US20020194115A1 - System and method for real-time options trading over a global computer network - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and system for electronically trading a financial instrument. The method includes entering a bid order for the financial instrument and placing the bid order in a bid queue associated with a buyer who maintains a list of sellers to sell the financial instrument to. Then, entering an ask order for the financial instrument and placing the ask order in an ask queue associated with a seller who maintains a list of buyers to buy the financial instrument from. Next, the present invention will match the bid order and the ask order and to execute a trade between the buyer and the seller. Lastly, the trade is executed if the bid order is not less than the ask order, and if the buyer is on the list of buyers and the seller is on the list of sellers.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/286,807 filed Apr. 26, 2001, entitled “A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REAL-TIME OPTIONS TRADING OVER A GLOBAL COMPUTER NETWORK”.[0001]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to online systems and methods and, more particularly, to systems and methods that facilitate real-time options trading over a computer network, such as the Internet.[0002]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Options are legally binding agreements that grant the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a financial instruments (i.e. commodities like crude oil, cotton, and wheat) on a particular date some time in the future at a set price. Options contracts generally have standard quality, quantity, delivery time and location depending upon the type of underlying commodity associated with them. The only “negotiated” variable is price (or “premium”), which has traditionally been discovered on the floors of futures exchanges, such as the Chicago Board of Trade through the open outcry auction market system. This process allows buyers and sellers to consummate trades by offering verbal bids and offers.[0003]
• Certain terminology is essential in the field of option trading. A CALL is the right, but not the obligation to buy, for instance, an underlying commodity at a specific price (strike price) up until a specific time in the future (expiration date). A PUT is the right but not the obligation to sell the underlying commodity at a specific price up until a specific point in the future. A CALL SPREAD is when you simultaneously buy one call and sell another. An example would be the simultaneous buying of a May 50 call and selling of a May 55 call. If they were in different months it would be a known as CALENDAR CALL. This is a spread which would be the simultaneous buying of a May 50 call and selling of a July 50 call. A STRADDLE is the simultaneous buying of a call and a put of the same strike in the same month. So one would be buying say, a 50 call and buying the 50 put. Another trade type is a FENCE, which would be the simultaneous buying of a put and selling a call (or selling the put and buying the call). If one executes these trades in different months it is a “calendar” fence. Many option trades are carried out by combining multiple calls or puts in various different combinations (such “multi-leg”). Other trading types have colorful names such as butterflies, strangles, calendar spreads, christmas trees, condors, iron butterflies, etc. each involving different trading strategies. For instance, a BUTTERFLY is the sale (purchase) of two options with the same strike price, together with the purchase (sale) of one option with a lower strike price and one option with a higher strike price. All options must be of the same type (call or put), have the same expiration date and, there must be an equal increment between strike prices. Some types of options trades and strategies could have even say 12 legs. Every trade or option strategy is just a combination of calls and puts and one must have an understanding of each option type—its pattern and how many legs it would have.[0004]
• The open outcry system allows for quick assimilation of market information where buyers counterbalance sellers and ultimately arrive at a fair market value for the contracts. However, the open outcry system does not always provide for price transparency—making it difficult for some consumers to directly participate in the process. Furthermore, as the volume and volatility of the futures market continues to increase, it is becoming more difficult to handle the administrative challenges presented by the open-outcry system. For these reasons, among others, there is a need for a different approach to options trading.[0005]
• One potential solution is the use of an electronic order entry system. However, unlike open-outcry, traders in a computerized setting cannot “see” the market participants; “feel” the interest in a particular instrument. Thus, there is a need for an electronic order system that provides human market participants with the feel of an exchange floor with the convenience of computerized organization.[0006]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a method and system for electronically trading a financial instrument. The method includes entering a bid order for the financial instrument and placing the bid order in a bid queue associated with a buyer who maintains a list of sellers to sell the financial instrument to. Then, entering an ask order for the financial instrument and placing the ask order in an ask queue associated with a seller who maintains a list of buyers to buy the financial instrument from. Next, the present invention will match the bid order and the ask order and to execute a trade between the buyer and the seller. Lastly, the trade is executed if the bid order is not less than the ask order, and if the buyer is on the list of buyers and the seller is on the list of sellers.[0007]
• A further method and system of the present invention relate to electronically trading options contracts and hedging the options contracts with futures contracts. The method includes entering a buy order for options with a first hedge delta to represent a first number of futures. A sell order is entered for options with a second hedge delta that represents a second number of futures. Then the buy order and the sell order are matched so a trade can be executed. Lastly, the trade is executed if the first hedge delta matches the second hedge delta.[0008]
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a system and method for real-time options trading over a global computer network, such as the Internet. In particular, the present invention discloses a system for real-time trading of options contracts between a plurality of traders over a computer network. The system includes a computer network, a market server, and two or more trader clients.[0009]
• The market server is connected to the computer network. The market server additionally processes and executes matched trade orders in substantially real time. The market server may also preclude execution of a trade based on credit available to the human trader.[0010]
• The two or more trader clients are connected to the computer network so each of the trader clients can be placed into communication with the market server. Each of the trader clients facilitates enters and transmits commands in substantially real-time to the market server and displays substantially real-time updates from the market server. Each of the trader clients further provides information to the human trader regarding a desired underlying commodity market as received from the market server. Each trader client may then display the underlying commodity information in a working order and filled order windows. The underlying commodity information is alternatively available to the human trader in both summary and detailed form.[0011]
• The trader client's commands may include trade orders wherein the market server distributes the trade orders and any executions of same to each of the trader clients in substantially real-time. Each trader client facilitates the entry of commands by providing a graphical user interface. The trader client may also facilitate the entry of the commands by providing a simplified order entry language.[0012]
• A further embodiment of the present invention discloses a method for real-time trading of options contracts between multiple traders on an underlying commodity over a computer network using a client-server system having multiple clients. The method includes submitting commands to the server, acting upon the commands submitted from multiple clients at the server, and displaying all information from the server regarding the submitted commands. Traders enter the commands that are submitted to the server. The commands entered are issued from multiple clients in regard to the underlying commodity. Providing multiple command entry methods may facilitate the submission of the commands. One such entry method involves using graphical user interface principles. Another such entry method involves a quick entry language.[0013]
• Acting upon the commands submitted includes matching trade order commands of at least two traders according to a set of rules in substantially real-time. Acting upon the commands further includes validating commands prior to acting further on the command.[0014]
• Information from the server regarding submitted commands related to the underlying commodity and resulting server actions is displayed in substantially real-time on all of the multiple clients. The display further includes parsing the information into multiple windows depending upon the status of the order.[0015]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
• The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of a specific embodiment thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals in the various figures are utilized to designate like components, and wherein:[0016]
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram overview of the various components of the present invention;[0017]
• FIG. 2 illustrates a potential configuration of information windows in a graphical user interface in accordance with one potential embodiment of trader client;[0018]
• FIG. 3 illustrates a potential “trade” pull-down menu that may be used in the main application screen of trader client;[0019]
• FIG. 4 illustrates a potential order entry dialog box that may be used in an embodiment of the trader client;[0020]
• FIG. 5 illustrates a potential “view” pull-down menu, of an embodiment, that may be used in the main application screen of trader client;[0021]
• FIG. 6 illustrates an Option Detail Screen of the trader client for one potential embodiment;[0022]
• FIG. 7 illustrates a View Market Window of the trader client for an embodiment;[0023]
• FIG. 8 illustrates a non-exclusive list of Quick Entry language command syntax;[0024]
• FIG. 9A illustrates a potential configuration of information windows in a graphical user interface of the trader client for one embodiment;[0025]
• FIG. 9B illustrates a confirmation message dialog box associated with operation of the kill all orders feature of an embodiment of trade client;[0026]
• FIG. 10A illustrates a potential order entry dialog box embodiment of the trader client; and[0027]
• FIG. 10B illustrates another embodiment of an order entry dialog box that may be used in the trade client.[0028]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram overview of the various components of the present inventive system. In particular,[0029]system100 includesmarket server101,trader clients200a-n,administrator clients300a-n, and aserver administrator400. It is critical to the present system that atleast market server101 and each oftrader clients200a-nare able to communicate in real-time.
• As illustrated in FIG. 1, each of[0030]trader clients200 a-n,administrator clients300a-nandserver administrator400 are connected tomarket server101 viacomputer network110.Computer network110 is any computer network that allows multiple computer systems to communicate with each other such as a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), an intranet or the Internet using standard communications protocols. It should also be noted thatcomputer network110 could comprise the public telephone network withmarket server101 acting as a dial-up bulletin board and thetrader clients200 dialing in directly tomarket server101 via a telephone network. Eachtrader client200 can be connected tomarket server101 using any of the foregoing types of networking approaches and none need to connect via the same networking approach.
• [0031]Trader clients200a-neach preferably run on a general-purpose computer system such as an IBM compatible, Apple, or other equivalent personal computer that allows a potential trader to communicate withmarket server101 viacomputer network110. The general-purpose computer system further includes a network interface that allows for communications with the computer network and may include any Internet capable software program such as Netscape© Navigator©, Microsoft© Internet Explorer©, Mosaic©, or their equivalents.
• The[0032]market server101 is preferably a general-purpose computer system such as an IBM© compatible, Apple©, Unix type workstation, or their equivalents that can facilitate inquiries from multiple simultaneous inquiries.Market server101 must also have a network interface that allows for communications with the computer network and may include Internet server software. It is known in the art that themarket server101 andtrader clients200a-nneed not be running on the same type of general-purpose computer for the present system to be operational.
• Once the[0033]trader client200 is connected to themarket server101, users will access various user interfaces, which may take the general form depicted in FIGS. 2 through 7. These figures suggest the use of Java applets in a Microsoft© Windows© environment but it is apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous other environments can be used. Other programming languages and user-interface approaches may also be used to facilitate data entry and execute the various computer programs that make up the present invention.
• [0034]Market server101 is the focal point and final arbiter for order processing and trade execution with respect to sequencing and timing. In particular,market server101 should:
• Accept, process, store and distribute “Request for Quotes” (“RFQs”), quotes, orders, executions, confirmations, and rejections and other system messages in real-time;[0035]
• Maintain a repository of market participant information (users, traders, administrators);[0036]
• Screen trades based on party identity;[0037]
• Maintain message and activity logs suitable for history and to support billing purposes;[0038]
• Facilitate instant messaging from[0039]market server101 totrader client200 users for system status and system announcements;
• Provide price transparency by distributing all quotes and orders in a particular Underlying market (e.g. natural gas, cotton, gold, stocks); and[0040]
• Provide settlement support including reporting of firm wide and per user activity on the system to allow easy integration with each firm's settlement systems.[0041]
• The[0042]market server101 may also provide:
• Limited anonymity (market participants may choose not to identify themselves to other participants before the trade, and need only reveal their identities to counterparties after the trade);[0043]
• Credit Facility interface (trades may be approved in real-time by third-party guarantors);[0044]
• Distribution of market updates through e-mail, fax and pager;[0045]
• Trade screening based available credit and firm-assigned risk; and[0046]
• Cash settlement facilities.[0047]
• [0048]Market server101 includes a user entitlements handler that maps user IDs associated with incoming messages and other service requests with the stored security permission information related to the user type of the user making the request in order to authenticate users to the market server, and toward checking whether the user ID is entitled to perform the requested operation.
• The[0049]market server101 further includes an order matching handler for reviewing all currently active orders and quotes, executing any trades possible according to pre-programmed matching rules, modifying orders and quotes according to the matching rules, and providing confirmation to all traders effected by the resulting trades. In particular, a trade will occur when the “Right Price Queuing” rule is satisfied. In a preferred embodiment, a trade will not occur unless the “Right Counterparty Rules” is simultaneously satisfied.
• Financial instruments can only be traded among themselves; they cannot trade with another instrument that differs from them in any detail, except that hedged instruments need only match on the net delta. To facilitate these trades, each instrument has a bid queue consisting of bids and an ask queue consisting of asks. Thus, when a bid on a particular instrument reaches the[0050]market server101, it is placed in the bid queue for that instrument after execution of any pending trades. The placement of the instrument is based on a number of factors. Some factors may include the price, a better price move further forward in the queue, and time, earlier bids stay ahead of later bids of the same price. As a result, the best bid, which may be the highest bid, is placed on the front of the bid queue. Likewise, when an ask on a particular instrument reaches themarket server101, it is placed in the ask queue for that instrument. Again, the placement of instrument is based on a number of factors. The placement factors may include the best ask, which is the lowest offer, being placed at the front of the ask queue.
• A bid or ask order may remain in its queue until a certain event is satisfied. Those events may include the order being:[0051]
• a. traded in the[0052]market server101;
• b. killed by submitting trader;[0053]
• c. modified by a trader (subject to certain exceptions described below); or[0054]
• d. removed by the system either because of an administrative activity or because the order has timed out.[0055]
• Preferably, a quote lives in the queue like a market order, except that it removes itself from the queue after a fixed time limit. This time limit may be short, approximately 10 seconds or may be lengthened or decreased. A key factor in determining the time limit is that the longer the quote is maintained in the queue, the more likely it will be stale.[0056]
• The order may traded when Best Bid>=Best Ask, which may satisfy the Right Price Queing Rule, with the trade price being the best ask. The number of contracts that trade as a result of a match is the lower of the best bid size and the best ask size. Consequently, if the best bid size and the best ask size are different, the lower of the two will be completely filled, and the higher of then two will be “partially filled” with a remainder. If a partially filled trade of instruments involving Hedged Contracts would result in a fractional hedged quantity being traded, then the orders may not match. In certain instances, the system may still match the trade if the deltas match. This may result in the generation and submission, to the market, of partial fills with alternate delta mixes in order to achieve the desired result. Every time the best bid or best ask changes which may be represented by a change in the order at the front of the bid or ask queue, the System verifies if it can execute the trade, and will keep trading until best bid<best ask. The number of contracts that have been traded is reported to all counterparties.[0057]
• In one embodiment, each Firm F in[0058]market server101 has a Counterparty List (CL) that consists of other Firms F1, F2, . . . Fn that firm F may accept as potential counterparties to a trade. Thus, each market bid in the bid queues is associated with the submittingtrader50 and the submitting trader's Firm. Then, the market server may compare both the best bid/best ask and the Firm for any one offer. Even if the Right Price Queuing Rule indicates that two orders should trade, each party must also be in the other's Counterparty List. So, if the best bid firm does not have the best ask firm in its counterparty list or the best ask firm does not have the best bid firm in its counterparty list, the trade will not execute. This is known as the “Right Credit Counterparty Rule.”
• The fact that the trade could not be executed is then communicated to both the buyer and seller by an electronic message. The[0059]market server101 will then continue past that unexecutable bid-ask match to the next order in the respective queue and attempt to satisfy the Right Price Queing Rule and then again try and satisfy the Right Credit Counterparty Rule. No orders are removed from the queues for failure to satisfy some firm's right credit counterparty rule.
• [0060]Market server101 will validate all messages sent by traders to themarket server101 before being placed in either queue. Messages that do not pass validation are rejected, and a rejection message is sent back to thetrader client200 of the sending user. Thetrader client200, in addition to the validation performed by the order validation service at themarket server101, also performs some validation. This double validation is desirable to provide both timely feedback to the user during the order entry process, and to provide an independent and reliable back-end service. This and other validation or screening processes can be performed electronically to both buyers and sellers. Thus, a party can have pre-set rules to electronically validate a counterparty, and if that criteria is met, the counterparty is added to the acceptable list of buyers/sellers.
• [0061]Trader client200 provides a computer interface for ahuman trader50 to enter and transmit commands (i.e. RFQs, quotes, orders) tomarket server101; receive and display updates frommarket server101; and to submit information inquiries regarding the past and current state of the market, all in substantially real-time. In one approach,trader client200 allowstrader50 to customize screen layouts, and automatically restores the most recent screen layout upon login. A sample layout is illustrated in FIG. 2.
• In a preferred approach to the[0062]system100, a login includes selection of a particular underlying market for the present trading session. With this approach, atrader50 could enter the market for natural gas or precious metals. In such an approach, thetrader50 would be required to exit one underlying market to enter another underlying market. Other approaches may include the ability for multiple instruments to be traded in one session.
• After a successful login, a series of information windows appear. One potential configuration is illustrated in FIG. 2. This configuration may be configured by[0063]human trader50 from a standard configuration to any configuration of the human trader's preference. As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the number of windows that can be simultaneously displayed is limited by physical screen size and readability of the contained text. As is also known, windows may be tiled, cascaded and hidden behind other windows and later brought into view by standard operating system techniques.
• As illustrated in FIG. 2, the information windows can include[0064]main application screen220, which has amenu bar222 containing at least “trade,”224 “view,”226 and “time & sales”228 menus. Other commands may also be provided on the menu bar, such as a pull-down “help” menu to provide on-line documentation andinformation regarding system100 andtrader client200, and options to print the data in the currently active window,exit trader client200 and set workstation customization options (e.g. displayed windows, prompt messaging activation and reception of alert messages).
• The approach illustrated in FIG. 2, the[0065]trader client200 may have a “trade” pull-down menu224 provided to facilitate quick creation of various options contract types. These types may include, but not limited to the most commonly used types (e.g. calls, puts, call spreads, put spreads, fences, strangles or straddle)).
• FIG. 3 illustrates a sample “trade” pull-[0066]down menu300. The menu is multi-layered302,304 to further facilitate quick creation of contracts. It is preferable for these menu selections to be further supported by a dialog box tailored to the selected option type, such as provided via a new order entry card. For instance, thedialog box400 illustrated in FIG. 4 would be populated (and/or modified) based on the pull-down menu selection.
• In a preferred embodiment,[0067]system100 supports trading of in excess of 100,000 different options types over the course of 240 months (a 20 year window from the current date) in various underlying markets. The number of options and available months, of course, is a matter of design choice. Regardless of the volume of information,human trader50 may wish to focus on a segment of the market in determining upcoming trading strategy.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the “view”[0068]menu500, which offers a mechanism forhuman trader50 to review selected portions oftrader50's past trading history on the computer screen. For instance, in one approach totrader client200, the “view” pull-down menu500 facilitates quick selection ofmonths502 andcontract types504 using multi-layered pull-down menus. Alternatively,trader50 may selected a particular trading date, which would result in the display all trades transacted bytrader50 on that date, as illustrated in FIG. 7. Other approaches to displaying and selecting alternatives from a list are well known to those in the graphical user interface art and may also be used to facilitate this functionality.
• The[0069]main application window220, illustrated in FIG. 2 further includes a “Time & Sales”menu228 which displays the status of all the human traders in the current market. Thus, both “view” and “Time & Sales” menus display the same types of data, with an exemplary view window illustrated in FIG. 7. Similarly, the same type of multi-layered pull-down menus provided under the “view”menu500 exemplified in FIG. 5 would likewise be provided for the “Time & Sales”menu228. Of course, it would be understood to those in the art that other displays and means for filtering the displayed information may be used.
• At the bottom of the main application screen[0070]220 (FIG. 2) is astatus bar230. Thestatus bar230 is preferably divided into two sections. The first section is a message area that displays any relevant information for the user (e.g. “Submitting order to market server”, “Order acknowledged by market server, Order number is ABCD123”, “Order rejected by market server. Invalid option types ‘XC”’, “Order ABDC123 executed”, “Submitting modify request to market server for order ABCD124 . . . ”, and “Modify request received for order ABCD124.”) The status bar message area may also retain a history of the messages it has displayed. As is known in the art, a button may be provided on the side of the message area that pops up a scrolling list of the previous messages in ascending chronological order.
• The other side of the[0071]status bar230 monitors the status of the connection oftrader client200 tomarket server101. Under normal conditions, this area indicates “Connected,” but may read “Reconnecting” or “Not connected.”
• [0072]Trader client200 may also presenttrader50 with a number of windows that enable tracking of open orders on the system and a history of activity for the day. Within these windows each instrument is displayed as a Consolidated Summary Line (“CSL”). A CSL representation is a valid expression in Quick Entry Language (QEL) that identifies at least the option type, best bid, size of best bid, best offer and size of the best offer for a particular instrument or contract (e.g. Call May 255). Double-clicking on any particular CSL brings up an Option Detail Screen600 for the CSL's market, illustrated in FIG. 6. The initial state of the Option Detail Screen600 is illustrated in terms of which of the Option Detail Screen's sub-windows are visible may be governed according to user preference.
• As illustrated in FIG. 6, a full Option Detail Screen (“ODS”)[0073]600 has two components: Expanded Summary Line (“ESL”)602 and a Market Depth Montage (“MDM”)604. Whether both components of the ODS600 are illustrated upon activation depend upon user preference. In one approach (not illustrated), two buttons, “Contract” and “Depth,” could be physically associated with the ESL, where the “Contract” button toggles the visibility of an Order Entry dialog box and the “Depth” button toggles the visibility of a Market Depth Montage portion of the ODS600.
• The[0074]ESL602 contains two lines. The first line has a contract summary line (“NG Call July 265”) and bid/ask fields (“500 2.0 2.5 900”). The second line contains a record of the last trade, including the price, quantity, side, and timestamp for that contract. TheMarket Depth Montage604 breaks out the display of contract type trades by showing a complete and detailed view of each quote and order related to the contract type represented by theESL602. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the first line of theMDM604 has column labels. The second line shows a summary of the best bid and ask, and the quantities at those prices. Subsequent lines in theMDM604 show ranked summaries of each quote or order active in the market, one quote or order per line, with the best bid and ask sharing the top line and each subsequent line becoming less preferred. Each line has two columns; the columns rank the bid and ask prices. Each column shows the timestamp of when the quote or order entered the market and the price and quantity of the order. Associated with theMDM604 may be a series of buttons to facilitateHit606,Lift608,Bid610 andOffer612 operations. The “Hit”button606 is a one-click way to respond to the best bid. The “Lift”button608 is a one-click way to respond to the best offer. As illustrated in FIG. 6, orders entered bytrader client200 will be highlighted in the MDM600 (such as by the 3D boxes illustrated inlines 1 and 6 of the MDM600 of FIG. 6). Similarly, if any of the orders in the MDM600 were entered by a trader that does not meet the Right Counterparty Credit Rule, those orders will appear differently (perhaps “grayed out”).
• In the approach to[0075]trader client200 illustrated in FIG. 2, in addition to the main application window, six more windows are illustrated: the Request for Quotes (“RFQ”)window232, theOrder window234, the mostactive window236,potential order window238, workingorder window240 and filledorder window242. TheRFQ232,order234 and mostactive windows236 each show a scrolling display of CSL's that represent dynamically updated requests sent by the various traders usingtrader clients200a-nin association withmarket server101. TheRFQ232,order234 and most active236 windows start out empty at the beginning of each trading day and have vertical scrollbars that allow the user to scroll back from the current time to the beginning of the day. Orders in thepotential order238, workingorder240 and filledorder242 windows may be sorted by option type, month, year, and strike price based on user preferences, real time selections and/or filtering.
• The “most active”[0076]window236 presents a CSL for each instrument that had activity (a new or updated order, quote, RFQ, or trade) within the previous sixty seconds. The rationale for this window is to provide a relatively stable display of current activity that does not scroll too fast for traders to be able to select interesting markets when there is a lot of activity. Again, it is known in the art that the time limit can be increased and decreased by user preference.
• The Potential Order Window (POW)[0077]238 displays a list of order templates thathuman trader50 may complete and submit tomarket server101 and, thus, provides a way for a trader to save commonly used orders so that future submissions are quick to perform. The trader may select one or more lines from thePotential Order Window236 for submission, deletion, or export to Microsoft© Excel© (or other third party programs). Selected orders may also be dragged and dropped to other windows intrader client200 where such an operation is functionally meaningful. For instance, an order cannot be manually moved to the Filled Order Window.
• The Working Order Window (WOW)[0078]240 displays all orders placed bytrader50 that are open at the current time (including orders that are only partially filled)(completely filled orders are automatically moved to the filled orders window in real time). The orders are displayed using CSL in a table, which dynamically grows in size as orders are entered over the course of the day. The rows may also dynamically update as the orders change status (i.e. partially or complete filled). The trader may kill selected orders in the working order window, which would—in a preferred approach—bring up a dialog box to confirm the kill. Once confirmed, the “Kill” sends a request tomarket server101 to kill the order. When the request is acknowledged, the order changes state from “Pending” to “Kill”. When the Kill is completed, the order changes state to “Killed”.
• FIG. 9A illustrates that the[0079]WOW900 may further include a button that kills all of the orders placed bytrader50. This button, which may be referred to as a “panic button”, may be useful to immediately withdrawtrader50 from all of his positions, if for instance, because of quickly changing market conditions (e.g. a declaration of war, a natural catastrophe, pipeline accident, etc.) The trader may similarly seek to modify a selected order by bringing up a dialog box prompting the user to enter the modified order information. To assist the trader with the modification, the fields are preferably initially populated with the values of the original order. Only certain fields can be modified with the other order fields being displayed as read-only. Certain read-only fields can become editable when they become relevant in the current trade.
• If any property of the order is modified other than a lifetime or downward quantity modification, then the order is not modified at its current place in its respective queue, but rather it is killed after a new order is submitted to the respective queue reflecting all the values input into the dialog box. Thus, the primary functional differences, from the user's perspective, between a modified order and a kill/submit sequence is that a newly submitted order has a new order ID and is entered at the bottom of the order queue, while a modified order retains its ID and position in the order queue.[0080]
• The Filled[0081]Order window242, illustrated in FIG. 2, lists all orders that have been executed during the current day, which dynamically grows in size as orders are executed or filled over the course of the day. The order tables may also provide the ability to expand or collapse the display of information supporting a displayed trade (i.e. displayed if multiple trades were executed to fill or partially fill this order).
• FIG. 7 depicts exemplary information that would be displayed in, a view market window. The entries in this window may be sorted and filtered according to various criteria selected by the[0082]trader50 using various techniques, such as the multi-layered pull-down menus illustrated in FIG. 3. Similarly, a history view window can be generated depicting trade history of one particular trader filtered for a particular date (i.e. 1/1/00), including all the relevant information regarding the trade. The trades illustrated in the history view can be selected and dragged into other windows, where functionally logical, toward placing a similar order in the active market.
• In general, a new row is added to the bottom of a window each time an update is received by[0083]trader client200 frommarket server101, unless an instrument's CSL is already in the visible portion of the window, in which case the CSL updates in place within the window. For each window, detailed information (ODS600, OEC,ESL602 and MDMs604) may be viewed for each trade, as well as summary-only information. A view of the orders can also be sorted or filtered based on various parameters including option type, hedging information (expiration date, strike price, ask price, bid price). The view may also show summaries for all markets, or be filtered to show only markets where the trader has orders, or only markets where the user has orders at the money. The times displayed in these windows are relative to the time zone ofmarket server101. Orders displayed in these windows may be dragged and dropped into other windows where such transfer makes functional sense.
• Orders in a “potential order” window do not change state, unlike orders sent to the market, which change state depending on what happens to them in the market (e.g. acknowledged, partially filled, lied, killed, etc.).[0084]Trader50 can select and send individual or multiple orders from the Potential Order window tomarket server101 for execution. Multi-order submissions are only a shortcut for the user.System100 actually submits each order individually tomarket server101, which maintains no connection between simultaneously submitted orders.
• A trader may enter orders, modify any of his working quotes or orders and execute a kill function. Orders, quotes and RFQs can be manually entered on an order entry card, a Quick Entry Language Line, by dragging and dropping a consolidated summary line (“CSL”) into the “working order” window or “potential order” window, by “hit” or “lift” operations or imported from Excel spreadsheet by a drag-and-drop mechanism. (Conversely, orders can also be dragged from the Potential, Working or Filled Order Windows and dropped into an Excel spreadsheet). The following data is generally common to all RFQ, quotes and orders (bid/ask price and quantity fields not required for RFQ):[0085]

  Contract Type	The type of option to be traded, usually an
  	underlying commodity type such as crude oil
  	or natural as.
  Side	Buying or selling
  Quantity	the number of contracts of this type to which
  	this order or quote refers
  Expiration Date	For exchange-traded look-alike contracts, this
  	will be an alphanumeric code for the month
  	field, and a choice of numeric year values
  	from the current year through 19 years out.
  	(In one embodiment, the year defaults to the
  	closest later date (i.e. if order entry occurs on
  	Jan. 31, 2000, then a March contract defaults to
  	2000, while a January contract defaults to
  	2001).
  	For non-standard contracts, the user specifies
  	the actual expiration day, month and ear.
  Strike Price	The price at which the underlying contract will
  	be delivered in the event an option is exercised.
  Bid or Ask Price	The price at which someone is willing to buy
  	the underlying; or
  	The price at which someone is willing to sell
  	the underlying.
  Premium	a Boolean field that indicates that this leg has
  	the higher value; that is, this is the leg whose
  	rice is traded upon
  Hedge	A Boolean field that indicates whether to
  	hedge the order with futures contracts for the
  	underlying, with the following parameters:
  	Hedge Delta (“hedge ratio”)-the quantity of
  	hedges to buy, expressed as a percentage of
  	the order quantity
  	Hedge Expiration Date-the expiration date of
  	the hedges (defaults to expiration date of the
  	quote or order).
  	Hedge Price
  	Hedge Quantity-a calculated field which is
  	the result of multiplying the Order Quantity by
  	the Hedge Delta. In some approaches this
  	may be rounded to nearest whole number. In
  	other approaches a fractional hedge quantity
  	may occur or be entered.
  Underlying Quantity	If changed from default Quantity (Lot Size)
  	for the Underlying, the contract described by
  	the Order becomes a non-standard contract.
  	The number of the underlying represented by
  	aquantity 1 option contract. (A non-standard
  	contract size whose Quantity field equals 1
  	effectively makes the trade “All or Nothing.”)
  Settlement Type	If changed from the default settlement type for
  	the Underlying, the contract described by the
  	Order becomes a non-standard contract
  Delivery Point	If changed from the default delivery point for
  	the Underlying, the contract described by the
  	Order becomes a non-standard contract
  Order Type	Orders default to limit orders.
  	Stop limit X-As soon as the market trades at
  	X or lower, submit order to the matching
  	process at X.
  Fill or Kill (FOK)	an order that times out after 30 seconds -
  	similar to a quote except that it is one sided
  	and lasts loner
  One Cancels the Other	If one order is filled (completely or partially),
  (OCO)	then the other is killed
  Time Limit	The specified number of seconds (10 seconds is
  	the default for a Quote), Days (1 day is the
  	default for the Orders) or Good Till Cancelled
  	(GTC).

• When a quote, order or market summary line is selected, the trader may double-click on that entry prompting[0086]trader client200 to display an order entry card (FIG. 4) window automatically populated bytrader client200 with values calculated to optimally execute against the selected quote or order. The order entry window also provides means for the trade to hit the bid, lift the offer, change a bid price or quantity, change an ask price or quantity and/or save the order to the “potential order”window238. Once one of the actions above is selected, the trader is then presented with a detailed display of the order to be submitted, which is reviewed and modified as desired and then the trader specifies the submit, replace, kill, or potential order actions.
• Of these possible actions, only the replace action may need additional explanation. For example, if the order being responded to is the user's order, then the existing order's quantity is decremented by the quantity being submitted and a new order is placed for that quantity. If the decrement is unsuccessful, the replace operation is aborted, and a user is informed that nothing happened. If the decrement could only be partially performed, then that is counted as a successful decrement and the new order is submitted but with a quantity adjusted so that the sum of the decrement orders quantity and the new order's quantity does not exceed the quantity of the decremented order's quantity prior to replacement.[0087]
• The main application screen contains a Quick Entry Language Line (QELL), into which commands written in Quick Entry Language (QEL) are typed. Some QEL sequences cause Order Entry Card (OEC) or New Order Entry (NOE) screens to be spawned. As illustrated in the version of[0088]trader client200 depicted in FIG. 2, a Quick Entry Language (“QEL”) Line appears immediately below the menu bar. In particular, the Quick Entry Line allowstrader50 to enter the information for an order using a basic notation to represent the order parameters. QEL represents a faster entry method to make experienced users oftrader client200 more productive.
• The Quick Entry Language (“QEL”) provides a keyboard-based quick-entry format for fast order creation by experienced users. QEL is provided as an alternative means of command entry in addition to the more user-friendly, mouse-based, click and type method. It is possible to express most of the actions relevant to RFQ, quote and order entry in a compact character-oriented format. In addition, some QEL commands offer the ability to manipulate or navigate[0089]other trader client200 functions. This language is specified as follows:
• [Underlying] Action Quantity Month[Year] Strike Option-type Price [VS Hedged Delta]; or[0090]
• Underlying Option-type Action Quantity Month[year] Strike Price Vs Hedged Delta.[0091]
• Optional elements are specified in square brackets all other elements are required to completely specify an instrument. (However, incomplete QEL expressions are often used for specifying a View Market filter or partially completing an Order Entry Card.). A non-exclusive list of “actions” facilitated by[0092]system100 are illustrated in FIG. 8.
• Also illustrated in FIG. 8, QEL supports reordering of elements so long as there is no possibility of ambiguity in the reordering. QEL supports both net and per-leg hedge deltas. For example, a trader on Feb. 10, 2000 could enter the order express: “Buy 100 June 2000 75 Calls at 15” in these ways:[0093]
• [0094]B 100 Jun00 75 C 15
• 100 Jun 75 CALL 15B[0095]
• [0096]CALL B 100 Jun00 75
• The order entry date needs to be specified for this example because QEL year defaults are relative to the date on which they are being interpreted. Standard expirations are always month or MonthYear. Non-standard expiration dates are entered and displayed as NSD:Month,Day,Year. Non-standard delivery points and settlement types are entered and displayed by modifying the underlying symbol with colon-separated symbols. For example, a Natural Gas contract delivered in Denver settled in cash might be NG:RKY:$$.[0097]
• [0098]Human trader50 can assign a name to any selected custom order for future reference. This new type name would be automatically recognized by QEL, appear on the Main Application Screen Contracts and Windows View Market submenus. However, since this assigned name is local to the trader who defined it, the name not recognized by the matching engine sub-system ofmarket server101, which would continue to treat the order as custom.
• The following are examples of the QEL language:[0099]

  Example	Description
  NG V Mar55 C	Shows the market on the natural gas march 55
  	call
  NG B
  100 Mar 55C 230	Buy 100 Mar 55 Call at 230
  NG S 100 Mar 55C 230	Sell 100 Mar 55 Call at 230
  NG Mar 55 C RFQ	Sends a request for quote on the March 55 call

• The user may enter a hot key sequence that performs a pre-defined action in[0100]trader client200 application. In one approach, there are hot key sequences for the following actions: (Bid; Offer; Hit Bid; Hit Bid for X Quantity; Lift Offer; Lift Offer for Y Quantity; Kill Order, Kill All Orders—(enters them into Potential Order window)).
• The Order Entry Card (such as that illustrated in FIG. 4) dialog box is an entry screen for the specification of orders, quotes and RFQs. Each of the standard contract types (e.g. call, put, butterfly) has its own OEC. As an example, it someone wished to execute a 50-60-70 call butterfly, the EOT would capture the whole pattern as a call “butterfly” and trade it as a unit, instead of by specific components. With the QEL language, one could simply type “cfly” 50-60-70 and the system would understand that it is a 50-60-70 call butterfly and a OEC would automatically pop open and complete it based on whatever you was previously entered. In addition, an OEC for custom contracts may be used to enter orders for option types that are not predefined to[0101]system100. Among other information, the OEC should display the name of the contract type. If the contract is hedged or has a nonstandard delivery point or settlement type, then the word “Hedged” and the symbols representing the delivery point or settlement type, respectively should become part of the contract name display.
• The OEC may contain one or more contract legs, which are graphical representations of puts, calls or futures. For instance, the legs of a contract that are being bought can be represented in one color with one graphical prompt and legs being sold could be represented in another color with another graphical prompt. If a leg does not (yet) represent a bid or offer (for example, the OEC is for an RFQ or is unspecified), then there would be no graphical prompt on the leg. The legs have a number of fields, which may be active, passive, or protected, including Underlying; B/S/R—Buy/SeIURFQ; Quantity; Expiration a Month; Expiration Year; Strike Price; Put/Call; Day; Special (delivery points and settlement types); Hedge area (Delta, Date and Price). The OEC may also include bid and/or ask price fields, except in an OEC for an RFQ.[0102]
• The bottom portion of the OEC may optionally contain a set of buttons relevant to the context from which the OEC was spawned. These can include view market, potential order, submit order, replace order and kill order. Some option types require the quantities of each leg to be in a particular ratio to the other legs and, thus, will have numbers representing the ratios visually associated with each leg.[0103]
• An OEC that is intended to be used to enter a new order is called a New Order Entry screen (NOE). In a NOE, some fields will preferably be auto-filled with default values, which[0104]trader50 can then manually change if desired. For example, all quotes may start with their quantity field's value set to 10. Some fields may also be filled in from the context that invoked the NOE.
• In the event a hedging contract is entered into trader client,[0105]client200 determines whether the hedge ultimately results in the buying or selling of hedge contracts. In the first event, a Buy Call is equated to Sell Hedge; Sell Call is equated to a Buy Hedge; Buy Put is equated to a Buy Hedge; and Sell Put is equated to a Sell Hedge. Where the hedge is multi-legged, the net delta is actually the traded order. For example, a Buy of 50 Call Butterflies with a 18/12/10 delta operates like this:
• [0106]B 50Mar01 50/55/60 CFLY 10D
• [0107]B 50 Mar01 50 C/Sell 9 hedge
• [0108]S 100 Mar01 55 C/Buy 12 hedge
• [0109]B 50 Mar01 55 C/Sell 5 hedge
• Therefore, the Net Hedge=[0110]Sell 2, 2D. Thus,trader client200 should enter the hedge for an entire multi-leg order as a net hedge directly as a single hedge on one leg of the Order, and need not specify separate hedges for each leg. This minimizes the number of unnecessary orders placed on the market server. In one approach, the system may allow users to either enter a delta and compute a whole or fractional hedge quantity or enter a hedge quantity and compute either a whole or fractional delta. This gives users the choice to trade with either the delta (see FIG. 10A for the OEC example) or the hedge quantity (see FIG. 10B for the OEC example) as the deciding factor in a trade. Preferably, a computed delta will be rounded to the second decimal place (really the fourth decimal place because delta is actually a percentage figure). There will be no need to round the hedge quantity once the delta is rounded because that rounding will ensure a rounded hedge quantity result.
• When one executes an option trade, one uses a “delta” to determine what amount of the underlying contract one should buy or sell to offset the trade one did in the option in order for one to have less risk. As an example, suppose there is a June 250 call, with a 10 Delta and one is buying 100 of it. This means it is just a percentage (10%). So one would execute 10% of the underlying against the call. So if one buys 100 June 250 calls, one is going to hedge it by selling 10 June futures. Traditionally in the market, one would buy 100 June 250 calls in the options ring and will than turn around to the futures ring and sell 10 June futures. Traders often execute a “laid up”—that is that they execute it as a package, because they wish to “hedge” themselves and relieve themselves of this extra futures risk. In the present system, we could just click a Hedge button, which would open up Hedge Fields that are related to each of the months. Thus, since one is hedging with the underlying futures, if one executes a June 250 call and a June 300 call spread in the same month, one would only have to hedge it once because one is only hedging June futures. But if one did a calendar spread (lets say a June 250 and a July 300 call), than he is trading two different months and, one would have to hedge the June futures and the July futures separately. In the first example, they are in the same month, and one could just net out the hedge.[0111]
• In the preferred example of a fractional hedge approach, the trade will only match if the delta matches, partial fills might have to be re-submitted as with alternate delta mixes in order to achieve the desired result. For Example:[0112]
• Trader A:[0113]B 100 Mar 75 Calls w/27 Delta: hedge=27 futures
• Trader B:[0114]S 34 Mar 75 Calls w/27 Delta: hedge=9.18 futures
• These two can trade in one of two ways:[0115]
• 1) Fractional Hedge Method:[0116]
• Trader B hits bid (allowing for fractional hedge).[0117]
• a. Match: 34 Mar 75 Calls w/27 Delta: Hedge=9.18[0118]
• b. Partial fill leaves Trader B with an outstanding order:[0119]
• [0120]B 66 Mar 75 Calls w/27 Delta: hedge=17.82
• 2) Fractional Delta Method:[0121]
• Trader B entered their order with an exact hedge of 9:[0122]
• a. Trader A must first cancel their outstanding bid for 100[0123]
• b. Trader A must hit Trader B's order[0124]
• c. Match: 34 Mar 75 Calls w/26.471 Delta: Hedge=9[0125]
• d. Trader A must re-enter their original order for the remaining 66[0126]
• So, under this approach and every trade can go in either direction. An equation that can be derived from the above is as follows: D(Q)=H or H/Q=D (where Q=Option Quantity; D=Delta; and H=Hedge Quantity).[0127]
• In this approach, the fractional hedging contracts must enter the market server based on “like deltas” not “like hedges.” This approach insures that trades match when the initial quantities, and thus the hedge quantities don't match. Once a trade matches the hedge quantities will be the same, however, initially the delta will be the determining factor.[0128]
• These fractional instruments may lend to the provision of additional functionality in the market views. For instance, giving users the ability to see identical hedged options in the market with different deltas. (i.e.: View every Hedged March 2001 SO Call). In one approach, after[0129]trader50 opens an OEC, ESL or MDM for a hedged option, they can hit a button, which opens a small filter window showing the same option, but hedged with other deltas on the 'system. This would allow the trader to participate in alternate trades where the deltas don't initially match their delta. Essentially, this may be implemented as a filter based on the QEL with the option quantity, delta, futures quantity, and buy/sell as wild cards. It would also be possible to add variables to this “filtered” view, such as show all hedged calls; show all hedged March 2001 50 calls, etc.).
• Some instrument types require the specification of quantity ratios between contract legs. On input to the[0130]trader client200, all ratio trades will adjust their ratio and quantities automatically according to the least common divisor between the ratio elements. For example, an order for 200 2×4 Call Spreads will be entered as 400 1×2 Call Spreads. This will reduce the proliferation of disjoint ratio markets and help to increase liquidity inmarket server101.
• Custom option types may be specified—these are any sequence of put, call and “look-alike” futures contract legs and hedges that do not match the sequence (and their inter-leg constraints) that compose the system-defined option types. Custom orders allow the specification of ratios between each of their constituent legs.[0131]
• An RFQ is a message broadcast to all interested market participants for price and quantity quotations on a particular underlying commodity (i.e. crude oil). Generally, an RFQ is sent when there is no activity (outstanding quotes or orders) relating to an underlying, though it is also appropriate to send an RFQ when the activity is low. Once all the required fields of an RFQ have been specified by a trader, it may be sent to[0132]market server101. If the market server accepts the RFQ, the RFQ appears in the RFQ display of all other trader clients logged intomarket server101. In one approach to the present invention, as the RFQ is sent tomarket server101,trader client200 also generates a potential order for that RFQ that requires manual insertion of only bid/ask price and quantity fields to make it a valid order or quote which can then reside in the potential order window of the trader client.
• When[0133]market server101 sends a message totrader client200, it is available for viewing by the trader in summary of detail forms. Traders may even scroll through all messages received in a particular session.
• [0134]Trader50 may specify and save various application preferences that affect the operation of that trader'strader client200.System100 automatically saves trader's preferences after the user changes their values. For instance, these changeable preferences may include: Time Zone; Quote Expiration Time; FOK Expiration Time; Default Quote Quantity; Default Limit Order Quantity; and windows illustrated when displaying Option Detail Screen.
• Alerts are dialog boxes that pop up on a user's screen that the user must affirmatively close. The user can configure trader client preferences to indicate which alerts should be received (executions, rejections, kills and system status messages). All alert messages appear in the status bar, regardless of the user's preference settings.[0135]
• Before executing a user's request to initiate a significant transaction or a state change, the system can be configured to ask the user whether to proceed. This is a precaution against user mistakes. The confirmation is in the form of a pop-up dialog. Often the pop-up dialog looks like an order entry screen. In some approaches, confirmation can be turned on or off as a user preference.[0136]
• [0137]Trader client200 may also provide an API for a user to send the details of a potential order prior to submission to a third party analytics package. The third party package can calculate a bid and ask price then can be inserted into the order details. The user may then review the results, and submit the order.
• [0138]Administrator client300 provides a computer interface for trading firm administration staff to manage traders and counterparties. Among other functions,administrator client300 should manage traders, firms, underlyings and contract specifications, send and receive system messages, kill orders and reverse trades for traders and monitor the status of users andmarket server101.
• As an adjunct to the various monitoring capabilities,[0139]administrator client300 can also log trades for later analysis. For instance,administrator client300 may provide both current and historical information of trades and activity by firm-related traders. In one approach, the reports could be either viewed online or downloaded into a third party spread-sheet program, such as Microsoft© Excel©.
• [0140]Server administrator400 provides a computer interface for managing users, option types, underlying commodity types, and system monitoring.
• In operation,[0141]trader50launches trader client200 on the local computer and enters a user ID.Trader client200 then retrieves a local list of instruments thattrader50 is authorized to view and/or trade. A list of allowable contract types is loaded intotrader client200 frommarket server101 each time thetrader client200 starts up. This underlying list having been established and perhaps previously modified bymarket server101 during a previous session,trader50 selects an underlying commodity to view or trade during the present computer session and provides his password associated with the user ID. (The underlying or contract type is generally fixed for a session with all subsequent operations referring to that type.) The login request is then submitted tomarket server101, which verifies the User ID, Password, and rights oftrader50 to trade in the selected underlying market. Iftrader50 passes security measures, thenmarket server101 sets entitlements, retrieves the default user preferences, displays one or more application screens in a layout determined by the retrieved preferences.Market server101 displays all pending messages fortrader50 received since the last log out.
• Basic Path for Submitting A Working Order:[0142]
• Trader enters all required fields on the Order Entry Card.[0143]
• [0144]Trader client200 validates the field values against the applicable Order Validation rules based on current knowledge.
• The user submits the quote or order to market[0145]server101.
• [0146]Market server101 authenticates and validates the submission against the order validation rules.
• The system acknowledges the quote or order to the user.[0147]
• The accepted quote or order is submitted to the Order Matching service.[0148]
• If matched, the order executes, and trade confirmation messages are sent to each trade's counterparty.[0149]
• [0150]Market server101 then modifies the quote or order according to the trade activity.
• The[0151]market server101 broadcasts the resulting status to all interested market participants.
• Quote or Order is Rejected by Validation Rule. If[0152]market server101 does not successfully authenticate or validate the quote or order,market server101 sends a rejection message to the submitting user.
• [0153]Market server101 is then closed.
• The concept of “negative pricing” raises particular problems when trying to move an options trading system from a trading floor to an EOT when, in trading certain option strategies (combinations) the price of the first leg that one is buying versus the prices of the leg one is selling in the combination could be a net value of zero or close to zero. A trader can use a negative bid or offer when he is quoting a trade whose opposite sides are approximately equal in value. This scenario can occur in the following trade types:[0154]
• straddle spread, fence, calendar call spread, calendar put spread, calendar fence, ratio call spread, ratio put spread, ratio fence, 3way, fence strip.[0155]
• As an example, if there is a May 400 call (c) and June 450 call (c) and someone is interested in trading in combination (this is known as a Calendar Call Spread and involves the simultaneous purchase of one of these options and sale of the other). Further assuming that the value of the May call is $50 and the value of the June call is $100. The value of the spread is therefore $50 (because you are buying one option and selling the other). If a trader wishes to make a $5 profit trading this spread, regardless of whether he intends to buy the June 450c or sell the May 400c (buy the spread) or sell the June 450c and buy the May 400c (sell the spread), he would make the following 2-sided quote:[0156]
• May400c/June450c $45 bid $55 offer[0157]
• Which means he wants to either, buy the June call and sell the May call and pay $45 to execute this trade (it's worth $50 so it's a good deal). Or sell the June call and buy the May call and receive $55 to execute this trade (it's still worth $50). Now suppose the May 400c is worth $99 and the June 450 Call is worth $100 (the spread is worth $1). If the same trader wanted to make a two-sided quote that would ensure a $5 profit regardless of whether he intends to buy or sell the spread he would enter the following bid and offer:[0158]
• May400c/June450c $−4 bid $6 offer[0159]
• Which means either he will buy the June call and sell the May call and receive $4 (he should have paid $1 for it, a $5 profit). Or he will sell the June call and buy the May call and receive $6 (spread is still worth only $1). It is important to recognize that the following two quotes are mirror images of each other and create the identical 2-sided market. The only difference is that the first quote uses the June call to describe the trade while the second uses the May call. May400c/June450c −4[0160]Bid 6 Offer=May400c/June450c −6Bid 4 Offer, because this trade means either buy the May call sell the June call and receive $6 or sell the May call buy the June call and receive $4.
• Theoretically it's possible for there to be a negative bid and negative offer on a particular option spread (−50 bid −40 offer). This would be an usual way for a trader to make a quote. Applicants have therefore established a rule that a trader can enter a 2-sided negative market, however, that order will be displayed as it's positive mirror image in the Marketplace window. For example, a trader may enter Jan200p/Feb300p −$15 bid −$5 offer. The marketplace would display Jan200p/[0161]Feb300p 5 bid 15 offer, again a mirror trade of the original trade.
• To overcome the many hurdles of negative pricing in an electronically traded options system, we have created a series of rules that should preferably be followed.[0162]
• Trader Workstation (Front End):[0163]
• Single negative bids (without offers) or offers (without bids) are not displayed.[0164]
• Double negatives are not displayed.[0165]
• In the event that there is a negative bid with a positive offer it is displayed in terms of the lower strike.[0166]
• All ESL's establish for themselves a rule of the premium strike it uses to express negatives and positives at the point it is opened. In other words, whatever the TW is displaying, according to the[0167]Rules 0 and 0, at the time the ESL is opened, that will establish the rule for how it will be displayed for as long as it is opened.
• MDM is an extension of the ESL; therefore the open ESL has already established the rule for the MDM.[0168]
• OEC, when created from the ESL (by pressing: ^ , Hit, Lift, bid, offer), will reflect the rules of the open ESL.[0169]
• The rules of the OEC when created from scratch, will be established by the order the user enters at that moment.[0170]
• Working Order Window (WOW)[0171]
• The WOW rules are based on whatever the rules were entered for the original order, and those rules will last forever.[0172]
• Market WOW rules are based on whatever the rules were entered for the original order and those rules will last forever.[0173]
• Filled Order Window (FOW):[0174]
• The FOW is always displayed in terms that would result in a positive buy or sale. No trades ever occur at a negative price. The instrument description associated with the execution must be displayed in such a way to make the trade price positive.[0175]
• Market Place (Back End):[0176]
• All orders are displayed in terms of the lower strike in the earliest month.[0177]
• An implied bid or offer is an order for any SPREAD that is generated by the system to help execute a users trade. For example, if the user is trying to sell a September 50/60 Call Spread for a price of 10 (sell the 50 strike and buy the 60 strike). As soon as the order is entered in the system by the user, the system starts searching for any bids or offers currently in the system, for either one of the legs in that particular trade (in our example the September 50 or 60 call) to offset the trade against. If for example, the system finds a 55 bid for the September 50 call, the system would automatically generate a 65 bid for the September 60 calls. If some other user happens to sell the September 60 calls for 65 then the system would automatically sell the 50 calls to the user who is bidding 55. The system using implied bids and offers has now executed the call spread for the price of 10.[0178]
• Thus, while there have been shown, described, and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or steps which perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way, to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated. It is also to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, but that they are merely conceptual in nature. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.[0179]

Claims (24)

What is claimed is:

1. A method for electronically trading a financial instrument, comprising:

entering a bid order for the financial instrument and placing the bid order in a bid queue associated with a buyer who maintains a list of sellers to sell the financial instrument to;

entering an ask order for the financial instrument and placing the ask order in an ask queue associated with a seller who maintains a list of buyers to buy the financial instrument from;

matching the bid order and the ask order to execute a trade between the buyer and the seller; and

executing the trade if a price of the bid order is not less than a price of the ask order, and if the buyer is on the list of buyers and the seller is on the list of sellers.

2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising matching a next bid order in the bid queue and the ask order if the buyer is not on the list of buyers or the seller is not on the list of sellers.

3. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising matching a next ask order in the ask queue and the bid order if the buyer is not on the list of buyers or the seller is not on the list of sellers.

4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising matching a next bid order in the bid queue and a next ask order in the ask queue if a price of the ask order is greater than a price of the bid order.

5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising electronically screening sellers and buyers such that only acceptable sellers are placed on the list of sellers and acceptable buyers are placed on the list of buyers.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein neither the bid order nor the ask order is removed from the bid queue or the ask queue, respectively, if there is no match.

7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising activating a virtual button on a display screen to immediately cancel all bid orders or ask orders.

8. A system for electronically trading a financial instrument, comprising:

a memory storage for storing machine-readable instructions; and

a processor programmable to execute the machine-readable instructions retrieved from the memory storage for a) entering a bid order for the financial instrument and placing the bid order in a bid queue associated with a buyer who maintains a list of sellers to sell the financial instrument to; b) entering an ask order for the financial instrument and placing the ask order in an ask queue associated with a seller who maintains a list of buyers to buy the financial instrument from; c) matching the bid order and the ask order to execute a trade between the buyer and the seller; and d) executing the trade if a price of the bid order is not less than a price of the ask order, and if the buyer is on the list of buyers and the seller is on the list of sellers.

9. The system ofclaim 8, wherein a next bid order in the bid queue is matched with the ask order if the buyer is not on the list of buyers or the seller is not on the list of sellers.

10. The system ofclaim 8, wherein a next ask order in the ask queue is matched with the bid order if the buyer is not on the list of buyers or the seller is not on the list of sellers.

11. The system ofclaim 8, wherein a next bid order in the bid queue is matched with a next ask order in the ask queue if a price of the ask order is greater than a price of the bid order.

12. The system ofclaim 8, wherein sellers and buyers are screened electronically such that only acceptable sellers are placed on the list of sellers and acceptable buyers are placed on the list of buyers.

13. The system ofclaim 8, wherein neither the bid order nor the ask order is removed from the bid queue or the ask queue, respectively, if there is no match.

14. The system ofclaim 8, wherein a virtual button is activated on a display screen to immediately cancel all bid orders or ask orders.

15. A method for electronically trading options contracts and for hedging the options contracts with underlying contracts, comprising:

entering a buy order for options with a first hedge delta to represent a first number of underlying contracts;

entering a sell order for options with a second hedge delta to represent a second number of the underlying contracts;

matching the buy order and the sell order to execute a trade; and

executing the trade if the first hedge delta is equal to the second hedge delta.

16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the first hedge delta is a fractional number.

17. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the second hedge delta is a fractional number.

18. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the first number of underlying contracts is a fractional number.

19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the second number of underlying contracts is a fractional number.

20. A system for electronically trading options contracts and for hedging the options contracts with futures contracts, comprising:

a memory storage for storing machine-readable instructions; and

a processor programmable to execute the machine-readable instructions retrieved from the memory storage for a) entering a buy order for options with a first hedge delta to represent a first number of underlying contracts; b) entering a sell order for options with a second hedge delta to represent a second number of the underlying contracts; c) matching the buy order and the sell order to execute a trade; and d) executing the trade if the first hedge delta is equal to the second hedge delta.

21. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the first hedge delta is a fractional number.

22. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the second hedge delta is a fractional number.

23. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the first number of underlying contracts is a fractional number.

24. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the second number of underlying contracts is a fractional number.

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