US20030040746A1 - Spinal stabilization system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A spinal stabilization system may include a pair of structural members coupled to at least a portion of a human vertebra with connectors. Connectors may couple structural members to spinous processes. Some embodiments of a spinal stabilization system may include fasteners that couple structural members to vertebrae. In some embodiments, a spinal stabilization system provides three points of fixation for a single vertebral level. A fastener may fixate a facet joint between adjacent vertebrae and couple a stabilization structural member to a vertebra. Connectors may couple the structural members to the spinous processes of the vertebrae. Use of a spinal stabilization system may improve the stability of a weakened or damaged portion of a spine. When used in conjunction with an implant or other device, the spinal stabilization system may immobilize vertebrae and allow for fusion of the implant or other device with vertebrae.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM
• This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,765 entitled “Spinal Stabilization System and Method,” filed Jul. 20, 2001. The above-referenced provisional application is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention[0002]
• The present invention generally relates to the field of medical devices, and more particularly to a system for stabilizing a portion of a spinal column. In an embodiment, the system joins together adjacent spinous processes to stabilize a portion of a spine.[0003]
• 2. Description of Related Art[0004]
• Spinal instability may result from many factors including trauma or degenerative disorders stemming from injuries and/or aging. In some instances, the effects of spinal instability may result in pain and/or partial or complete loss of mobility.[0005]
• Several devices and techniques have been developed to restore stability to the spine. For example, interbody devices may be implanted within a prepared disc space to replace all or a portion of a damaged or compressed disc. To support the spine, vertebrae adjacent to a damaged or defective disc may be fused to each other with an interbody device or with interbody devices. In some instances, interbody devices alone may not be capable of supporting a portion of a spine sufficiently to promote vertebral fusion. A separate stabilization system may be required to improve stability of the spine or a portion of the spine.[0006]
• One method of providing spinal stabilization utilizes a pedicle screw system. A pedicle screw system may stabilize one vertebra by connecting the vertebra to a second vertebra using anchoring pedicle screws and/or connecting rods or plates. The connecting rods or plates may extend between the vertebrae. Pedicle screws are generally installed in pairs for each vertebral level that requires fixation. A pedicle screw is typically inserted into a pre-bored hole at the junction of a superior articular process and transverse process through the pedicle. A pedicle screw may be inserted in a craniolateral to caudomedial direction, depending on the particular region of the spine being stabilized.[0007]
• Pedicle screw insertion is a technically demanding surgical procedure for spinal stabilization due to the close proximity of the spinal cord canal and/or major blood vessels. Complications may occur during the installation or use of pedicle screws for spinal stabilization or immobilization. Complications may include neural or dural damage as a result of pedicle screw penetration into the spinal canal or intervertebral foramen, pedicle screw bending and/or pedicle screw breakage. In addition, pedicle screw insertion may require highly invasive surgery. Such surgery may result in extended recovery times or even irreparable damage to adjacent tissues. Pedicle screws may be angulated in a craniolateral to caudomedial direction, depending on placement within the spine. Angulation of the pedicle screws may require a large exposure of the spine during insertion to accommodate desired trajectories of the pedicle screws.[0008]
• Spinal stabilization may be established using braces attached to vertebrae. The braces may provide flexion/extension immobilization of the vertebrae. The braces may include plate systems positioned adjacent to the spine. Generally, plate systems are comprised of two opposing plates positioned on opposite sides of vertebral spinous processes. The plates may vary in size to accommodate variations in spinal anatomy.[0009]
• To couple the plates to vertebrae, spinal plate systems may utilize nut and bolt assemblies positioned in pre-drilled holes in the plates. In some systems, the bolts are positioned in the space between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. These systems may depend on a compressive force applied to the lateral sides of the spinous processes by the opposing plates to hold the system to the vertebrae.[0010]
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,312 issued to Ray, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, describes a system incorporating a facet screw anchor and fixation bar for immobilizing two vertebrae relative to each other. A portion of a fixation bar is wrapped around a portion of a superior vertebra pedicle. The fixation bar is secured to a facet screw anchor and the facet screw anchor is positioned through a facet joint of the superior vertebra and into the base of a transverse process of an inferior vertebra. The fixation bar and facet screw immobilize the superior vertebra and the inferior vertebra.[0011]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• A spinal stabilization system may be used to increase stability of a portion of a spine. The spinal stabilization system may require a minimally intrusive surgical installation procedure. The spinal stabilization system may provide flexion/extension, torsion, and lateral bending stability to at least a portion of a spine. The system may be used as a stand-alone system or used in combination with other systems or devices.[0012]
• A spinal stabilization system may include structural members positioned on opposite sides of a spinous process. A structural member may extend from a first vertebra to a second vertebra. The structural members may include openings on opposite sides of spinous processes of the vertebrae. The structural members may include texturing that allows a portion of the structural members to penetrate into spinous processes when the structural members are coupled to the spinous processes during an insertion procedure. In some embodiments, the texturing comprises spikes. Connectors may be positioned through openings in the structural members to couple the structural members to the spinous processes and to each other. The connectors provide a point of stabilization for the spinal stabilization system.[0013]
• In some embodiments, structural members may include flanges having flange openings. Fasteners may be positioned through the flange openings. The fasteners may be positioned through facet joints of vertebrae being stabilized. A fastener on each side of a spinous process may provide two points of fixation for each vertebra. Structural members with flanges may be provided in mirror image pairs to fit on opposite sides of spinous processes.[0014]
• Immobilizing a desired portion of a spine may require multiple structural members. A connector may couple a structural member to an adjacent structural member. In an embodiment, a connector may couple multiple structural members to a portion of a vertebra or vertebrae. A portion of a connector may pass through an opening in a structural member and through an opening in a spinous process of a vertebra. The connector may be positioned through a structural member and/or vertebral opening at an oblique angle relative to a centerline axis of the opening. A portion of a connector may abut an opening surface to inhibit continued axial movement of the connector through the opening during use.[0015]
• A punch tool and a connector tool may be used during an installation process. The punch tool may form an opening through a spinous process. A connector may be positioned through the opening to couple structural members positioned on opposite sides of spinous processes together. A connector tool may form a connector that joins the structural members together.[0016]
• In a spinal stabilization system embodiment, the spinal stabilization system may include a pair of structural members positioned adjacent to opposing sides of a spinous process of a first vertebra. Openings may extend through the structural members to allow access to vertebral surfaces of the first vertebra from an outer surface of a structural member. Texture on a surface of a structural member may abut vertebral surfaces to provide a frictional and/or form coupling between the structural member and the vertebra. In some embodiments, portions of the texturing may penetrate into vertebral bone during installation.[0017]
• Ends of a structural member may be placed adjacent to spinous processes of vertebrae to be stabilized. Openings in the structural member may abut openings through spinous processes. Connectors may be formed in openings to join together structural members positioned on opposite sides of the spinous processes.[0018]
• A spinal stabilization system may be adapted to stabilize a portion of a spine where a spinous process is not present, has been damaged or removed, or is not capable of withstanding structural loads for spinal fixation. For example, a spinal stabilization system may provide or restore stability to the lumbosacral region of the spine. An artificial spinous process may be inserted to function as a spinous process for the stabilization system.[0019]
• Spinal stabilization systems may stabilize more than one vertebral level. For example, a spinal stabilization system may couple a first vertebra to an adjacent second vertebra (one vertebral level). The second vertebra may be coupled to an adjacent third vertebra. The spatial and angular relationship between the first and second vertebrae and the second and third vertebrae may be different. A spinal stabilization system may maintain the natural spatial and angular relationship between the adjacent vertebral levels. In some embodiments, the spinal stabilization system may establish a desired spatial and angular relationship between adjacent vertebrae.[0020]
• Fusion between vertebrae may be desirable for stabilization and permanent fixation of a portion of a spine. A spinal stabilization system may accommodate means for promoting bone growth between adjacent vertebrae. Bone graft may be placed adjacent to a structural member of a spinal stabilization system and the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae coupled to the structural member to promote fusion between the vertebrae. Additionally, bone graft may be placed between an articular facet joint of adjacent vertebrae after removing the necessary soft tissue or exposing the inter-articular space. A fastener may be positioned through portions of the adjacent vertebrae and the facet joint to immobilize the joint and promote bone growth. A spinal fixation system may be used to substantially increase the stability of a portion of a spine containing an interbody fusion device and also relieve a significant amount of pressure on the interbody device.[0021]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the following detailed description of embodiments and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:[0022]
• FIG. 1 depicts a posterior view of a portion of a spine with an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system for stabilizing a vertebral level.[0023]
• FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a first member of a connector.[0024]
• FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a second member of a connector.[0025]
• FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of an assembled connector.[0026]
• FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of a spinal stabilization system.[0027]
• FIG. 6 depicts a top view of a spinal stabilization system.[0028]
• FIG. 7 depicts a perspective view of a spinal stabilization system.[0029]
• FIG. 8 depicts a top view of a spinal stabilization system.[0030]
• FIG. 9 depicts a posterior view of a portion of a spine with an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system for stabilizing a vertebral level.[0031]
• FIG. 10 depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system.[0032]
• FIG. 11 depicts an embodiment of a structural member.[0033]
• FIG. 12 depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of a structural member having an elongated opening.[0034]
• FIG. 13 depicts a front view of an embodiment of a connector tool.[0035]
• FIG. 14 depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of a multi-level spinal stabilization system.[0036]
• FIG. 15 depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system having an interconnecting spacer.[0037]
• FIG. 16 depicts a spinal stabilization system for use in stabilizing more than one vertebral level.[0038]
• FIG. 17 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system used to stabilize a portion of the lumbosacral region of the spine.[0039]
• FIG. 18 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system used to stabilize a portion of the lumbosacral region of the spine.[0040]
• FIG. 19 depicts an embodiment of an artificial spinous process for use with a spinal stabilization system.[0041]
• FIG. 20 depicts an embodiment of an artificial spinous process that strengthens or replaces a natural spinous process.[0042]
• FIG. 21 depicts an embodiment of spinal stabilization system coupled to an artificial spinous process.[0043]
• FIG. 22 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system attached to a human spine for fusing an L5 lumbar vertebra to a sacrum.[0044]
• FIG. 23 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system coupled to artificial spinous members.[0045]
• FIG. 24 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system with an artificial spinous member.[0046]
• FIG. 25 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system with an artificial spinous member.[0047]
• FIG. 26 depicts an embodiment of a punch tool that may be used to form an opening through a spinous process.[0048]
• FIG. 27 depicts a detailed view of the hollow cutter used in the punch tool of FIG. 26.[0049]
• While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.[0050]
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• A spinal stabilization system may provide stabilization for one or more vertebral levels of a spine. In some embodiments, a spinal stabilization system may be utilized as a stand-alone system. In some embodiments, a spinal stabilization system may be used in conjunction with other systems or devices to provide stability to the spine. For example, a spinal stabilization system may be used in conjunction with a spinal implant (e.g., an interbody fusion device, an artificial disc, and/or a vertebral construct). The spinal stabilization system may be easy to install with only minimal intrusion to adjacent tissue and muscle as compared to conventional stabilization systems. In addition, the spinal stabilization system may provide minimal risk of dural or neural damage during installation and use.[0051]
• Appropriately sized spinal stabilization systems may be used to couple adjacent vertebrae of a spinal column. For example, an appropriately sized spinal stabilization system may be used to join an L2 vertebra to an L1 vertebra, or an L1 vertebra to a T12 vertebra.[0052]
• FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of[0053]spinal stabilization system48. Spinal stabilization may be used to stabilizevertebral level50.Vertebral level50 may include twovertebrae52, andintervertebral disc54. Portions ofvertebrae52 may form bilateral facet joints56.
• In some embodiments,[0054]spinal stabilization system48 may includestructural members58 andconnectors60.Structural members58 may have a length that spans fromspinous process62 of a first vertebra tospinous process62 of an adjacent vertebra that is to be fixed in position relative to the first vertebra.Structural members58 may have a rod form or a bar form, or may have any other form able to withstand tensile, compressive, and/or torsion loads associated with the spine.
• During use,[0055]structural members58 may be coupled to each side of spinous processes62. For example,spinal stabilization system48 may be coupled tospinous processes62 of theL4 vertebra52′ and theL5 vertebra52″.Connectors60 may couple thestructural members58 to spinous processes62.Connectors60 may be any type of connector that couplesstructural members58 together.
• [0056]Structural members58 may be formed in various sizes. The various sizes may accommodate different sizes of patients. Various sizes may also accommodate different sizes needed to stabilize different vertebrae. An instrument set supplied to a surgeon may include several different sizes of structural members. In some embodiments, structural members to be positioned on a left side of a spinous process may be substantially a mirror image of a structural member to be placed on a right side of a spinous process. An instrumentation set may include several different sizes of structural member pairs.
• Structural members and connectors may be made of any biocompatible materials. Structural members and connectors may be formed of, but are not limited to being formed of, metals, ceramics, polymers, and/or composites. In some embodiments, structural members and connectors may be formed of titanium, titanium alloys, steel, and/or steel alloys. In some embodiments, structural members and/or connectors may be or may include bioabsorbable material.[0057]
• In some embodiments, a shape of a structural member may be adjusted prior to insertion into a patient to conform to the patient's anatomy. The structural member may be capable of accommodating minor plastic deformation without altering the structural member's mechanical properties. Benders may be included in an instrumentation kit to allow structural members to be shaped.[0058]
• In some embodiments,[0059]connectors60 may be formed of a first member and a second member. FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment offirst member66.First member66 may includehead68,shank70 havinggrooves72 on an inner surface,slot74, andtool opening76.Head68 may be larger than an opening in a structural member to inhibit passage of first member through the structural member.
• In some embodiments,[0060]shank70 offirst member66 includes a plurality ofgrooves72 to engage a second member and form an interference fit that inhibits separation of the first and second members. In some embodiments,grooves72 are female thread in the inner surface ofshank70. In some embodiments,shank70 may include a single groove, a plurality of ridges, and/or a single ridge to couple the first member to a second member.
• [0061]First member66 may includeslot74 along a portion of a length of the first member.Slot74 may allowfirst member66 to radially expand during assembly of a connector.
• [0062]Tool opening76 may allowfirst member66 to be coupled to a connector tool.First member66 may be placed on a first arm of the connector tool. A second member may be placed on a second arm of the connector tool. The connector tool may be activated to bring the arms together and form a connector fromfirst member66 and the second member.
• FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of[0063]second member78.Second member78 may includehead80,shank82, andtool opening84.Head80 may be larger than an opening in a structural member to inhibit passage of second member through the structural member.Tool opening84 may allowsecond member78 to be coupled to an arm of a connector tool.
• In some embodiments, an outer surface of[0064]shank82 may include a surface that engages and locks with a shank of a first member. In an embodiment,shank82 includes a plurality ofridges86 to engage grooves in a shank of the first member. In an embodiment,shank82 includes male threading that is configured to engage female threading in inner surface of the shank of the first member. In other embodiments,shank82 may include a single groove, a plurality of grooves, and/or a single ridge to couple the second member to a first member.
• FIG. 4 depicts[0065]connector60.Shank82 ofsecond member78 may be pressed intoshank70 offirst member66 so thatridges86 of the second member engagegrooves72 in the first member. The orientation of the ridges and grooves may inhibit separation offirst member66 fromsecond member78 when the first member and second member are coupled together. Whenfirst member66 andsecond member78 are coupled together,connector60 is formed.Slot74 may allowfirst member66 to radially expand when ridgedshank82 is inserted into the first member. Ridges ofsecond member78 may engage grooves offirst member66 to inhibit separation ofconnector60.
• A structural member of a spinal stabilization system may include openings that accept a head of either[0066]first member66 orsecond member78. A punch tool may be used to form an opening through a spinous process. Structural members may be placed on each side of the spinous process so that the openings of the structural members align with the opening through the spinous process.First member66 andsecond member78 may be coupled to a connector tool. The connector tool may be used to couplefirst member66 tosecond member78 in openings through the structural members and the opening through the spinous process to formconnector60.
• FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of[0067]spinal stabilization system48.Connector60 may include threading on an inside surface offirst member66 to engage threading88 ofsecond member78.First member66 may includeslot74 that allows the first member to expand whensecond member78 is inserted into the first member to couple the first member to the second member.Second member78 may be pressed intofirst member66 using a connector tool. Threading offirst member66 and threading88 ofsecond member78 may allow for removal ofconnector60 fromstructural members58. Tool openings may include slots, hexagonal openings, or other types of openings for engaging a drive tool (e.g., a ratchet drive) that allows for separation of the first member from the second member. Joining a connector together by pressing a second member into a first member may allow for simple and efficient formation of a spinal fixation system. The ability to separate the first member from the second member may allow for removal of a spinal fixation system or portions of the spinal fixation system should problems arise during an insertion procedure or at a later time.
• In some embodiments,[0068]connectors60 may be positioned withinopenings90 instructural members58.Connector60 may be placed throughstructural member openings90 in a direction that is substantially parallel to central axes of the openings.Openings90 may allow a first portion of a connector to pass through the opening while inhibiting a head of the connector from passing through the opening.Heads68,80 of a first member and a second member may be too large to pass throughstructural member opening90. Connectors may be used to join together two or more structural members to formspinal stabilization system48.
• [0069]Heads68,80 may have shapes that correspond to surfaces definingstructural member openings90. The shape of connector heads or fastener heads and the corresponding shapes of surfaces defined by openings in the structural members may allow connectors and/or fasteners to be positioned at desired angles relative to the structural members and vertebrae during an insertion procedure. The shape ofopenings90 and the shape ofheads68,80 may accommodate some misalignment between the openings ofstructural members58.
• As shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6,[0070]structural members58 may includetexturing92.Texturing92 may provide a secure connection betweenstructural member58 and a portion of a vertebra placed against the textured surface. The secure connection may inhibit movement ofstructural member58 relative to the vertebra after the structural member and the vertebra are coupled together.Texturing92 may include protrusions or roughening. For example, texturing92 shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 includes spikes. Texturing may include, but is not limited to, spikes, teeth, scoring, sharp particles implanted into surfaces of the structural members, ridges and grooves, and/or serrations. Surfaces of structural members that contact bone may include a coating of material to promote osseointegration of the structural member with bone. The coating may be, but is not limited to, a bone morphogenic protein, hydroxyapatite, and/or a titanium plasma spray.
• When[0071]structural members58 are coupled to vertebrae, texturing92 may penetrate into spinous processes of the vertebrae. Some embodiments ofstructural member58 may include texturing92 at a position between ends of the structural member. Such texturing may be used to secure an implant between structural members. FIG. 6 depictsimplant94 positioned betweenstructural members58.Implant94 may be a portion of bone or other graft material for promoting fusion of the spinous processes that the structural members are coupled to.
• Some embodiments of spinal stabilization systems may use fasteners to couple vertebrae together. In some embodiments, an end of a spinal stabilization system may be coupled to vertebrae using fasteners, and a second end of the spinal stabilization system may be coupled to a spinous process of a vertebra using a connector. In some embodiments, each end of a spinal stabilization system may be coupled to a spinous process using a connector, and fasteners may be positioned through facet joints of the vertebrae.[0072]
• Fasteners may include, but are not limited to, screws, nails, rivets, trocars, pins, and barbs. In an embodiment, the fasteners are bone screws. A length of a fastener may allow the fastener to engage multiple vertebrae. In an embodiment, a fastener may include a head and a shaft extending from the head. A portion of a tool may be inserted into an indention in the fastener head to position and insert the fastener. The size of the fastener head may inhibit the fastener head from passing through a structural member opening. A portion of a fastener head may substantially mate with a portion of an opening wall in a structural member. The mating surfaces may be textured to help keep the fastener angle fixed relative to the structural member. The shape of the fastener head may allow the fastener to be inserted through the opening at an oblique angle and support loads to secure the fastener within the opening. A length of a fastener shaft may allow the fastener to be positioned through a portion of a vertebra and into an adjacent vertebra. A fastener shaft may have threading or a series of ridges and grooves to secure the fastener to a vertebra or vertebrae. Alternatively, surface roughness may be provided on a fastener shaft to secure the fastener to adjacent surfaces.[0073]
• Embodiments of spinal stabilization systems that use fasteners are depicted in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8.[0074]Spinal stabilization system48 may include a fastener for coupling a portion of a first vertebra to a portion of a second vertebra and/or a portion of a vertebra to a structural member.Fasteners96, such as the fasteners shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, may includeheads98 andshanks100. An outer dimension offastener head98 may be greater than an outer dimension ofshank100.Shanks100 may be sized to pass through openings in structural members.Heads98 may be larger than openings to inhibit complete passage of a fastener through an opening in a structural member.Fastener head98 may includeindention102 for the insertion of a portion of a tool used to drivefastener96.
• [0075]Spinal stabilization system48 may includestructural members58 and58′,connector60, andfasteners96.Structural members58 and58′ may include openings for fasteners and/or connectors to engage vertebrae or other structural members.Fasteners96 and/orconnectors60 may be positioned through openings at angles oblique to a centerline axis of the openings.Structural members58 and58′ may include texturing or protrusions on surfaces adjacent to vertebrae and/or adjacent to other structural members to provide form and/or friction coupling to the adjacent surfaces.
• During use, a portion of[0076]structural member58 may be positioned adjacent the spinous process of a first vertebra and a second portion ofstructural member58 may be positioned adjacent a spinous process of a second vertebra. Opposingstructural member58′ may be positioned along the opposite side of the spinous processes of the first and second vertebrae.Fasteners96 may be positioned through an opening ofstructural member58, through a lamina of the first vertebra, and through an articular facet joint of the first and second vertebrae to couplestructural member58 to the vertebrae and fixate the articular facet joint between the first and second vertebrae.Fasteners96 may be positioned through an opening, through the opposite lamina of the first vertebra, and through a second articular facet joint of the first and second vertebrae.Connector60 may couplestructural members58 and58′ to the spinous process of the second vertebra. In some embodiments,structural members58 and58′ may have differing lengths to allowfasteners96 to engage the vertebrae.
• FIG. 9 depicts an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system.[0077]Structural members58 may includeflange108,elongated portion110, and openings forconnectors60. A portion offlange108 may be positioned adjacent to an articular process and facet of a first vertebra during use. In some embodiments, a portion of a bottom surface of a flange may include texturing that couples the flange to a vertebral body. The texturing may include, but is not limited to, scoring, protrusions, spikes, serrations, and/or particles embedded in the surface.Elongated portion110 may have a length that spans from a spinous process of the first vertebra to a spinous process of an adjacent vertebra to be fixed in position relative to the first vertebra.
• [0078]Connectors60 andfasteners96 may affix thestructural members58 to vertebrae. ForL4 vertebra52′,structural members58 attach tospinous process62′, and to each inferiorarticular process112. ForL5 vertebra52″,spinal stabilization system48 attaches tospinous process62″, and to each superiorarticular process114.
• FIG. 10 depicts a perspective view of an embodiment of[0079]spinal stabilization system48. FIG. 11 depicts an embodiment of a structural member used to formspinal stabilization system48.Structural member58 may include texturing92 adjacent toopenings90. Texturing on a side ofstructural member58 away fromflange108 may enter vertebral bone during installation to help secure the structural member to the vertebrae.Texturing92 on a side of structural member towardsflange108 may allow a frictional or interference fit to be formed between a first structural member and a second structural member that abuts the first structural member to form a multi-level construct (e.g., as shown in FIG. 14). Texturing may promote fixation of a desired angle between portions of a multi-level construct that stabilize different vertebral levels.
• In some embodiments, a structural member of a multi-level construct may span over vertebral level. A structural member may be coupled to 3 or more spinous processes to stabilize a portion of the spine. For example, a structural member for stabilizing two vertebral levels may include two openings proximate ends of the structural member, as well as an opening proximate a midpoint of the structural member. The openings may be positioned such that connectors and/or fasteners can be used to couple the structural member to the adjacent spinous processes. In some embodiments, the structural member may include texturing. Texturing may be used to engage a portion of a vertebra, an additional structural member, and/or an implant (e.g., bone graft). For example, a structural member may include spikes to engage a spinous process.[0080]
• As illustrated in FIG. 12, a first portion of[0081]flange opening115 may overlap a second portion of the opening. The overlapping opening portions may provide options for placement of a fastener during an insertion procedure. In some embodiments,flange opening115 may include only a single portion, two overlapping portions, or more than two overlapping portions. In some embodiments, a flange opening may include an elongated slot instead of overlapping portions.Openings90 instructural member58 for connectors in elongated portion may include overlapping portions or elongated slots that provide options for positional placement of the connectors.
• FIG. 13 shows a front view of an embodiment of[0082]connector tool116 for inserting a connector.Insertion instrument116 may includehandles118′,118″, linkingmechanism120,arms122,spring124,ratchet arm126, andholders128. Linkingmechanism120 may allowholders128 that are attached toarms122 to approach each other from an open position with a small, or no, rotational component of motion when handles118 are squeezed towards each other. A first member and a second member of a connector may be placed onholders128. A shank of the second member may be placed in a shank of the first member when handles118 are squeezed together.Ratchet arm126 may be rotatively attached tofirst handle118′.Teeth130 ofratchet arm126 may engage an end ofsecond handle118″.Teeth130 may be oriented to allowhandles118 to approach each other when the handles are squeezed, but the teeth may inhibit the handles from returning to the open position.Spring124 may apply force tohandles118 that forces the handles to the open position. When connector members are coupled together, ratchetarm126 may be rotated away from the end ofsecond handle118″ to allowspring124, and/or a controlled release of pressure applied tohandles118, to return the insertion instrument to the open position.
• [0083]Tool openings76 and84 ofconnector members66,78 (shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3) may be attached toholders128 ofinsertion instrument116.Holders128 may includeslots132, O-rings, or another type of mechanism that allows the connector members to be securely attached to the holders.Slots132 ofholders128 may be compressed when connector members are attached to the holders. Force applied by expansion ofholders128 againstconnector members66,78 may hold the connector members on the holders with enough force to inhibit unintentional removal of the connector members from the holders. Afterconnector members66,78 are joined together by squeezinghandles118 ofinsertion instrument116,holders128 may be removed fromtool openings76,84. The force applied by expansion ofholders128 againstconnector members66,78 may be significantly less than a force that resists separation of joined connector members so that the holders may be easily removed fromtool openings76 and84 of formedconnector60.
• In some embodiments of spinal stabilization systems, connectors may not be used to join structural members together. For example, in an embodiment, an adhesive may be used to bind structural members to a spinous process or to spinous processes. Using an adhesive may avoid the need to form an opening through a spinous process or spinous processes.[0084]
• [0085]Structural member58 may include a flange and an elongated portion. In some embodiments, the structural member is made of a single piece of material. In some embodiments,structural member58 is made of a number of separate pieces that are joined together. The flange may be joined to the elongated portion by any method that provides a connection between the flange and the elongated portion that is able to withstand tensile, compressive, and/or torsion loads associated with the spine (e.g., by adhesion or by welding). In some embodiments, the elongated portions may be formed from plate stock, bar stock, or rod stock. Flanges may be formed from plate stock. In some embodiments,structural members58 may be cast, molded, or otherwise formed as a single piece.
• In some fastener embodiments, a fastener may include a break-off extension. The break-off extension may couple to a tool. The break-off extension may separate from a remaining portion of the fastener when enough force has been applied to the fastener to insert the fastener in bone. Use of a break-off extension may inhibit over-tightening of fasteners that results in the stripping of threading in the bone.[0086]
• In some fastener embodiments, an expandable ring may be inserted in a structural member. Rings may be compressed and inserted into openings in structural members. After insertion, the rings may expand. Expansion of the rings may allow the rings to be coupled to the structural members to inhibit removal of the rings from the openings without the rings becoming secured to the structural members. A shank of a fastener may be inserted through a ring and into bone. A portion or portions of the ring may expand as a head of the fastener is inserted into the bone. After passage of a portion of the fastener into bone, a wide section of the head may pass beyond the portion or portions of the ring. Passage of the wide section of the head beyond the portion or portions may allow the portions or portions to contract. The portions may inhibit removal of the fastener from the structural member without fixedly binding the ring to the structural member and without fixedly binding the ring to the fastener.[0087]
• In some fastener embodiments,[0088]shank100 offastener96 may be threaded for securing the fastener to a portion of a vertebra or vertebrae. In alternative embodiments, a fastener may include texturing, or ridges and grooves, to provide friction and/or form coupling to secure a fastener to a portion of a vertebra. Threading offastener96 may be self-tapping to avoid the need for pre-boring and tapping of an opening in the vertebra. In some embodiments, holes may be bored and/or tapped in the vertebra to accommodate threading offastener96.
• [0089]Shank100 offastener96 may be positioned through a structural member opening at an oblique angle relative to a centerline axis of the opening in the structural member. A portion offastener head98 may be shaped to complement a portion of a flange opening. FIG. 10 depicts shanks of fasteners inserted through flange openings instructural member58. A fastener may pass through a facet joint formed by an inferior articular process of a first vertebra and an adjacent superior articular process of a second vertebra to provide a point of fixation betweenstructural member58 and the first and second vertebrae.
• FIG. 14 depicts an embodiment of[0090]spinal stabilization system48 for stabilizing more than one vertebral level. A multi-level stabilization system may include multiple structural members that join vertebral levels. Using a multi-level spinal stabilization system that includes multiple structural members may allow for preservation of the natural curvature of the spine. The structural members may be coupled to each vertebral level using fasteners and/or connectors. In addition, a structural member may be coupled to another structural member using fasteners and/or connectors.
• [0091]Spinal stabilization system48 for stabilizing multiple vertebral levels may includestructural members58,connectors60, andfasteners96.Structural members58aand58a′ may be positioned on opposing sides of the spinous processes of a first vertebra and a second vertebra.Structural members58aand58a′ may be coupled to the first and second vertebrae using fasteners and connectors.Structural members58band58b′ may be positioned on opposing sides of spinous processes of the second vertebra and a third vertebra.Structural members58band58b′ may be coupled to the second and third vertebrae using fasteners and connectors.Connector60bmay couplestructural members58a,58b,58a′, and58b′ to the spinous process of the second vertebra.Structural members58,fasteners96, andconnectors60 provide up to three points of fixations for each vertebral level. Additional structural members may be included in a spinal stabilization system for fixating additional vertebral levels.
• A portion of[0092]structural member58amay abut a portion ofstructural member58b, and a portion ofstructural member58a′ may abut a portion ofstructural member58b′. Openings instructural members58a,58band openings instructural members58a′,58b′ may substantially align to allowconnector60bto be positioned through the openings to connect the structural members to the spinous process of the second vertebra.Structural member58band58b′ may include bends134.Bends134 may allow portions ofstructural members58band58b′ with openings to be positioned substantially parallel to structuremembers58aand58a′ to maintain proper lateral alignment of the adjacent vertebrae.
• [0093]Structural members58a,58b,58a′, and58b′ may include texturing92 on selected surfaces.Texturing92 may securestructural members58aand58btogether by forming a friction or form lock between the structural members.Texturing92 may inhibit rotation of a structural member about the contact point between the structural members. In a structural member embodiment, texturing92 is radial serrations around an opening. Serrations onstructural member58amay engage serrations onstructural member58bto inhibit rotation ofstructural member58arelative tostructural member58b.
• A spinal stabilization system may include an intermediate spacer and/or connector to provide additional structural support for fixating adjacent vertebral levels. An embodiment of[0094]spinal stabilization system48 using an intermediate spacer and connector is depicted in FIG. 15.Spacer136 may provide additional structural support forelongated portions110 ofstructural members58 and58′.Spacer136 may be coupled tostructural members58 and58′ using a connector. Openings instructural members58 and58′ may be aligned to allowspacer136 to be positioned in a space betweenstructural members58 and58′.
• In some spinal stabilization system embodiments, a spacer and connector may be used instead of connectors positioned through a spinous process. Portions of structural members positioned adjacent to spinous processes may include texturing. In an embodiment, the texturing is a protrusion or protrusions that will extend into the spinous processes when a connector joins structural members positioned on opposite sides of the spinous processes. A first structural member may be positioned on a first side of spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. A first fastener may be positioned through an opening in the first structural member and through a first facet joint of the vertebrae to join the vertebrae together. A second structural member may be placed on a second spinous process. A spacer may be positioned between the structural members. A connector may be formed through the structural members and the spacer to join the structural members together. Joining the structural members together may extend protrusions adjacent to the spinous processes into the spinous processes. A second fastener may be positioned through an opening in the second structural member and through a second facet joint of the vertebrae to join the vertebrae together.[0095]
• FIG. 16 depicts[0096]spinal stabilization system48 for use in stabilizing more than one vertebral level of a spine wherein the contours of a vertebral level do not allow for a proper angle of approach for fixating a facet joint between adjacent vertebrae.Openings90 instructural members58 may be adapted to receivefastener96 for fixating a first vertebral level with a second vertebral level.Fastener96 may be positioned through opening90 to engage the spinous process of a first vertebral level. A length offastener96 may allow the fastener to pass through the spinous process, lamina and articular process, and facet of a first vertebral level to engage a portion of a second vertebra.Fastener96 may be positioned through the lamina of the first vertebra and the lamina of the second vertebra to substantially provide a translaminar-facet coupling in addition to the spinous process coupling to the structural member.Fastener96 may immobilize the facet joint between the vertebrae and provide an additional point of fixation for each vertebra. Serrations on a surface ofstructural member58amay engage mating serrations onstructural member58bto couple the structural members to each other.Connectors60 may be positioned through openings instructural members58a,58a′,58b,58b′ to engage the spinous process of the second vertebral level. Additional fasteners and/or connectors may fixate the structural members to other portions of the second or third vertebral level.
• A spinal stabilization system may be adapted to portions of a spine wherein coupling to a spinous process of a vertebral level may not be desirable or achievable. Such situations occur when a spinous process for a vertebral level does not exist, is damaged, has been removed, or is determined to be incapable of supporting the loads associated with spinal fixation. For example, a spinal stabilization system may be adapted to stabilize a lumbosacral portion of the spine where the vertebra anatomically lacks a spinous process (e.g., the sacrum). FIG. 17 through FIG. 25 depict embodiments of spinal stabilization systems used to stabilize a portion of the spine that does not include a spinous process. If the existing spinous process is weak or damaged, the spinous process may be removed to allow for insertion of the spinal stabilization system.[0097]
• In FIG. 17,[0098]spinal stabilization system48 may stabilize, for example, the L5 lumbar vertebra and the S1 sacral vertebra of a sacrum.Spinal stabilization system48 may includestructural members58,connector60, andfasteners96. To stabilize adjacent vertebral levels, a portion of firststructural member58′ may be positioned adjacent to an inferior articular process of the L5 lumbar vertebra. A second portion ofstructural member58′ may be positioned adjacent to a surface of the S1 sacral vertebra.Flange108′ may extend fromstructural member58′ to reside adjacent to a surface of the L5 spinous process.Structural member58′ may be shaped to substantially conform to adjacent vertebral surfaces. Portions of secondstructural member58 may be positioned on the opposite inferior articular process of the L5 lumbar vertebra and a second portion of the S1 sacral vertebra.Structural member58 may includeflange108 positioned adjacent to a surface of the L5 spinous process oppositeflange108′.Structural members58 may includeopenings90 andflange openings115 for connectors and/or fasteners.
• A fastener and/or connector may be positioned through an opening in the structural member to couple the structural member to the vertebra or vertebrae. Referring to FIG. 17,[0099]fastener96 may be positioned through opening115 instructural member58′ to couple the structural member to the vertebrae and fixate a facet joint between the L5 and S1 vertebrae. Asecond fastener96 may be positioned through opening115 instructural member58 to couple the structural member to the vertebrae and fixate a second facet joint between the L5 and S1 sacral vertebrae.Other fasteners96 may be positioned throughopenings115 to engage the sacral vertebra and couplestructural members58 to the sacral vertebra. A portion ofconnector60 may be positioned through an opening instructural member58′, through a portion of the L5 spinous process, and through opening90 instructural member58.Connector60 couplesstructural members58,58′ to the spinous process of the L5 vertebra.Structural members58,58′ may include serrations on surfaces adjacent to vertebral surfaces to establish a friction and/or form coupling between the structural members and the vertebrae.
• An embodiment of a spinal stabilization system is depicted in FIG. 18.[0100]Spinal stabilization system48 may includeelongated portion110 extending to a vertebral surface adjacent to a pedicle of a second vertebra. A fastener may pass through opening115 to engage a portion of the second vertebra and a pedicle. The fastener may couplestructural member58 to the second vertebra.
• FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 depict embodiments of[0101]spinous member140.Spinous member140 may be an artificial spinous process that strengthens or replaces a natural spinous process.Spinous member140 may includebase142 and extendingportion144. Fasteners and/or connectors may couple the spinous member to a vertebra or structural member.Spinous member140 may be shaped to substantially correspond to adjacent vertebral surfaces and may haveflange openings115 andopening90 for accepting a fastener and/or connector during use.
• FIG. 21 depicts an embodiment of[0102]spinal stabilization system48 coupled tospinous member140.Spinous member140 may be used to anchorstructural members58 to a vertebra without a spinous process. Portions ofstructural members58 may be positioned on opposing sides of extendingportion144. Openings in the structural members may substantially align with opening90 inspinous member140.Connector60 may be positioned throughopenings90 instructural members58 and spinous member to couple the structural members tospinous member140. Serrations on the surfaces of the structural members adjacent to the spinous member may couple to mating serrations on a surface of the spinous member to provide a form and/or friction coupling betweenstructural members58 andspinous member140. FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of a spinal stabilization system attached to a human spine for fusing an L5lumbar vertebra52 tosacrum138.
• An embodiment of a spinous member may include two opposing members. FIG. 23 through FIG. 25 depict[0103]spinal stabilization system48 havingstructural members58,connectors60, andspinous members140 and140′.Spinous members140 and140′ may be coupled to each other as depicted in FIG. 23 to serve as an artificial spinous process. Alternatively,spinous members140 and140′ may be coupled to opposite surfaces of a spinous process to provide additional rigidity and support to the spinous process. Texturing on surfaces of the spinous members may enable form and/or friction coupling between adjacent spinous members or between a spinous member and a vertebral surface.
• FIG. 24 and FIG. 25 depict embodiments of two-piece[0104]spinous members140,140′ which may be shaped to couple to various individual curvatures and contours of adjacent vertebral surfaces. A pair ofopenings115 may be provided at the base of each opposing member for coupling to vertebral surfaces.
• FIG. 26 depicts an embodiment of[0105]punch tool146 that may be used to form an opening through a spinous process.Punch tool146 may includehandles118, linkingmechanism120,arms122,spring124,ratchet arm126, opening148, andhollow cutter150. FIG. 27 depicts a detailed view of the hollow cutter. Opening148 (represented as hidden lines in FIG. 26) may be placed on one side of a spinous process andcutter150 may be placed on an opposite side of the spinous process adjacent to a location where an opening is to be formed in the spinous process. Linkingmechanism120 may allowcutter150 to approach and enter intoopening148 with a small, or no, rotational component of motion of the cutter when handles118 are squeezed towards each other from an open position.Hollow cutter150 may cut through the spinous process and form an opening in the spinous process.
• [0106]Ratchet arm126 ofpunch tool146 may be rotatively attached tofirst handle118′.Teeth130 ofratchet arm126 may engage an end ofsecond handle118″.Teeth130 may be oriented to allowhandles118 to approach each other when the handles are squeezed, but the teeth may inhibit the handles from returning to an open position.Spring124 may apply force tohandles118 that forces the handles to the open position. When an opening in a spinous process has been formed bycutter150,ratchet arm126 may be rotated away from the end ofsecond handle118″ to allow the spring to return the punch tool to the open position. The punch tool may be removed from the patient. Material withinhollow cutter150 and/oropening148 may be removed.
• To stabilize a portion of a spine using a posterior approach, a patient may be prepared, and an incision may be made along a portion of a spine. Tissue may be retracted to expose[0107]vertebra52 that are to be joined together. A template of a first structural member and a template of an opposing structural member may be placed against the vertebrae and molded to desired shapes based on the shape of the patient's vertebrae. The templates may be made of aluminum, aluminum alloy, or other alloy that may be bent with hand pressure to a desired shape for stabilizing the spine. The size of the templates and the size ofstructural members58 to be used may be estimated based on radiological images of the patient. After the templates are molded to desired shapes, the templates may be removed from the patient, and corresponding first and secondstructural members58 may be formed based on the templates.
• Openings for[0108]fasteners96 may be drilled and tapped invertebrae52.Fasteners96 may be used to couple first and secondstructural members58 to openings formed invertebrae52. A punch tool opening may be placed adjacent to opening90 through first (or second)structural member58 that abuts a firstspinous process62.Punch tool146 may be placed adjacent to a corresponding opening through first (or second)structural member58. Punch tool handles118 may be squeezed to form an opening throughspinous process62 between first and secondstructural members58.Punch tool146 may be opened and the material in thehollow cutter150 and punch opening148 ofpunch tool146 may be removed. An opening in a second spinous process may be formed usingpunch tool146.
• [0109]Connector members66 and78 may be attached toholders128 ofconnector insertion tool116.Connector insertion tool116 may be used to formconnector60 to joinstructural members58 together through an opening of firstspinous process62.Connector insertion tool116 may be used to formconnector60 to join the first and second structural members together through the opening of secondspinous process62 to form a spinal stabilization system.
• In some embodiments, a spinal stabilization system may be implanted following an insertion of an interbody fusion device (e.g., spinal implant and/or artificial disc). For example, a spinal implant may be implanted into a patient using an anterior or lateral approach (e.g., anterior lumbar interbody fusion). Following completion of the implant procedure, a spinal stabilization system may be implanted using a posterior approach. Stabilizing the spine in this manner may limit motion of the vertebrae to inhibit separation of vertebrae on an anterior side of the spine. The spinal stabilization system may inhibit movement of the interbody fusion device from the intervertebral space and promote fusion of the device.[0110]
• A spinal stabilization system may decrease the retraction needed in, as well as minimize the invasiveness, of spinal stabilization. In addition, the use and positioning of fasteners and connectors may further minimize the invasiveness of installation of the spinal stabilization system. As such, risk to the patient may be minimized, and surgical and recovery time may be shortened.[0111]
• Structural requirements and limitations for spinal fixation may vary at different vertebral levels. Features of the embodiments described herein may be combined to achieve an optimal arrangement for fixating a portion of the spine. The modularity of the structural members and the variety of sizes and shapes available may allow for substantial flexibility in fixating portions of the spine.[0112]
• Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as examples of embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.[0113]

Claims (113)

What is claimed is:

1. A system for stabilizing a portion of a human spine, comprising:

a structural member comprising a first opening;

a first connector configured to be positioned in the first opening to couple the structural member to a first spinous process during use; and

wherein a portion of the structural member is configured to be positioned adjacent to a first spinous process during use.

2. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the first connector comprises:

a first member comprising a cavity extending longitudinally through at least a portion of the first member, wherein the surface of the cavity comprises threads; and

a second member comprising threads on at least a portion of the second member and configured to couple to the first member.

3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the first member comprises a slot along a portion of a length of the first connector configured to allow the second member to be pressed into the first member.

4. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the first structural member comprises a flange, and wherein a fastener positioned through an opening in the flange is configured to couple an inferior articular process of a first vertebra to a superior articular process of a second vertebra.

5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the structural member comprises:

an elongated member configured to engage a first vertebra;

a flange configured to be positioned adjacent to an inferior articular process of a first vertebra;

a flange opening passing through the flange; and

a fastener positionable within the flange opening configured to couple the structural member to the first vertebra and a second vertebrae.

6. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a second opening in the structural member, a second connector, and wherein the second connector couples the structural member to a second spinal process during use.

7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the structural member further comprises a textured surface configured to engage at the first spinous process.

8. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the structural member further comprises spikes wherein at least one spike is configured to penetrate the first spinous process.

9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the structural member further comprises spikes, and wherein at least some of the spikes are configured to engage an implant.

10. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the connector comprises a first member having a groove and a second member having a ridge, and wherein the ridge fits within the groove to couple the first member to the second connector.

11. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the first connector comprises an indention, wherein a portion of a tool is positioned into the indention of the connector to position the connector through the first opening of the structural member and through the first spinous process to couple the structural member to the spinous process during use.

12. The system ofclaim 1, wherein a portion of the structural member comprises a length configured to extend from the spinous process to a second spinous process of a vertebra adjacent to the vertebra containing the first spinous process.

13. A system for stabilizing a portion of a human spine, comprising:

a first structural member comprising a first opening passing through the first structural member;

a second structural member comprising a first opening passing through the second structural member; and

a first connector configured to be positioned through the first opening of the first structural member, the first opening of the second structural member and a first spinous process of a first vertebra during use.

14. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member is positioned proximate a first side of the first spinous process and the second structural member is positioned proximate a second side of the first spinous process.

15. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first connector comprises:

a first member configured to pass through the first opening in the first structural member;

a second member configured to pass through the first opening in the second structural member; and

wherein the first member couples to the second member such that a portion of the first connector passes through an opening in the first spinous process.

16. The system ofclaim 15, wherein the first connector comprises a slot along a portion of a length of the first member configured to allow the second member to be pressed into the first member.

17. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member comprises a flange, and wherein a fastener positioned through an opening in the flange is configured to couple an inferior articular process of a first vertebra to a superior articular process of a second vertebra.

18. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member further comprises:

an elongated member having a first portion configured to be positioned adjacent to a spinous process of a second vertebra;

a flange configured to be positioned adjacent to an inferior articular process of the first vertebra;

an flange opening passing through the flange; and

a fastener positionable within the flange opening configured to couple the first structural member to the first vertebra or the second vertebra.

19. The system ofclaim 13, further comprising a second connector configured to couple the first structural member and the second structural member to a second spinous process on a second vertebra during use.

20. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member further comprises a textured surface configured to engage at least a portion of the first vertebra.

21. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member further comprises spikes, wherein at least some of the spikes are configured to engage the first spinous process of the first vertebra.

22. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first structural member further comprises spikes, wherein at least some of the spikes are configured to engage a therapeutically beneficial material.

23. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the opening comprises an arcuate-shaped opening.

24. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the first connector comprises a first member having a first indention and a second member having a second indention, wherein a first portion of a tool is positioned into the first indention to position the first member through the first opening of the first structural member, wherein a second portion of the tool is positioned into the second indention to position the second member through the first opening of the second structural member, and wherein the first member and the second member are coupled to form the first connector, and wherein a portion of the first connector passes through a section of the first spinous process.

25. The system ofclaim 13, wherein a portion of the first structural member comprises a length configured to extend from the first spinous process on the first vertebra to a second spinous process on a second vertebra process during use.

26. A system for stabilizing at least a portion of a human spine, comprising:

a first structural member comprising:

a body;

a flange; and

a flange opening passing through the flange; and

a fastener configured to couple the first structural member to a first vertebra of the spine;

wherein an end of the fastener is inserted through the flange opening and into a first facet of the first vertebra to couple the first structural member to the first vertebra during use.

27. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the flange opening comprises a combined space of overlapping arcuate-shaped openings.

28. The system ofclaim 26, wherein a width of the flange opening is greater than a portion of the at least one fastener.

29. The system ofclaim 26, wherein a length of the flange opening is greater than a width of the flange opening.

30. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the fastener comprises a head and a shank.

31. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the fastener comprises a head configured to be larger than a portion of the flange opening.

32. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the fastener is configured to be positioned through the flange opening at an oblique angle to a centerline axis of the flange opening during use.

33. The system ofclaim 26, wherein at least a portion of a wall of the opening is arcuate.

34. The system ofclaim 26, wherein at least a portion of a wall of the opening is tapered.

35. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the first structural member is made of a semi-rigid material.

36. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the first structural member is shapeable to conform to adjacent vertebral surfaces during use.

37. The system ofclaim 26, wherein a portion of the first structural member body is configured to be positioned adjacent to a spinous process of the first vertebra during use.

38. The system ofclaim 26, wherein a portion of the first structural member body is configured to extend from a spinous process of the first vertebra to a spinous process of a second vertebra during use.

39. The system ofclaim 26, wherein a portion of the body of the first structural member is configured to be positioned adjacent to a spinous process of a second vertebra during use.

40. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the first structural member further comprises texturing to contact adjacent vertebral surfaces during use.

41. The system ofclaim 40, wherein the texturing is configured to substantially abut adjacent vertebral surfaces and provide a form and friction coupling between the first structural member and the vertebral surfaces.

42. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the first structural member comprises protrusions configured to contact adjacent vertebral surfaces during use.

43. The system ofclaim 42, wherein the protrusions are configured to penetrate adjacent vertebral surfaces to provide a form coupling between the structural member and the vertebral surfaces.

44. The system ofclaim 38, further comprising a first body opening configured to be positioned adjacent to the spinous process of the first vertebra during use and a second body opening configured to be positioned adjacent to the spinous process of the second vertebra during use.

45. The system ofclaim 38, further comprising a second structural member having a length extending from the spinous process of the first vertebra to the spinous process of the second vertebra, wherein the second structural member is positioned adjacent the spinous process of the first vertebra and the spinous process of the second vertebrae opposite the first structural member during use.

46. The system ofclaim 45, further comprising a spacer, wherein the spacer is configured to be positioned between the first structural member and the second structural member.

47. The system ofclaim 46, wherein the spacer further comprises an opening through which a connector is positioned to couple the spacer between the first structural member and the second structural member.

48. The system ofclaim 45, wherein the second structural member comprises a flange and a flange opening passing through the flange, wherein the flange opening is configured to be positioned adjacent to a second facet of the first vertebra during use.

49. The system ofclaim 48, further comprising a second fastener configured to be positioned through the flange opening of the second structural member and into the second facet of the first vertebra to couple the second structural member to the first vertebra during use.

50. The system ofclaim 45, wherein the second structural member further comprises:

a first body opening configured to be positioned adjacent to the spinous process of the first vertebra during use; and

a second body opening configured to be positioned adjacent to the spinous process of the second vertebra during use.

51. The system ofclaim 50, further comprising a first connector configured to connect the first and second structural members to the spinous process of the first vertebra during use.

52. The system ofclaim 51, wherein the first connector comprises a first member and a second member.

53. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the second member is dimensioned to be press fit into the first member during use.

54. The system ofclaim 52, wherein a portion of the first member comprises texturing.

55. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the first member further comprises a slot configured to allow elastic expansion and contraction of the first member.

56. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the first member comprises threading on an inner surface, wherein the second member further comprises threading on an outer surface, and wherein the threading on the first member and the threading on the second member are configured to engage.

57. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the first member and the second member are removably connected.

58. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the first member further comprises a ridge along an inner surface of the first member.

59. The system ofclaim 58, wherein the second member comprises a ridge on the end positioned within the first member, the ridge configured to mate with the ridge of the first member and provide an interference coupling between the first member and the second member during use.

60. The system ofclaim 52, wherein the head of the first member comprises an indention, and wherein the head of the second member comprises an indention.

61. The system ofclaim 60, wherein a first portion of a tool is positioned into the indention of the first member to position the first member through a first opening in the first structural member to couple the first structural member to the spinous process of the first vertebra, and wherein a second portion of the tool is positioned into the indention of the second member to position the second member through a first opening in the second structural member to couple the second structural member to the spinous process of the first vertebra during use.

62. A system for stabilizing lumbar and sacral vertebrae, comprising:

a first structural member comprising a first flange opening;

a first fastener configured to pass through the first flange opening; and

wherein the first structural member is positioned adjacent to a portion of a sacrum and the first fastener is positioned through the first flange opening to engage a portion of the sacrum.

63. The system ofclaim 62, wherein the first flange opening comprises a combined space of overlapping arcuate-shaped openings.

64. The system ofclaim 62, wherein a length of the first flange opening is greater than a width of the first flange opening.

65. The system ofclaim 62, wherein a portion of the first structural member forms a wall of the first flange opening.

66. The system ofclaim 65, wherein the wall of the first flange opening is configured to allow the first fastener to engage a portion of the sacrum at an oblique angle relative to a centerline axis of the first flange opening.

67. The system ofclaim 65, wherein at least a portion of the first flange opening wall is conically shaped to mate with a portion of the first fastener.

68. The system ofclaim 65, wherein at least a portion of the first flange opening wall is tapered to mate with a portion of the first fastener.

69. The system ofclaim 65, wherein at least a portion of the first flange opening wall is curved to mate with a portion of the first fastener.

70. The system ofclaim 62, wherein the first structural member is made of a semi-rigid material.

71. The system ofclaim 62, wherein the first structural member is shaped to substantially conform to surfaces of the sacrum during use.

72. The system ofclaim 62, wherein the first structural member comprises a first extending member extending from a surface of the first structural member.

73. The system ofclaim 72, wherein the first extending member comprises a first extending member opening.

74. The system ofclaim 62, wherein the structural member comprises texturing.

75. The system ofclaim 62, further comprising a second structural member wherein a portion of the second structural member is configured to be positioned adjacent to a spinous process of a lumbar vertebra during use.

76. The system ofclaim 75, wherein the second structural member comprises:

a second flange having a second flange opening;

a second structural member fastener; and

wherein the second structural member fastener is configured to be positioned through the second structural member flange opening to engage a vertebral facet of the lumbar vertebra.

77. The system ofclaim 76, wherein a portion of the second structural member is configured to be positioned adjacent to the first extending member of the first structural member during use.

78. The system ofclaim 77, further comprising texturing on the first structural member and texturing on the second structural member and wherein the texturing on the first structural member engages the texturing on the second structural member.

79. The system ofclaim 78, wherein the texturing on the first structural member and the texturing on the second structural member couples the first structural member to the second structural member at an angle natural for the lumbar and sacral vertebrae.

80. The system ofclaim 77, wherein the second structural member comprises an opening configured to be aligned with the opening in the extending member of the first structural member during use.

81. The system ofclaim 80, wherein a portion of a connector is positioned through the opening in the extending member of the first structural member and through the opening in the second structural member to couple the first structural member to the second structural member.

82. The system ofclaim 81, wherein the connector comprises a head with an indention.

83. The system ofclaim 82, wherein a portion of a tool is positioned in the indention of the connector head to position the connector through the opening of the first structural member and through the opening of the second structural member to couple the first structural member to the second structural member during use.

84. A method for stabilizing at least a portion of a human spine, comprising:

positioning an interbody fusion device in the intervertebral space between a first vertebra and a second vertebra;

coupling a first structural member to a first spinous process on the first vertebra;

coupling the first structural member to the second vertebra; and

wherein the first structural member inhibits movement of the fusion device from the intervertebral space during use.

85. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the interbody fusion device comprises a spinal implant device.

86. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the interbody fusion device comprises an artificial disc.

87. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the interbody fusion device comprises a bone graft.

88. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the interbody fusion device is positioned within the intervertebral space using an anterior or lateral approach.

89. The method ofclaim 84, further comprising coupling a second structural member to a first spinous process.

90. The method ofclaim 84, further comprising positioning a therapeutically beneficial material between the first structural member and the second structural member.

91. The method ofclaim 84, further comprising positioning a bone graft between the first structural member and the second structural member.

92. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the system further comprises a second structural member.

93. The method ofclaim 92, wherein coupling the first structural member and the second structural member to the first spinous process comprises positioning a connector through a first opening in the first structural member, an opening in the first spinous process and a first opening in the second structural member.

94. The method ofclaim 92, wherein coupling the first structural member and the second structural member to the second vertebra comprises positioning a fastener through a second opening in the first structural member, an opening in the second vertebra, and a second opening in the second structural member.

95. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the first structural member is implanted using a posterior approach.

96. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the system further comprises a second structural member, and further comprising coupling the first structural member to the second structural member using at least one connector positioned in an opening in the first spinous process.

97. The method ofclaim 84, wherein the system further comprises a second structural member, and further comprising:

coupling the first structural member to the second structural member using a connector positioned in an opening in the first spinal process; and

coupling the first structural member to the second structural member using at least fastener positioned in an opening in a second spinal process.

98. A method for stabilizing at least a portion of a human spine, comprising:

coupling a first structural member to a first spinous process of a first vertebra and a second vertebra;

coupling a second structural member to the first spinous process of the first vertebra and the second vertebra;

coupling the first structural member to the second structural member;

coupling a third structural member to the first structural member or the second structural member; and

coupling the third structural member to a third vertebra.

99. The method ofclaim 98, wherein the third structural member is coupled to the first structural member and the second structural member at the first spinous process.

100. The method ofclaim 98, wherein the fastener is positioned in a craniomedial to caudolateral direction.

101. The method ofclaim 98, further comprising positioning a fastener through a flange opening in the first structural member and through a portion of the first and second vertebrae to fixate an intervening facet joint between the vertebrae.

102. The method ofclaim 101, wherein the fastener is positioned through the flange opening at an oblique angle relative to a centerline axis of the opening in the structural member.

103. The method ofclaim 98, further comprising positioning a template adjacent to portions of the first and second vertebrae to determine a size and spacing of the structural members.

104. The method ofclaim 98, further comprising positioning a first connector through an opening in the first structural member, through an opening in the first spinous process, and through an opening in the second structural member.

105. The method ofclaim 104, wherein an opening is bored through the spinous process of the first vertebra for accepting a portion of the first connector.

106. The method ofclaim 105, wherein a punching tool is used to bore the opening in the spinous process of the first vertebra.

107. The method ofclaim 104, wherein the first connector comprises a first member having an indention and a second member having an indention, and further comprising:

inserting a first portion of a tool in the indention in the first member;

inserting a second portion of the tool in the indention in the second member;

positioning a section of the first member in the first structural member;

positioning a section of the second member in the second structural member; and

coupling the first member to the second member.

108. The method ofclaim 98, wherein a portion of the first structural member is positioned adjacent to a second spinous process on the second vertebra.

109. The method ofclaim 108, wherein the portion of the first structural member is coupled to the second spinous process.

110. The method ofclaim 108, wherein a second connector is inserted through an opening in the portion of the first structural member for coupling the first structural member to the second spinous process.

111. The method ofclaim 110, wherein the second connector comprises a head with an indention.

112. The method ofclaim 111, wherein a portion of a tool is positioned into the indention of the second connector head to position the second connector through the opening of the second portion of the first structural member and through the second spinous process to couple the first structural member to the second spinous process during use.

113. The method ofclaim 110, wherein an opening is bored through the spinous process of the second vertebra for accepting a portion of the connector.

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