is little or no movement between the balloon and stent when the balloon expands radially. Moreover, due to the compliant nature of the balloon, there is a more highly efficient transfer of force to the stent than with the high pressure non-compliant conventional balloons which expend much expansive force to overcome rigidity (non-compliance) and to size the stent.[0013]
• In another embodiment, the balloon catheter having a semi-compliant balloon generally comprises a catheter having an elongated shaft with an inflatable balloon on a distal portion of the shaft. The semi-compliant balloon is formed at least in part of a block copolymer, such as a polyurethane block copolymer. The term semi-compliant should be understood to mean a balloon with low compliance, which therefore exhibits moderate stretching upon the application of tensile force. The semi-compliant balloon has a compliance of less than about 0.045 millimeters/atmospheres (mm/atm), to about rupture, in contrast to compliant balloons such as polyethylene balloons which typically have a compliance of greater than 0.045 mm/atm. The percent radial expansion of the balloon, i.e., the growth in the balloon outer diameter divided by the nominal balloon outer diameter, at an inflation of pressure about 150 psi (10.2 atm) is less than about 4%. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a noncompliant balloon, preferably formed at least in part of a polyurethane block copolymer, which has a compliance of not greater than about 0.025 mm/atm.[0014]
• In a presently preferred embodiment, the semi-compliant balloon is formed of a polyurethane block copolymer. Suitable polyurethane block copolymers include polyester based polyurethanes such as PELLETHANE available from Dow Plastics and ESTANE available from B E Goodrich, polyether based aromatic polyurethanes such as TECOTHANE available from Thermedics, polyether based aliphatic polyurethanes such as TECOPHILIC available from Thermedics, polycarbonate based aliphatic polyurethanes such as CARBOTHANE available from Thermedics, polycarbonate based aromatic polyurethanes such as BIONATE available from PTG, solution grade polyurethane urea such as BIOSPAN available from PTG, and polycarbonate-silicone aromatic polyurethane such as CHRONOFLEX available from Cardiotech. Other suitable block copolymers may be used including TEXIN TPU available from Bayer, TECOPLAST available from Thermedics, and ISOPLAST available from Dow.[0015]
• One aspect of the invention is directed to a catheter balloon which is axially noncompliant. The terminology “axially noncompliant” should be understood to mean a balloon having a length which exhibits little or no axial growth during inflation of the balloon. The axially noncompliant balloon has an axial compliance of less than about 0.25 mm/atm, to about rupture. The length of the balloon increases by less than about 2.5% to about 20% over an inflation pressure range of about 60 psi (4 atm) to about 315 psi (21 atm), and by less than about 5% to about 15% within an inflation pressure range of about 90 psi (6 atm) to about 205 psi (14 atm). The balloon therefore avoids the trauma to the vessel wall caused when ends of an axially elongated balloon expand against a portion of the vessel wall.[0016]
• The invention also includes a method of making a semi-compliant balloon. The method generally comprises extruding a tubular product formed at least in part of a block copolymer, such as a polyurethane block copolymer. The extruded tubular product is heated to a first elevated temperature and the outer diameter of the tubular product is expanded to a second outer diameter. While still under pressure, the expanded tubular product is heated at a second elevated temperature. The second elevated temperature is equal to or greater than the first elevated temperature. The expanded, heat-treated tubular product is then cooled to form the semi-compliant balloon. The tubular product is preferably heated to the first and second elevated temperatures by locally heating the tubular member with a heating member displaced along a length of the tubular product. The resulting balloons are semi-compliant, and axially noncompliant with low axial growth during inflation.[0017]
• The semi-compliant block copolymer balloon of the invention provides improved performance due to the strength and softness of the balloon, with controlled expansion at relatively high pressures, and without the stiffness or poor refold characteristics of noncompliant balloons. Moreover, the low axial growth of the balloon during inflation provides improved control over the dilatation of a stenosis or implantation of a stent.[0018]
• These and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the accompanying exemplary drawings.[0019]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is an elevational view partially in section of a catheter system which embodies features of the invention, showing the balloon and stent in an unexpanded state.[0020]
• FIG. 2 is a transverse cross sectional view of the catheter system of FIG. 1 taken along lines[0021]2-2.
• FIG. 3 is a transverse cross sectional view of the catheter system of FIG. 1 taken along lines[0022]3-3.
• FIG. 4 is an elevational view partially in section of the distal section of the catheter system of the invention as shown in FIG. 1 depicting the balloon and stent expanded.[0023]
• FIG. 5 is a transverse cross sectional view of the expanded balloon and stent of FIG. 4 taken along lines[0024]5-5.
• FIG. 6 illustrates the catheter system shown in FIG. 1, depicting the balloon in a deflated state and the stent implanted within the patient's lumen.[0025]
• FIG. 7 illustrates a balloon catheter having a semi-compliant balloon which embodies features of the invention.[0026]
• FIG. 8 illustrates a transverse cross section of the balloon catheter shown in FIG. 7, taken along lines[0027]8-8.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a transverse cross section of the balloon catheter shown in FIG. 7, taken along lines[0028]9-9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• FIG. 1 illustrates an intravascular catheter system which embodies features of the invention for implanting a stent in a body lumen. The catheter system of the invention generally includes a[0029]catheter10 having anelongated catheter shaft11 having a proximal12 and distal13 section, a radially expansiveinflatable balloon14 on thedistal section13 of thecatheter shaft11, astent16 mounted on theballoon14, and anadapter17 mounted on theproximal section12 ofshaft11.
• In FIG. 1, the catheter system is illustrated within a patient's[0030]body lumen18, with thestent16 in an unexpanded state prior to expansion of theballoon14. Theinflatable balloon14 is formed of radially expansive material that is compliant within the working range of the balloon. As best illustrated in FIG. 3, the compliant balloon is essentially wingless and does not require folding into a low profile configuration for insertion into the patient. FIG. 4 illustrates the balloon in an expanded state during stent deployment. FIG. 5 illustrates a transverse cross section of the balloon illustrated in FIG. 4 taken along lines5-5.
• In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the[0031]catheter shaft11 has anouter tubular member19 and aninner tubular member20 disposed within the outer tubular member and defining, with the outer tubular member,inflation lumen21.Inflation lumen21 is in fluid communication with theinterior chamber15 of theinflatable balloon14. Theinner tubular member20 has aninner lumen22 extending therein which is conFIG.d to slidabiy receive aguidewire23 suitable for advancement through a patient's coronary arteries. The distal extremity of theinflatable balloon14 is sealingly secured to the distal extremity of theinner tubular member20 and the proximal extremity of the balloon is sealingly secured to the distal extremity of the outertubular member19.
• The[0032]balloon14 may be formed of any compliant material, and includes thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. The presently preferred compliant polymeric materials providing a wingless balloon with substantially elastic recoil during deflation include polyurethanes such as TECOTHANE from Thermedics. TECOTHANE is a thermoplastic, aromatic, polyether polyurethane synthesized from methylene disocyanate (MDI), polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) and 1,4 butanediol chain extender. TECOTHANE grade 1065D is presently preferred, and has a Shore durometer of 65D, an elongation at break of about 300,% and a high tensile strength at yield of about 10,000 psi. However, other suitable grades may be used, including TECOTHANE 1075D, having a Shore D of 75. Balloons produced from the TECOTHANE materials are particularly preferred because the axial growth of the balloon during inflation is minimized, and the axial and radial size of the balloon deflates to the original preinflation size following inflation and deflation of the balloon. Thus, inflation produces little or no axial or radial growth, so that the deflated balloons elastically recoil to the preinflation size. Other suitable compliant polymeric materials which deflate so that at least the radial size of the balloon returns to the original preinflation radial size, and which therefore have a substantially elastic recoil after deflation, include ENGAGE from DuPont Dow Elastomers (an ethylene alpha-olefm polymer) and EXACT, available from Exxon Chemical, both of which are thermoplastic polymers and are believed to be polyolefin elastomers produced from metallocene catalysts. Other suitable compliant materials include, but are not limited to, elastomeric silicones, latexes, and urethanes. The type of compliant material may be chosen to provide compatibility with the catheter shaft material, to thereby facilitate bonding of the balloon to the catheter.
• The stent deploying balloon of the invention can be produced by conventional techniques for producing catheter inflatable members, and may be preformed by stretching a straight tube formed of the compliant material or formed in situ after attachment to the catheter shaft. Because the compliant material provides substantial radial expansion, the balloon need not be preformed, unlike non-compliant stent deploying balloons, so that production of the compliant balloon catheter of the invention is simplified relative to conventional non-compliant balloon catheters.[0033]
• FIG. 2, showing a transverse cross section of the[0034]catheter shaft11, illustrates theguidewire receiving lumen22 andinflation lumen21. Theballoon14 can be inflated by radiopaque fluid from aninflation port24, frominflation lumen21 contained in thecatheter shaft11, or by other means, such as from a passageway formed between the outside of the catheter shaft and the member forming the balloon, depending on the particular design of the catheter. The details and mechanics of balloon inflation vary according to the specific design of the catheter and are well known in the art.
• The compliant balloon has sufficient strength to withstand the inflation pressures needed to inflate the balloon and expand the stent mounted thereon. The burst pressure of the compliant balloon (about 3.0 mm) is about 10 atm to about 15 atm, and the tensile strength of an American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) “dog-bone” sample cut from a compression molded sheet of material is about 3000 psi to about 7500 psi. The hoop strength, e.g. the product of the burst pressure and the balloon diameter, divided by two times the balloon wall thickness, of a 3.0 mm balloon of the invention is about 10,000 psi to about 20,000 psi. The hoop strength of a 2.5 mm balloon formed from TECOTHANE 1065D is about 18,000 psi. The inflation pressure needed to expand a stent varies depending on the balloon material and stent material and design, but is generally about 6 atm to about 8 atm.[0035]
• The compliant material may be cross linked or uncrosslinked, depending upon the balloon material and characteristics required for a particular application. The presently preferred polyurethane balloon materials are not crosslinked. However, other suitable materials, such as the polyolefinic polymers ENGAGE and EXACT, are preferably crosslinked. By crosslinking the balloon compliant material, the final inflated balloon size can be controlled. Conventional crosslinking techniques can be used including thermal treatment and E-beam exposure. After crosslinking, initial pressurization, expansion, and preshrinking, the balloon will thereafter expand in a controlled manner to a reproducible diameter in response to a given inflation pressure, and thereby avoid overexpanding the stent to an undesirably large diameter.[0036]
• The catheter shaft will generally have the dimensions of conventional dilatation or stent deploying catheters. The length of the[0037]catheter10 may be about 90 cm to about 150 cm, and is typically about 135 cm. The outertubular member19 has a length of about 25 cm to about 40 cm, an outer diameter (OD) of about 0.039 in to about 0.042 in, and an inner diameter (ID) of about 0.032 in. Theinner tubular member20 has a length of about 25 cm to about 40 cm, an OD of about 0.024 in and an ID of about 0.018 in. The inner and outer tubular members may taper in the distal section to a smaller OD or ID.
• The length of the[0038]compliant balloon14 may be about 1 cm to about 4 cm, preferably about 1.5 cm to about 3.0 cm, and is typically about 2.0 cm. In an uninflated or deflated state the balloon diameter is generally about 0.015 in (0.4 mm) to about 0.08 in (2 mm), and is typically about 0.037 in (1 mm), and the wall thickness is generally about 0.004 in (0.1 mm) to about 0.016 in (0.4 mm), and is typically aout 0.008 in (0.2 mm). In an expanded state, the balloon diameter is generally about 0.06 in (1.5 mm) to about 0.18 in (4.5 mm), and the wall thickness is about 0.0005 in (0.012 mm) to about 0.0025 in (0.06 mm).
• Various designs for dilatation catheters well known in the art may be used in the catheter system of the invention. For example, conventional over-the-wire dilatation catheters for angioplasty usually include a guidewire receiving lumen extending the length of the catheter shaft from a guidewire port in the proximal end of the shaft. Rapid exchange dilatation catheters generally include a short guidewire lumen extending to the distal end of the shaft from a guidewire port located distal to the proximal end of the shaft.[0039]
• When delivering a stent into a patient, the[0040]catheter10 is inserted into a patient's vasculature to the desired location which is shown in FIG. 1 and4 as a dilated stenotic region, and inflation fluid is delivered through theinflation lumen21 to thecompliant balloon14 through theinflation port24. Because of the balloon's compliant material, it expands radially. Longitudinal growth can be prevented by theinner tubular member20 or by stretching or axial orientation during processing. Consequently, thestent16 mounted on the balloon expands uniformly. When the inflation fluid is removed, theballoon14 retracts to a wingless shape from elastic recoil to allow the catheter to be withdrawn. The stent remains in place in the patient's body lumen, as illustrated in FIG. 6 showing the deflatedballoon14 and expandedstent16 within thebody lumen18. Thestent16 may be any of a variety of stent materials and forms designed to be implanted by an expanding member, see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,514,154 (Lau et al.) and 5,443,500 (Sigwart), incorporated by reference. For example, the stent material may be stainless steel, a NiTi. alloy, a Co—Cr—Mo containing alloy such as MP-35N, a plastic material, or various other materials. The stent has a smaller diameter for insertion and advancement into the patient's lumen which may be formed by contracting the stent or by folding at least a portion of the stent into a wrapped configuration.
EXAMPLE 1
• TECOTHANE 1065D was used to prepare balloon tubing having a mean ID of about 0.0195 inch (0.5 mm) and a mean OD of about 0.0355 inch (0.9 mm), and the balloon tubing was used to prepare balloons having an OD of about 2.5 mm. The mean balloon OD was about 0.110 inch (2.8 mm), and mean dual wall thickness was about 0.0015 inch (0.038 mm). The mean rupture pressure was about 238 psi, and the mean hoop strength was about 18,000 psi. Radial (OD) and axial (length) compliance measurements were made on the unrestrained balloons. The term unrestrained refers to a balloon with one end attached to an inflation medium source and the other end clamped shut, as opposed to a balloon with proximal and distal ends secured to a catheter shaft. The balloons have a substantially uniform radial expansion, as illustrated in Table 1, which lists the average balloon OD for the unruptured balloons, at a given inflation pressure, for five balloons tested. The balloons also have minimal axial growth during inflation, as illustrated in Table 2, which lists the average working length for the unruptured balloons, of five balloons tested, at a given inflation pressure. The axial growth, to rupture, of the balloons is about 32% to about 35% of the original, uninflated 20 mm working length. Moreover, this axial lengthening would be expected to be less in a secured balloon having proximal and distal ends secured to a catheter shaft.[0041]

  	TABLE 1
  	Inflation Pressure	Average Balloon
  	(PSI)	OD (MM)

  	30	2.476
  	45	2.743
  	60	2.917
  	75	3.044
  	90	3.148
  	105	3.239
  	120	3.324
  	i35	3.405
  	150	3.482
  	165	3.560
  	180	3.634
  	195	3.709
  	210	3.776
  	225	3.853
  	240	3.996
  	255	4.089

• [0042]

  	TABLE 2
  		Average Balloon
  	Inflation Pressure	Working Length
  	(PSI)	(MM)

  	30	20.66
  	45	21.4
  	60	22.4
  	75	22.8
  	90	23.6
  	105	24.1
  	120	24.5
  	i35	24.9
  	iSO	25.4
  	165	25.6
  	180	26.1
  	195	26.5
  	210	26.5
  	225	26.75
  	240	27
  	255	27

• FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the invention generally comprising a balloon catheter having a balloon which exhibits not greater than semi-compliant expansion. The[0043]balloon catheter100 is similar in many respects to theballoon catheter10 illustrated in FIG. 1, with similar components being identified with the same reference numerals. In one embodiment, the balloon catheter has a semi-compliant balloon. The catheter generally includes anelongated shaft11 having aproximal section12, adistal section13, asemi-compliant balloon114, and anadapter17 mounted on the proximal section of the shaft. The catheter includes anouter tubular member19,inner tubular member20,inflation lumen21, andguidewire lumen22, as outlined above. In a presently preferred embodiment, theballoon114 typically forms wings, which may be folded into a low profile configuration (not shown) for introduction into and advancement within the patient's vasculature. FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate transverse cross sections of the balloon catheter shown in FIG. 7, taken along lines8-8 and9-9, respectively. To the extent not discussed herein, the dimensions and uses of thecatheter100 having asemi-compliant balloon114 are similar to those described forcatheter10.
• The[0044]semi-compliant balloon114 expands a moderate amount, less than a compliant balloon but more than a noncompliant balloon, in response to increasing inflation pressure. Theballoon114 has a compliance of less than about 0.045 mm/atm, and preferably from about 0.025 to about 0.04 mm/atm, over an inflation pressure range of about 30-90 psi (2-6 atm) to about 285 psi (19.4 atm). The percent radial expansion is less than about 4%, and preferably from about 1.5% to about 4%, at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi (10.2 atm).
• The[0045]semi-compliant balloon 114 is formed from a block copolymer. In a presently preferred embodiment, the block copolymer is a polyurethane block copolymer. The Shore durometer hardness of the block copolymer is about 80A to about 82D, preferably about 55D to about 75D. The flexural modulus of the block copolymer is about 10,000 to about 370,000 psi, preferably about 150,000 to about 300,000 psi. PELLETHANE grade 2363, having a Shore durometer hardness of 75D is presently preferred. However, other suitable grades may be used, including but not limited to PELLETHANE 2363 having a Shore durometer hardness of 55D or 65D may also be used. PELLETHANE is a polytetramethylene glycol based polyurethane, synthesized from aromatic diisocyanate and short chain diol chain extenders such as butanediol. In a presently preferred embodiment, the rupture pressure of the balloon is about 265 psi to about 450 psi. The working range, or pressure at which the balloon is typically inflated within the body, is about 90 psi to about 285 psi.
• The balloon embodying features of the invention is axially noncompliant, and exhibits minimal axial growth as the pressure is increased during inflation. The balloon has low axial growth of less than about 5% to about 20%S over the working range of the balloon (about 90 psi to about 285 psi), and an axial compliance of about 0.1 mm/atm to about 0.25 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 90 psi to about 205 psi. The length of the balloon increases by less than about 5% to about 10% at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi (10.2 atm).[0046]
• The[0047]semi-compliant balloon114 of the invention is made according to a method of the invention. In a method of making a semi-compliant balloon, balloon tubing comprising a block copolymer extruded into a tubular product is radially expanded to form the balloon by heating the tubular product at a first elevated temperature and subjecting the tubular product to an expansion pressure. The balloon is typically formed within a mold having dimensions close to the dimensions of the desired balloon.
• The blow up ratio, i.e., the balloon outer diameter divided by the balloon tubing inner diameter, is typically about 5.0 to about 8.0, and preferably about 7.0 to about 8.0. The tubular product may also be axially elongated by stretching before, during, or after being radially expanded. In a presently preferred embodiment, to heat the tubular product to the first elevated temperature during the radial expansion, a heating member such as a heat nozzle is displaced along a length of the tubular product within the mold, to thereby apply heat to portions of the tubular product adjacent to the heating member. The expanded tubular product is then heat treated at a second elevated temperature which is equal to or greater than the first elevated temperature, by displacing the heating member along a length of the tubular product from one end of the balloon to the other end. The first temperature is about 80° C. to about 120° C., and preferably about 95° C. to about 105° C. The second temperature is about 100° C. to about 160° C, and preferably about 110° C. to about 140° C. In a presently preferred embodiment, the second temperature is greater than the first temperature. The second temperature is typically no more than about 10° C. to about 50° C., preferably no more than about 10° C. to about 20° C., greater than the first temperature. In one embodiment, a balloon having a 3.0 mm nominal outer diameter heat treated at a second elevated temperature equal to or above the first elevated temperature and having a blow up ratio of about 7 to about 8, inflates to the 3.0 mm outer diameter at about 6 atm to about 7 atm, and has a ¼ outer diameter size increase at about 13 atm to about 14 atm for a blow up ratio of about 7, and about 18 atm to about 20 atm for a blow up ratio of about 8. The heating member is typically displaced at a rate that is less than the rate at which heating member was displaced during expansion of the tubular product. The balloon is then cooled within the mold under pressure.[0048]
• Semi-compliant balloons were prepared according to the method of the invention, as set forth in the following examples.[0049]
EXAMPLE 2
• Balloons having a nominal OD of about 3.0 mm, and a length of about 20 mm were prepared using the method of the invention. PELLETHANE 75D was used to prepare balloon tubing having an ID of about 0.015 inch (0.381 mm) to about 0.0195 inch (0.495 mm), and an OD of about 0.031 inch (0.787 mm) to about 0.036 inch (914 mm). The balloon tubing was stabilized at 40° C. for 16 to 24 hours prior to being blown into balloons. The balloon tubing was then placed in a balloon mold and stretched axially, and the mold was heated to a wall temperature of about 100-120° C. To expand the balloon tubing, the tubing was heated to a blow temperature of about 100° C., by displacing a heat nozzle at about 1 mm/sec to about 5 mm/sec from one end of the mold to the opposite end, while pressurizing the tubing at an expansion pressure of about 220 psi to about 270 psi. The expanded tubing was then heat treated within the mold and at the expansion pressure, at a heat treating temperature equal to, or about 10° C. to about 20° C. greater than the blow temperature by displacing the heat nozzle from one end of the mold to the opposite end at a slower speed than the speed used during the blowing, of about 1.0 mm/sec to about 2.0 mm/sec. The pressurized balloon was then cooled to room temperature within the mold. The resulting balloons had a percent radial expansion of about 1.5 to about 4.0%, an elastic stress response, i.e., growth in balloon OD at about 5 atm after inflation to about 10 atm divided by the initial balloon OD at about 5 atm, of about 0.25%, and a wall tensile strength of about 15,000 to about 16,000 psi.[0050]
EXAMPLE 3
• PELLETHANE 75D was used to prepare balloon tubing having an ID of about 0.017 inch (0.43 mm) and an OD of about 0.032 inch (0.8mm), and the balloon tubing was used to prepared a balloon having a nominal OD of about 3.0 mm using the method of the invention as outlined above, in which the expanded tubing was heat treated at a temperature greater than the blowing temperature. The rupture pressure was about 300 psi to about 350 psi. Radial (OD) and axial (length) compliance measurements were made on the unrestrained balloon. The term “unrestrained” refers to a balloon with one end attached to an inflation medium source and the other end clamped shut, as opposed to a balloon with proximal and distal ends secured to a catheter shaft. The balloon has a semi-compliant radial expansion, as illustrated in Table 3, which lists the balloon OD for the unruptured balloon, at a given inflation pressure. The compliance of the balloon over a pressure range of about 30 psi to about 300 psi, or to about the rupture pressure, is 0.037 mm/atm. The balloon also has minimal axial growth during inflation, as illustrated in Table 4, which lists the working length for the unruptured balloons at a given inflation pressure. The axial growth, to rupture, of the balloons is about 25% of the original, uninflated 20 mm working length. Moreover, this axial lengthening would be expected to be less in a secured balloon having proximal and distal ends secured to a catheter shaft.[0051]

  	TABLE 3
  	Inflation Pressure	Balloon OD
  	(PSI)	(MM)

  	30	2.674
  	45	2.757
  	60	2.835
  	75	2.901
  	90	2.951
  	105	2.995
  	120	3.034
  	135	3.068
  	150	3.099
  	165	3.127
  	180	3.155
  	195	3.183
  	210	3.208
  	225	3.231
  	240	3.257
  	255	3.279
  	270	3.302
  	285	3.326
  	300	3.35

• [0052]

  	TABLE 4
  	Inflation Pressure	Balloon Working
  	(PSI)	Length (MM)

  	30	20.5
  	45	20.5
  	60	21
  	75	21
  	90	21.5
  	105	21.5
  	120	22
  	135	22
  	150	22.5
  	165	22.5
  	180	23
  	195	23
  	210	23
  	225	23.5
  	240	24
  	255	24
  	270	24
  	285	24.5
  	300	25

• In another embodiment,[0053]balloon catheter100 has anoncompliant balloon114 formed of a block copolymer. The noncompliant balloon is similar in many respects to the semi-compliant balloon but with a compliance of about 0.025 atm or less over the working range of the balloon, and is made according to a method similar to the method used to make the semi-compliant balloon except the blow up ratio of the balloon greater than about 8.
• It will be apparent from the foregoing that, while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while the balloon catheter illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 7 has inner and outer tubular members with independent lumens, a single tubular membered shaft having two lumens therein may also be used. Although individual features of embodiments of the invention may be described or shown in some of the drawings and not in others, those skilled in the art will recognize that individual features of one embodiment of the invention can be combined with any or all the features of another embodiment. Other modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.[0054]

Claims (42)

What is claimed:

1. A catheter system for implanting a stent in a patient's body comprising:

a) a catheter having an elongated shaft with proximal and distal ends and an inflation lumen extending within at least a portion of a distal shaft section to a location spaced proximally from the distal end;

b) an essentially wingless radially expansive uninflated balloon formed of compliant polymeric material, mounted on the distal section of the catheter shaft, with an interior chamber in fluid communication with the inflation lumen; and

c) an expandable stent disposed about and mounted onto the uninflated balloon so that radial expansion of the balloon within the working range expands the stent mounted thereon and implants the stent in the body.

2. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the compliant material has an elongation at failure at room temperature of at least about 300%.

3. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the compliant material has an elongation at failure at room temperature of at least about 500%.

4. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the compliant material has a Shore durometer hardness of about 50A to about 75D.

5. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the compliant material has a Shore durometer hardness of about 60A to about 65D.

6. The catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the balloon is formed of elastomeric material.

7. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 6 wherein the balloon is formed of an elastomeric material selected from the group consisting of latex, silicone, polyurethane, polyolefin elastomer, flexible polyvinyl chloride, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methylacrylate, ethylene ethylacrylate, styrene butadiene styrene, and ethylene propylene diene rubber.

8. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 1 wherein the balloon is formed of a thermoplastic aromatic polyether polyurethane.

9. The intravascular catheter system ofclaim 8 wherein the balloon has a hoop strength of about 10,000 psi to about 20,000 psi.

10. A method of implanting a stent within a patient's body, comprising:

a) providing a catheter system for implanting a stent in a patient's body, comprising:

i) a catheter having an elongated shaft with proximal and distal ends and an inflation lumen extending within at least a distal shaft section to a location spaced proximally from the distal end;

ii) an essentially wingless radially expansive uninflated balloon formed of compliant polymeric material, mounted on the distal section of the catheter shaft, with an interior chamber in fluid communication with the inflation lumen; and

iii) an expandable stent disposed about and mounted onto the uninflated balloon so that radial expansion of the balloon within the working range expands the stent mounted thereon and implants the stent in the body;

b) inserting the catheter system into the patient's body;

c) inflating the balloon to produce uniform radial expansion of the balloon and the stent mounted thereon; and

d) radially retracting the balloon to a wingless shape and removing the catheter from the patient's body, with the stent remaining within the patient's body.

11. The method ofclaim 10 further including the step of advancing the catheter system to a desired region within a lumen of the patient's body.

12. The method ofclaim 10 further including the step of radially expanding the balloon by delivering inflation fluid through the inflation lumen to the balloon interior chamber.

13. The method theclaim 10 wherein the compliant polymeric material is a thermoplastic aromatic polyether polyurethane, and during step (d), the balloon elastically recoils to a preinflation radial and axial size.

14. A balloon catheter, comprising

a) an elongated shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one lumen therein; and

b) a semi-compliant balloon formed at least in part of a polyurethane block copolymer.

15. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon has a compliance of less than about 0.045 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 6 atm to about 19 atm.

16. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon has a compliance of about 0.025 mm/atm to about 0.04 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 6 atm to about 19 atm.

17. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon has a compliance of about 0.025 mm/atm to about 0.03 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 10 atm to about 19 atm.

18. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon has a percent radial expansion of less than about 4% at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi.

19. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon has a percent radial expansion of about 1.5% to about 4% at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi.

20. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the balloon is axially noncompliant.

21. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the polyurethane block copolymer has a flexural modulus of about 150,000 psi to about 300,000 psi.

22. The balloon catheter ofclaim 14 wherein the polyurethane block copolymer has a hardness of about 55 Shore D to about 75 Shore D.

23. A balloon catheter, comprising

a) an elongated shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one lumen therein; and

b) an axially noncompliant balloon formed at least in part of a block copolymer.

24. The balloon catheter ofclaim 23 wherein the balloon has an axial compliance of about 0.1 mm/atm to about 0.25 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 6 atm to about 14 atm.

25. The balloon catheter ofclaim 23 wherein the balloon has a length which increases by less than about 5% to about 15% within an inflation pressure range of about 6 atm to about 14 atm.

26. The balloon catheter ofclaim 23 wherein the block copolymer comprises a polyurethane block copolymer.

27. A method of making a semi-compliant balloon for a catheter. comprising

a) extruding a tubular product having a first outer diameter and a first inner diameter, formed at least in part of a block copolymer;

b) heating the tubular product at a first elevated temperature and radially expanding the tubular product to a second outer diameter

c) heating the expanded tubular product at a second elevated temperature not less than the first elevated temperature; and

d) cooling the expanded tubular product to form the semi-compliant balloon.

28. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the semi-compliant balloon has a percent radial expansion of less than about 4% at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi, and heating the tubular product comprises displacing a heating member along a length of the tubular product at a first rate to apply heat to portions of the tubular product adjacent to the heating member.

29. The method ofclaim 27 wherein heating the expanded tubular product comprises displacing a heating member along a length of the tubular product at a second rate to apply heat to portions of the tubular product adjacent to the heating member.

30. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the first rate is greater than the second rate.

31. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the balloon has a percent radial expansion of about 1.5% to about 4% at an inflation pressure of about 150 psi.

32. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the balloon has a compliance of less than about 0.045 mm/atm within an inflation pressure range of about 6 atm to about 19 atm.

33. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the balloon has a compliance of about 0.025 mm/atm to about 0.03 within an inflation pressure range of about 10 atm to about 19 atm.

34. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the first elevated temperature is about 90 to about 105° C.

35. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the second elevated temperature is about 110 to about 140° C.

36. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the tubular product is radially expanded to the second outer diameter which is about 7 to about 8 times the first inner diameter of the tubular product.

37. The method ofclaim 27 including axially elongating the tubular product.

38. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the tubular product is expanded by subjecting the tubular product to an expansion pressure, and the expanded tubular product is heated at the second elevated temperature at the expansion pressure.

39. The method ofclaim 38 wherein the expanded tubular product is cooled at the expansion pressure.

40. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the block copolymer comprises a polyurethane block copolymer.

41. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the semi-compliant balloon is axially noncompliant.

42. A balloon catheter, comprising:

a) an elongated shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one lumen therein; and

b) a noncompliant balloon formed at least in part of a polyurethane block copolymer.

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