US20030094611A1 - Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a thin film transistor having a high field effect mobility and a small variation in characteristics thereof a second amorphous semiconductor layer patterned in a predetermined shape is formed on a first crystalline semiconductor layer17for constituting source and drain regions. By irradiating an irradiated region21of continuous wave laser beam while scanning along a channel length direction, the second amorphous semiconductor layer is crystallized to form a second crystalline semiconductor layer22.

The first crystalline semiconductor layer17is crystallized by selectively adding nickel and therefore, an orientation rate of {111} is increased. By irradiating laser beam, crystals of the second amorphous semiconductor layer grow by constituting a seed by the first crystalline semiconductor layer17oriented to {111} and therefore, a region22afor constituting a channel forming region is also oriented highly to {111} and a direction of a crystal grain boundary becomes parallel with the channel length direction.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention[0001]
• The present invention relates to a semiconductor device in which an active layer is formed of a crystalline semiconductor film having a crystal structure and a method of forming the same. Particularly, the invention relates to a thin film transistor in which an active region is formed of a crystalline semiconductor film, a semiconductor device such as an integrated circuit using the thin film transistor and a method of forming fabricating the semiconductor device. Further, in the specification, a semiconductor device refers to general device functioning by utilizing a semiconductor characteristic, including, for example, a semiconductor integrated circuit, an active matrix type display device, and other electronic device such as an electronic device mounted with a semiconductor integrated circuit or an active matrix type display device.[0002]
• 2. Description of the Related Art[0003]
• In developing an active matrix type display which is a kind of a flat panel display, there has been developed a technology of forming a thin film transistor (hereinafter, described as TFT) using a crystalline semiconductor film having a crystal structure for an active layer as an element of a pixel portion or a transistor of an integrated circuit for driving the pixel portion and there is realized a monolithic type display integrated with an integrated circuit of a pixel portion and integrated with an integrated circuit of a pixel portion and a drive circuit necessary for driving the pixel portion on one glass substrate or quartz substrate. There have been sold various commodities such as a notebook type personal computer or a portable telephone mounted with an active matrix type liquid crystal display device formed by TFT using a polycrystal silicon film produced by crystallizing an amorphous silicon film.[0004]
• There is requested TFT having fast operation speed, that is, high field effect mobility in order to realize higher pixel formation and higher miniaturization of a monolithic type of an active matrix type display. In order to achieve high field effect mobility, it is necessary to form TFT by using a crystalline silicon film produced by crystallizing an amorphous silicon film and for that purpose, an intensive research has been carried out on a technology of crystallizing a silicon film. As the crystallizing technology, there is known a method of heating an amorphous semiconductor film by a heating furnace or RTA apparatus for solid phase growth or a method of crystallizing an amorphous film by heating the amorphous film by irradiating laser beam.[0005]
• Although in order to increase the field effect mobility of TFT, carriers may be moved smoothly by a channel without being scattered, in the case of TFT using a crystalline silicon film currently reduced to practice, there are many grain boundaries in the channel and therefore, the field effect mobility of TFT cannot be made higher than that of a transistor using a silicon wafer.[0006]
• Hence, it has been tried to enlarge a crystal grain of a semiconductor of the channel to bring the field effect mobility of TFT close to that of a transistor of a single crystal silicon wafer. Because by enlarging the crystal grain, a number of crystal grain boundaries of a semiconductor at a channel of TFT is reduced and therefore, a probability that carriers are scattered by crystal grain boundaries can be reduced.[0007]
• Further, although it is known that easiness of flowing carriers in a semiconductor differs also by crystal orientation, according to the conventional crystallizing technology, it is very difficult to align crystal orientation in the direction of carriers flowing in the channel. According to the above-described conventional crystallizing technology, crystals grow with crystal nuclei accidentally produced in an amorphous silicon film as seeds and therefore, the crystal grain boundaries cannot be eliminated at all, further, it is very difficult to control positions of crystal grain boundaries or crystal orientation.[0008]
• That the positions of the crystal grain boundaries and the crystal orientation cannot be aligned in this way, is that the crystal structure of the crystallized silicon film differs at respective locations and therefore, even when TFT is formed by using the same silicon film, there is constituted one of causes of varying characteristics of TFT at respective locations.[0009]
• Further, as TFT, there is also requested a characteristic that as a switching element, a threshold voltage value is small and a sub threshold value (S value) is small. It is known that in order to improve such a characteristic, a film thickness of the semiconductor film of the channel portion is thinned. This is because a characteristic of a sub threshold region on I-V characteristic is improved since when the semiconductor film of the channel portion is thinned, spread of a depletion layer (channel) in a film thickness direction (vertical direction) is restrained.[0010]
• In the case of TFT using a polycrystal silicon film, normally, it is preferable to thin a channel forming region to be equal to or smaller than about 60 nm. However, in the case of crystallization by solid phase growth using a heating furnace or the like, when the film thickness is thinned, there is a case that it is difficult to increase a crystal grain size.[0011]
• Further, also in the case of crystallization by continuous wave laser beam such as YAG laser or pulse laser beam such as excimer laser, similar to the case of solid phase growth using a heating furnace or the like, it is difficult to thin the film thickness of the amorphous silicon film. This is because there is posed a new problem that abrasion is liable to be caused and a margin of optimum energy is narrowed and in the case of continuous wave laser beam, unless the film thickness is equal to or larger than 60 nm in the case of continuous wave laser beam or 50 nm in the case of excimer laser, it is difficult to set optimum energy and therefore, it is difficult to reprodusibly carry out crystallization.[0012]
• Further, conventionally in order to thin the thickness of the semiconductor film of the channel portion, there is known a method of using thermal oxidation, however, according to the method, only a limited substrate having heat resistance, such as a quartz substrate or a silicon wafer, can be used.[0013]
• As described above, according to conventional crystallization by laser annealing or crystallization of an amorphous silicon by solid phase growth by using an electric furnace, the crystallization is derived from crystal growth from accidentally produced crystal nuclei, a position of generating and a density of generating crystal nuclei cannot be controlled, further, orientations of crystalline planes of a semiconductor film cannot be controlled.[0014]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• It is an object of the invention to provide a thin film transistor resolving the above-described problems, in which a field effect mobility is high, a threshold characteristic is improved and a variation in characteristics is small.[0015]
• Further, it is an object of the invention to provide a method capable of growing a crystal such that a direction of a crystal grain boundary becomes in parallel with a channel length direction and an orientation of an axis of growing the crystal becomes uniform by controlling a position of the crystal grain boundary and a crystal orientation of a crystal grain of a crystalline semiconductor film for constituting a channel. Furthermore, the method of the invention is characterized in being capable of utilizing a substrate having a strain point of about 600° C. such as a glass substrate.[0016]
• As described above, the crystallization of an amorphous silicon film by using an electric furnace or laser beam according to the conventional example, depends on crystal growth from a crystal nucleus which is accidentally generated, a position of generating and a density of generating the crystal nucleus cannot be controlled, further, an orientation of a crystal plane of a crystalline semiconductor film cannot be aligned and a position of a crystal grain boundary cannot be controlled.[0017]
• In order to resolve the above-described problem, there is provided a new method of fabricating a crystalline semiconductor layer used for a channel forming region of a semiconductor element of a thin film transistor.[0018]
• According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a semiconductor device which is a semiconductor device comprising a thin film transistor comprising two first crystalline semiconductor layers and a second crystalline semiconductor layer provided on two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers in contact therewith wherein a source region and a drain region of the thin film transistor are respectively provided in a portion in which the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers are laminated, a channel forming region comprises the second crystalline semiconductor layer and the channel forming region is provided with a highest rate of {111} among crystal planes of {001}, {101} and {111}.[0019]
• Further, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a semiconductor device which is a semiconductor device comprising a thin film transistor comprising two first crystalline semiconductor layers and a second crystalline semiconductor layer provided on two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers in contact therewith wherein a source region and a drain region of the thin film transistor are respectively provided in a portion in which the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers are laminated, a channel forming region comprises the second crystalline semiconductor layer and a rate of {101} is the highest among crystal s of {001}, {101} and {111} included in the channel forming region.[0020]
• A distribution of a crystal orientation of a semiconductor is provided from an electron backscatter diffraction pattern (EBSP). EBSP is a method of detecting a crystal orientation from backscattering of a primary electron by providing an exclusive detector to a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (hereinafter, the method is referred to as EBSP method for convenience).[0021]
• When an electron beam is incident on a sample having a crystal structure, nonelastic scattering occurs also to a backwards and a linear pattern particular to a crystal orientation by Bragg's diffraction in the sample (generally referred to as Kikuchi image) is also observed in the nonelastic scattering. The EBSP method provides the crystal orientation of the sample by analyzing Kikuchi image displayed on a detector screen.[0022]
• According to a sample of a polycrystal structure, respective crystal grains are provided with different crystal orientations. By repeating orientation analysis while moving a position of the sample to which the electron beam impinges (mapping measurement), information of crystal orientation can be provided with respect to a planar sample. Although a size of incident electron beam differs by a type of an electron gun of a scanning electron microscopy, in the case of a Schottky electric field radiation type, very slender electron beam having a spot diameter of 10 through 20 nm is irradiated. According to the mapping measurement, the larger the number of measured points and the wider the measured region, the more averaged information of the crystal orientation can be provided. Actually, in a region of 100×100 μm[0023]², measurement of about 10000 points (1 μm interval) through 40000 points (0.5 μm interval) is carried out.
• When all of crystal orientations of respective crystal grains are provided by the mapping measurement, a state of crystal orientation with respect to a film can statistically be known. FIGS. 35A and 35B show an example of a standard triangle of a silicon film having a polycrystal structure provided by the EBSP method. The standard triangle is frequently used when a dominant orientation of a sample having a polycrystal structure is displayed, collectively displaying to which lattice plane a specific plane of a sample (in this case, film surface) coincides.[0024]
• A frame in a fan-like shape of FIG. 35A is generally referred to as the standard triangle and all indices in a cubic system are included therein. Further, a length in FIGS. 35A and 35B corresponds to an angle in crystal orientation. For example, an interval between {001} and {101} is 45 degrees, an interval between {101} and {111} is 35.26 degrees and an interval between {111} and {001} is 54.74 degrees. Further, white dotted lines indicate a range of a deviation angle between 5 degrees and 10 degrees from {101}.[0025]
• FIG. 35A is plotted with all measured points in mapping (in this example, 11655 points) in the standard triangle. It is known that a density of points is increased at a vicinity of {101}. FIG. 35B displays a degree of concentrating the points by contour lines. A numerical value in the diagram designates a multiplication factor when respective crystal grains are assumed to be oriented completely disorderly, that is, when the points in the standard triangle are distributed without deviation, and is a nondimensional number.[0026]
• When in this way, predominant orientation to a specific index (in this case, {101}) is known, by numerizing a rate of crystal grains gathering at a vicinity of the index, a degree of the predominant orientation can be imaged further easily.[0027]
• For example, in the standard triangle exemplified in FIG. 35A, a deviation angle from {101} is pertinently determined to be equal to or smaller than 5 degrees or equal to or smaller than 10 degrees, and a rate of a number of points present in the range (shown by white dotted lines in the drawing) to a total can be defined as an orientation rate and can be calculated by the following equation.[0028]
• {101} orientation rate=a number of measured points having angles made by {101} lattice and film sur within an allowable value÷a total number of measured points.[0029]
• The rate can also be explained as follows. In an actual crystalline silicon film distribution of which is concentrated to a vicinity of {101} as shown by FIG. 35A, although <101> orientation of the respective crystal grain is in a direction perpendicular to a substrate, the direction is not in an ideal normal line direction relative to the substrate but the crystal axis of the respective crystal grain seems to align with some fluctuation around a normal line. By constituting the allowable value by the angle of fluctuation (deviation angle from normal line), for example, by setting 5 degrees and 10 degree, and the orientation rate is calculated by constituting the fluctuation from the normal line direction of the crystal plane smaller than the allowable value as a numerator of the right side of the above-described equation, which is meant by the above-described equation.[0030]
• For example, with regard to <101> orientation ortain crystal grain, although the allowable angle is not included in the range of 10 degrees, the allowable angle is included in the range of 5 degrees. In data, described below, the allowable value of the deviation angle may be determined as 5 degrees and the orientation rate of the crystal may be calculated as the rate of the crystal grain satisfying the allowable value.[0031]
• Further, in the specification, S-4300SE type scanning electron microscope made by Hitachi Science System Corporation is used as a scanning electron microscope and “Orientation Imaging Microscope” made by TSL Corporation is used as an exclusive detector.[0032]
• According to the invention, in order to crystallize a semiconductor layer for constituting a channel forming region, a first crystalline semiconductor film for constituting a seed of crystal growth is formed as a lower layer and an amorphous semiconductor film is formed as an upper layer in close contact with the crystalline semiconductor film. Further, by irradiating continuous wave laser beam or pulse laser beam to the upper layer of the amorphous semiconductor film while moving relative to the substrate, the upper layer of the amorphous semiconductor film is crystallized by constituting the seed by the lower layer of the crystalline semiconductor. The invention is characterized in using the provided crystalline semiconductor layer of the upper layer as a channel of a semiconductor element, such as a thin film transistor and a diode, and using a region in which the lower layer of the first crystalline semiconductor layer and the upper layer of the crystalline semiconductor layer are overlapped for an impurity region of a source region or a drain region.[0033]
• According to the invention, by aligning a crystal orientation of the lower layer of the crystalline semiconductor film for constituting the seed of crystal and subjecting the upper layer of the amorphous semiconductor layer to crystal growth (lateral growth) from a crystal plane aligned with a crystal orientation in a direction of flowing carriers (channel length direction), the crystal orientation of the crystalline semiconductor layer is made uniform with respect to the channel length direction and the position of the crystal grain boundary is controlled.[0034]
• For that purpose, according to the invention, one of methods of forming a lower layer of a first crystalline semiconductor layer is a method of forming a first semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor over a substrate, selectively adding a metal element for reducing a crystallization energy of a semiconductor to the first semiconductor film, crystallizing the first semiconductor film by a heating treatment and patterning the crystallized first semiconductor film in a predetermined shape to thereby form the first crystalline semiconductor layer. According to the provided first crystalline semiconductor layer, an orientation rate of {111} is the highest among crystal planes of {001} {101} and {111}.[0035]
• As the above-described first amorphous semiconductor film, there is used an amorphous semiconductor comprising silicon, a compound of silicon and germanium (Si[0036]_xGe_1-x(0<x<1)) or a single element of germanium. The metal element is a metal element forming a metal compound by reacting with silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) and any element of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, Au, Cu and Rh can be used.
• As the above-described metal element, Ni can most preferably be used. Because it seems that when a case in which a semiconductor is silicon is taken as an example, nickel silicide (NiSi[0037]₂) produced by reacting nickel and silicon is of a fluorite structure and lattice constant of NiSi₂is very near to lattice constant of single crystal silicon.
• As a method of adding the metal element, there are methods of coating a solution dissolved with a metal element or a compound of a metal element or a paste including a metal element or a compound of a metal element, a method of forming a metal element or a compound of a metal element on an amorphous semiconductor film by a sputtering method or a CVD method, a method of accelerating ions of a metal element and adding the ions to a semiconductor film such as plasma doping or an ion implantation method and a method of treating an amorphous semiconductor film by plasma including a metal element.[0038]
• Energy required for forming a metal compound (silicide in the case of silicon) by reacting a metal element such as nickel with a semiconductor is lower than energy for crystallizing a semiconductor such as amorphous silicon. Therefore, by carrying out crystallization by forming a compound by reacting an amorphous silicon film with a metal element, the crystallization can be carried out at temperature (energy) lower than that in spontaneously generating nuclei in a semiconductor film.[0039]
• The above-described method of crystallizing the first crystalline semiconductor is a method of forming the crystalline semiconductor film having a high orientation rate with respect to a predetermined crystal plane by partially adding a metal element to the first amorphous semiconductor film and by forming an amorphous semiconductor whose major component is silicon including germanium, even when a position of adding a metal element is not particularly controlled, it is possible to form a crystalline semiconductor film having the highest orientation rate of {101} among crystal planes of {001}, {101} and {111}.[0040]
• That is, according to the invention, other method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer of a lower layer includes a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer comprising a crystalline semiconductor by forming a first amorphous semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor film whose major component is silicon including germanium over a substrate, adding a metal element for reducing crystallization energy of a semiconductor to the first amorphous semiconductor film, heating the first amorphous semiconductor film to crystallize and patterning the crystallized first crystalline semiconductor film in a predetermined shape.[0041]
• In the above-described method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer, a metal element used, a method of adding a metal element and a method of crystallizing a first semiconductor comprising an amorphous semiconductor can be made the same as those in the case of forming a crystalline semiconductor layer having the highest orientation rate of {111}, mentioned above, and the above-described metal element is a metal element for forming a metal compound by reacting with silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) and any element of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, Au, Cu and Rh can be used.[0042]
• As the method of adding a metal element, there are methods of coating a solution dissolved with a metal element or a compound of a metal element or a paste including a metal element or a compound of a metal element, a method of forming a metal element or a compound of a metal element on an amorphous semiconductor film by a sputtering method or a CVD method, a method of accelerating ions of a metal element and adding the ions to a semiconductor film such as plasma doping or an ion implantation method and a method of treating an amorphous semiconductor film by plasma including a metal element.[0043]
• In heating to crystallize an amorphous semiconductor film by using the metal element, mentioned above, there is selected means capable of subjecting an amorphous semiconductor film to solid phase growth such as a heating treatment in an electric furnace or a method of utilizing heat radiation by an infrared ray lamp.[0044]
• Further, as described above, according to the invention, when a first amorphous semiconductor film is crystallized by using a metal element, after crystallization, in order to remove an intentionally added metal element from the crystallized first semiconductor film, a gettering treatment may be carried out.[0045]
• As a method of gettering, there are methods of forming a film for constituting a gettering sink on the crystallized semiconductor film and carrying out a heating treatment to thereby absorb the metal element to the gettering sink. As the film for constituting the gettering sink, an amorphous silicon film including argon or an amorphous silicon film including phosphor can be used.[0046]
• Although in the above, as a method of crystallizing a first semiconductor film for constituting a seed, an explanation has been given of a method of adding and crystallizing a metal element, there are also crystallizing methods in which a metal element is not added. As one of the methods, an amorphous semiconductor of a lower layer is crystallized by continuous wave laser beam and another is constructed by a constitution of forming a first semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor over a substrate, irradiating the continuous wave laser beam to the first semiconductor film while moving an irradiated region by the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to crystallize and patterning the crystallized first semiconductor film in a predetermined shape to thereby form the first crystalline semiconductor layer comprising a crystalline semiconductor.[0047]
• Still another of the methods is a method of forming a first semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor over a substrate, patterning the first semiconductor film comprising the amorphous semiconductor in a predetermined shape to thereby form a first amorphous semiconductor layer and irradiating continuous wave laser beam to the first amorphous semiconductor layer while moving an irradiated region by the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to crystallize to thereby form the first crystalline semiconductor layer.[0048]
• According to the invention, the first crystalline semiconductor layer is patterned in a predetermined shape and the shape is patterned such that the first crystalline semiconductor layer constitutes a seed crystal for crystallizing the upper layer of the second amorphous semiconductor film and functions also as a portion connected to an electrode or a wiring such as a source region or a drain region of a thin film transistor.[0049]
• Further, the invention is characterized in a method of fabricating a semiconductor device of forming a second semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor on a first crystalline semiconductor layer formed by any of the above-described methods in contact with the first crystalline semiconductor layer, patterning the second semiconductor film in a predetermined shape to include a region overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer and a region which is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer in a predetermined shape to thereby form a second amorphous semiconductor layer, irradiating continuous wave laser beam to the second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to crystallize the second amorphous semiconductor layer to thereby form the second crystalline semiconductor layer, in which in crystallizing the second amorphous semiconductor layer, a region in which the continuous wave laser beam is irradiated is moved from the region in which the second amorphous semiconductor layer is overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer to the region in which the second amorphous semiconductor layer is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer.[0050]
• Further, according to the invention, in crystallizing the second amorphous semiconductor layer, instead of irradiating continuous wave laser beam, pulse laser beam may be irradiated. In this case, a method of moving laser beam is different from the above one and in crystallizing the second amorphous semiconductor layer, the pulse laser beam is moved such that both of the region in which the second amorphous semiconductor layer is overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer and the region in which the second amorphous semiconductor layer is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer, are included in the irradiated region of the pulse laser beam.[0051]
• By irradiating the continuous wave laser beam or the pulse laser beam while moving the irradiated region as described above, crystal growth is progressed in a horizontal direction relative to a formed plane (flat plane of substrate) in the second amorphous semiconductor layer by constituting a seed in the first crystalline semiconductor layer and progressed such that a crystal plane of the first crystalline semiconductor layer is copied.[0052]
• Therefore, by carrying out crystal growth from a plane of the first crystalline semiconductor layer having an aligned crystal orientation, the region in which the second crystalline semiconductor layer is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer can be subjected to crystal growth in a constant direction.[0053]
• Therefore, when a channel forming region of a semiconductor element is constituted by the region in which the second crystalline semiconductor layer having the above-described crystal structure is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer, a direction of crystal growth of the region can be made parallel with a channel length direction (direction of moving carriers).[0054]
• According to the invention, it does not only indicate an amorphous structure in a narrow sense but includes also an amorphous semiconductor partially including small crystals that a crystal structure of a semiconductor is amorphous.[0055]
• According to the invention, as continuous wave laser beam, laser beam emitted from a gas laser oscillating apparatus or a solid state laser oscillating apparatus can be selected. For example, as a solid state laser oscillating apparatus, there is a laser oscillating apparatus using a crystal constituted by a crystal of YAG, YVO[0056]₄, YLF, YAlO₃doped with Cr, Nd, Er, Ho, Ce, Co, Ti or Tm. A wavelength of a basic wave emitted from the laser oscillating apparatus is a wavelength in a range of 1 μm through 2 μm although the wavelength differs by a doped element.
• Further, as a gas laser oscillating apparatus, a gas oscillating laser apparatus using argon laser or krypton laser can be selected.[0057]
• According to the invention, as a pulse oscillating laser, an excimer laser oscillating apparatus using a gas of a halogenated compound such as ArF, KrF, XeCl, or a solid state laser oscillating apparatus using a crystal of YAG, YVO[0058]₄, YLF or YAlO₃doped with Cr, Nd, Er, Ho, Ce, Co, Ti or Tm can be used. Although laser beam emitted from an excimer laser oscillating apparatus is ultraviolet beam having a wavelength region of 400 nm through 200 nm, in the case of solid state laser beam, a wavelength of a basic wave excited from the crystal is about 1 through 2 μm.
• In order to efficiently use energy of laser beam in crystallizing an amorphous semiconductor film, a wavelength of continuous wave laser beam actually irradiated to an amorphous semiconductor film to be crystallized, is preferably a wavelength effectively absorbed in an amorphous semiconductor film, that is, a wavelength from a visible light range to an ultraviolet ray range. Therefore, in the case of laser having a basic wave excited by a laser oscillating apparatus from 1 μm to 2 μm, it is preferable to apply a second harmonic through a fourth harmonic of a basic wave.[0059]
• Representatively, in crystallizing an amorphous silicon film, in the case of Nd: YVO[0060]₄laser oscillating apparatus (continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation), a wavelength of a basic wave excited from crystal is 1064 nm and therefore, it is preferable to use a second harmonic (532 nm) for laser beam to be irradiated.
• Further, in the specification, when continuous wave laser beam or pulse laser beam is irradiated in other than crystallizing a semiconductor, the above-described laser apparatus can be utilized.[0061]
• Further, according to the invention, moving an irradiated region by continuous wave laser beam or pulse laser beam relative to a substrate, means either scanning laser beam by fixing a substrate and moving laser beam by a scanning optical system, or scanning laser beam by fixing an irradiated region by laser beam and moving a substrate by a stage having a moving mechanism. Further, both of an irradiated region of laser beam and a substrate may be moved.[0062]
• Further, according to the invention, when a first crystalline semiconductor layer is formed by using a metal element having effect of reducing energy for crystallization, a film thickness may be about 50 nm through 100 nm. This is because when the film thickness becomes thinner than 50 nm, it is difficult to progress crystal growth as described above. Further, because when the film thickness exceeds 100 nm, it is difficult to constitute a single crystal grain in a film thickness direction and a metal element necessary for crystallization is increased.[0063]
• Further, when a first crystalline semiconductor layer is formed by using continuous wave laser beam, the film thickness may be 30 nm through 400 nm, further preferably, 50 nm through 150 nm.[0064]
• Further, conventionally, when an amorphous semiconductor film is crystallized by using continuous wave laser beam, due to a problem of a margin of irradiation energy, it is necessary to make the film thickness thicker than 60 nm. According to the invention, in order to crystallize a second amorphous semiconductor film, continuous wave laser beam is used, since in the second crystalline semiconductor layer, crystal growth is carried out by constituting a seed by the first crystalline semiconductor layer, that is, since a nuclei generating portion for crystal growth can be controlled and therefore, the thickness of the second crystalline semiconductor layer can be thinned to a range equal to or smaller than 60 nm, preferably 10 through 60 nm, further preferably, a range of 20 through 40 nm.[0065]
• Further, also in crystallizing by using pulse laser beam, although it has conventionally been difficult to crystallize an amorphous semiconductor film thinner than 50 nm, in the case of the invention, from the above-described similar reason, the thickness of the second crystalline semiconductor layer can be thinned to a range equal to or smaller than 50 nm, preferably 10 through 50 nm, further preferably, to a range of 20 through 40 nm.[0066]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 1);[0067]
• FIG. 2 is a view continued from FIG. 1 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 1);[0068]
• FIG. 3 is a view continued from FIG. 2 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 1);[0069]
• FIG. 4 is a view continued from FIG. 3 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor (Embodiment 1);[0070]
• FIG. 5 is a view continued from FIG. 4 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 1);[0071]
• FIGS. 6A, 6B and[0072]6C are views continued from FIG. 5 showing a method of forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer (Embodiment 1);
• FIGS. 7A, 7B,[0073]7C and7D are views continued from FIGS. 6A, 6B and6C showing a method of forming a second crystalline semiconductor layer by crystallization by continuous wave laser beam (Embodiment 1);
• FIGS. 8A, 8B and[0074]8C are views continued from FIGS. 7A, 7B,7C and7D showing steps of forming a thin film transistor (Embodiment 1);
• FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 2);[0075]
• FIG. 10 is a view continued from FIG. 9 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 2);[0076]
• FIG. 11 is a view continued from FIG. 10 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 2);[0077]
• FIG. 12 is a view continued from FIG. 11 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 2);[0078]
• FIGS. 13A and 13B are views continued from FIG. 12 showing a method of forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer (Embodiment 2);[0079]
• FIGS. 14A, 14B,[0080]14C and14D are views continued from FIGS. 13A and 13B showing a method of forming a second crystalline semiconductor layer by crystallization by continuous wave laser beam (Embodiment 2);
• FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing a method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor film (Embodiment 2);[0081]
• FIG. 16 is a view continued from FIG. 9 showing a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 3);[0082]
• FIG. 17 is a view continued from FIG. 10 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 3);[0083]
• FIG. 18 is a view continued from FIG. 11 showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 3);[0084]
• FIGS. 19A and 19B are views continued from FIG. 18 showing a method of forming a second crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 3);[0085]
• FIGS. 20A and 20B are views continued from FIGS. 19A and 19B showing the method of forming the second crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 3);[0086]
• FIG. 21 is a perspective view in correspondence with FIGS. 20A and 20B showing the method of forming the second crystalline semiconductor layer by continuous wave laser beam (Embodiment 3);[0087]
• FIGS. 22A, 22B,[0088]22C and22D are views showing a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 5);
• FIGS. 23A and 23B are views showing the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer (Embodiment 5);[0089]
• FIGS. 24A, 24B,[0090]24C and24D are views showing a method of forming a second crystalline semiconductor layer by crystallization by pulse laser beam (Embodiment 6);
• FIGS. 25A and 25B are sectional views of a thin film transistor (Embodiment 7);[0091]
• FIG. 26 is an outline view showing a constitution of an active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);[0092]
• FIG. 27 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel portion of the active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);[0093]
• FIG. 28 is a top view of the pixel portion of the active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);[0094]
• FIGS. 29A, 29B and[0095]29C are sectional views showing a method of fabricating a TFT array substrate of the active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);
• FIGS. 30A, 30B and[0096]30C are sectional views continued from FIG. 29C showing the method of fabricating the TFT array substrate of the active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);
• FIGS. 31A and 31B are sectional views continued from FIG. 30C showing the method of fabricating the TFT array substrate of the active matrix type liquid crystal panel (Example 1);[0097]
• FIG. 32 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel portion of a light emitting device utilizing electroluminescence (Example 2);[0098]
• FIGS. 33A and 33B are sectional views showing the pixel portion of a light emitting device utilizing electroluminescence (Example 2);[0099]
• FIGS. 34A, 34B,[0100]34C,34D,34E,34F,34G and34H are views exemplifying electronic apparatus to which the invention is applied (Example 3);
• FIGS. 35A and 35B are explanatory views of a standard triangle provided from EBSP data;[0101]
• FIGS. 36A, 36B and[0102]36C show standard triangles of the first crystalline semiconductor layers ofEmbodiment 11,Embodiment 2 and Reference Example 1; and
• FIG. 37 shows a standard triangle of the first crystalline semiconductor layers of[0103]Embodiment 1,Embodiment 2 and Reference example 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• An explanation will be given of embodiments of the invention in reference to FIGS. 1 through 25B.[0104]
• (Embodiment 1)[0105]
• According to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of an example of a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor layer by selectively adding a metal element for promoting crystallization to a first amorphous semiconductor film. According to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of using nickel (Ni) and using a solution as a method of adding the metal element.[0106]
• (Refer to FIG. 1)[0107]
• There is prepared a[0108]substrate10 for forming a crystalline semiconductor layer. As thesubstrate10, a substrate comprising glass of barium boro-silicate glass or aluminum boro-silicate glass, or a substrate comprising quartz or silicon wafer can pertinently be selected in accordance with use of a semiconductor device or process conditions of temperature and the like. A substrate comprising a plastic material having high heat resistance of, for example, polycarbonate, polyimide or acrylic material can also be used when the material can withstand process temperature. Further, the shape of thesubstrate10 includes a flat suraface and/or a curved surface and a substrate in a shape of a flat plate, a shape of a strip or an elongated shape may pertinently be selected in accordance with processes or fabricating apparatus.
• When a glass substrate including impurities as in glass for the[0109]substrate10, before forming afirst semiconductor film12 comprising an amorphous semiconductor, in order to prevent a semiconductor film from being contaminated, an insulating film for constituting abase film11 is formed. As the insulating film, a single layer of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum nitride film, a diamond-like carbon film or a multi-layer film by pertinently combining these films is formed. Further, as a film forming method, a publicly-known method of a sputtering method, a plasma-CVD method or the like can be adopted.
• Next, a first[0110]amorphous semiconductor film12 is formed in close contact with thebase film11. Here, theamorphous silicon film12 is formed as an amorphous semiconductor film. As a forming method, a publicly-known film forming method of a sputtering method, a plasma CVD method, a low pressure CVD method or the like can be adopted.
• Further, a thickness of the first[0111]amorphous semiconductor film12 comprising an amorphous semiconductor can be set to 50 nm through 100 nm. Because the firstamorphous semiconductor film12 is crystallized and finally constitutes a source region or a drain region of TFT and therefore, when the thickness is excessively thin, sheet resistance of the source or the drain region is increased. Further, the thickness is preferably set to be equal to or larger than 50 nm in order to increase an orientation rate of {111} as mentioned later since when the film is thin, a margin for crystallization becomes very narrow.
• Next, a[0112]mask film13 is formed for selectively adding a metal element for reducing crystallization energy of a semiconductor to the firstamorphous semiconductor film12. As themask film13, since themask film13 is removed later, a film having etching selectivity with the firstamorphous semiconductor film12 is preferable and a resist or an insulating film of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or the like can be used.
• Further, the[0113]mask film13 is provided with an openingportion13ain a groove-like shape (slit-like shape) and a metal element is added to theamorphous semiconductor film12 via the openingportion13a. Although a size of the groove of the openingportion13ais not particularly limited, the width may be set to 10 through 40 μm and a length in a longitudinal direction thereof may arbitrarily be set in accordance with circuit arrangement. Further, the shape of the openingportion13ais not limited to the groove-like shape but can arbitrarily be determined such as a spot-like shape.
• (Refer to FIG. 2)[0114]
• Next, in order to add the metal element, by using a spinner, a solution including nickel is coated on an entire surface of the substrate to thereby form a[0115]nickel layer14. As the solution, a solution produced by dissolving a metal salt of nickel acetate, nickel nitrate or the like in water or ethanol can be used. A method of coating the solution is useful in view of the fact that the concentration of the metal element to be added can easily be constituted by controlling the concentration of the solution.
• When the solution is coated by using the spinner, a solvent is dried by rotating the spinner and nickel dissolved in the solution remains on an entire flat of the substrate to thereby form the[0116]nickel layer14. Therefore, although it seems that the thickness of thenickel layer14 is about that of a single atom layer and a complete film is not constituted, it is known that an expected effect can be achieved when nickel atoms can be brought into contact with the sur of the firstamorphous semiconductor film12.
• However, the amorphous silicon repels water and therefore, when an aqueous solution is coated, the solution cannot uniformly be coated and therefore, wettability of the sur may be improved by forming an oxide film of about several nm on the sur of the first[0117]amorphous semiconductor film12 comprising amorphous silicon exposed at the openingportion13aof themask film13.
• When the oxide film is extremely thin, the metal element of nickel or the like passes through the oxide film and can selectively be brought into contact with the first[0118]amorphous semiconductor film12 at thearea12a.
• According to a method of forming the oxide film, in consideration of throughput and process temperature, a method of forming the oxide film in a short period of time at low process temperature is pertinent, such as a method of irradiating UV light in an oxidizing atmosphere of ozone or oxygen or a method of coating an aqueous solution including ozone on the sur of the[0119]area12aof theamorphous silicon film12 by the spinner.
• (Refer to FIG. 3)[0120]
• Under a state in which the[0121]mask film13 is present, a heating treatment is carried out to thereby crystallize the firstamorphous semiconductor film12 and form a firstcrystalline semiconductor film16.
• In the heating treatment, a heating furnace utilizing resistors is used. In the case of crystallizing the amorphous silicon film by Ni, the heating treatment is carried out at temperature of 400 through 700° C., preferably, 500 through 600° C. for 4 through 24 hours.[0122]
• In the case of crystallizing an amorphous semiconductor whose component is silicon and including germanium, or an amorphous silicon film including about 1 atomic % through 10 atomic % of germanium, it is necessary to make heating temperature more or less higher than that in the case of the amorphous silicon film and temperature is set to 500 through 700° C., preferably, 550 through 600° C.[0123]
• Or, the heating treatment may be carried out in the heating apparatus of RTA type utilizing a high power lamp of an arc lamp, a halogen lamp or the like. Further, in the heating apparatus of RTA type, there can also be adopted a method of growing crystals by making a heating area by the arc lamp or the halogen lamp linear and moving the heating area relative to the substrate from the[0124]area12aadded with nickel in a direction of intended crystal growth similarly to the case of laser beam.
• First, in crystallization, a silicide is formed by reaction of the metal element to silicon by the heating treatment at 400 through 500° C., the silicide constitutes crystal nuclei and contributes to crystal growth thereafter. Nickel silicide (hereinafter described as NiSi[0125]₂) is formed. The structure of NiSi₂is a fluorite structure which is a structure arranged with nickel atoms among silicon lattices of a diamond-type structure. When nickel atoms are removed from NiSi₂, silicon crystal remains. It has been found from a result of numerous experiments that nickel atoms are moved to a side of amorphous silicon and the reason seems to be that solubility of nickel atoms in amorphous silicon is higher than that in crystal silicon.
• Accordingly, there can be established a model in which as if nickel atoms were moved in the first crystalline semiconductor film (amorphous silicon film)[0126]12 while formingnickel silicide14 to thereby formcrystalline silicon16′.
• (Refer to FIG. 4)[0127]
• A described above, by selectively adding the metal element, the first[0128]amorphous semiconductor film12 comprising amorphous silicon is crystallized by so-to-speak lateral growth and a firstcrystalline semiconductor film16 comprising crystalline silicon is formed. After the heating treatment, themask film13 is removed.
• The first[0129]crystalline semiconductor film16 comprising crystalline silicon is crystallized by selectively adding the metal element as described above and therefore, orientation of crystal grains can be aligned and it has been known by experiments that there is constituted a film having the highest rate of {111} among crystals of {001}, {101} and {111}. In other words, this can be described such that there is constituted a film having the largest rate of crystal grains in which a crystal axis thereof in a direction of a normal line of the sur of the substrate (sur of the first crystalline semiconductor film16) indicates <111>.
• Further, an explanation will later be given of orientation of crystal by using measured data along with[0130]Embodiment 2.
• Further, by irradiating continuous wave laser beam, pulse laser beam or infrared beam after crystallizing the first[0131]amorphous semiconductor film12, crystal defects remaining in crystal grains of the firstcrystalline semiconductor film16 can be reduced.
• (Refer to FIG. 5)[0132]
• The first[0133]crystalline semiconductor film16 is patterned in a predetermined shape by etching to thereby form a pair of first crystalline semiconductor layers17 for constituting a source region and a drain region of TFT. However, nickel is included with high concentration at thearea12aconstituting a start point of crystal growth and an area of a finish end of crystal growth. Therefore, since it is not preferable that the areas are used in a semiconductor element, the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 is patterned such that the areas are not included.
• (Refer to FIG. 6A)[0134]
• Next, there is formed a second[0135]amorphous semiconductor film18 comprising an amorphous semiconductor in close contact with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17. Here, an amorphous silicon film is formed. Further, as a film forming method, a publicly-known method of a sputtering method or a plasma CVD method can be adopted.
• A thickness of the second[0136]amorphous semiconductor film18 is set to 10 nm through 60 nm, preferably, 20 nm through 30 nm. The second amorphous semiconductor film is crystallized and finally becomes a channel forming region of a thin film transistor and therefore, by thinly forming the secondamorphous semiconductor film18 to be equal to or smaller than 60 nm, a thickness of the channel forming region is thinned and an effect of suppressing a leakage current value in an OFF state or an effect of increasing an ON current/OFF current ratio can be expected.
• (Refer to FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C)[0137]
• Next, a second[0138]amorphous semiconductor layer19 is formed by patterning the second amorphous semiconductor film (amorphous silicon)18 by etching while leaving a region for constituting TFT. Further, two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers17 are respectively formed to be larger than the pattern of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19 and therefore, the firstcrystalline semiconductor film17 is also patterned by a mask used for the etching.
• As illustrated, the second[0139]amorphous semiconductor layer19 is patterned to include a region overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 and aregion19awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 and is a region for constituting the channel forming region of TFT. FIG. 6B is a top view and FIG. 6C is a sectional view taken along a line x-x′ of FIG. 6B.
• (Refer to FIGS. 7A through 7C)[0140]
• As shown by FIG. 7A, continuous wave laser beam is irradiated such that an[0141]irradiated region21 thereof is moved from a region overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 to aregion19awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 relative to thesubstrate10 in a direction in parallel with a channel length direction.
• By irradiating continuous laser beam to a total of the second[0142]amorphous semiconductor layer19 while moving the irradiatedregion21 relative to the substrate as described above, the total of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19 is crystallized to thereby form a secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22.
• The irradiated[0143]region21 produced by the continuous wave laser beam is always irradiated with the laser and therefore, in the irradiated region, the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19 is melted and an interface of a molten portion (liquid phase)—an unmolten portion (solid phase) is formed in a plane in a direction parallel to the surface of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19. Therefore, it seems that when the irradiatedregion21 is moved, in accordance with the movement, the interface of liquid phase—solid phase is moved and a previously melted portion is cooled and solidified. By such a procedure, the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19 is crystallized. Therefore, in the secondamorphous semiconductor layer19, crystals grow in a direction of moving the molten portion (corresponding to the irradiated region) and crystal grains having a shape elongated in a horizontal direction of a sur of the substrate10 (sur of the second amorphous semiconductor layer19) can be made to grow (so-to-speak lateral growth).
• In order to irradiate the continuous wave laser beam to the total of at least one of the second crystalline semiconductor layers[0144]19 by moving the irradiatedregion21 by once along the channel length direction, beam (light flux) of the continuous wave laser beam is enlarged in one direction to become a beam having a long axis as illustrated. Although a shape of the beam is illustrated to be a rectangular shape having four rounded corners in FIG. 7A, the shape may be a long elliptic shape, a linear shape or a rectangular shape.
• Further, irradiation of the continuous wave laser beam is not limited to irradiation while moving in a moving direction of an arrow mark only by once but includes irradiation while reciprocating along the channel length direction or moving in one direction designated by a white arrow mark by a plural number of times.[0145]
• As described above, in crystallization by the continuous wave laser beam, crystals grow by melting the semiconductor and therefore crystallizing performance of the provided crystalline semiconductor depends on crystallizing performance of a crystalline semiconductor for constituting a seed.[0146]
• Therefore, in a region (a region which is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer[0147]17)22aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22, crystals grow with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 as seeds and therefore, a crystal structure thereof grows to copy a crystal structure of the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17.
• According to a crystal of the first[0148]crystalline semiconductor layer17, a rate of being oriented to {111} is the largest and therefore, in the crystal structure of the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22 in theregion22a, an orientation rate of {111} is the highest among {001}, {101} and {111}, and a crystal plane can be aligned to {111}.
• (Refer to FIG. 7D)[0149]
• FIG. 7D is an outline perspective view of the[0150]region22ain thecrystalline semiconductor layer22.
• According to the embodiment, it is possible to make the film thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor film to be crystallized equal to or smaller than 60 nm and make a crystal growth distance of crystal grains sufficiently longer than a length in the channel length direction of the[0151]region22afor constituting a channel forming region and therefore, the embodiment is characterized in that although a grain boundary GB in parallel with the channel length direction which is the crystal growth direction is present in theregion22a, the grain boundary is not present in a channel width direction.
• It is known that by crystallization by the continuous wave laser beam, a single crystal can grow up to a distance of about 100 μm through 150 μm in the direction of moving the laser beam, however, when the film thickness of the semiconductor film to be crystallized becomes thin, it is very difficult to prolong the crystal growth distance.[0152]
• In the case of the embodiment, even when the film thickness is thinned to be equal to or smaller than 60 nm, since crystals grow by constituting the seed by the first[0153]crystalline semiconductor layer17 at theregion22a, a nuclei generating position can be controlled and further, in the case of an element such as TFT, normally, a size of theregion22ais a size of about channel length×channel width, which is at least about ten and several μm square and therefore, as described above, in theregion22a, it is facilitated that although the grain boundary GB is present in the channel length direction in parallel with the crystal growth direction, the grain boundary is not present in the channel width direction.
• Further, the[0154]region22aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22 is constituted by a single crystal grain in the film thickness direction and therefore, at theregion22a, the crystal grain boundary can be reduced and further, as described above, the grain boundary GB is formed only in the channel length direction in parallel with the crystal growth direction.
• Such a crystal growth can be realized by optimizing an energy density provided to the semiconductor by the continuous wave laser beam, by controlling an output of the continuous wave laser beam, moving speed of the irradiated region, an area and a width in the moving direction of the irradiated area and the like.[0155]
• Further, energy of crystallization may be reduced by providing the semiconductor layer with heat energy, electromagnetic energy or the like by heating the substrate or irradiating microwave when the continuous wave laser beam is irradiated.[0156]
• By the above-described steps, the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers for constituting an active layer of a thin film transistor are formed. Thereafter, a thin film transistor can be formed in accordance with a publicly-known method of fabricating a top gate type thin film transistor.[0157]
• (Refer to FIG. 8A)[0158]
• For example, a[0159]gate insulating film30 is formed on the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22 and agate electrode31 is formed on thegate insulating film30.
• (Refer to FIG. 8B)[0160]
• An impurity is doped to the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers[0161]17 and22 with thegate electrode31 as a mask. When an N-channel type thin film transistor is formed, P (phosphor) is doped and when a P-channel type thereof is formed, B (boron) is doped. As a result, achannel forming region32, asource region33 and adrain region34 are formed in a self aligning manner at the active layer constituted by laminating the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers17 and22.
• (Refer to FIG. 8C)[0162]
• An[0163]interlayer insulating film35 is formed on thegate electrode31. In order to connect thesource region33 and thedrain region34 to electrodes or wirings, contact holes are formed in theinterlayer insulating film35 and asource electrode36 and adrain electrode37 are formed to thereby finish a thin film transistor.
• The[0164]source region33 and thedrain region34 are provided in portions in which the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17 and the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22 are laminated. Thechannel forming region32 is provided in theregion22ain which the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer22 is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer17. The above-described constitution is common to cases of fabricating a top gate type TFT, and a bottom gate type TFT such as inversely staggered TFT.
• According to the thin film transistor of the embodiment, the second[0165]crystalline semiconductor layer22 for constituting thechannel forming region32, is formed such that the crystal grain boundary becomes parallel with the channel length direction and a grain boundary hampering movement of carriers is eliminated and therefore, the field effect mobility of the thin film transistor can be increased.
• Further, the second crystalline semiconductor layer for constituting the channel forming region is aligned to {111} and therefore, even when a number of thin film transistors are fabricated on the same substrate, crystal orientations of channel forming regions of respective elements are aligned and therefore, a variation in characteristics of respective elements can be restrained.[0166]
• Further, even in the case of a thin channel forming region of about 10 through 40 nm, the crystal orientation can be aligned as described above and therefore, not only the field effect mobility is increased but also the threshold voltage value and the sub threshold characteristic can be improved.[0167]
• (Embodiment 2)[0168]
• According to[0169]Embodiment 1, the crystal orientation of the first crystalline semiconductor film is predominantly oriented to {111} by selectively adding the metal element. In contrast thereto, according to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of a method of forming a first crystalline semiconductor film predominantly oriented to {101} by using a silicon film added with germanium as a first amorphous semiconductor film.
• (Refer to FIG. 9)[0170]
• First, similarly to[0171]Embodiment 1, thebase film11 is formed on thesubstrate10 and asilicon film42 added with amorphous germanium is formed on thebase film11 as a first amorphous semiconductor film. As a method of forming thesilicon film42, a publicly-known film forming method of a sputtering method, a plasma CVD method, a low pressure CVD method or the like can be adopted.
• When the plasma CVD method is applied, a reaction gas comprising SiH[0172]₄and GeH₄, or a reaction gas comprising GeH₄diluted by SiH₄and H₂is added and introduced into a reaction chamber and decomposed by high frequency discharge of 1 through 200 MHz to thereby deposit an amorphous semiconductor film over the substrate. As the reaction gas, Si₂H₆or SiF₄may be adopted in place of SiH₄and GeF₄may be adopted in place of GeH₄.
• The same reaction gas may be used also in the case of using the low pressure CVD method and it is preferable to use a reaction gas diluted by He. Further, it is preferable to form an amorphous semiconductor film at temperature of 400 through 500° C.[0173]
• In the embodiment, according to the film whose major component is silicon including germanium which is the first[0174]amorphous semiconductor film42, in order to increase an orientation rate of {101}, a content of germanium falls in a range of 1 atomic % through 10 atomic %, preferably, 1 through 5 atomic %. In the case of the CVD method, the content of germanium can be controlled by, for example, a flow rate ratio (partial pressure) of SiH₄and GeH₄used as the reaction gas. Further, in the case of using the sputtering method, the content of germanium can be controlled by a concentration of germanium included in a target or a flow rate of GeH₄including germanium used for the reaction gas.
• A metal element for reducing crystallization energy of silicon is added to an entire sur of the first[0175]amorphous semiconductor film42 and a layer including the metal element is formed on the sur of the firstamorphous semiconductor film42. In this case, an aqueous solution of nickel acetate is coated by using a spinner to thereby form anickel layer43.
• Further, the first[0176]amorphous semiconductor film42 may be formed after forming thenickel layer43 by coating a nickel solution on the surface of thebase film11 as described above before forming the firstcrystalline semiconductor film42.
• (Refer to FIG. 11)[0177]
• After introducing the metal element, by crystallizing the amorphous semiconductor film by utilizing the metal element, a first[0178]crystalline semiconductor film45 predominantly oriented to {101} can be formed. Crystallization can be carried out by a heating treatment using a heating furnace or irradiation of strong beam of laser beam or ultra violet beam or infrared beam.
• Although the heating treatment can be carried out in a range of 500 through 700° C., with respect to an upper limit of temperature, heat resistant temperature of a substrate used is taken into account as an upper limit. In the case of a glass substrate, a strain point or lower thereof constitutes a basis. Further, as an upper limit of temperature, temperature at which accidental spontaneous nuclei are not generated in the first[0179]amorphous semiconductor film42 is taken into account. A temperature at which crystal growth is progressed only by a reaction of the metal element and silicon is set as described above.
• Although a mechanism of providing a crystalline silicon film having a high orientation rate of {101} plane by adding a metal element for crystallization as described above and including germanium in an amorphous silicon film, is not clear at present stage, the following prediction can be made.[0180]
• As explained in[0181]Embodiment 1, in the case of crystallizing an amorphous silicon film by using nickel, nickel silicide (NiSi₂) is formed by reaction of nickel and silicon by a heating treatment at about 400 through 600° C. It seems that NiSi₂becomes crystal nuclei and contributes to crystal growth thereafter and [111] plane minimizes interface energy of NiSi₂and crystal silicon and therefore, a sur in parallel with a plane of the crystalline silicon film becomes [101] plane and the lattice plane is predominantly oriented.
• However, when a crystal growth direction is a direction in parallel with the surface of the substrate and crystals grow in a columnar shape, a degree of freedom is provided to a rotational direction with the columnar crystal as an axis and therefore, {101} planes are not necessarily oriented and according to our experiment, silicon crystal grains are highly oriented to {111} plane as shown by[0182]Embodiment 1.
• Accordingly, it has been found that according to the embodiment, in order to improve orientation of {101} lattice planes of the first crystalline semiconductor film, by adding about 1 atomic % through 10 atomic % of germanium to amorphous silicon for giving a restriction to the rotational direction of the columnar crystal to thereby reduce the degree of freedom, an orientation rate to {101} can be made to be equal to or larger than 20%.[0183]
• It is known that when about 1 atomic % through 10 atomic % of germanium is included in amorphous silicon, a density of generating crystal nuclei is reduced. It is predicted that when NiSi[0184]₂constituting crystal nuclei is formed, the above-described crystal growth is brought about while excluding germanium from NiSi₂by a difference between an interatomic distance of silicon and nickel and an interatomic distance of germanium and nickel.
• Therefore, according to the prediction, it seems that germanium included in a silicon film is present in a state of being precipitated to an outer side of a silicon crystal and germanium under such a state reduces a degree of freedom in the rotational direction of the crystal axis in a direction of a normal line of the substrate with respect to the silicon crystal. It seems that {111} plane minimizing the interface energy of NiSi[0185]₂and crystal silicon is the least and therefore, the plane in parallel with the surface of the crystalline silicon film becomes {101} plane and the lattice planes are predominantly oriented.
• (Refer to FIG. 12)[0186]
• A first[0187]crystalline semiconductor film45 predominantly oriented to {101} is formed. Steps thereafter may be carried out similarly toEmbodiment 1. A pair of first crystalline semiconductor layers46 are formed by patterning the firstcrystalline semiconductor film45 in a predetermined shape. The pair of first crystalline semiconductor layers46 respectively constitute a source region and a drain region.
• (Refer to FIGS. 13A, 13B)[0188]
• A second[0189]amorphous semiconductor layer47 is formed by forming an amorphous semiconductor film of amorphous silicon in contact with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 and patterning the amorphous semiconductor film in a predetermined shape similarly toEmbodiment 1. Further, FIG. 13A is a top view and FIG. 13B is a sectional view taken along a line x-x′ of FIG. 13A.
• (Refer to FIGS. 14A, 14B)[0190]
• Similarly to[0191]Embodiment 1, a secondcrystalline semiconductor layer48 is formed by crystallizing a total of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer47 by irradiating continuous wave laser beam thereto such that the irradiatedregion21 is moved relative to thesubstrate10 from a region overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 to aregion47awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 in a direction in parallel with a channel length direction.
• Irradiation of the continuous wave laser beam is not limited to irradiation only by once but includes also a case of irradiation by a plural number of times. In this case, the continuous wave laser beam may be moved to reciprocate along the channel length direction or moved by a plural number of times in one direction.[0192]
• (Refer to FIGS. 14B, 14C)[0193]
• Accordingly, the second[0194]crystalline semiconductor layer48 is crystallized with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 as a seed, including aregion48athereof which is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 and therefore, it is possible that crystals grow to copy a crystal structure of the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer46 to constitute a crystalline semiconductor having the highest rate of {101} among crystal planes of {001}, {101} and {111}.
• (Refer to FIG. 14D)[0195]
• FIG. 14D is an outline perspective enlarged view of the region (which is the region which is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer[0196]46)48aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer48. As explained inEmbodiment 1, even in the case in which the secondamorphous semiconductor layer47 is as thin as 10 through 60 nm, it is possible that in the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer48 crystallized by the continuous wave laser beam, at least in theregion48afor constituting a channel forming region, the grain boundary GB is present in parallel with the channel length direction which is the crystal growth direction, the grain boundary is not present in the channel width direction.
• The first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers for constituting an active layer of a thin film transistor are formed by the above-described steps. Thereafter, the thin film transistor can be formed in accordance with the publicly-known method of fabricating a top gate type thin film transistor as shown by[0197]Embodiment 1. Naturally, a bottom gate type thin film transistor can also be fabricated by forming a gate electrode before forming the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers.
• According to the thin film transistor using the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers for the active layer, similarly to[0198]Embodiment 1, the second crystalline layer for constituting the channel forming region is formed such that the crystal grain boundary is in parallel with the channel length direction and a grain boundary hampering movement of carriers is eliminated and therefore, the field effect mobility of the thin film transistor can be increased.
• Further, according to the embodiment, the second[0199]crystalline semiconductor layer48 for constituting the channel forming region is aligned to {101} and therefore, even when a number of thin film transistors are fabricated on the same substrate, crystal orientations of channel forming regions can be aligned for respective elements and therefore, a variation in characteristics of the respective elements can be suppressed.
• Particularly, even in a thin channel forming region of about 10 through 40 nm, the orientation can be aligned to {101} as described above and therefore, not only the field effect mobility can be increased but also the threshold voltage value and the sub threshold characteristic can be improved.[0200]
• Further, the embodiment is characterized in that the channel forming region is predominantly oriented to {101} as shown in the beginning. It is known that generally, holes are major carriers in a P-channel type TFT and therefore, it is more difficult to increase the field effect mobility than in an N-channel type TFT, however, a mobility of hole becomes the highest at {101} crystal plane and an effect of capable of further increasing the field effect mobility of the P-channel type TFT can be expected by the embodiment.[0201]
• (With Regard to Orientation of First Crystalline Semiconductor Film)[0202]
• A description will be given here of the first crystalline semiconductor films formed by the methods of[0203]Embodiments 1 and 2 with regard to orientations of the crystal grains by using a standard triangle provided by the above-described EBSP method (FIGS. 36A, 36B,36C,37).
• Further, an explanation has been given of the standard triangle in reference to FIGS. 35A and 35B and FIG. 35B displays a distribution of orientation by contour lines and FIGS. 36A, 36B and[0204]36C and FIG. 37 displays the distribution by contour lines similarly to FIG. 35B and the contour lines are shown by color (concentration).
• Numerical value indicating the concentration of the standard triangle is referred to as “times random” showing a multiple for the case of assuming a literally random orientation. That is, with a point density in the case of uniformly distributing all the measured points in the standard triangle as a reference, and what multiplication factor thereof is constituted by an inverse pole degree of actual data is shown. Therefore, in the case of a numerical value larger than 1, predominant orientation is provided. Further, the rate of the orientation rate indicates a rate to a number of all the measured points.[0205]
• A standard triangle of FIG. 36A is for the crystalline semiconductor film according to[0206]Embodiment 1 and a standard triangle of FIG. 36B is for the crystalline semiconductor film ofEmbodiment 2.
• According to a method of fabricating a sample of FIG. 36A, a base film comprising silicon oxide is formed on a glass substrate and an amorphous silicon film which does not include germanium (Ge) is formed on the base film as a first amorphous semiconductor film. The amorphous silicon film is formed by a plasma CVD apparatus and SiH[0207]₄is used as a reaction gas. A flow rate of SiH₄is set to 100 sccm. In order to selectively add a metal element, a mask film comprising silicon oxide is formed and an aqueous solution of nickel acetate having a nickel concentration of 10 ppm is selectively coated. Heating conditions for crystallization are temperature of 570° C. and heating time of 14 hours.
• It can easily be understood from the standard triangle of FIG. 36A that crystal grains are oriented to {111} plane most predominantly in the sample of[0208]Embodiment 1.
• According to a method of fabricating a sample of FIG. 36B, an amorphous silicon film including germanium is formed by a CVD apparatus on a quartz substrate as a first crystalline semiconductor film. GeH[0209]₄diluted by SiH₄and H₂is used as a reaction gas. With respect to a flow rate of the reaction gas, a flow rate of SiH₄is 100 sccm and a flow rate of GeH₄diluted by H₂is 10 sccm. In order to add a metal element, an aqueous solution of nickel acetate having a nickel concentration of 10 ppm is coated on an entire sur of the film. For crystallization, after heating for 1 hour at temperature of 500° C., the film is further heated for 4 hours at 580° C.
• It can easily be understood from the standard triangle of FIG. 36B that the sample of[0210]Embodiment 2 tends to orient most strongly dominantly to {101}. Further, it can easily be understood by comparing data of FIGS. 36A and 36B that by adding germanium, {101} orientation is predominantly brought about in the crystalline silicon film. According to the illustrated example, a film showing a high orientation rate of 60% can be provided.
• Further, although quartz is used in the substrate of the sample of FIG. 36B, in the case of a sample using a glass substrate and formed with a silicon oxide film as a base film thereof, by constituting a nickel concentration of an aqueous solution of nickel acetate to be 0.1 ppm, {101} orientation rate can be made to be equal to or larger than 60%.[0211]
• It is known by experiment that the orientation rate of {101} is changed by the concentration of nickel added to the amorphous silicon film.[0212]
• An amorphous silicon film including germanium is formed over a glass substrate via a matrix film, a nickel concentration of an aqueous solution of nickel acetate is changed, other condition is made to stay the same and a change of {101} orientation rate (angle of allowable value=10 degrees) is investigated. When the nickel concentration is 0.1 ppm, the orientation rate is about 60%, when the nickel concentration is 1 ppm, the orientation rate is about 50%, when the nickel concentration is 10 ppm, the orientation rate is about 30% and when the nickel concentration is 30 ppm, the orientation rate is about 20%.[0213]
• Therefore, it is known that there is a tendency that the smaller the added nickel, the higher the {101} orientation rate.[0214]
• Further, it is also known by experiment that in the example of[0215]Embodiment 2, the orientation rate of {101} of the crystalline silicon film including germanium depends on the concentration of germanium.
• An amorphous silicon film including germanium is formed over a glass substrate via a base film, a nickel concentration of an aqueous solution of nickel acetate is made to be 10 ppm, a flow rate of GeH[0216]₄diluted by H₂in forming the amorphous silicon film is changed, other condition is made to stay the same and a change in {101} orientation rate is investigated. As a result, when a flow rate of GeH₄diluted by H₂is 5 sccm, 10 sccm and 15 sccm, respective {101} orientation rate (angle of allowable value=10 degrees) is about 20%, about 30%, and about 20%.
• Therefore, although depending on an added amount of nickel and a kind of a substrate used, in order to make {101} orientation equal to or larger than 20% in the case in which the angle of the allowable value is within 10 degrees, it is preferable to make the concentration of germanium in the silicon film equal to 1 atomic % or larger and equal to or lower 10 atomic %.[0217]
• FIG. 36C shows a standard triangle with regard to a crystalline silicon film according to Reference Example 1. Although the nickel acetate solution is selectively coated in FIG. 36A (Embodiment 1), in the reference example, the nickel acetate solution is coated on the entire sur of the amorphous silicon film to thereby crystallize the amorphous silicon film.[0218]
• It is known that since the sample of Reference Example 1 is a crystalline silicon film crystallized by adding nickel, the sample tends to orient to {111}. However, as is known by comparing the standard triangles of FIGS. 36A and 36C, according to Reference Example 1, the orientation rate of {111} becomes a lower value of 14% compared with about 49% in the sample of[0219]Embodiment 1.
• Therefore, it is known that an effect of increasing {111} orientation rate is achieved by adding a metal element and constituting lateral growth by making the added portion selective.[0220]
• (Refer to FIG. 37)[0221]
• Further, FIG. 37 shows a standard triangle with respect to a crystalline silicon film of Reference Example 2 and is a standard triangle of a polycrystal silicon film referred to as so-to-speak polysilicon. This is a sample produced by heating an amorphous silicon film on a quartz substrate for 20 hours at 600° C.[0222]
• It is known that the polycrystal silicon film of Reference Example 2 is not oriented predominantly to any of {111}, {101} and {001} but there is not anisotropy in crystalline performance and random orientation is constituted.[0223]
• Therefore, it can easily be understood by comparing FIGS.[0224]36A and36B and FIG. 37 that by adding a metal element and including germanium in an amorphous silicon film, there is achieved an effect of orienting the film to a specific plane orientation present on a crystal plane of a crystallized silicon film.
• (Embodiment 3)[0225]
• According to the example, an explanation will be given of an example of forming a lower layer of a first crystalline semiconductor layer by irradiating continuous wave laser and crystallizing an upper layer of a second amorphous semiconductor layer with the first crystalline semiconductor layer as a seed by irradiating continuous wave laser beam.[0226]
• (Refer to FIG. 15)[0227]
• First, similarly to[0228]Embodiment 1, thebase film11 is formed on thesubstrate10 and anamorphous silicon film52 is formed on thebase film11 as a first amorphous semiconductor film. As a forming method, a publicly-known film forming method of a sputtering method, a plasma CVD method or a low pressure CVD method can be adopted.
• (Refer to FIG. 16)[0229]
• Next, the first[0230]amorphous semiconductor film52 is crystallized by irradiating continuous wave laser beam. Laser beam is irradiated while moving the irradiatedregion21 produced by the continuous wave laser beam relative to thesubstrate10 in a direction of an arrow mark. In FIG. 16, aregion52ashown by one-dotted chain lines of the firstamorphous semiconductor film52 is an element region to be formed with a thin film transistor, showing an outer shape of a second crystalline semiconductor layer, mentioned later.
• As described above, crystals grow in accordance with movement of the irradiated[0231]region21 of the continuous wave laser beam and therefore, a crystal grain having a grain size elongated in the horizontal direction (lateral direction) can be made to grow on a flat surface of the substrate. Further, it is known that when the continuous wave laser beam is used, the film is not oriented to a specific plane orientation as inEmbodiment 1 or 2, however, there is a tendency in which the <100> axis is liable to grow with respect to the direction of moving the irradiatedregion21.
• Further, similarly to the case of the embodiment, in irradiating the laser beam, beam (light flux) of the continuous[0232]wave laser beam14 is enlarged in one direction to constitute beam of long axis as illustrated such that a total of at least theregion52ais irradiated by moving the irradiatedregion21 by once in one direction.
• Although a shape of beam is a long elliptic shape in FIG. 16, the shape may be a linear shape, a rectangular shape or a rectangular shape having rounded four corners.[0233]
• Further, according to the embodiment, irradiation of the continuous wave laser beam is not limited to irradiation while moving in an arrow mark moving direction by once. The irradiation include irradiation by reciprocating along one direction shown by an arrow mark or irradiation by moving in the one direction shown by the arrow mark by a plural number of times.[0234]
• (Refer to FIG. 17)[0235]
• Further, it is not necessary to crystallize an entire surface of the first[0236]amorphous semiconductor film52 but acrystalline semiconductor53 may be constituted by crystallizing at least theregion52afor constituting the first crystalline semiconductor layer.
• (Refer to FIG. 18)[0237]
• When crystallization by the continuous wave laser beam is carried out, the crystallized[0238]region53 is patterned by etching into a predetermined shape and two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers54 comprising crystalline silicon are formed. The first crystalline semiconductor layers54 are seed crystals for crystallizing a channel forming region of a thin film transistor and also is a layer for constituting a source region and a drain region of the thin film transistor.
• Since crystal growth in the horizontal direction, or so-to-speak lateral growth has been carried out on the sur of the substrate, as described above, according to a crystal structure of the first[0239]crystalline semiconductor layer54, a single crystal grain is constituted in the film thickness direction and the crystal grains are constituted by a shape elongated in the direction of moving the continuous wave laser beam.
• The thickness of the first[0240]amorphous semiconductor film52 to be crystallized is made to be equal to or larger than 30 nm, preferably, equal to or larger than 50 nm. This is because the first crystalline semiconductor layer for finally constituting an element is a portion for constituting a source region and a drain region and the film thickness to some degree is needed in order to prevent contact resistance with an electrode or a wiring at the portion from increasing. Further, because when the film is thin, a margin of a condition of irradiating continuous wave laser beam in crystallizing is narrowed.
• Further, an upper limit of the film thickness of the first[0241]amorphous semiconductor film52 is set to be equal to or smaller than 400 nm, preferably, equal to or smaller than 150 nm such that a thickness of melting a total of the film is constituted in the irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam.
• (Refer to FIGS. 19A, 19B)[0242]
• Next, there is formed a second amorphous semiconductor film comprising an amorphous semiconductor in close contact with the first[0243]crystalline semiconductor layer54. In this case, an amorphous silicon film is formed. Further, a secondamorphous semiconductor layer55 is formed similarly toEmbodiment 1 by patterning the second amorphous semiconductor film in a predetermined shape. Aregion55awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer54 of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer55 is a region for constituting a channel forming region.
• Similarly to[0244]Embodiment 1 or 2, the thickness of the secondamorphous semiconductor film55 is set to be equal to or smaller than 60 nm, preferably 10 nm through 60 nm, more preferably, 20 nm through 30 nm. The second amorphous semiconductor film is a film finally constituting a channel forming region of a thin film transistor by being crystallized. By thinly forming the film thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor film to be about 10 nm through 60 nm, the thickness of the channel forming region is thinned and an effect of restraining a leakage current value in an OFF state and an effect of increasing an ON current/OFF current ratio are achieved.
• (Refer to FIGS. 20A, 20B)[0245]
• Further, similar to the case of crystallizing the first[0246]amorphous semiconductor film52, by irradiating the second amorphous semiconductor film while moving the irradiatedregion21 produced by the continuous wave laser beam relative to thesubstrate10 along the channel length direction, a total of a secondamorphous semiconductor layer55 is crystallized and a secondcrystalline semiconductor layer56 is formed.
• In the second[0247]crystalline semiconductor layer56, a channel forming region of a thin film transistor is provided in aregion56awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer54. Also according to the embodiment, the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer56 is formed by using the continuous wave laser beam and therefore, it is possible that the grain boundary of theregion56ais present only in the channel length direction in parallel with the crystal growth direction and the crystal grain boundary in the channel width direction is not present.
• (Refer to FIG. 21)[0248]
• An explanation will be given of crystallization of the second[0249]amorphous semiconductor layer54 in reference to FIG. 21.
• Similarly to[0250]Embodiments 1 and 2, the continuous wave laser beam is irradiated to the secondamorphous semiconductor layer54 while moving the irradiatedregion21 from a region overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer54 to theregion55awhich is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer54 relative to thesubstrate10 in the direction in parallel with the channel length direction.
• It is known that according to the first[0251]crystalline semiconductor layer54 of the embodiment, different fromEmbodiments 1 and 2, although the plane orientation is random, <100> axis is liable to emerge in the crystal growth direction. By paying attention to the point, according to the embodiment, in carrying out lateral growth in the second amorphous semiconductor layer by using the continuous wave laser beam, by arranging theside surface54ahaving anisotropy in crystallinity of the first crystalline semiconductor layer can contribute to crystal growth of theregion55afor constituting the channel forming region, a crystal axis <100> of theregion55acorresponds to the direction of moving the irradiated region (channel length direction). Hence, in crystallizing the first and the second amorphous semiconductor films, the direction of moving the irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam is aligned to the channel length direction.
• By the above-described steps, the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers[0252]54 and56 for constituting an active layer of a thin film transistor are formed. Thereafter, a thin film transistor may be formed as explained in, for example,Embodiment 1 in accordance with a publicly-known method of fabricating a top gate type thin film transistor. Naturally, a bottom gate type thin film transistor can be formed by previously forming a gate electrode and forming the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers.
• (Embodiment 4)[0253]
• According to[0254]Embodiment 3, in forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer, there is adopted the method of crystallizing the predetermined region of the firstamorphous semiconductor film52 comprising the amorphous semiconductor and thereafter patterning the predetermined region by etching.
• In contrast to the forming method, it is possible to previously pattern the first[0255]amorphous semiconductor film52 in the predetermined shape by etching and thereafter crystallizing the firstamorphous semiconductor film52 by irradiating the continuous wave laser beam while moving in a constant direction similarly toEmbodiment 3 to thereby form the first crystalline semiconductor layer.
• (Embodiment 5)[0256]
• Although according to the above-described embodiment, the shape of the first crystalline semiconductor layer is made to be cubic, according to the invention, the shape of the first crystalline semiconductor layer is not limited to a cubic shape so far as the second amorphous semiconductor layer can be crystallized with the first crystalline semiconductor layer as a seed. According to the embodiment, a modified example of the shape of the first crystalline semiconductor layer will be shown.[0257]
• (Refer to FIG. 22A)[0258]
• First, as explained in[0259]Embodiment 1 or 2, a firstcrystalline semiconductor layer61 is formed over thesubstrate10 via thematrix film11. Further, aregion11aof thematrix film11 shown by one-dotted chain lines shows a contour of a second crystalline semiconductor layer to be formed later. Also according to the embodiment, similarly to the above-described embodiment, the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer61 is widened to extrude from the second crystalline semiconductor layer.
• (Refer to FIGS. 22B, 22C,[0260]22D)
• Next, there is formed an amorphous silicon film as a second amorphous semiconductor film over an entire surface of the[0261]substrate10 in close contact with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer61. By a publicly-known method, a mask comprising a resist is formed, by using the mask, the second amorphous semiconductor film is etched to a predetermined shape to thereby form a secondamorphous semiconductor layer62 and also the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer61 is etched.
• FIG. 22C is a sectional view taken along a line x-x′ of FIG. 22B and FIG. 22D is a top view of the first[0262]crystalline semiconductor layer61′. Thereafter, as explained inEmbodiments 1 through3, the second crystalline semiconductor layer is formed by crystallizing the secondamorphous semiconductor layer62 by using the continuous wave laser beam. A thin film transistor may be fabricated by forming a channel forming region, a source region and a drain region from laminated first and second crystalline semiconductor layers.
• Generally, according to a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, a width of the channel forming region is narrower than those of the source region and the drain region. Hence, the embodiment is characterized in that a width of a crystal for constituting a seed is made slender in accordance with the channel width. By forming the first[0263]crystalline semiconductor layer61′ in this way, in the channel forming region, an effect of restraining crystal growth which is not in line with the channel length direction is expected and therefore, a crystal orientation in the channel forming region can be aligned further reproducibly.
• Next, FIGS. 23A and 23B show an example of providing recesses and projections at a side surface of the first crystalline semiconductor layer in contact with the second amorphous semiconductor layer. In FIGS. 23A and 23B, notations the same as those of FIGS. 22A, 22B,[0264]22C and22D indicate same constituent elements. FIG. 23A shows a state of forming the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer63 and the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer64 in correspondence with FIG. 22B.
• FIG. 23B is a top view of the first[0265]crystalline semiconductor layer63. As illustrated, the side surface of the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer63 is formed with recesses and projections in the shape of a saw tooth. By forming the recesses and projections, it can be expected that crystal growth is predominantly brought about from the side surface of the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer63 and therefore, the shape is particularly effective in the cases ofembodiments 3 and 4.
• Further, the shape of the side surface is not limited to the shape illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 23B but recesses and projections in a shape of a triangular wave, a rectangular wave, a sine wave or a circular arc can be added.[0266]
• (Embodiment 6) (FIGS. 24A, 24B,[0267]24C,24D)
• Although an explanation has been given of an example of using the continuous wave laser beam for forming the upper layer of the second crystalline semiconductor layer according to[0268]Embodiments 1 through 3, mentioned above, according to the invention, in place of the continuous wave laser beam, pulse laser beam can also be used. According to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of a method of using pulse laser beam.
• (Refer to FIG. 24A)[0269]
• Here, the embodiment will be explained with a process explained in[0270]Embodiment 1 as an example. Similarly toEmbodiment 1, steps up to FIGS. 6A, 6B and6C are carried out. That is, a pair of first crystalline semiconductor layers71 are formed over thesubstrate10 via thebase film11 and a secondamorphous semiconductor layer72 is formed in contact with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer71. A region72aof the second crystalline semiconductor layer is a region for forming a channel forming region of a thin film transistor.
• Further, by moving an irradiated region of pulse laser beam relative to the[0271]substrate10 in a constant direction, the pulse laser beam is irradiated to a total of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer72 to thereby form a secondcrystalline semiconductor layer74. Aregion74aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer74 corresponds to the region72aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer72.
• (Refer to FIG. 24B)[0272]
• The pulse laser beam is irradiated while moving an[0273]irradiated region73 of the pulse laser beam in a direction in parallel with the sur of thesubstrate10 and orthogonal to the channel length direction. The irradiatedregion73 includes both of a region of the secondamorphous semiconductor layer72 overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer71 and the region72athereof which is not overlapped with the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer71.
• This is because solid phase—liquid phase interface cannot be moved as in the continuous wave laser beam since an irradiating time period is about several through several tens nano second which is much shorter than that of the continuous wave laser beam. Hence, the first[0274]crystalline semiconductor layer71 for constituting a seed of crystal growth is always included in the irradiatedregion73 which is a region melted by the pulse laser beam.
• By irradiating the pulse laser beam while moving the pulse laser beam as described above, in the irradiated[0275]region73, crystal growth can be carried out always from only the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer71 and the crystal growth direction can be made to be in parallel with the channel length direction. That is, by controlling the nucleus generating position and the crystal growth direction, the secondamorphous semiconductor layer72 can be subjected to lateral growth to copy the crystal structure of the firstcrystalline semiconductor layer71.
• (Refer to FIG. 24D)[0276]
• Further, crystals grow in the[0277]region74aof the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer74 from respectives of the pair of first crystalline semiconductor layers71 and therefore, there are formed a plurality of grain boundaries GB1 formed in the channel length direction in parallel with the crystal growth direction and a single crystal grain boundary GB2 formed by collision of grain boundaries which have grown with the different first crystalline semiconductor layers71 as seeds to each other. Further, theregion74acomprises a single crystal grain in the film thickness direction.
• In order to make crystals grow in this way, the crystal growth can be realized by optimizing a given energy density by controlling an output of the pulse laser beam, moving speed of the irradiated region, an area of the irradiated region, a width in the moving direction and the like. Further, when the pulse laser beam is irradiated, a part of energy of crystallization may be provided by heat energy, electromagnetic energy or the like to the semiconductor layer in order to heat the substrate or irradiate microwave.[0278]
• After having been processed by the above-described steps, the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers for constituting an active layer of a thin film transistor are formed. Thereafter, a thin film transistor may be formed in accordance with a publicly-known fabricating method.[0279]
• Further, a grain boundary such as the grain boundary GB[0280]2 in parallel with the channel width direction can be prevented from being included in the channel forming region by devising a circuit constitution as inEmbodiment 7, mentioned later.
• (Embodiment 7)[0281]
• In the case of[0282]Embodiment 6, due to crystallization by pulse laser beam, the grain boundary GB2 in the channel width direction is formed in the second crystalline semiconductor layer. However, influence of the grain boundary can be eliminated by designing an element such that the grain boundary is not included in the channel forming region.
• (Refer to FIG. 25A)[0283]
• For example, by providing a first crystalline semiconductor layer constituting a[0284]source region85 and adrain region86 asymmetrically in the left and right direction, a grain boundary GB2 of a second crystalline semiconductor layer can be prevented from being included in achannel forming region84.
• Further, in FIG. 25A, numeral[0285]10 designates the substrate, numeral11 designates the base film, numeral82 designates a gate insulating film, numeral83 designates a gate electrode, numeral87 designates an interlayer insulating film, numeral88 designates a source electrode and numeral89 designates a drain electrode.
• (Refer to FIG. 25B)[0286]
• Further, by constituting a multichannel structure in which a single channel forming region of a thin film transistor is divided by two or more, the channel length can be increased and the structure can be formed to avoid the grain boundary GB[0287]2.
• In FIG. 25B, numeral[0288]10 designates the substrate, numeral11 designates the matrix film, numeral92 designates a gate insulating film,notations93aand93bdesignate gate electrodes,notations94aand94bdesignate channel forming regions, numeral95 designates a source region comprising a first and a second crystalline semiconductor layer and numeral96 designates a drain region similarly constructed. Aregion91 is an impurity region for connecting two of thechannel forming regions94aand94band an element may be designed such that the grain boundary GB2 is included in the impurity region.Numeral97 designates an interlayer insulating film, numeral98 designates a source electrode and numeral99 designates a drain electrode.
• Embodiments 1 through 7 described above, can pertinently be combined. For example, the method of forming the first crystalline semiconductor layer and the second amorphous semiconductor layer shown in[0289]Embodiment 3 is applicable to other embodiment. The thin film transistor is not limited to the top gate type but the invention is applicable to a thin film transistor of a bottom gate type, representatively, an inverse stagger type.
• (Embodiment 8)[0290]
• The semiconductor apparatus according to the invention is not limited to a semiconductor element such as a thin film transistor. The invention includes a general semiconductor apparatus using an integrated circuit comprising an element using the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers according to the invention such as a thin film transistor and the like. For example, an active matrix type liquid crystal panel or an active matrix type electroluminescence panel is a representative example of a semiconductor device utilizing the thin film transistor.[0291]
• Further, the semiconductor apparatus of the invention includes electronic apparatus mounted with the active matrix type display device, such as a portable telephone, a personal digital assistance (PDA), a notebook type personal computer, a display for a personal computer, a television set and so on.[0292]
EXAMPLES
• Examples of the invention will be explained in reference to FIG. 26 through FIG. 34H.[0293]
Example 1FIG.26 through FIG.31B
• According to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of an example of carrying out the invention in an active matrix type liquid crystal panel having a pixel portion and a drive circuit on a same substrate.[0294]
• (Refer to FIG. 26) FIG. 26 is an outline view of an active matrix type liquid crystal panel. According to the liquid crystal panel, surroundings of two sheets of[0295]substrate100 and101 are sealed by a seal member to interpose liquid crystals. Thesubstrate100 is a substrate generally referred to as a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) array substrate. Thesubstrate100 is provided with a pixel portion having TFTs as switching elements and a gateline drive circuit104 and a sourceline drive circuit105 which are integrated circuits constituted by TFTs or the like. Further, there are provided anexternal input terminal107 pasted with a flexible printed circuit (FPC)106 and awiring108 for connecting input portions of thedrive circuits104 and105 and theexternal connection terminal107.
• The[0296]other substrate101 is a substrate generally referred to as opposed substrate. Thesubstrate101 is provided with an opposed electrode (not illustrated) to be opposed to thepixel portion103 and is provided with an alignment film for aligning liquid crystals on the opposed electrode as necessary. In the case of a panel which can diplay images with colors, a color filter is provided at a portion thereof opposed to thepixel portion103.
• (Refer to FIG. 27, FIG. 28) FIG. 27 shows an equivalent circuit of an element. FIG. 28 is a top view of the pixel portion of the[0297]substrate100. A pixel is provided with agate line110 to which a signal is transmitted from the gateline drive circuit104 and asource line111 to which a signal is transmitted from the sourceline drive circuit105 to intersect with each other. The intersected portion is provided with athin film transistor112, aliquid crystal element113 and acapacitor114. Theliquid crystal element113 becomes a capacitor by constituting electrodes by apixel electrode115 connected to thepixel TFT112 and an opposed electrode101 (not illustrated) provided at the opposed substrate and constituting a dielectric by liquid crystals. Thecapacitor114 is an element for supplementing capacitance of theliquid crystal element113.
• An explanation will be given of a method of fabricating the substrate in reference to FIG. 29A to FIG. 31B. Further, the[0298]drive circuits104 and105 are representatively fabricated by a process of fabricating a thin film transistor of a CMOS type constituting a basis of the circuit for convenience of explanation. Further, in FIG. 29A through FIG. 31B, upper views thereof designate sectional views of a CMOS type TFT and lower views thereof show sectional views of a pixel portion, which are sectional views taken along a line X-X′ of FIG. 28.
• (Refer to FIG. 29A)[0299]
• #1737 glass of Corning Corporation is prepared as a[0300]substrate120. As thesubstrate120, a substrate comprising glass of barium boro-silicate glass or aluminum boro-silicate glass or a quartz substrate may be used.
• As a[0301]base film121, a silicon oxynitride film (SiO_xN_y) is formed with a thickness of 100 nm from a raw material gas comprising silane (SiH₄) and dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) in a plasma CVD apparatus. The thickness of thebase film121 is about 20 through 200 nm.
• There is formed a film whose major component is silicon including amorphous germanium (hereinafter, described as SiGe[0302]_xfilm) in close contact with thebase film121 in the plasma CVD apparatus. As a raw material gas, germane (GeH₄) diluted to 10% by silane (SiH₄) and hydrogen gas (H₂) is used. A flow rate of SiH₄is 90 sccm and that of diluted GeH₄is set to 10 sccm. High frequency power is 0.35 W/cm²(27 MHz), modulated to pulse discharge having a repeating frequency of 5 kHz (duty ratio 20%) and supplied to a cathode of a parallel plane type plasma CVD apparatus.
• A thickness of the amorphous SiGe[0303]_xfilm is set to 55 nm.
• An entire sur of the amorphous SiGe[0304]_xfilm is coated with a nickel acetate solution having a concentration of 10 ppm by using a spinner and subjected to a heating treatment to crystallize in a heating furnace. Further, the amorphous SiGe_xfilm is subjected to a heating treatment for 1 hour at 500° C. and heated for four hours at 580° C. to crystallize to thereby form a crystalline SiGe_xfilm. A crystalline semiconductor having 20% or more of an orientation rate of {101} is formed. (Refer to FIG. 29B)
• A resist mask is formed by a photolithography method on the crystallized SiGe[0305]_xfilm and the crystalline silicon film is etched by using the mask to thereby form first crystalline semiconductor layers123 through129 having desired shapes.
• The first crystalline semiconductor layers[0306]123 and124 of CMOSTET are layers for constituting a source region and a drain region of a P-channel type TFT (hereinafter, referred to as PchTFT). The first crystal line semiconductor layers125 and126 are layers for constituting a source region and a drain region of an N-channel type TFT (hereinafter, referred to as NchTFT).
• (Refer to FIG. 28)[0307]
• In the pixel portion, the first crystalline semiconductor layers[0308]127 and128 are layers for constituting the source region and the drain region of the pixel TFT (NchTFT). The firstcrystalline semiconductor layer129 is a layer for forming thecapacitor114 and a layer constituting a portion connected to thepixel electrode115.
• (Refer to FIG. 29C)[0309]
• Next, an amorphous silicon film is formed to a thickness of 250 nm by constituting raw material gas by silane (SiH[0310]₄) in the plasma CVD apparatus in close contact with the first crystalline semiconductor layers123 through129. A resist mask is formed by a photolithography method and the amorphous silicon film is etched by using the mask to thereby form second amorphous semiconductor layers131 through134 having desired shapes.
• (Refer to FIG. 30A)[0311]
• The second semiconductor layers[0312]131 through134 are crystallized by irradiating continuous wave laser beam while scanning along the channel length direction to thereby form second crystalline semiconductor layers135 through138.
• In crystallization by continuous wave laser beam, as a continuous wave laser apparatus, an apparatus using a solid state laser using YVO[0313]₄crystal doped with Nd is used. Further, irradiated laser beam is second harmonic (532 nm) of basic wave. A shape of the beam (sectional shape) is enlarged in a shape of a long ellipse having a long axis of 200 μm and a short axis of 20 μm. An output of the laser beam is set to 3 through 6 W (here, set to 5 W), moving speed of the substrate is set to 5 through 100 cm/sec (in this case, set to 50 cm/sec) and an environment of irradiating the laser beam is set to an atmospheric environment. Further, the continuous wave laser beam is irradiated while fixing the laser beam and moving the substrate such that an irradiated area is moved in the short axis direction of the beam. Further, the moving direction is set to the channel length direction of CMOSTET,pixel TFT112 andcapacitor114.
• By crystallization under the above-described conditions, according to the second crystalline semiconductor layers, a crystal grain boundary at a portion provided with the channel forming region is made parallel with the channel length direction such that a crystal boundary in the channel width direction cannot be formed.[0314]
• Further, before crystallizing the second amorphous semiconductor layers, with a purpose of controlling threshold voltage of TFT, boron or gallium may be doped previously in the silicon film. As a timing of doping, the doping can be carried out while forming the amorphous silicon films and further, after forming the film, the doping can be carried out by ion doping apparatus. Doped boron or gallium is activated by the continuous wave laser beam irradiated for crystallizing the second amorphous semiconductor layers.[0315]
• (Refer to FIG. 30B)[0316]
• Next, an insulating[0317]film139 is formed in close contact with the second crystalline semiconductor layers135 through138. The insulatingfilm139 functions as a gate insulating film of TFT and a dielectric of the capacitor. Here, as the insulatingfilm139, in the plasma CVD apparatus, a silicon oxynitride film (SiO_xN_y) is formed from a raw material gas by silane (SiH₄) and dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) with a thickness of 110 nm.
• Next, a conductive film is formed in close contact with the insulating[0318]film139, a mask is formed of a resist by a photolithography method and by utilizing the mask, agate electrode140 of CMOSTET, thegate line111 of the pixel portion and anelectrode141 are formed. As shown by FIG. 28, theelectrode141 is a gate electrode of pixel TFT and also is an electrode of the capacitor provided next to the pixel. Here, as the conductive film, a tungsten film (W film) is formed by a thickness of 300 nm in a sputtering apparatus. In an ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching apparatus, by a mixture gas of CF₄and Cl₂as an etching gas, the tungsten film is etched to thereby form thegate line111 and theelectrode141.
• (Refer to FIG. 30C)[0319]
• Next, doping is carried out in a plasma doping apparatus to thereby form impurity regions of N-type and P-type. Boron is doped as an impurity of P-type to the first crystalline semiconductor layers[0320]123 and124 and the secondcrystalline semiconductor layer135 of PchTFT of the drive circuit to thereby formP+ regions142 and143 showing a conductivity of P-type. Further, phosphor is doped as an impurity of N-type to the first crystalline semiconductor layers125 through129 and the second crystalline semiconductor layers136 through138 of NchTFT, the pixel TFT and the capacitor of the drive circuit to thereby formN+ regions144 through150 and N−regions151 through156 showing a conductivity of N-type. Further, the N− region is a region having a concentration of phosphor lower than that of the N+ region and resistance higher than that of the N+ region.
• The[0321]P+ regions142 and143 are formed in a self alignment manner with thegate electrode140 as a mask. Further, theN+ regions144 through147 are formed in a non-self alignment manner by using a resist mask, theN+ regions148 and149 are formed in a self alignment manner by using theelectrode141 and the N−regions150 through155 are formed in a self alignment manner by using theelectrode141. Further, by forming the impurity regions, thechannel forming region157 through161 are defined.
• The[0322]capacitor114 is finished by the step. Thecapacitor114 is constructed by a constitution constituting an electrode pair by a channel induced at achannel forming region161 by an electric field produced by theelectrode141 and a dielectric by formed from insulatingfilm139.
• (Refer to FIG. 31A)[0323]
• Next, an insulating[0324]film163 is formed over an entire surface of the substrate. The insulating film is a first layer of an interlayer insulating film and also is a protective film for preventing thegate line110 and the like from being oxidized in heat treatment for activating the impurity regions. In this case, as the insulatingfilm163, a silicon oxynitride film is formed by a thickness of 50 nm in the plasma CVD apparatus. According to the silicon oxynitride film, composition of O is larger than composition of N.
• Next, by carrying out heat treatment at 550° C. in a nitrogen environment in a heating treatment apparatus, previously doped phosphor and boron are activated. Further, an insulating[0325]film164 is formed over an entire surface of the substrate. The insulating film is a second layer of an interlayer insulating film and in this case, a silicon oxynitride film is formed by a thickness of 100 nm in the plasma CVD apparatus.
• (Refer to FIG. 31B)[0326]
• In order to flatten the sur of the substrate, a flattening[0327]film165 is formed. For the flatteningfilm165, as an inorganic material, a silicon oxide film formed by using TEOS (Tetraethyl Ortho Silicate) as a raw material gas in the plasma CVD method or SOG, PSG, BSG formed by a coating method is applicable. Further, as an organic region material, polyimide, acrylic resin or BCB (benzocyclobutene) formed by a coating method is applicable. Flatness can be promoted in the case of a film capable of being formed by the coating method rather than a film formed by the CVD method. The flatness can further be promoted by forming the insulating film and polishing the sur of the film by a CMP method. In this case, as the flatteningfilm165, acrylic resin is formed on thegate electrode141 by a coating method such that a thickness thereof becomes 1 μm. Further, contact holes are formed at predetermined positions of the insulatingfilms163 and164 and the flattening film165 (refer to FIG. 28).
• In order to constitute the[0328]pixel electrode115 by a reflection type electrode, there is formed a conductive film comprising a material excellent in reflectance such as a film whose major component is aluminum (Al) or Ag, a film comprising titanium (Ti) or a film laminated with these. In this case, an aluminum film is formed by a sputtering method. A resist mask is formed by a photolithography method, the aluminum film is etched by using the mask and an electrode167 for connecting NchTFT and PchTFT,wirings168 and169 for constituting an input portion/an output portion of CMOSTFT, thegate signal line110, thepixel electrode115, and anelectrode170 for connecting thepixel TFT112 and thesource signal line111, are formed. Further, although not illustrated in the sectional views, as shown by FIG. 28, theelectrode141 is connected to thegate signal line110 via the contact hole. It is preferable to make the sur irregular by adding a step of a publicly-known sand blast method or etching method to prevent mirror reflection and scatter reflected light to thereby increase a white color degree.
• By the above-described steps, the TFT array substrate fabricated with the pixel portion including the pixel TFT and the[0329]capacitor114 and thedrive circuits104 and105 including CMOSTET on the same substrate is finished.
• Next, a liquid crystal panel is finished by preparing the opposed substrate and carrying out a publicly-known step of integrating a cell thereafter. Further, although according to the embodiment, TFT is fabricated based on the method explained in[0330]Embodiment 2, the method of other embodiment may naturally be adopted.
• (Embodiment 2) (FIGS. 32, 33)[0331]
• According to the embodiment, an explanation will be given of an example of carrying out the invention in an active matrix type electroluminescence (EL) panel having a pixel portion and a drive circuit on the same substrate.[0332]
• A TFT array substrate of an active matrix type EL Panel comprises an integrated circuit using TFTs in a pixel portion, a gate line drive circuit for transmitting a signal to a gate line of the pixel portion and a source line drive circuit for transmitting a signal to a source line thereof similar to a liquid crystal panel.[0333]
• (Refer to FIG. 32)[0334]
• FIG. 32 is a basic equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel. An intersected portion of a[0335]gate line201 and asource line202 is provided with a switchingTFT204, current controllingTFT205, anEL element206 and acapacitor207. Further, a powersource supply line203 for supplying current to theEL element206 is provided. The crystalline semiconductor layer of the invention is applied to TFTs of the drive circuit and the pixel portion.
• The[0336]EL element206 is a diode element which is a light emitting element supplied with current from the power source supply line via the currentcontrolling TFT205 for emitting light. The switchingTFT204 is for controlling a timing for bringing the currentcontrolling TFT205 into an ON state.
• (Refer to FIGS. 33A, 33B)[0337]
• FIGS. 33A and 33B are sectional views of the pixel portion, FIG. 33A shows a pixel of a bottom emitting type for emitting light from a bottom side of the EL element via a TFT substrate and FIG. 33B shows a pixel of a top emitting type for emitting light from a top side of the EL element without passing the TFT substrate.[0338]
• (Refer to FIG. 33A)[0339]
• The switching[0340]TFT204 comprising NchTFT and the currentcontrolling TFT205 comprising PchTFT are provided over asubstrate210 via abase film211. A drain of the current controllingTFT205 is connected to ananode layer216 of theEL element206.
• Constitutions of the switching[0341]TFT204 and the currentcontrolling TFT205 and a structure comprising gate electrodes of220 and221 provided over an insulatingfilm212, asource wiring202 andelectrodes222 through224 provided overinterlayer insulators213 and214, are similar to those ofEmbodiment 1. Although not illustrated, acapacitor207 is provided similarly toEmbodiment 1.
• The[0342]EL element206 comprises theanode layer216, anorganic compound layer217 including a light emitting material, acathode layer218, and apassivation layer219 is formed thereabove. Apartition wall layer215 is formed to cover an end portion of theanode layer216.
• As a material for forming the[0343]anode layer216, a material having high work function such as indium oxide, tin oxide or zinc oxide is used and as a cathode, a material having low work function formed by an alkaline metal or an alkaline earth metal of MgAg, AlMg, Ca, Mg, Li, AlLi, AlLiAg or the like, and representatively, a magnesium compound is used.
• The[0344]organic compound layer217 includes a light emitting layer, a hole injecting layer, an electron injecting layer, a hole transporting layer and an electron transporting layer. Further, in luminescence of the organic compound, there are light emittance (fluorescence) in returning from a singlet excited state to a ground state and light emittance (phosphorescence) in returning from a triplet excited state to the ground state and light emittance of either or both of these is included.
• As the[0345]passivation layer219, a film of a material having high barrier performance against oxygen or steam such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, diamond-like carbon (DLC) or the like is formed. By such a constitution, there is constructed a constitution in which light emitted from theEL element206 is emitted from the side of theanode layer216.
• (Refer to FIG. 33B)[0346]
• Meanwhile, the pixel portion of FIG. 33B is similar to that of FIG. 33A and differs therefrom in that the current controlling TFT[0347]205 is NchTFT and the cathode and the anode of theEL element206 are switched. Anelectrode230 connected to theelectrode224 of the current controllingTFT205 is the cathode and numeral231 designates an anode layer.
• The active matrix type EL panel can be fabricated as described above. Further, the circuit of the pixel portion is not limited to the circuit shown in FIG. 32 but various circuits can be designed in accordance with a driving method, in any of the cases, by forming TFT of the pixel portion by the crystalline semiconductor layer of the invention, a panel having small dispersion in brightness for respective pixel can be fabricated.[0348]
• (Embodiment 3) (FIG. 34)[0349]
• The liquid crystal panel that is non-self luminous display device and the EL panel that is self luminous display device described in[0350]Embodiment 1 can be equipped as a display portion with various electronic apparatuses.
• Given as examples of the electronic apparatus are: a video camera; a digital camera; a goggle type display (head mounted display); a navigation system; an audio reproducing device (car audio, an audio component, and the like); a laptop computer; a game machine; a portable information terminal (a mobile computer, a cellular phone, a portable game machine, an electronic book, etc.); and an image reproducing device equipped with a recording medium (specifically, a device equipped with a display device which can reproduce a recording medium such as a digital versatile disk (DVD), and can display the image). Specific examples of the electronic apparatus are shown in FIGS. 34A to[0351]34H.
• (Refer to FIG. 34A)[0352]
• The display device shown in FIG. 34A includes every display device for displaying information such as one for a personal computer, one for receiving TV broadcasting, and one for advertisement. The display device comprises a[0353]casing1001, a supportingbase1002, adisplay portion1003,speaker portions1004, avideo input terminal1005, etc. The direct view type of the liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the display device as adisplay portion1003. The display device may also be a projection type in which displayed image on the liquid crystal panel and the EL panel by an optical system is projected on the display portion1003 (screen).
• In the present circumstances, the luminance of electroluminescence materials is low so that only the liquid crystal panel can be applied to the projection type. The time in the future when high luminance electroluminescence materials will be developed, projection type electroluminescence display device using the TFT array substrate of the present invention can be put to practical use.[0354]
• (Refer to FIG. 34B)[0355]
• FIG. 34B shows a digital still camera, which comprises a[0356]main body1101, adisplay portion1102, animage receiving portion1103,operation keys1104, anexternal connection port1105, ashutter1106, etc. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the digital still camera as thedisplay portion1102. The digital still camera has not only functions of recording and reproducing of still image but also functions of recording and reproducing of moving image.
• (Refer to FIG. 34C)[0357]
• FIG. 34C shows a laptop computer, which comprises a[0358]main body1201, a casing1202, adisplay portion1203, akeyboard1204, anexternal connection port1205, apointing mouse1206, etc. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the laptop computer as thedisplay portion1203.
• (Refer to FIG. 34D)[0359]
• FIG. 34D shows a PDA, which comprises a[0360]main body1301, adisplay portion1302, aswitch1303,operation keys1304, aninfrared ray port1305, etc. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the PDA as thedisplay portion1302.
• (Refer to FIG. 34E)[0361]
• FIG. 34E shows a portable image reproducing device equipped with a recording medium (a DVD player, to be specific). The device comprises a[0362]main body1401, acasing1402, adisplay portion1403, adisplay portion1404, a recording medium (DVD or the like)reading portion1405,operation keys1406,speaker portions1407, etc. Thedisplay portion1403 mainly displays image information recorded in the recording medium. Thedisplay portion1404 mainly displays text and symbol information such as a title of the image information and an operation method recorded in the recording medium. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the portable image reproducing device as thedisplay portions1403 and1404.
• (Refer to FIG. 34F)[0363]
• FIG. 34F shows a goggle type display, which comprises a[0364]main body1501,display portions1502, andarm portions1503. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the goggle type display as thedisplay portion1502. Although illustrated display device is a goggle type mount type display device, it is obviously that the display device can be applied to a head mount type display device.
• The display device includes two types of display devices; the direct view type that the liquid crystal panel or the EL panel is viewed directly and formed by the panel having less than 1 inch in diagonal diameter, and the projection type that the displayed image on the microscopic panel is projected by an optical system that is built in the[0365]main body1501.
• (Refer to FIG. 34G)[0366]
• FIG. 34G shows a video camera, which comprises a[0367]main body1601, adisplay portion1602, acasing1603, anexternal connection port1604, a remotecontrol receiving portion1605, animage receiving portion1606, abattery1607, an audio input portion1608,operation keys1609, an eyepiece portion1610 etc. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the video camera as thedisplay portion1602.
• (Refer to FIG. 34H)[0368]
• FIG. 34H shows a cellular phone, which comprises a[0369]main body1701, acasing1702, adisplay portion1703, anaudio input portion1704, anaudio output portion1705,operation keys1706, anexternal connection port1707, anantenna1708, etc. The liquid crystal panel and the EL panel described in embodiments are equipped with the cellular phone as thedisplay portion1703.
• As described above, the application range of the active matrix type display panel to which the TFT of the present invention is applied is very wide and electronic apparatuses of every field can employ the device. It is noted that the electronic apparatuses illustrated in FIG. 34 are merely some examples, and that does not limit the usage.[0370]
• According to the invention, in the crystalline semiconductor layer for constituting a channel of a semiconductor element such as a thin film transistor or a diode, crystals grow in a horizontal direction of a substrate (grow laterally) by constituting a seed by a lower layer of a crystalline semiconductor layer and therefore, a grain boundary of a crystal grain of a semiconductor can be controlled to be parallel with a channel length direction in the channel.[0371]
• Further, a crystal orientation of the lower layer of the crystalline semiconductor layer constituting the seed is aligned and therefore, in the channel, the crystal orientation of the crystal grain of the semiconductor can be aligned with respect to the channel length direction.[0372]
• Therefore, the position of the grain boundary of the crystal grain and the crystal orientation of the crystal grain of the channel can be controlled as described above and therefore, a circuit integrated with a thin film transistor having a high field effect mobility by restraining a variation in characteristics of respective element can be fabricated.[0373]
• Further, even when the film thickness of the upper layer of the crystalline semiconductor layer is thinned to be 20 through 40 nm, since there is present the lower layer of the crystalline semiconductor layer for constituting the seed and therefore, the crystals can be made to grow by aligning the position of the crystal grain boundary and the crystal orientation as described above. Therefore, the semiconductor layer of the channel can be thinned and therefore, leakage of current in an OFF state of the thin film transistor can be reduced and an ON current/OFF current ratio can be increased.[0374]
• Further, process temperature of the crystallizing method according to the invention is temperature capable of utilizing a glass substrate. Accordingly, the thickness of the channel forming region can be made to be as thin as about 20 through 40 nm even when the film is not thinned by utilizing thermal oxidation as in the conventional example.[0375]
• Further, even when the semiconductor layer of the channel is thinned to be 20 through 40 nm as described above, the contact resistance can be prevented from being increased by providing two layers of semiconductor layers of the lower layer of the first crystalline semiconductor layer and the upper layer of the second crystalline semiconductor layer at a portion thereof in contact with a wiring or an electrode and controlling the film thickness of the lower layer of the crystalline semiconductor layer.[0376]

Claims (57)

What is claimed is:

1. A semiconductor device comprising a thin film transistor comprising:

two first crystalline semiconductor layers; and a second crystalline semiconductor layer provided on two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers in contact therewith,

wherein a source region and a drain region of the thin film transistor are respectively provided in a portion in which the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers are laminated;

wherein a channel forming region of the thin-film transistor is provided in a portion in which the second crystalline semiconductor layer is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer, and

wherein the channel forming region is provided with a highest rate of {111} among crystal planes of {001}, {101} and {111}.

2. A semiconductor device comprising a thin film transistor comprising:

two first crystalline semiconductor layers; and

a second crystalline semiconductor layer provided on two of the first crystalline semiconductor layers in contact therewith,

wherein a source region and a drain region of the thin film transistor are respectively provided in a portion in which the first and the second crystalline semiconductor layers are laminated;

wherein a channel forming region of the thin film transistor is provided in a portion in which the second crystalline semiconductor layer is not overlapped with the first crystalline semiconductor layer, and

wherein a rate of {101} is the highest among crystal planes of {001}, {101} and {111} included in the channel forming region.

3. A semiconductor device comprising:

at least one first crystalline semiconductor layer formed on an insulating surface;

a second crystalline semiconductor layer having at least a first portion and a second portion,

wherein said first portion is formed on the first crystalline semiconductor layer and said second portion extends beyond a side edge of the at least one first crystalline semiconductor layer and is formed on said insulating surface;

a channel forming region of a thin film transistor formed in the second crystalline semiconductor layer;

an impurity region of the thin film transistor comprising said first crystalline semiconductor layer and said first portion of the second crystalline semiconductor layer,

wherein the channel formation region has a {111} crystal plane and a rate of the {111} plane in the channel formation region is highest among {001}, {101} and {111} planes.

4. The semiconductor device according toclaim 1,

wherein the rate of crystal planes of the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer is measured by an electron backscatter diffraction pattern.

5. The semiconductor device according toclaim 2,

wherein the rate of crystal planes of the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer is measured by an electron backscatter diffraction pattern.

6. The semiconductor device according toclaim 3,

wherein the rate of crystal planes of the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer is measured by an electron backscatter diffraction pattern.

7. The semiconductor device according toclaim 1,

wherein a thickness of the second crystalline semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

8. The semiconductor device according toclaim 2,

wherein a thickness of the second crystalline semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

9. The semiconductor device according toclaim 3,

wherein a thickness of the second crystalline semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

10. The semiconductor device according toclaim 1,

wherein in the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer, a crystal grain boundary is in parallel with a channel length direction.

11. The semiconductor device according toclaim 2, wherein in the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer, a crystal grain boundary is in parallel with a channel length direction.

12. The semiconductor device according toclaim 3,

wherein in the channel forming region of the second crystalline semiconductor layer, a crystal grain boundary is in parallel with a channel length direction.

13. The semiconductor device according toclaim 1:

wherein the semiconductor apparatus is any of an active matrix type display panel, a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

14. The semiconductor device according toclaim 2:

wherein the semiconductor apparatus is any of an active matrix type display panel, a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

15. The semiconductor device according toclaim 3:

wherein the semiconductor apparatus is any of an active matrix type display panel, a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

16. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

adding a metal element for reducing a crystallization energy of the semiconductor to a selected portion of the first amorphous semiconductor layer;

crystallizing the first amorphous semiconductor layer by a heating treatment to form a first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to form a second crystalline semiconductor layer,

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, an irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam is moved from the first region to the second region.

17. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

adding a metal element for reducing a crystallization energy of the semiconductor to a selected portion of the first amorphous semiconductor layer;

crystallizing the first amorphous semiconductor layer by a heating treatment to form a first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to form a patterned second crystalline semiconductor layer,

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer comprises a layer whose major component is silicon including germanium, and

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, an irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam is moved from the first region to the second region.

18. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein a thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

19. The method according toclaim 17,

wherein a thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

20. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a laser beam having a wavelength of 400 nm through 700 nm.

21. The method according toclaim 17,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a laser beam having a wavelength of 400 nm through 700 nm.

22. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a harmonic of a laser beam excited by a solid state laser oscillating apparatus.

23. The method according toclaim 17,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a harmonic of a laser beam excited by a solid state laser oscillating apparatus.

24. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

adding a metal element for reducing a crystallization energy of the semiconductor to a selected portion of the first amorphous semiconductor layer;

crystallizing the first amorphous semiconductor layer by a heating treatment to form a first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a pulse laser beam to the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the pulse laser beam relative to the substrate to form a patterned second crystalline semiconductor layer;

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, the pulse laser beam is moved such that both of the first region and the second region are included in an irradiated region of the pulse laser beam.

25. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

adding a metal element for reducing a crystallization energy of the semiconductor to a selected portion of the first amorphous semiconductor layer;

crystallizing the first amorphous semiconductor layer by a heating treatment to form a first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a pulse laser beam to the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the pulse laser beam relative to the substrate to form a patterned second crystalline semiconductor layer;

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer comprises a layer whose major component is silicon including germanium; and

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, the pulse laser beam is moved such that both of the first region and the second region are included in an irradiated region of the pulse laser beam.

26. The method according toclaim 24,

wherein a thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

27. The method according toclaim 25,

wherein a thickness of the second amorphous semiconductor layer falls in a range of 10 through 60 nm.

28. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer is a silicon layer, a germanium layer or a silicon germanium (Si_xGe_1-x0<x<1) layer.

29. The method according toclaim 24,

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer is a silicon layer, a germanium layer or a silicon germanium (Si_xGe_1-x0<x<1) layer.

30. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer is a layer whose major component is silicon in which a content of germanium falls in a range of 1 atomic % through 10 atomic %.

31. The method according toclaim 24,

wherein the first amorphous semiconductor layer is a layer whose major component is silicon in which a content of germanium falls in a range of 1 atomic % through 10 atomic %.

32. The method according toclaim 16,

wherein the metal element comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, V and Rh.

33. The method according toclaim 17,

wherein the metal element comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, V and Rh.

34. The method according toclaim 24,

wherein the metal element comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, V and Rh.

35. The method according toclaim 25,

wherein the metal element comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, Ti, V and Rh.

36. The method according toclaim 16, further comprising the step of carrying out a gettering processing of removing the metal element from the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer.

37. The method according toclaim 17, further comprising the step of carrying out a gettering processing of removing the metal element from the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer.

38. The method according toclaim 24, further comprising the step of carrying out a gettering processing of removing the metal element from the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer.

39. The method according toclaim 25, further comprising the step of carrying out a gettering processing of removing the metal element from the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer.

40. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to crystallize the first amorphous semiconductor layer to form a first crystalline semiconductor layer while moving an irradiated region by the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to the second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to form a second crystalline semiconductor layer,

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, an irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam is moved from the first region to the second region.

41. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:

forming a first amorphous semiconductor layer over a substrate;

patterning the first crystalline semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to crystallize the patterned first amorphous semiconductor layer to form a patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer while moving an irradiated region by the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate;

forming a second amorphous semiconductor layer on the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer;

patterning the second amorphous semiconductor layer to form at least one patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer having a first region overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer and a second region which is not overlapped with the patterned first crystalline semiconductor layer; and

crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer by irradiating a continuous wave laser beam to the second amorphous semiconductor layer while moving the continuous wave laser beam relative to the substrate to form a second crystalline semiconductor layer,

wherein in crystallizing the patterned second amorphous semiconductor layer, an irradiated region of the continuous wave laser beam is moved from the first region to the second region.

42. The method according toclaim 40,

wherein the first semiconductor layer is a silicon layer, a germanium layer or a silicon germanium (Si_xGe_1-x0<x<1) layer.

43. The method according toclaim 41,

wherein the first semiconductor layer is a silicon layer, a germanium layer or a silicon germanium (Si_xGe_1-x0<x<1) layer.

44. The method according toclaim 40,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a laser beam having a wavelength of 400 nm through 700 nm.

45. The method according toclaim 41,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a laser beam having a wavelength of 400 nm through 700 nm.

46. The method according toclaim 40,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a harmonic of a laser beam excited by a solid state laser oscillating apparatus.

47. The method according toclaim 41,

wherein the continuous wave laser beam is a harmonic of a laser beam excited by a solid state laser oscillating apparatus.

48. A semiconductor device according toclaim 16 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

49. A semiconductor device according toclaim 17 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

50. A semiconductor device according toclaim 24 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

51. A semiconductor device according toclaim 25 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

52. A semiconductor device according toclaim 40 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

53. A semiconductor device according toclaim 41 is one selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a goggle type display, a head-mount type display, a navigation system, a sound reproducing apparatus, a personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal, a portable telephone, a portable game machine and an electronic book.

54. The method according toclaim 16, further comprising a step of irradiating a laser beam selected from the group consisting of a continuous wave laser beam and a pulse laser beam to the first crystalline semiconductor layer after the heating treatment.

55. The method according toclaim 17, further comprising a step of irradiating a laser beam selected from the group consisting of a continuous wave laser beam and a pulse laser beam to the first crystalline semiconductor layer after the heating treatment.

56. The method according toclaim 24, further comprising a step of irradiating a laser beam selected from the group consisting of a continuous wave laser beam and a pulse laser beam to the first crystalline semiconductor layer after the heating treatment.

57. The method according toclaim 25, further comprising a step of irradiating a laser beam selected from the group consisting of a continuous wave laser beam and a pulse laser beam to the first crystalline semiconductor layer after the heating treatment.

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