US20030144731A1 - Radially-expandable stent and delivery system - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides radially-expandable stents that, in various embodiments, may reduce the bending stresses/strains associated with the compressed state of self-expanding stents and/or may prevent longitudinal expansion/contraction of radially expandable stents between the compressed and expanded states. In addition, stents according to the present invention preferably exhibit increased longitudinal flexibility in both the compressed and expanded states. The present invention also includes delivery systems in which threading of the guidewire through the delivery system may be simplified. In addition, the delivery systems according to the present invention may also incorporate a balloon to assist in radially expanding the stent and/or seating of the stent in the lumen during deployment without removing the stent delivery catheter. Further, the delivery systems may also include a support tube at the proximal end to assist in fixing the position of the stent relative to a guide catheter during deployment of the stent.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to intravascular stent implants for maintaining vascular patency in humans and animals. More particularly, the present invention provides a radially-expandable stent and a delivery system for delivering a radially-expandable stent within a body lumen.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is used to increase the lumen diameter of a coronary artery partially or totally obstructed by a build-up of cholesterol fats or atherosclerotic plaque. Typically a first guidewire of about 0.038 inches in diameter is steered through the vascular system to the site of therapy. A guiding catheter, for example, can then be advanced over the first guidewire to a point just proximal of the stenosis. The first guidewire is then removed. A balloon catheter on a smaller 0.014 inch diameter second guidewire is advanced within the guiding catheter to a point just proximal of the stenosis. The second guidewire is advanced into the stenosis, followed by the balloon on the distal end of the catheter. The balloon is inflated causing the site of the stenosis to widen.[0002]
• The dilatation of the occlusion, however, can form flaps, fissures and dissections which threaten reclosure of the dilated vessel or even perforations in the vessel wall. Implantation of a stent can provide support for such flaps and dissections and thereby prevent reclosure of the vessel or provide a patch repair for a perforated vessel wall until corrective surgery can be performed. It has also been shown that the use of intravascular stents can measurably decrease the incidence of restenosis after angioplasty thereby reducing the likelihood that a secondary angioplasty procedure or a surgical bypass operation will be necessary.[0003]
• An implanted prosthesis such as a stent can preclude additional procedures and maintain vascular patency by mechanically supporting dilated vessels to prevent vessel reclosure. Stents can also be used to repair aneurysms, to support artificial vessels as liners of vessels or to repair dissections. Stents are suited to the treatment of any body lumen, including the vas deferens, ducts of the gallbladder, prostate gland, trachea, bronchus and liver. The body lumens range in diameter from small coronary vessels of 3 mm or less to 28 mm in the aortic vessel. The invention applies to acute and chronic closure or reclosure of body lumens.[0004]
• A typical stent is a cylindrically shaped wire formed device intended to act as a permanent prosthesis. A typical stent ranges from 5 mm to 50 mm in length. A stent is deployed in a body lumen from a radially compressed configuration into a radially expanded configuration which allows it to contact and support a body lumen. The stent can be made to be radially self-expanding or expandable by the use of an expansion device. The self expanding stent is made from a resilient springy material while the device expandable stent is made from a material which is plastically deformable. A plastically deformable stent can be implanted during a single angioplasty procedure by using a balloon catheter bearing a stent which has been crimped onto the balloon. The stent expands radially as the balloon is inflated forcing the stent into contact with the interior of the body lumen thereby forming a supporting relationship with the vessel walls.[0005]
• Conventional angioplasty balloons fall into high, medium and low pressure ranges. Low pressure balloons are those which fall into rated burst pressures below 6 atmospheres. Medium pressure balloons are those which fall into rated burst pressures between 6 and 12 atmospheres. High pressure balloons are those which fall into rated burst pressures above 12 atmospheres. Burst pressure is determined by material selection, wall thickness and tensile strength.[0006]
• The biocompatible metal stent props open blocked coronary arteries, keeping them from reclosing after balloon angioplasty. A balloon of appropriate size and pressure is first used to open the lesion. The process is repeated with a stent crimped on a second balloon. The second balloon may be a high pressure type of balloon, e.g., more than 12 atmospheres, to insure that the stent is fully deployed upon inflation. The stent is deployed when the balloon is inflated. The stent remains as a permanent scaffold after the balloon is withdrawn. A high pressure balloon is preferable for stent deployment because the stent must be forced against the artery's interior wall so that it will fully expand thereby precluding the ends of the stent from hanging down into the channel encouraging the formation of thrombus.[0007]
• Various shapes of stents are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,922 (Wiktor) discloses a linearly expandable spring-like stent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 (Wiktor) discloses a two-dimensional zigzag form, typically a sinusoidal form. U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,458 (Wiktor) discloses a stent wire coiled into a limited number of turns wound in one direction, then reversed and wound in the opposite direction with the same number of turns, then reversed again and so on until a desired length is obtained.[0008]
• Stents have limited ability to provide effective patching of perforated vessels due to the spacing between metal elements. U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,906 (Lindeman et al.) describes an endoprosthesis made of a thin wall molded plastic sleeve intended to be collapsed radially and delivered to a damaged area of a vessel where it is expanded to provide a sealed interface to the vessel on its outer peripheral ends. The endoprosthesis therefore provides a patch which prevents leakage of blood from a vessel wall. The endoprosthesis disclosed employs various molded-in ribs, struts and the like to adapt the device for particular applications and to provide the desired degree of stiffness to form the sealed interface with the vessel wall. Such a stiff prosthesis, however, could not be expected to have the longitudinal flexibility needed to adapt to curved vessels.[0009]
• One problem with self-expanding stents is that the stents must be compressed into a small diameter for delivery to the site or portion of the body lumen at which support is desired. It is preferable that the stents be compressed into as small of a diameter as possible (typically referred to as “profile”) to assist in delivering the stent to the desired site. That compression can, in some cases cause localized areas of high bending stress/strain within the stent.[0010]
• As a result of the high bending stresses/strain, the minimum profile for the self-expanding stents can be limited to prevent non-recoverable strain levels in the stent and, therefore, ensure full radial expansion of the stent when released from the delivery system. The larger profile can limit the delivery and use of the stent to larger diameter lumens.[0011]
• Alternatively, if a small delivery profile is desired, then the stent may be designed to achieve that profile which can often result in a larger window area and a reduction in the outward forces generated by the stent after expansion within the lumen. The larger window area and, therefore, inferior body lumen scaffolding reduces the effectiveness against recurring restenosis. The reduced outward forces may be problematic if the stent does not firmly engage the wall of the lumen.[0012]
• One attempt at addressing the high bending stresses/strains in a self-expanding stent is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,003 (Wolff et al.) in which the stent is made of a series of generally straight wire segments welded together at their ends to form a zigzag shaped stent when expanded. By using generally straight wires, the bending stresses/strains associated with bends in an integral wire-formed stent body can be avoided. Disadvantages associated with this approach include, however, the cost of manufacturing the stents by welding. The welds also lower the allowable stress levels in the stent, thereby limiting its fatigue life and compression for delivery. Another disadvantage is that the length of the stent can change significantly from the compressed state to the expanded state, thereby making accurate placement of the stent at the desired location within a body lumen more difficult.[0013]
• Another attempt at addressing the high bending stresses/strains includes manufacturing self-expanding stents from materials other than metals as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,423 (Tihon et al.). The stents disclosed therein are formed of thermoplastic materials and can be molded or otherwise formed into a fenestrated pattern similar to those produced by braided wire stents. By shaping the openings as depicted in FIG. 5 of the patent, the stress concentration at the bending points can be reduced. Disadvantages of this approach include, however, degradation associated with implanted plastic materials, including changes in the elasticity of the plastics which can result in a reduction in the radially outward forces generated by the stent.[0014]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• It is an object of the invention to provide a self-expanding stent for implantation within a body lumen that provides for reductions in the bending stresses/strains associated with compression of the stent for delivery to the desired location within a body lumen.[0015]
• It is another object of the present invention to provide a self-expanding stent in which the longitudinal length of the stent remains unchanged from the compressed state to the expanded state.[0016]
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a stent with improved longitudinal flexibility to allow for threading through tortuous lumens and lesions, as well as to permit implantation in highly curved lumens.[0017]
• It is an object of some delivery systems according to the present invention to provide a delivery system in which the position of the stent can be fixed relative to a guide catheter.[0018]
• It is another object of some delivery systems according to the present invention to provide a balloon integral with the stent delivery device to allow for post-deployment dilatation of the stent without removing the stent delivery catheter.[0019]
• It is another object of some delivery systems of the present invention to provide for simplified threading of a guidewire through a distal portion of a rapid-exchange delivery system.[0020]
• In one aspect, the present invention provides radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen including an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis; the body including a plurality of circumferential support sections arranged successively along the longitudinal axis, each of the support sections having a length along the longitudinal axis; each of the circumferential support sections including a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween; and at least one longitudinal member connecting adjacent support sections in the body, the longitudinal member having a first end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts and a second end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in the adjacent support section; wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state in which the struts are generally aligned with the longitudinal axis and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and the primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern, and further wherein the longitudinal length of the stent in the compressed state is substantially the same as the longitudinal length of the stent in the expanded state.[0021]
• In another aspect the present invention provides a self-expanding radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen including an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis, the body including at least one circumferential support section having a length along the longitudinal axis; each of the circumferential support sections including a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween; wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern, and further wherein each pair of adjacent struts associated with each of the primary bends abut at a point between the primary bend and the midpoint of each strut in the pair of adjacent struts when the stent is in the compressed state, whereby the bending stress is reduced at each primary bend of the plurality of primary bends.[0022]
• In another aspect, the present invention provides a self-expanding radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen including an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis, the body including at least one circumferential support section having a length along the longitudinal axis; each of the circumferential support sections including a substantially continuous element including a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween, wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern; and means for reducing bending stress at the primary bends when the stent is in the compressed state.[0023]
• In another aspect, the present invention provides a delivery system for implantation of a radially-expandable stent within a body lumen including an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein, the inner tube lumen having an opening at the distal end of the inner tube; a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube located within the cover sheath lumen; a stent positioned about the inner tube at the distal end of the cover sheath; a first guidewire opening in the inner tube lumen, the first guidewire opening spaced from the distal end of the inner tube; a second guidewire opening in the wall of the cover sheath, the second guidewire opening located proximate the first guidewire opening; and a guide element having a distal end located within the inner tube lumen, the guide element extending between the first and second guidewire openings.[0024]
• In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of deploying a stent within a body lumen by providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system including an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein, the inner tube lumen having an opening at the distal end of the inner tube and a first guidewire opening in the inner tube lumen, the first guidewire opening spaced from the distal end of the inner tube; a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube; a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube and stent located within the cover sheath lumen, the cover sheath further including a second guidewire opening in the wall of the cover sheath, the second guidewire opening located proximate the first guidewire opening in the inner tube; and a guide element having a distal end located within the inner tube lumen, the guide element extending between the first and second guidewire openings, wherein the guide element comprises a guide lumen formed in the distal end of the guide element; positioning a guidewire within a body lumen, wherein a proximal end of the guidewire extends out of the body lumen; inserting the proximal end of the guidewire into the inner tube lumen at the distal end of the inner tube; advancing the proximal end of the guidewire through the inner tube lumen towards the first guidewire opening and the distal end of the guide element, wherein at least a portion of the proximal end of the guidewire is advanced into the guide lumen in the distal end of the guide element; advancing the proximal end of the guidewire through the first and second guidewire openings; advancing the distal end of the inner tube and the stent over the guidewire towards the distal end of the guidewire, wherein the stent is positioned at a desired location within the body lumen; and deploying the stent at the desired location within the body lumen.[0025]
• In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of deploying a stent within a body lumen by providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system including an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein; a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube; an expandable balloon located on the inner tube; an inflation lumen in fluid communication with the balloon, the inflation lumen extending from the proximal end of the delivery system to the balloon; and a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube, stent, and balloon located within the cover sheath lumen; positioning the inner tube, stent, balloon and cover sheath within a body lumen; moving the cover sheath proximally relative to the distal end of the inner tube to deploy the stent with the body lumen; and inflating the balloon within the stent.[0026]
• In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of deploying a stent within a body lumen by providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system including an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end; a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube; a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath including a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube and stent located within the cover sheath lumen; and a support tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the support tube including a support tube lumen containing at least a portion of the proximal end of the cover sheath, the cover sheath being movable in the proximal and distal directions within the support tube lumen and the position of the inner tube being fixed relative to the position of the support tube; positioning a guide catheter within a body lumen; advancing the distal ends of the inner tube and the cover sheath through the guide catheter; fixing the position of the support tube relative to the guide catheter, wherein the positions of the distal end of the inner tube and the stent within the body lumen are also fixed relative to the guide catheter; and moving the cover sheath proximally to release the stent on the distal end of the inner tube, thereby deploying the stent within the body lumen.[0027]
• These and other features and advantages of the present invention are described below in connection the description of the preferred embodiments.[0028]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one radially expanded stent according to the present invention.[0029]
• FIG. 2 is a plan view of the stent of FIG. 1 in which the body of the stent is unrolled.[0030]
• FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial view of the stent body of FIG. 2 in the expanded state.[0031]
• FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial view of the stent body of FIG. 2 in the compressed state.[0032]
• FIGS.[0033]5-8 are enlarged partial views of portions of alternative stents according to the present invention.
• FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of one delivery system according to the present invention.[0034]
• FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the delivery system of FIG. 9 taken along line[0035]10-10 in FIG. 9.
• FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the distal end of the delivery system of FIG. 9.[0036]
• FIG. 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the distal end of an alternate delivery system incorporating a balloon.[0037]
• FIG. 13 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of one rapid-exchange delivery system according to the present invention.[0038]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• The present invention includes radially-expandable stents that, in various embodiments, may reduce the bending stresses/strains associated with the compressed state of self-expanding stents and/or may prevent longitudinal expansion/contraction of radially expandable stents between the compressed and expanded states. In addition, stents according to the present invention preferably exhibit increased longitudinal flexibility in both the compressed and expanded states.[0039]
• The present invention also includes delivery systems in which threading of the guidewire through the delivery system may be simplified. In addition, the delivery systems according to the present invention may also incorporate a balloon to assist in radially expanding the stent and/or seating of the stent in the lumen during deployment without removing the stent delivery catheter. Further, the delivery systems may also include a support tube at the proximal end to assist in fixing the position of the stent relative to a guide catheter during deployment of the stent.[0040]
• Although the following discussion, along with the figures, describes illustrative preferred embodiments and methods according to the present invention, those skilled in the art will understand that other structures and/or methods could also be used to accomplish the desired functions. For example, although stents having one or more support sections are described herein, it will be understood that stents manufactured according to the present invention could have any number of desired support sections needed to obtain a stent with a desired longitudinal length. Furthermore, it will be understood that the figures are schematic only, and that the relative dimensions of the various illustrated features are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.[0041]
• FIG. 1 depicts one illustrative self-expanding stent according to the present invention. The depicted stent includes a generally[0042]tubular body10 defining apassageway12 extending along alongitudinal axis14. Thebody10 is preferably formed from a plurality ofsupport sections20a,20b,20c,20d,20e, and20f(collectively referred to as support sections20 below) arranged successively along thelongitudinal axis14. Thebody10 is depicted in FIG. 1 in its expanded state in which the support sections20 have been expanded radially outward from thelongitudinal axis14.
• FIG. 2 is a plan view of a portion of the[0043]body10 of the stent depicted in FIG. 1 in which the body has been unrolled from the tubular shape of FIG. 1. Each of the support sections20 is depicted and has a length along thelongitudinal axis14.
• Referring specifically to support[0044]section20a, thesupport section20aincludes a plurality ofprimary bends22 and22′ located on alternating ends of thesupport section20a.Primary bend22 on one end of thesupport section20ais connected to aprimary bend22′ by astrut24. Because of the alternating nature of the primary bends22 and22′, the primary bends22/22′ and struts24 are arranged in a zigzag pattern when the stent is in the expanded state (as in FIGS. 1 and 2).
• [0045]Adjacent support sections20aand20bare connected to each other by at least onelongitudinal member40 extending between thesupport sections20aand20b. It is preferred that thelongitudinal members40 are attached to thestruts24, although they may be attached at any location on each of the support sections20. More preferably, thelongitudinal members40 are attached to thestruts24 at the midpoint of the length of thestruts24 between theprimary bends22 and22′. By attaching thelongitudinal members40 at the midpoints of the struts, the length of thebody10 of the stent along thelongitudinal axis14 will exhibit substantially no change between the compressed state and the expanded state.
• Although most of the adjacent support sections[0046]20 are connected by only onelongitudinal member40 in FIG. 2, it should be noted that a plurality oflongitudinal members40 can be used to connect the support sections20. For example,support sections20cand20dare connected by twolongitudinal members40 in FIG. 2. Where more than onelongitudinal member40 is used to connect adjacent support sections20, it is preferred that the longitudinal members be spaced evenly about the circumference of thebody10. For example, where twolongitudinal members40 are provided, it is preferred that they be located about 180 degrees apart, threelongitudinal members40 would preferably be located about 120 degrees apart, etc.
• It may be preferred (but not required) that smaller stents, i.e., those having a diameter as manufactured of about 6 millimeters or less, employ two or more[0047]longitudinal members40 to connect adjacent support sections20. It may also be preferred (but not required) that larger stents, i.e., those having manufactured diameters of about 5 millimeters or more, employ three or morelongitudinal members40 to connect adjacent support sections20. The exact number of longitudinal members used in any stent according to the present invention will, however, vary based on the need for longitudinal flexibility
• It is preferred that the[0048]longitudinal members40 connecting immediately adjacent support sections20 are not aligned along thelongitudinal axis14 of the stent. As one example of this, the arrangement of thelongitudinal members40 in the first threesupport sections20a,20b, and20ccan be described. As can be seen in FIG. 2, thelongitudinal members40 connectingsupport sections20aand20bare not aligned along thelongitudinal axis14 with thelongitudinal members40 connectingsupport sections20band20c. It is generally preferred that the longitudinal members connecting, e.g.,support sections20aand20b, be tangentially out of phase fromlongitudinal members40 connectingsupport sections20band20cby as large an amount as possible. For example, if thesupport sections20a,20band20care all connected to their adjacent support sections20 by twolongitudinal members 180 degrees apart, it is preferred that thelongitudinal members40 connectingsupport sections20aand20bbe tangentially out of phase by 90 degrees from thelongitudinal members40 connecting thesupport sections20band20c.
• Providing[0049]longitudinal members40 connecting immediately adjacent support sections20, e.g.,20aand20b, circumferentially spaced about the support sections20 can improve the flexibility of thebody10 along thelongitudinal axis14. In addition, providing thelongitudinal members40 tangentially out of phase along the length of thebody10, e.g., between sections20a-20band20b-20c, can also improve the longitudinal flexibility of stents according to the present invention. Although these concepts have been described with reference to three successive support sections, it will be understood that these concepts can be extended along the entire length of a stent incorporating as few as two support sections and as many support sections as desired.
• It is significant to note that the longitudinal bending flexibility is improved both when the stent is in the compressed state during delivery and upon deployment of the stent in a body lumen. Increased longitudinal bending flexibility when compressed permits threading of the stent through long tortuous vessels and lesions. Increased longitudinal bending flexibility when expanded allows for deployment in highly curved vessels or lumens.[0050]
• It will be understood that the[0051]longitudinal members40 described above may be incorporated into self-expanding stents or into stents that are not self-expanding, i.e., stents that must be expanded by a balloon or some other method. In addition, the connection of thelongitudinal members40 can be used in any stent providing zigzag support sections, whether the stent includes primary bends such as those described herein or not. In any case, the connection of thelongitudinal members40 the midpoints of thestruts24 in adjacent zigzag support sections20 will prevent changes in the longitudinal length of stents incorporating zigzag support sections similar to those described herein.
• FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the one of the support sections[0052]20 in FIG. 2. Aprimary bend22 is shown along with two opposing primary bends22′ on the opposite end of the support section. Theprimary bend22 is attached to a pair ofstruts24aand24b. Thelower strut24ais attached to the lower opposingprimary bend22′ while theupper strut24bis attached to the upper opposingprimary bend22′.Strut24ahas amidpoint25athat is generally located midway between theprimary bend22 and the lower opposingprimary bend22′ whilestrut24bhas amidpoint25bthat is generally located midway between theprimary bend22 and the upper opposingprimary bend22′.
• [0053]Strut24aincludes asecondary bend26alocated between itsmidpoint25aand theprimary bend22. Thesecondary bend26aforms an apex27afacing theother strut24battached to theprimary bend22.Strut24bincludes asecondary bend26blocated between itsmidpoint25band theprimary bend22. Thesecondary bend26bforms an apex27bfacing theother strut24aattached to theprimary bend22. As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3, it is preferred that each of thestruts24 connectingprimary bends22 and22′ include two secondary bends, with one secondary bend being located on each side of the midpoint of thestrut24.
• FIG. 4 depicts the portion of the support section of FIG. 3 in the compressed state in which the opposing upper and lower primary bends[0054]22′ are moved together. As a result, thestruts24aand24bare also moved together, and abut each other first at a point between themidpoints25aand25bof therespective struts24aand24b. In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4, the point at which the struts associated with or attached to theprimary bend22 abut first is at theapexes27aand27bof thestruts24aand24b. As a result, the minimum radius formed by theprimary bend22 during compression of the stent is limited by the abutting relationship of theapexes27aand27bthat redistributes the stresses associated with compression of the stent into thestruts24aand24b.
• The construction of the supports sections depicted in FIGS.[0055]2-4 can be modified while still limiting the maximum stresses associated with compression of the stent. One alternative is depicted in FIG. 5 and includes aprimary bend122 on one end of a support section and two opposingprimary bends122′ on the opposing end of the support section. Thestrut124aconnecting theprimary bend122 with the lower opposingprimary bend122′ includes asecondary bend126aand thestrut124bconnecting theprimary bend122 with the upper opposingprimary bend122′ includes asecondary bend126b.
• The primary difference between the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3 and 5 is that the[0056]portion123aof thestrut124abetween thesecondary bend126aand theprimary bend122 is not generally parallel to thecorresponding portion123bof thestrut124b. As described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3 above, however, it is preferred that thestruts124aand124babut first at theapexes127aand127bformed by thesecondary bends126aand126bduring compression to thereby reduce the maximum bending stresses associated with compression of the stent.
• Another alternative construction is depicted in FIG. 6 and includes a[0057]primary bend222 on one end of a support section and two opposingprimary bends222′ on the opposing end of the support section. Thestrut224aconnecting theprimary bend222 with the lower opposingprimary bend222′ includes asecondary bend226aand thestrut224bconnecting theprimary bend222 with the upper opposingprimary bend222′ includes asecondary bend226b.
• The[0058]primary bend222 in the embodiment of FIG. 6 and the portions of thestruts224aand224blocated between thesecondary bends126aand126band theprimary bend222 form a generally circular element as seen in FIG. 6. As described with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 5 above, however, it is preferred that thestruts224aand224babut first at theapexes227aand227bformed by thesecondary bends226aand226bduring compression to thereby reduce the maximum bending stresses associated with compression of the stent.
• Yet another alternative construction is depicted in FIG. 7 and includes a[0059]primary bend322 on one end of a support section and two opposingprimary bends322′ on the opposing end of the support section. Thestrut324aconnecting theprimary bend322 with the lower opposingprimary bend322′ includes aprotrusion327afacing the opposingstrut324battached to theprimary bend322. Similarly, thestrut324bconnecting theprimary bend322 with the upper opposingprimary bend322′ includes aprotrusion327bfacing the opposingstrut324a.
• Although the[0060]struts324aand324bdo not include secondary bends as in those struts described above, theprotrusions327aand327bdefine the point at which thestruts324a/324bfirst abut when the stent is compressed. Because that point is removed from theprimary bend322, the minimum bending radius of the primary bend is limited, thereby reducing the maximum bending stresses at the primary bends that is associated with compression of the stent.
• FIG. 8 illustrates yet another feature of stents according to the present invention when compared to the stent depicted in FIG. 2. The view of FIG. 8 is a portion of a stent body including two[0061]adjacent support sections420aand420b.Support section420aincludesprimary bends422aon one end and opposingprimary bends422a′ on the opposite end of thesupport section420a. Similarly, thesupport section420bincludesprimary bends422bon one end of thesupport section420band opposingprimary bends422b′ on the opposite end of thesupport section420b.
• In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 8, the primary bends[0062]422aand422binadjacent support sections420aand420bare generally aligned along the longitudinal axis414. Likewise, the primary bends422a′ and422b′ inadjacent support sections420aand420bare also generally aligned along the longitudinal axis414. As a result, thesupport sections420aand420bare said to be “in phase” with each other.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a stent in which the support sections[0063]20 are “out of phase” with the adjacent support sections because the primary bends22 and22′ on the adjacent support sections20 do not generally align along thelongitudinal axis14 as do the primary bends422a/422band422a′/422b′ in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 8.
• The radially expandable stents depicted and described above with respect to FIGS.[0064]1-8 are preferably formed as a one-piece, completely integral units from a thin-walled tube of suitable material. Typically, the stents will be cut or machined from a tube using, e.g., laser, water jet, EDM (electrical discharge machining), or chemical etching techniques. As a result, the stents can be formed without welds or joints. It is also envisioned, however, that stents according to the present invention could be formed from a sheet of material using, e.g., laser, water jet, EDM, or chemical etching techniques. If the stent was formed from a sheet of material, thebody10 as seen in FIG. 2 would be formed into a tube and welded or otherwise joined along one side of the stent resulting in a series of welds or other joints along the length of the body.
• Preferred materials for stents according to the present invention include those materials that can provide the desired functional characteristics with respect to biological compatibility, modulus of elasticity, etc. For example, it is preferred that the stents be biologically compatible, as well as be capable of significant recoverable strain to assume a low profile for delivery to a desired location within a body lumen. After release of the compressed stent, it is preferred that the stent be capable of radially expanding back to its original diameter.[0065]
• Particularly preferred materials for stents according to the present invention are nickel titanium alloys and other alloys that exhibit superelastic behavior, i.e., are capable of significant distortion without plastic deformation. Stents manufactured of such materials can be significantly compressed without plastic deformation, i.e., they are compressed such that the maximum strain level in the stent is below the recoverable strain limit of the material. Discussions relating to nickel titanium alloys and other alloys that exhibit behaviors suitable for stents according to the present invention can be found in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,378 (Jervis) and WO 95/31945 (Burmeister et al.). Nickel titanium alloys suitable for use in manufacturing stents according to the present invention can be obtained from, e.g., Memry Corp., Brookfield, Conn.[0066]
• The radially outward directed force developed by the stents according to the present invention serves two functions. One function is to hold the body lumen open against a force directed radially inward, e.g., a spasm, as well as preventing restriction of the passageway through the lumen by intimal flaps or dissections generated by, e.g., prior balloon angioplasty. Another function is to fix the position of the stent within the body lumen by intimate contact between the stent and the walls of the lumen. The outwardly directed forces must not be excessive, however, to avoid traumatization of the lumen walls by the stent.[0067]
• The diameters of some preferred stents when in the compressed state for delivery to a desired location within a body lumen is typically reduced from about two to about six times the diameter of the stents when in their expanded state before compression. For example, typical stents may have a compressed external diameter of about 1 millimeter to about 3 millimeters for delivery and an expanded external diameter in a body lumen of about 3 millimeters to about 15 millimeters when released from compression in a large arterial vessel. Some preferred stents used in coronary arteries may have a compressed external diameter of about 1 millimeter and an expanded external diameter in a body lumen of up to about 5 millimeters.[0068]
• In addition to ranges in diameters, it will also be understood that the stents according to the present invention can have any desired longitudinal length as required for a particular application. Furthermore, although the illustrative stents depicted in FIGS.[0069]1-8 have a plurality of successive support sections, it will be understood that some stents according to the present invention could be manufactured with only one support section (in which case no longitudinal members would be required to connect adjacent support sections).
• Having thus described radially expandable stents according to the present invention, we will now describe one delivery system suitable for deploying the self-expanding stents described above as well as other radially expandable stents. The delivery system depicted in FIGS.[0070]9-11 provides for delivery of a stent to a desired location within a body lumen. It will be understood that the stents described above may be deployed by any suitable delivery system and they are not to be limited to deployment by the delivery systems described below.
• The delivery system of FIG. 9 includes a[0071]handle50 at the proximal end. Thehandle50 includes arelease button51 that slides within achannel52 located in thehandle50. Preferably, therelease button51 is actuated by a user's thumb to assist in one-handed delivery of the stent as discussed in more detail below.
• It is preferred that the[0072]release button51 be locked or retained in position before delivery to prevent accidental or unwanted deployment of the stent from the delivery system. One preferred retaining mechanism is a bend or turn in the distal end of thechannel52 such that thechannel52 includes a circumferential portion at the distal end connecting to the otherwiselongitudinal channel52 seen in FIG. 9. The retaining therelease button51 in position at the distal end of the channel52 (in the circumferential portion of the channel) until delivery of the stent is desired, at which time the button is moved circumferentially and then longitudinally along the length of thechannel52 to release the stent as discussed in more detail below.
• Those skilled in the art will understand that a variety of retaining mechanisms could be substituted for the preferred mechanism described above. Examples of suitable alternatives include, but are not limited to: a removable security band around the[0073]handle50 that must be removed to move therelease button51 proximally, stoppers within thechannel52 that must be removed to move therelease button51 proximally, a detent mechanism in which the release button can be depressed radially inward to release thebutton51 for movement within the channel, etc.
• A[0074]support tube54 extends from the distal end of thehandle50 and preferably extends into thehemostasis valve94 of the Y-connector92 of aguide catheter90. Preferably, thesupport tube54 terminates within theguide catheter90 at a point near the Y-connector92. Theguide catheter90 preferably terminates at adistal end96 spaced from the Y-connector92. The construction of guide catheters, Y-connectors and hemostasis valves are well known and will not be described further.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the proximal portion of the delivery system taken along the longitudinal axis of the[0075]support tube54 as indicated by line1010 in FIG. 9. Thesupport tube54 is coaxial with acover sheath70 andinner tube60, both of which are described in more detail below. It is preferred that thecover sheath70 be movable within thesupport tube54 and that thecover sheath70 also be movable relative to theinner tube60. Further, it is preferred that theinner tube60 and thesupport tube54 be fixed relative to each other.
• FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the distal portion of the delivery device in which the[0076]stent10 is located within thelumen72 formed by thecover sheath70. Thecover sheath70 maintains thestent10 in a compressed state in which thestent10 has a diameter suitable for delivery to aninternal body lumen100. Because thestent10 is self-expanding, it is biased radially outward against the interior surface of thecover sheath70 as depicted.
• An[0077]inner tube60 preferably extends through thecover sheath70 and thecompressed stent10 as seen in FIG. 11. Theinner tube60 also preferably includes aguidewire lumen64 extending through to thedistal end61 of theinner tube60. For clarity, theguidewire104 has been removed from theguidewire lumen64 in theinner tube60 of FIG. 11.
• The preferred[0078]inner tube60 includes ashoulder62 proximal to theproximal end16 of thestent10. Theshoulder62 prevents thestent10 from moving proximally with thecover sheath70 during deployment because the outside diameter of theinner tube60 at theshoulder62 is greater than the inside diameter of thecompressed stent10. As a result, the position of thestent10 relative to theshoulder62 oninner tube60 is fixed when thecover sheath70 is moved proximally during deployment of thestent10 as described below.
• [0079]Inner tube60 preferably extends to thehandle50 of the delivery system depicted in FIG. 9. Furthermore, theinner tube60 is preferably fixedly attached to thehandle50 and is substantially inextensible along its length. As a result, the distance between thehandle50 and theshoulder62 on theinner tube60 is fixed. Because the distance between theshoulder62 and the handle.50 is fixed, the distance between thehandle50 and thecompressed stent10 on the interior surface of thecover sheath70 is also fixed during deployment.
• The[0080]stent10 is released by moving thecover sheath70 towards the proximal end of the delivery device, i.e., away from thedistal end61 of theinner tube60. Thecover sheath70 is connected to an actuator such as arelease button51 on thehandle50 such that movement of thebutton51 towards theproximal end53 of thehandle50 moves thecover sheath70 in the proximal direction towards thehandle50. If thestent10 is self-expanding, that movement of thecover sheath70 preferably removes the constraining forces on thecompressed stent10, thereby allowing it to expand within thelumen100. Actuators that accomplish the function of moving thecover sheath70 relative to thehandle50 other than the preferredrelease button51 will be known to those skilled in the art.
• To assist in positioning the[0081]stent10 during delivery, it is preferred that one radio-opaque marker68 be provided on theinner tube60 at theproximal end16 of thestent10 and another radio-opaque marker74 be provided on thecover sheath70 at thedistal end18 of thestent10. Movement of themarker74 on thecover sheath70 past themarker68 on theinner tube60 is preferably indicative of sufficient movement of thecover sheath70 such that thestent10 is no longer constrained by within thelumen72 of the cover sheath has been deployed within thebody lumen100.
• FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of the distal portion of an alternative delivery system incorporating an[0082]inflatable balloon180 on theinner tube160, with the balloon preferably located within the passageway formed by thecompressed stent110. As described in connection with the embodiment depicted in FIG. 11, thestent110 is located within thelumen172 formed by thecover sheath170. Thecover sheath170 maintains thestent110 in a compressed state in which thestent110 has a diameter suitable for delivery to an internal body lumen. Because thestent110 is self-expanding, it is biased radially outward against the interior surface of the cover sheath as depicted.
• The[0083]inner tube160 also preferably includes aguidewire lumen164 extending through to thedistal end161 of theinner tube160. Theinner tube160 also includes ashoulder162 at theproximal end116 of thestent110 to assist in deploying thestent110 as described above in connection with FIG. 11.Inner tube160 also preferably extends to the handle of a delivery system as described above in connection with FIG. 11.
• As seen in FIG. 12, the portion of the[0084]inner tube160 on which theballoon180 is mounted preferably has a reduced diameter to maintain a low profile while allowing room for theballoon180. Theinner tube160 also includes aninflation lumen182 in fluid communication with the interior of thecollapsed balloon180. Theinflation lumen182 is used to deliver the fluids used to inflate theballoon180 during deployment of thestent110. Theinflation lumen182 preferably terminates at the proximal end of theinner tube160 where the fluid source can be connected by known methods.
• To assist in positioning the[0085]stent110 during delivery, it is preferred that one radio-opaque marker168 be provided on theinner tube160 at theproximal end116 of thestent110 and another radio-opaque marker174 be provided on thecover sheath170 at thedistal end118 of thestent110. Movement of themarker174 on thecover sheath170 past themarker168 on theinner tube160 is preferably indicative of sufficient movement of thecover sheath170 such that thestent110 is no longer constrained by within thelumen172 of the cover sheath has been deployed within a body lumen.
• As described above in connection with FIG. 9, the preferred delivery systems according to the present invention also preferably include a[0086]support tube54 exterior to and coaxial with thecover sheath70 andinner tube60 to further assist in accurate placement of thestent10. Thesupport tube54 preferably extends from thehandle50 and is sufficiently long to extend into the lumen of theguide catheter90. As best seen in FIG. 9, thesupport tube54 preferably extends into, e.g., a Y-connector92 of theguide catheter90 such that the position of thesupport tube54 can be fixed relative to theguide catheter90 by closure of thehemostasis valve94 on the Y-connector92.
• It is preferred that the[0087]support tube54 be fixedly attached to thehandle50 and that thesupport tube54 be substantially inextensible along its longitudinal axis such that, after thesupport tube54 is fixed in thehemostasis valve94, thehandle50 is located a fixed distance from thehemostasis valve94. Thecover sheath70 located within the support tube54 (see FIG. 10) is, however, free to move longitudinally within thesupport tube54 during deployment of thestent10. Because thesupport tube54 and theinner tube60 are both fixedly attached to thehandle50, however, the distance between thestent10 and the hemostasis valve94 (and handle50) are also fixed on closure of thehemostasis valve94 on thesupport tube54.
• Use of the delivery system described above will now be described in connection with balloon angioplasty treatment of a lesion within a coronary vessel. Deployment of the stent will typically involve balloon angioplasty to expand the passageway through a lesion. Typically, a balloon catheter will be advanced over a guidewire to the desired location. After dilatation, the balloon catheter will be withdrawn while the[0088]guidewire104 and guidecatheter90 used with the balloon catheter remain in position. Theguide catheter90 is typically sutured in position to fix its location relative to the patient. At that point, theinner tube60 andcover sheath70 withcompressed stent10 will be advanced through theguide catheter90 past thedistal end96 of theguide catheter90 along theguidewire104 until thestent10 is in the desired location relative to thelesion102. That position can be verified by, e.g., using the radio-opaque markers68 and74 on theinner tube60 andcover sheath70 as described above.
• With the[0089]stent10 in the desired location, thehemostasis valve94 is preferably fastened or closed on thesupport tube54, thereby fixing the position of the stent relative to the guide catheter90 (which, in turn fixes the position of thestent10 relative to the patient because of the connection between theguide catheter90 and the patient as described above). With thehemostasis valve94 closed, therelease button51 is moved from its locked position within thechannel52 and then gently moved towards theproximal end53 of thehandle50. That movement preferably draws the distal end76 of thecover sheath70 past thestent10. If thestent10 is self-expanding, it will typically expand radially outward from theinner tube60 towards the interior surface of thelesion102.
• After the[0090]cover sheath70 is withdrawn sufficiently to expose thestent10, the balloon80 can be inflated to either expand the stent10 (if it is not self-expanding) or to assist in proper seating of thestent10 against the interior surface of thelumen100 and/orlesion102. The balloon80 is preferably a high pressure balloon (operating at 12-14 Bars) and preferably has an inflated diameter that is less than or equal to the interior diameter of thestent10 as expanded.
• Another feature of one preferred rapid-exchange delivery system according to the present invention is in the routing of the[0091]guidewire104 out of theinner tube60 andcover sheath70 at a point between thedistal end61 of theinner tube60 and the distal end of thesupport tube54. Turning to FIG. 13, a portion of a rapid-exchange delivery system proximal from thedistal end61 of theinner tube60 is depicted which includes thecover sheath70 and theinner tube60 located within thelumen72 of thecover sheath70. Theguidewire lumen64 of theinner tube60 terminates in a first guidewire opening63 in the depicted embodiment. A second guidewire opening73 is provided in thecover sheath70.
• A[0092]guide element130 is preferably provided that extends through the second guidewire opening73 and thefirst guidewire opening63 and into theguidewire lumen64 of theinner tube60. As such, advancement of theproximal end106 of theguidewire104 towards the proximal end of the delivery system through the guidewire lumen64 (to the left in FIG. 13) moves theproximal end106 of theguidewire104 into alumen132 in theguide element130.
• It is preferred that only a portion of the[0093]guidewire104 fit within thelumen132 in theguide element130. As a result, continued advancement of theguidewire104 towards the proximal end of the delivery system forces theguide element130 out of the first andsecond guidewire openings63/73 as well as guides theproximal end106 of theguidewire104 through those openings. After theproximal end106 of theguidewire104 is threaded through theopenings63/73 in theinner tube60 andcover sheath70, the distal portion of theinner tube60 andcover sheath70 in which theguidewire104 is contained can be advanced through theguide catheter90 along theguidewire104.
• Although FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a rapid-exchange delivery system, it will be understood that the stents according to the present invention can be delivered by any delivery system, e.g., an over-the-wire delivery system or by any other suitable delivery system. Furthermore, it will also be understood that the distal portions of the delivery system as depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12 could be used in connection with any suitable delivery system, including, e.g., rapid-exchange or over-the-wire delivery systems.[0094]
• Furthermore, the preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. It is to be understood, however, that other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed herein, may be employed without departing from the scope of the appended claims.[0095]

Claims (44)

What is claimed is:

1. A radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen comprising:

an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis;

the body comprising a plurality of circumferential support sections arranged successively along the longitudinal axis, each of the support sections having a length along the longitudinal axis;

each of the circumferential support sections comprising a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween; and

at least one longitudinal member connecting adjacent support sections in the body, the longitudinal member having a first end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts and a second end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in the adjacent support section;

wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state in which the struts are generally aligned with the longitudinal axis and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and the primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern, and further wherein the longitudinal length of the stent in the compressed state is substantially the same as the longitudinal length of the stent in the expanded state.

2. A stent according toclaim 1, wherein the body comprises first, second and third support sections, and further wherein each of the longitudinal members connecting the first support section to the second support section are circumferentially offset from each of the longitudinal members connecting the second support section to the third support section.

3. A stent according toclaim 1, further comprising two or more longitudinal members connecting adjacent support sections in the body.

4. A stent according toclaim 1, wherein all of the support sections are in phase with each other.

5. A stent according toclaim 1, wherein at least one pair of adjacent support sections are out of phase with each other.

6. A stent according toclaim 1, wherein the body comprises a nickel titanium alloy.

7. A stent according toclaim 1, wherein each primary bend of the plurality of primary bends connects a pair of struts in the support section, and further wherein each pair of struts abut at a point between the primary bend and the midpoint of each of the struts in the pair of struts when the stent is in the compressed state, whereby the bending stress is reduced at each primary bend of the plurality of primary bends.

8. A stent according toclaim 7, wherein at least one of the struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends comprises a secondary bend located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the secondary bend including an apex facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the apex of the secondary bend when the stent is in the compressed state.

9. A stent according toclaim 7, wherein each strut of the plurality of struts comprises two secondary bends, one of the secondary bends located on each side of the midpoint of the strut and each of the secondary bends being spaced from the ends of the strut, each of the secondary bends having an apex, wherein the apexes of each of the secondary bends face the opposing struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends in the support section, and further wherein the point at which each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends abut when the stent is in the compressed state is at the apexes of the secondary bends of the struts.

10. A stent according toclaim 7, wherein at least one of the struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends comprises a protrusion located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the protrusion facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the protrusion when the stent is in the compressed state.

11. A stent according toclaim 7, wherein each strut of the plurality of struts comprises two protrusions, one of the protrusions located on each side of the midpoint of the strut and each of the protrusions being spaced from the ends of the strut, wherein the protrusions face the opposing struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends in the support section, and further wherein the point at which each pair of struts abut when the stent is in the compressed state is at the protrusions in each strut in the pair of adjacent struts.

12. A self-expanding radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen comprising:

an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis, the body comprising at least one circumferential support section having a length along the longitudinal axis;

each of the circumferential support sections comprising a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween;

wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern, and further wherein each pair of adjacent struts associated with each of the primary bends abut at a point between the primary bend and the midpoint of each strut in the pair of adjacent struts when the stent is in the compressed state, whereby the bending stress is reduced at each primary bend of the plurality of primary bends.

13. A stent according toclaim 12, wherein at least one of the struts in the pair of struts associated with each of the primary bends comprises a secondary bend located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the secondary bend including an apex facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the apex of the secondary bend when the stent is in the compressed state.

14. A stent according toclaim 12, wherein each strut of the plurality of struts comprises two secondary bends, one of the secondary bends located on each side of the midpoint of the strut and each of the secondary bends being spaced from the ends of the strut, each of the secondary bends having an apex, wherein the apexes of each of the secondary bends face the opposing struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends in the support section, and further wherein the point at which each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends abut when the stent is in the compressed state is at the apexes of the secondary bends of the struts.

15. A stent according toclaim 12, wherein at least one of the struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends comprises a protrusion located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the protrusion facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the protrusion when the stent is in the compressed state.

16. A stent according toclaim 12, wherein each strut of the plurality of struts comprises two protrusions, one of the protrusions located on each side of the midpoint of the strut and each of the protrusions being spaced from the ends of the strut, wherein the protrusions face the opposing struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends in the support section, and further wherein the point at which each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends abut when the stent is in the compressed state is at the protrusions in the struts.

17. A self-expanding radially expandable stent for implantation within a body lumen comprising:

an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis, the body comprising at least one circumferential support section having a length along the longitudinal axis;

each of the circumferential support sections comprising a substantially continuous element including a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween, wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern; and

means for reducing bending stress at the primary bends when the stent is in the compressed state.

18. A stent according toclaim 17, wherein the means for reducing bending stress causes each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends to abut at a point between the midpoints of the pair of struts and the primary bend.

19. A stent according toclaim 17, wherein the body comprises a plurality of circumferential support sections arranged successively along the longitudinal axis, and further wherein the body comprises at least one longitudinal member connecting adjacent support sections in the body, the longitudinal member having a first end attached to one of the support sections and a second end attached to the adjacent support section.

20. A stent according toclaim 19, wherein the first end of each of the longitudinal members is attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in one of the support sections and the second end of each of the longitudinal members is attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in an adjacent support section; wherein the longitudinal length of the stent in the compressed state is substantially the same as the longitudinal length of the stent in the expanded state.

21. A delivery system for implantation of a radially-expandable stent within a body lumen comprising:

an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein, the inner tube lumen having an opening at the distal end of the inner tube;

a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube located within the cover sheath lumen;

a stent positioned about the inner tube at the distal end of the cover sheath;

a first guidewire opening in the inner tube lumen, the first guidewire opening spaced from the distal end of the inner tube;

a second guidewire opening in the wall of the cover sheath, the second guidewire opening located proximate the first guidewire opening; and

a guide element having a distal end located within the inner tube lumen, the guide element extending between the first and second guidewire openings.

22. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the guide element comprises a proximal end located outside of the cover sheath lumen such that the guide element extends through the second guidewire opening.

23. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the guide element is removably positioned in the inner tube lumen and the first and second guidewire openings.

24. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the inner tube lumen terminates at the first guidewire opening.

25. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the first guidewire opening is formed in an inner tube wall.

26. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the guide element comprises a guide lumen formed in the distal end of the guide element.

27. A system according toclaim 26, wherein the guide lumen can receive only a portion of the guidewire.

28. A system according toclaim 21, wherein the stent is self-expanding and comprises:

an elongated generally tubular body defining a passageway having a longitudinal axis, the body comprising at least one circumferential support section having a length along the longitudinal axis;

each of the circumferential support sections comprising a plurality of primary bends interconnected by struts, the primary bends being located on alternating ends of the support section around the circumference of the body, each of the struts connecting successive primary bends on opposite ends of the support section and having a midpoint generally located therebetween;

wherein the stent is radially compressible into a compressed state and radially expandable into an expanded state in which the struts and primary bends in each of the support sections are arranged in a zigzag pattern, and further wherein each pair of adjacent struts associated with each of the primary bends abut at a point between the primary bend and the midpoint of each strut in the pair of adjacent struts when the stent is in the compressed state, whereby the bending stress is reduced at each primary bend of the plurality of primary bends.

29. A system according toclaim 28, wherein the stent is biased against the interior surface of the cover sheath in the compressed state, and further wherein the inner tube comprises a shoulder having an outside diameter greater than an inside diameter of the stent in the compressed state within the cover sheath, whereby movement of the cover sheath proximally forces the stent out of the cover sheath.

30. A system according toclaim 28, wherein at least one of the struts in the pair of struts associated with each of the primary bends comprises a secondary bend located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the secondary bend including an apex facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the apex of the secondary bend when the stent is in the compressed state.

31. A stent according toclaim 28, wherein at least one of the struts in each pair of struts associated with one of the primary bends comprises a protrusion located between the midpoint and one end of the strut, the protrusion facing the other strut in the pair of struts, and further wherein the point at which the pair of struts abut is at the protrusion when the stent is in the compressed state.

32. A stent according toclaim 28, wherein the body comprises a plurality of circumferential support sections arranged successively along the longitudinal axis, and further wherein the body comprises at least one longitudinal member connecting adjacent support sections in the body, the longitudinal member having a first end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in one of the support sections and a second end attached proximate the midpoint of one of the struts in an adjacent support section; wherein the longitudinal length of the stent in the compressed state is substantially the same as the longitudinal length of the stent in the expanded state.

33. A system according toclaim 32, wherein the body of the stent comprises first, second and third support sections, and further wherein each of the longitudinal members connecting the first support section to the second support section are circumferentially offset from each of the longitudinal members connecting the second support section to the third support section.

34. A system according toclaim 21, further comprising:

an expandable balloon located on the inner tube; and

an inflation lumen in fluid communication with the balloon, the inflation lumen extending from the proximal end of the delivery system to the balloon.

35. A system according toclaim 34, wherein the balloon is located between the stent and the inner tube.

36. A method of deploying a stent within a body lumen comprising:

a) providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system comprising:

an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein, the inner tube lumen having an opening at the distal end of the inner tube and a first guidewire opening in the inner tube lumen, the first guidewire opening spaced from the distal end of the inner tube;

a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube;

a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube and stent located within the cover sheath lumen, the cover sheath further including a second guidewire opening in the wall of the cover sheath, the second guidewire opening located proximate the first guidewire opening in the inner tube; and

a guide element having a distal end located within the inner tube lumen, the guide element extending between the first and second guidewire openings, wherein the guide element comprises a guide lumen formed in the distal end of the guide element;

b) positioning a guidewire within a body lumen, wherein a proximal end of the guidewire extends out of the body lumen;

c) inserting the proximal end of the guidewire into the inner tube lumen at the distal end of the inner tube;

d) advancing the proximal end of the guidewire through the inner tube lumen towards the first guidewire opening and the distal end of the guide element, wherein at least a portion of the proximal end of the guidewire is advanced into the guide lumen in the distal end of the guide element;

e) advancing the proximal end of the guidewire through the first and second guidewire openings;

f) advancing the distal end of the inner tube and the stent over the guidewire towards the distal end of the guidewire, wherein the stent is positioned at a desired location within the body lumen; and

g) deploying the stent at the desired location within the body lumen.

37. A method according toclaim 36, wherein the guide element is removably positioned in the inner tube lumen and the first and second guidewire openings, and further wherein the step of advancing the proximal end of the guidewire through the first and second guidewire openings further comprises moving the guide element out of the first and second guidewire openings.

38. A method according toclaim 36, wherein the guide lumen can receive only a portion of the proximal end of the guidewire.

39. A method according toclaim 36, wherein the guide element comprises a proximal end located outside of the cover sheath lumen such that the guide element extends through the second guidewire opening.

40. A method of deploying a stent within a body lumen comprising:

a) providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system comprising:

an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the inner tube having an inner tube lumen formed therein;

a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube;

an expandable balloon located on the inner tube;

an inflation lumen in fluid communication with the balloon, the inflation lumen extending from the proximal end of the delivery system to the balloon; and

a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath comprising a wall defining a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube, stent, and balloon located within the cover sheath lumen;

b) positioning the inner tube, stent, balloon and cover sheath within a body lumen;

c) moving the cover sheath proximally relative to the distal end of the inner tube to deploy the stent with the body lumen; and

d) inflating the balloon within the stent.

41. A method according toclaim 40, wherein the balloon is located between the stent and the inner tube.

42. A method of deploying a stent within a body lumen comprising:

a) providing a radially expandable stent on a delivery system comprising:

an inner tube having a proximal end and a distal end;

a stent positioned on the exterior surface of the inner tube at the distal end of the inner tube;

a cover sheath having a proximal end and a distal end, the cover sheath including a cover sheath lumen, the inner tube and stent located within the cover sheath lumen; and

a support tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the support tube including a support tube lumen containing at least a portion of the proximal end of the cover sheath, the cover sheath being movable in the proximal and distal directions within the support tube lumen and the position of the inner tube being fixed relative to the position of the support tube;

b) positioning a guide catheter within a body lumen;

c) advancing the distal ends of the inner tube and the cover sheath through the guide catheter;

d) fixing the position of the support tube relative to the guide catheter, wherein the positions of the distal end of the inner tube and the stent within the body lumen are also fixed relative to the guide catheter; and

e) moving the cover sheath proximally to release the stent on the distal end of the inner tube, thereby deploying the stent within the body lumen.

43. A method according toclaim 42, wherein the guide catheter includes a hemostasis valve and further wherein the step of fixing the position of the support tube relative to the guide catheter comprises closing the hemostasis valve on the support tube.

44. A method according toclaim 42, wherein the support tube and the inner tube are fixedly attached to a handle and the cover sheath is attached to an actuator, the actuator movable relative to the handle, and further wherein the step of moving the cover sheath comprises moving the actuator relative to the handle.

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