US20020143349A1 - Devices and methods for treating vascular malformations - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for treating a vascular malformation has an expandable device and a heating device for heating and shrinking the malformation. The expandable device may have deformable elements which plastically deform in the expanded position. The balloon may be self-expanding, balloon expanded or expanded with an actuating rod. A fluid, such as saline, may be introduced during heating when using RF heating. A sealant may also be introduced into the expandable device to further seal the aneurysm.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to treatment of abnormalities in a patient's vascular system. A specific use of the present invention described below is for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms although the various aspects of the invention described below may also be useful in treating other abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations (AVM), hypervascular tumors, cavernous carotid fistulas, fibroid tumors, and non-reversible sterilization via fallopial occlusion.[0001]
• Cerebral aneurysms are enlargements of the cerebral vasculature which protrude like a balloon from the wall of a cerebral artery. The cerebral aneurysm has a neck which leads to the parental vessel and a body or “dome” which can vary in diameter from 1-30 mm.[0002]
• The wall of the aneurysm is often weak and can rupture, leading to hemorrhage. Rupture of the aneurysm can kill the patient or leave the patient with permanent or transitory mental and physical deficits.[0003]
• Aneurysms are often treated to prevent rupture, leading to hemorrhage, or to prevent rebleeding of acutely ruptured aneurysms. A conventional method of treating aneurysms is to fill the aneurysm with coils. The coils are introduced into the aneurysm one at a time through a delivery catheter until the aneurysm is filled. The aneurysm eventually becomes a solid mass of coils and thrombus.[0004]
• A problem with the conventional method of using coils to fill aneurysms is that the aneurysm becomes a relatively solid mass due to coils and thrombus contained therein. The mass of coil and thrombus exerts pressure on adjacent areas of the brain which may lead to other problems. Another problem with the conventional method is that the coils must be delivered one at a time into the aneurysm which increases the procedure time and risk to the patient. For large aneurysms, up to twenty coils may be required to fill the aneurysm.[0005]
• It is an object of the invention to provide improved methods and devices for treating aneurysms. These and other objects of the invention will become evident from the description of the preferred embodiments described below.[0006]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In a first aspect of the present invention, a method of treating an aneurysm is provided. An expandable structure is delivered through the vasculature in a collapsed position. Once the expandable structure is at the desired location, such as within a cerebral aneurysm, the expandable structure is expanded. The structure and advantages of the expandable structure are described below. The aneurysm wall is also reduced in size so that the aneurysm does not need to be completely filled in the conventional manner. The expandable shape is sized to be smaller than the aneurysm to permit reducing the size of the aneurysm by at least 30% percent.[0007]
• A preferred method of reducing the size of the aneurysm is to heat the aneurysmal wall, preferably to a temperature of at least 60° and preferably 60-80° C., which causes the aneurysmal wall to shrink. The aneurysm may be heated in any suitable manner and preferred methods are monopolar and bipolar RF, laser, microwave, and simple electrical resistance heating. In a preferred method, electrical energy is delivered to the expandable device itself to generate heat. A fluid may be introduced into the aneurysm to prevent clotting during heating and to provide thermal and/or electrical conductance. When using RF heating, for example, the fluid may be saline and more preferably hypertonic saline. Although it is preferred to heat the aneurysmal wall to reduce the size of the aneurysm, the aneurysm may also be reduced in size by chemical action.[0008]
• The expandable structure forms a matrix of filaments in the expanded condition. The matrix preferably forms a woven or braided structure, however the filaments may also be randomly oriented, parallel, or non-intersection filaments. The matrix may be flexible filaments, such as platinum ribbon, extending randomly, radially or helically within an expandable, permeable, mesh-like enclosure. The material may also be an expandable material such as polymer, nitinol, stainless steel, tungsten or tantalum and alloys/composites thereof.[0009]
• The expandable device preferably fills a volume of at least 10% of the aneurysm volume, more preferably at least 40% and most preferably at least 60% of aneurysm volume. The expandable device preferably has internal filaments within the volume to quickly form a stable thrombus. An advantage of the expandable device is that a three-dimensional structure forms without requiring separate delivery of a cage and coils as described in International Application WO 99/07293. In another aspect, the expandable device has a deforming portion which plastically deforms when moving to the expanded position. The deformable portion holds the flexible filaments in the expanded position.[0010]
• The aneurysm may be reduced in size until the aneurysmal wall contacts the expandable structure so that the expandable structure supports and reinforces the aneurysmal wall. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the expandable structure itself is used to transmit energy to heat the aneurysmal wall which causes the aneurysmal wall to fuse to the expandable structure, thereby reinforcing the aneurysmal wall and preventing migration of the expandable structure into the parental vessel.[0011]
• In another aspect of the invention, the aneurysmal wall may be reduced in size together with the expandable device. In a preferred embodiment, the expandable structure is a soft mesh which easily collapses when the aneurysmal wall is shrunk.[0012]
• Various optional steps and structure may also be provided. For example, a sealant may be delivered into the aneurysm to ensure that the aneurysm is isolated from the parental artery. An advantage of the present invention is that the sealant is held within a matrix formed by the expandable device which holds the sealant in the aneurysm.[0013]
• The proximal portion of the expandable structure may be insulated to protect the neck of the aneurysm. The insulation may coat only the flexible filaments so that the structure is still permeable to fluid. Alternatively, the insulation may be impermeable to protect the neck from hot fluid slowly expelled into the aneurysm or to isolate the aneurysm entirely from the parental vessel.[0014]
• The expandable device may have one or more expandable sections. In an embodiment, the expandable device has two expandable sections wherein energy is delivered to the dome with one of the sections while the second section is insulated to protect the neck.[0015]
• The expandable device may have a locking mechanism for locking the expandable device in the expanded position. The expandable device is naturally biased toward the collapsed position so that the operator may partially deploy the expandable device to determine whether the device has the appropriate size. If the device does not have the appropriate size, the device is collapsed and removed and another device having the appropriate size is introduced. The locking mechanism is then actuated when the user is satisfied with the size of the device.[0016]
• In still another aspect of the present invention, a catheter has a cover which is positioned over the neck of the aneurysm to isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel. The aneurysm is then reduced in size as explained above while the cover isolates the aneurysm. The cover also protects the patient from hemorrhage by isolating the aneurysm from the parental vessel. The cover may be periodically moved to expel heated fluid into the parental vessel when heating and shrinking the aneurysm.[0017]
• In yet another aspect of the present invention, a coil is used to cover the neck of the aneurysm to regulate the flow of hot fluid out of the aneurysm and into the parental vessel. The pitch of the coil can be varied by the operator during deployment to allow faster or slower leakage of hot fluid out of the aneurysm and into the parent artery during heating.[0018]
• A catheter is also provided which has a low-impedance coil, such as flat copper ribbon or other suitable material, disposed in the catheter tip. Upon infusion of saline through the catheter and passage of RF energy through the coil, the saline is heated and conducts electrical energy to heat the fluid.[0019]
• These and other aspects and advantages of the invention will become evident from the following description, drawings and claims.[0020]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a system for treating a patient's vascular system.[0021]
• FIG. 2 shows an expandable device in a collapsed position.[0022]
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the expandable device with the mesh removed.[0023]
• FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the expandable device.[0024]
• FIG. 5 shows the expandable device in an aneurysm.[0025]
• FIG. 6 shows the expandable device detached from the delivery catheter.[0026]
• FIG. 7 shows the expandable device of FIG. 6 with a sealant introduced into a portion of the expandable device.[0027]
• FIG. 8 shows the sealant filling the aneurysm and the expandable device.[0028]
• FIG. 9 shows the expandable device having a proximal portion which is relatively impermeable to the sealant so that the sealant is retained in the aneurysm.[0029]
• FIG. 10 shows the expandable device filled with an expandable material such as random fibers or a coil.[0030]
• FIG. 11 shows another expandable device which is deployed with a balloon in a collapsed position.[0031]
• FIG. 12 shows the expandable device of FIG. 11 in an expanded position.[0032]
• FIG. 13 shows the expandable device reduced in size and the expandable device having a proximal portion which is insulated to protect the neck of the aneurysm.[0033]
• FIG. 14 shows the expandable device of FIG. 11 with simple resistance heating used to shrink a portion of the aneurysm into contact with the expandable device.[0034]
• FIG. 15 shows the use of simple resistance heating to shrink another portion of the aneurysm into contact with the expandable device.[0035]
• FIG. 16 shows a heating device.[0036]
• FIG. 17 shows a heating device with the tip curved.[0037]
• FIG. 18 shows the heating device used with the expandable device of FIGS.[0038]11-14.
• FIG. 19 shows the aneurysm shrunk into contact with the expandable device.[0039]
• FIG. 20 shows the expandable device reduced in size during shrinking of the aneurysm.[0040]
• FIG. 21 shows another expandable device having a locking mechanism for holding the device in the expanded position.[0041]
• FIG. 22 shows the expandable device of FIG. 21 with the device in the expanded position.[0042]
• FIG. 23 shows the device of FIGS. 21 and 22 released from the delivery catheter.[0043]
• FIG. 24 shows a catheter having a cover for isolating an aneurysm from the parental vessel.[0044]
• FIG. 25 is a cross-section of the catheter of FIG. 21 along line A-A.[0045]
• FIG. 26 shows the catheter of FIG. 21 with the cover having a curved shape.[0046]
• FIG. 27 shows the catheter of FIG. 21 isolating an aneurysm.[0047]
• FIG. 28 shows the aneurysm reduced in size and a thrombogenic material and sealant introduced into the aneurysm.[0048]
• FIG. 29 shows only the thrombogenic material in the aneurysm.[0049]
• FIG. 30 shows another expandable device in a collapsed position.[0050]
• FIG. 31 shows the expandable device of FIG. 30 in an expanded position.[0051]
• FIG. 32 is an alternative embodiment of the device of FIGS. 30 and 31.[0052]
• FIG. 33 is another alternative embodiment of the device of FIGS. 30 and 31.[0053]
• FIG. 34 shows a mesh structure for use with any of the expandable devices described herein.[0054]
• FIG. 35 shows a number of expandable device delivered to the aneurysm.[0055]
• FIG. 36 shows the aneurysm of FIG. 35 reduced in size.[0056]
• FIG. 37 shows a coil for regulating flow between an aneurysm and a parent vessel.[0057]
• FIG. 38 shows the coil of FIG. 37 with the windings spaced close together to further impede fluid flow between the aneurysm and the parent vessel.[0058]
• FIG. 39 shows another catheter for heating tissue.[0059]
• FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view of the distal end of the catheter of FIG. 39.[0060]
• FIG. 41 shows the tip of the catheter of FIGS. 39 and 40 with holes at the distal end of the tip.[0061]
• FIG. 42 shows the tip of the catheter of FIGS. 39 and 40 with holes along the side of the tip.[0062]
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
• Referring to FIG. 1, a[0063]system2 for introducing anexpandable device4 into a cerebral aneurysm is shown. Afirst catheter6 extends through a penetration in the femoral artery and up to the carotid artery. Asecond catheter8 is advanced through thefirst catheter6 and into the cerebral vasculature to the site of the aneurysm or other abnormality. Adelivery catheter10 is then advanced through thesecond catheter8. Thecatheter10 delivers anexpandable device4 which partially fills the aneurysm as will be described below. Thesystem2 also has anenergy supply12 for heating the aneurysm to shrink the aneurysm as will be described below.
• After the[0064]expandable device4 has been delivered to the aneurysm and expanded, the aneurysm is reduced in size as shown in FIG. 6. The aneurysm may be shrunk partially toward theexpandable device4, into engagement with theexpandable device4, or may even be shrunk until theexpandable device4 is also reduced in size. An advantage of shrinking the aneurysm is that the aneurysm does not need to be completely filled with coils in the conventional manner. The conventional method of filling the aneurysm with coils creates a relatively solid mass in the aneurysm which can press against adjacent structures leading to further problems. Theexpandable device4 is removably mounted to the end of a shaft5 in the manner described below so that theexpandable device4 may be released in the aneurysm. The expandable device may be released with a mechanical mechanism, a thermoadhesive bond, or an electrolytically or chemically severable bond.
• The aneurysm may be shrunk in any suitable manner and a preferred method is to heat the aneurysmal wall. Shrinking of the aneurysm may also be accomplished through chemical action. The aneurysmal wall is preferably heated to a temperature of 60-80° C. and preferably at least 70° C. Depending upon the size of the aneurysm, the aneurysmal wall is preferably heated for at least 10 seconds and generally between 10 seconds and 5 minutes.[0065]
• In the preferred system of FIG. 1, the[0066]energy supply12 supplies RF energy to heat and shrink the aneurysm. Theexpandable device4 is preferably configured as a mono-polar RF electrode14 and theenergy supply12 is preferably an RF generator. A suitable second electrode (not shown) is placed in contact with the patients skin in the conventional manner. The aneurysm may, of course, be heated with the energy supply being a hot fluid, laser, microwave, bi-polar RF or a resistance heating device without departing from the scope of the invention.
• Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, the[0067]catheter8 has alumen16 coupled to a source offluid18 which is preferably a conductive fluid such as saline and more preferably hypertonic saline. Thelumen16 may also be coupled to a source ofsealant20 which may be used to seal the aneurysm as described below. The sealant may be any suitable sealant such as cyanoacrylates, ethylene vinyl-alcohol, cellulose acetate polymers, fibrin glues and other liquid-type tissue sealants. The sealants may also be bioperodable and/or bio-absorbable. Thelumen16 is also coupled to avacuum source22 for suctioning fluids and reducing the size of the aneurysm. A source ofcontrast24 is also provided for visualization of the aneurysm, vasculature and device positions. Avalve26 couples thelumen16 to thevarious sources18,20,22,24. Thedelivery catheter10 also has alumen28 which may be coupled to thesources18,20,22,24 and discussion of use of thelumen16 is equally applicable for thelumen28.
• Referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and[0068]5, theexpandable device4 has first and second expandingsections30,32. Although it is preferred to provide both the first and second expandingsections30,32, theexpandable device4 may include only one expanding section or three or more expanding sections without departing from the scope of the invention. Thefirst section30 acts as theelectrode14 to deliver RF energy from theenergy source12 to the aneurysm. Thesecond section32 is insulated and does not transmit energy to the aneurysm so that the neck of the aneurysm is protected. Thesecond section32 is preferably coated with PTFE, polyamide, FED, or PFA to prevent RF energy transmission. Protecting the neck of the aneurysm also protects peripheral vessels adjacent the neck of the aneurysm.
• The second[0069]expandable section32 may be permeable to fluid so that heated fluid in the aneurysm may be slowly expelled into the parental vessel to dissipate heat. Thesecond section32 may also have a fluidimpermeable portion36 adjacent the neck to further protect the neck of the aneurysm as shown in FIG. 9. The fluidimpermeable portion36 is preferably aflexible sheath38 having a ring or annular shape. The ring shape may interrupted at a radiallyinner portion39 so that heated fluid may still be slowly expelled into the parental vessel. Alternatively, thesheath38 may completely isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel.
• The first and second[0070]expandable sections30,32 have a number offlexible filaments40 which move from the collapsed position of FIG. 2 to the expanded position of FIG. 5. Theflexible filaments40 are preferably woven or braided to form a substantially closed-form mesh structure42 in the expanded position. Thefilaments40 andmesh42 have the characteristics described below and are graphically depicted in the drawings for clarity. Apreferred mesh structure42 is also described with reference to FIG. 34 below.
• Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, the[0071]filaments40 are positioned overdeformable elements48 which hold theflexible filaments40 in the expanded position. Referring to FIG. 3, thedeformable elements48 havecolumns50 extending betweencollars52,53 at the ends. Thedeformable elements48 are formed from tubes which have four cut-out sections54 to form thecolumns50. Thecollars52 are then attached to the ends of the tube. Thecolumns50 are bent outward slightly so that they will buckle outwardly when compressed. As will be described in further detail below, thedeformable elements48 are plastically deformed when moving to the expanded position to hold thefilaments40 in the expanded position. Thecolumns50 may also be designed with curved or sinusoidal shaped sections to improve flexibility.
• Referring to FIG. 4, the proximal and[0072]distal collars52 are threaded to engage a threadedtip58 of aguidewire60 for manipulating theexpandable device4.Intermediate collars62 provide only throughholes to hold and guide theexpandable device4 on theguidewire60. When expanding thedevice4, theguidewire60 is pulled until thedevice4 is trapped between thedelivery catheter10 and the threadedtip58. Theguidewire60 is then rotated to engage thetip58 with the distal threadedcollar52. When thetip58 is threaded into engagement with thedistal collar52, theguidewire60 can be pulled to expand the device. When thedevice4 is partially expanded, thedeformable elements48 may still be within their elastic range so that theexpandable device4 will recover the collapsed position when tension is released on theguidewire60. The operator may then check to see if thedevice4 has the appropriate size and shape for the aneurysm before fully deploying the device. If the operator determines that thedevice4 is too small or too large, thedevice4 is collapsed and removed and another expandable device of appropriate size advanced to the aneurysm.
• When the operator is ready to deploy the[0073]device4, the operator pulls theguidewire60 so that thedeformable elements48 undergo plastic deformation and move to the expanded position. Even if thedevice4 is moved to the expanded position, the operator may still retrieve the device by engaging theproximal collar53 with the threadedtip58 and withdrawing the device into thesecond catheter8.
• After the[0074]expandable device4 has been moved to the expanded position, the aneurysm is then preferably reduced in size. In a preferred method, RF energy is delivered to the firstexpandable section30 through theguidewire60 and a conductive fluid, preferably hypertonic saline, is injected into the aneurysm through thelumen16 orlumen28. FIG. 6 shows the aneurysm reduced in size until the aneurysm engages thefirst section30. The threadedtip58 is then disengaged from thedevice4 leaving thedevice4 in the shrunken aneurysm.
• As an optional step, the[0075]sealant64 from the source ofsealant20 may also be introduced into the entire aneurysm (FIG. 8) or into just the second section32 (FIG. 7) to seal the aneurysm. An advantage of the present invention over conventional methods is that thesealant64 is contained within the closed-form mesh structure42 to prevent escape of thesealant64 into the parental vessel. Referring to FIG. 9, aproximal portion66 may be impermeable to further isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel. A small amount of thesealant64 may also be delivered to completely isolate the aneurysm if necessary as shown at dotted-line68. The method of the present invention described above may, of course, be practiced with any suitable structure other than the structure of FIGS.1-9 without departing from the scope of the invention.
• Referring to FIGS.[0076]11-15, anotherdelivery catheter70 is shown for use with the system of FIG. 1. Thedelivery catheter70 is delivered through the first and second catheters described above. The catheter delivers anexpandable device4A to the aneurysm through the second catheter8 (see FIG. 1).
• The[0077]delivery catheter70 has anexpandable member72, preferably aballoon74, for deploying theexpandable device4A. Thedevice4A is configured to retain the expanded position of FIG. 12 after theballoon74 has been deflated. Thedelivery catheter70 has aninflation lumen72 coupled to a source ofinflation fluid74 for inflating the balloon (FIG. 1).
• The[0078]expandable device4A is preferably made of a number offlexible filaments76. Thefilaments76 are preferably woven or braided but may also be a number of non-woven filaments. Thefilaments76 may be any suitable material and a preferred material is platinum alloy (92% platinum, 8% tungsten) wire having a thickness of 0.005-0.003 inch.
• The[0079]expandable device4A may take any shape and may have a number of predetermined shapes which can be selected depending upon the shape of the aneurysm and the nature of the patient's vasculature. Referring to FIG. 12, theexpandable device4A has a simple spherical shape. Although theexpandable device4A is shown as spherical, theexpandable device4A preferably has a width to height ratio of more than 1.1, more preferably at least 1.2 and most preferably at least 1.8. The width and height are defined relative to the aneurysm (FIG. 12) and/or relative to alongitudinal axis76 of theexpandable device4A. The preferred dimensions provide a relatively large width so that theexpandable device4A cannot escape through the neck of the aneurysm after expansion. The height of theexpandable device4A provides clearance for shrinking the aneurysmal toward the expandable device. The width to height ratios are preferred dimensions for all of the embodiments described herein.
• Once the[0080]expandable device4A has been delivered to the aneurysm, the aneurysm is preferably reduced in size in any manner described herein. A method of reducing the size of the aneurysm is to deliver energy to theexpandable device4A from theenergy source12. The energy may be delivered to the aneurysm by delivering RF energy to theexpandable device4A with one ormore wires80 passing through thesecond catheter8. During RF delivery, thesecond catheter8 may be used to deliver fluid, such as hypertonic saline, to the aneurysm.
• Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, simple resistance heating may also be used by moving the[0081]wires80 into contact with theexpandable device4A to conduct electricity therebetween as shown in FIG. 14. An advantage of the system is that different portions of the aneurysm can be heated to shrink the aneurysm as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.
• The[0082]expandable device4A may be insulated at aproximal portion82 so that energy is delivered to the aneurysm dome rather than toward the neck and parental artery. Theflexible filaments76 may be coated with any suitable insulation, such as paraline, and may be applied by spraying, dipping or etching. Theexpandable device4A may also have theflexible sheath78 over the insulated region to further shield the neck of the aneurysm.
• Referring to FIG. 16, a[0083]heating device84 is shown which may be used to heat and shrink the aneurysm. Theheating device84 is advanced into the aneurysm to heat fluid in the aneurysm thereby heating and shrinking the aneurysmal wall. Twoinsulated wires86,88 are wrapped around acore wire90 and covered with asheath92 along the proximal portion. Thesheath92 forms alumen94 therethough which may be coupled to thevarious sources18,20,22,24 described above withconnector96. The distal end of thewires86,88 form proximal anddistal electrodes98,100 for bipolar RF heating. Thecore wire90 is attached to thedistal electrode100.
• An[0084]actuator102 is manipulated to change the distance between theelectrodes98,100 and to bend the tip in the manner shown in FIG. 17. Theactuator102 is coupled to thecore wire90. The device may be configured so that theelectrodes98,100 move toward another when theactuator102 is manipulated, or the device may be configured so that the tip curves as shown in FIG. 17. The tip may be curved to navigate tortuous vessels and may be curved during heating. In use, the distal end of thedevice84 is introduced into the aneurysm and theactuator102 is manipulated to curve the distal end. RF energy is then delivered and a fluid, such as hypertonic saline, is delivered through thesecond catheter8 or through thelumen94.
• Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, the aneurysm may be shrunk into contact with the expandable device so that the[0085]expandable device4A reinforces the aneurysmal wall to prevent rupture. The aneurysmal wall may also be shrunk further so that theexpandable device4A itself shrinks as shown in FIG. 20. After the aneurysm has been reduced in size, thesealant64 may also be delivered to further seal the aneurysm.
• Referring to FIGS. 1 and 21-[0086]24, anotherdelivery catheter110 for treating an aneurysm with thesystem2 of FIG. 1 is shown. Thecatheter110 is advanced to the carotid artery and thesecond catheter8 is advanced through thefirst catheter6 to the aneurysm. Thedelivery catheter110 extends through thesecond catheter8 to deliver anexpandable device4B to the aneurysm. Thedelivery catheter110 has a lumen112 which may be coupled to one or more of thevarious sources18,20,22,24. Theexpandable device4B is coupled to theenergy source12 for heating and shrinking the aneurysm as will be described below.
• The[0087]expandable device4B is movable from the collapsed position of FIG. 21 to the expanded position of FIG. 22.Flexible filaments114 preferably form a woven or braidedmesh structure116 extending between first andsecond hubs118,120. Acentral post122 extends from thesecond hub120 and has alocking mechanism124 which engages thefirst hub118 to hold theexpandable device4B in the locked position. Anactuator126, which is preferably a tapered rod128, has a threadedconnection130 with thecentral post122. Theactuator126 is pulled to move thelocking mechanism124 into engagement with thesecond hub120. Thelocking mechanism124 hasspring elements126 which are naturally biased to the position of FIG. 23. Thespring elements126 are angled proximally so that they are displaced inwardly by thehub118 when thepost122 andspring elements126 pass through thehub118. After thespring elements126 have passed through thehub118 they assume their unbiased shape thereby locking thedevice4B in the expanded position. Thelocking mechanism124 may be any suitable locking mechanism.
• The[0088]flexible filaments114 preferably bias thedevice4B toward the collapsed position so that the operator may partially expand the device to determine whether the device has the appropriate size. If the device is not the appropriate size, the device can be collapsed and withdrawn through thesecond catheter8. After theexpandable device4B has been expanded, the aneurysmal wall may then be shrunk in any manner described herein. In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 21, the expandable device is a monopolar RF electrode with the energy source being an RF generator coupled to theactuator126. Theexpandable device4B may be insulated along aproximal portion116 to protect the neck, parental vessel and adjacent vessels as mentioned above. After the aneurysmal wall has been reduced in size, the sealant64 (FIG. 8) may be introduced to isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel.
• In another aspect of the present invention, the[0089]expandable devices4,4A, and4B may be filled with an expandablethrombogenic material130. Referring to FIG. 10, theexpandable device4 is filled with the compressible,thrombogenic material130 which may be randomly orientedfibers132 or coils134. When theexpandable device4 is expanded, thematerial130 expands to occupy the interior volume of the woven or braidedmesh structure42. Thematerial130 may be used with any of the expandable devices described herein without departing from the scope of the invention. When thematerial130 includes filaments136, the filaments136 may be helically, radially or randomly oriented within the interior volume of the mesh or braidedstructure42.
• Referring to FIGS. 1 and 24-[0090]27, anothercatheter140 for treating an aneurysm with the system of FIG. 1 is shown. Thefirst catheter6 is introduced through the femoral artery and advanced to the carotid artery. Thesecond catheter8 is advanced through thefirst catheter6 to the aneurysm. Thedelivery catheter140 is passed through thesecond catheter8 to the aneurysm to treat the aneurysm.
• The[0091]delivery catheter140 has alumen142 which is coupled to the sources of fluid, contrast, sealant andvacuum18,20,22,24. The distal end of thecatheter140 has acover144 which is positioned over the neck of the aneurysm as shown in FIG. 27. Thecover144 provides temporary isolation of the aneurysm from the parental vessel. Thecover144 is preferably a disc of relatively soft material such as silicone. Thecover144 is preferably configured to cover an area of about 0.8 mm²to 75 mm²and is relatively thin so that thecover144 does not impede flow through the parental vessel and so that thecover144 can distort to a small profile when passing through thesecond catheter8. Thecover144 is also preferably impermeable so that thecover144 can isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel.
• The[0092]catheter140 has anelectrode146 which is coupled to theenergy source12 with awire148 extending through thecatheter140. Theelectrode146 may be configured as a monopolar RF electrode for delivery of RF energy with a second electrode (not shown) in contact with the patient's skin. Alternatively, asecond electrode150 may be passed through thelumen142 to provide monopolar or bipolar RF with the first and/orsecond electrodes146,150. Shrinking of the aneurysm may, of course, be accomplished with any of the methods described above. For example, the heating device84 (FIG. 16) may be advanced through thelumen142 to heat and shrink the aneurysm.
• Use of the[0093]delivery catheter140 is now described, thedelivery catheter140 is advanced through thesecond catheter8 to the aneurysm. Thecover144 is positioned over the neck of the aneurysm and the aneurysm is heated to shrink the aneurysm. When using RF heating, fluid such as hypertonic saline may be infused into the aneurysm through thecatheter140 or second catheter8 (FIG. 1). Thecover144 may be flexible enough to deflect and permit hot fluid to be slowly expelled into the parental vessel. Alternatively, thecover144 may be periodically moved away from the neck so that hot fluid in the aneurysm may be slowly expelled into the parental vessel. The aneurysm may be reduced to an acceptable size or partially shrunk and filled with thethrombogenic material130 and sealant (FIG. 28) or just the material130 (FIG. 29). Although thedelivery catheter140, and particularly thecover144, have been described in connection with RF delivery, thecover144 may be incorporated into any of the other catheters described herein or any other catheter without departing from the scope of the invention.
• Referring to FIGS.[0094]30-34, anotherexpandable device160 is shown for use with the system of FIG. 1. Theexpandable device160 is advanced through thesecond catheter8 with adelivery catheter162. The expandable device has amesh166 which covers aspring160 made of a shape memory material. Theexpandable device160 is in the collapsed shape of FIG. 30 when advanced through thesecond catheter8. After theexpandable device160 is within the aneurysm, awire161 or other device can be advanced to contact thedevice160 to heat the device and the aneurysm. Upon heating, the coil collapses to the shape of FIG. 31 to move themesh166 to the expanded condition. Heating of the coil may be undertaken in any manner described herein. An advantage of thedevice160 is that the device may be heated together with the aneurysm to deploy thedevice160 while shrinking the aneurysm. Referring to FIG. 32, anotherdevice160A is shown which is substantially the same as thedevice160 except thatspring160A expands in the middle. FIG. 33 shows still anotherdevice160B which has a smaller diameter in the middle to impede fluid flow through thespring160.
• Referring to FIG. 34, another mesh[0095]42A is shown. The mesh42A may be used with any of the expandable devices described herein and the mechanism for expanding and holding the mesh42A has been omitted from FIG. 34 for clarity. Any of the actuating and delivery methods and devices described above or any other suitable device may be used with the mesh42A. The mesh42A preferably has 10-50 filaments, more preferably 20-50 filaments, extending between first and second ends150,152. Thefilaments148 are preferably platinum alloy (such as 92% platinum, 8% tungsten). Thefilaments148 preferably form a tube in the collapsed position which has a diameter of no more than 0.020 inch but expands to a diameter of at least 0.200 inch at a central portion154.
• The devices described herein are preferably delivered to the aneurysm to occupy the remaining volume of the aneurysm after shrinking the aneurysm. Referring to FIGS. 35 and 36, a number of[0096]devices170 may be delivered to the aneurysm with one of thedevices171 being used to heat and shrink the aneurysm. Thedevices170 may be partially or completely insulated in the manner described above to protect the neck while heating and shrinking is accomplished with thedevice171. Thedevices170 and171 are shown spaced apart for clarity but, of course, will be closely packed together when filling the aneurysm. Thedevices170 and171 may be any of the expandable devices described herein or any other suitable device without departing from the scope of the invention.
• Referring to FIG. 37, another system for reducing the size of an aneurysm is shown. A[0097]coil172 is used to regulate flow of fluid between the aneurysm and the parent vessel. Thecoil172 is particularly useful for holding heated fluid in the aneurysm to heat and shrink the aneurysm. Theheating device84 of FIGS. 16 and 17, or any other suitable device for heating the aneurysm, is introduced into the aneurysm to heat and shrink the aneurysm. Thecoil172 is manipulated by pulling or pushing the coil to retract or deploy thecoil172 from the catheter8 (see FIG. 1). The pitch of thecoil172 can be varied by pulling or pushing thecatheter8 relative to thecoil172. The windings of thecoil172 may be close together so that thecoil172 substantially impedes flow between the aneurysm and the parent vessel (FIG. 38) or may be spaced-apart to permit slow leakage of fluid into the parent vessel. Thecoil172 may be made of any suitable material and is preferably a shape-memory alloy such as nitinol.
• Referring to FIGS. 39 and 40, another[0098]catheter180 for heating and shrinking an aneurysm is shown. Thecatheter180 is preferably less than 5 Fr, more preferably 2-4 Fr, and most preferably about 3 Fr in size so that it is small and flexible enough to shrink select portions of the aneurysm as shown by dottedlines181 in FIG. 39. Thecatheter180 may, of course, be sized larger to shrink larger portions of the aneurysm or other tissue structures. Thecatheter180 has atip182 which is made of a heat-resistant, non-stick material (such as PTFE) so that the tip can contact the tissue during heating without sticking to the tissue. Thecatheter180 may also be a hypotube, guidewire or similar device without departing from the scope of the invention. Thetip182 forms achamber183 and hasholes186 formed therein for delivery of a conductive fluid as described below.
• The[0099]catheter180 has alumen184 which communicates with thechamber183 in thetip182. Thelumen184 is coupled to the source of fluid18 (see FIG. 1) which is preferably hypertonic saline. AnRF probe188 passes through thelumen184 and is coupled to the energy supply12 (see FIG. 1) which is preferably an RF generator. TheRF probe188 has anelectrode189 positioned in the chamber while a second electrode (not shown) is positioned in contact with the patient's skin in the conventional manner. When the conductive fluid is delivered through thelumen184, electrical energy is conducted by the conductive fluid to heat the aneurysm. Theholes183 in thetip182 may be distributed around the tip182 (FIGS. 39 and 41), positioned at the distal end185 (FIG. 42) or along the sides187 (FIG. 43) of thetip182.
• After the volume of the aneurysm has been reduced, the aneurysm may be treated in any other manner described herein. Furthermore, the[0100]catheter180 of FIGS.39-43 may be used to heat tissue or fluid in connection with any of the other embodiments described herein and in particular as a substitute for thedevice84 of FIGS. 16 and 17. Finally, thecatheter180 may be used to heat tissue for any other suitable purpose including those described above. For example, thecatheter180 may be useful in treating venous insufficiency, deep vein reflux or for vein stripping. Furthermore, thecatheter180 may be useful for treating urinary incontinence.
• While the above is a description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used. For example, the expandable device may take any other shape and the sealant may be any other suitable sealant. Furthermore, the dimensions and characteristics of any of the expandable members may be incorporated into any of the other expandable devices described herein without departing from the scope of the invention. Finally, the expandable devices are preferably used when shrinking the aneurysm but the expandable devices may have various features which may be useful when simply filling the aneurysm in the conventional manner.[0101]

Claims (73)

What is claimed is:

1. A method of treating a cerebral aneurysm, comprising the steps of:

providing an expandable structure movable from a collapsed shape to an expanded shape;

introducing the expandable structure into a blood vessel of a patient;

advancing the expandable structure through the patient's vasculature to a cerebral aneurysm while the expandable structure is in the collapsed position;

moving the expandable structure into the cerebral aneurysm;

expanding the expandable structure to the expanded position in the cerebral aneurysm;

shrinking the wall of the aneurysm; and

leaving the expandable structure in the aneurysm after the shrinking step.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the shrinking step is carried out until the aneurysmal wall contacts the expandable structure.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the shrinking step is carried out by delivering electrical energy to the expandable structure to generate heat which shrinks the aneurysm wall.

4. The method ofclaim 3, further comprising the step of:

delivering saline to the aneurysm while delivering the electrical energy.

5. The method ofclaim 3, wherein the shrinking step is carried out for at least 5 seconds.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the shrinking step is carried out by providing a heated fluid in the aneurysm to heat the aneurysmal wall.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the introducing step is carried out with the expandable structure having a permeable portion when in the expanded position.

8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the shrinking step is carried out by delivering RF energy to the aneurysm wherein heated fluid in the aneurysm leaks through the permeable portion and into the parental vessel.

9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the introducing step is carried out with the expandable structure being advanced through the patient's vasculature with a catheter, the catheter having a lumen.

10. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the steps of:

coupling the lumen to a source of fluid; and

infusing the fluid into the aneurysm through the lumen.

11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the infusing step is carried out so that the fluid seals the aneurysm to isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel.

12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the shrinking step is carried out so that the aneurysmal wall contacts the expandable structure and reduces the size of the expandable structure after the expanding step.

13. A method of isolating a cerebral aneurysm from the parental vessel, comprising the steps of:

providing a device movable from a collapsed position to an expanded position, the device having a proximal portion when in the expanded position;

introducing the device into the aneurysm in the collapsed position;

expanding the device to the expanded position after the introducing step;

shrinking the dome of the aneurysm so that that the proximal portion of the expandable device extends around the neck of the aneurysm.

14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the providing step is carried out with the proximal portion being permeable, the proximal portion being configured to form a thrombus to isolate the aneurysm from the parental vessel.

15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the providing step is carried out with the proximal portion forming a permeable barrier having an opening size of no more than 1 mm when viewed in a direction perpendicular to blood flow through the parental vessel.

16. A system for treating a cerebral aneurysm, comprising:

a shaft having a length and flexibility sufficient to extend into a patient's cerebral vasculature;

an expandable device movable from a collapsed shape to an expanded shape, the expandable device being removably coupled to the shaft;

means for shrinking the aneurysmal wall toward the expandable device when the expandable device is contained within the aneurysm.

17. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the shrinking means includes an electrical power supply coupled to the expandable device.

18. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the electrical power supply is an RF generator.

19. The system ofclaim 18, wherein the expandable device acts as an electrode and is electrically coupled to the RF generator.

20. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the shaft has a lumen passing therethrough.

21. The system ofclaim 20, further comprising:

a source of conductive fluid coupled to the lumen.

22. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the shrinking means is a device selected from the group consisting of RF, resistance heating, laser and chemical action.

23. The device ofclaim 16, wherein the shrinking means heats the fluid passing through the lumen so that the heated fluid shrinks the aneurysm.

24. A method of treating a cerebral aneurysm, comprising the steps of:

providing an expandable structure movable from a collapsed shape to an expanded shape, the expandable structure having a deforming portion which is displaced beyond the yield strength when moving from the collapsed position to the expanded position;

introducing the expandable structure into a blood vessel of a patient;

advancing the expandable structure through the patient's vasculature to a cerebral aneurysm while the expandable structure is in the collapsed position;

moving the expandable structure into the cerebral aneurysm;

expanding the expandable structure to the expanded position in the cerebral aneurysm; and

leaving the expandable structure in the aneurysm after the expanding step.

25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure occupying a volume of at least 50-70%.

26. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure having a maximum opening size of no more than 15 mm when in the expanded position.

27. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure having first and second ends, the deforming portion extending between the first and second ends; and

the expanding step is carried out with the first and second ends moving toward one another so that the deforming portion plastically deforms.

28. The method ofclaim 27, wherein the providing step is carried out with the deforming portion including at least three posts extending between the first and second ends.

29. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the providing step is carried out with the deforming portion holding a number of flexible filaments in the expanded position, the flexible filaments being deformed elastically when in the expanded position.

30. A device for introduction into a cerebral aneurysm, comprising:

a first end having a first hub;

a second end having a second hub; and

an expandable structure extending between the first and second ends, the expandable structure being movable from a collapsed shape to an expanded shape, the expandable structure having at least two filaments extending between the first and second hubs, the first and second hubs moving toward one another when the expandable structure moves from the collapsed position to the expanded position.

31. The device ofclaim 30, further comprising:

a locking mechanism which locks the expandable structure in the expanded position.

32. The device ofclaim 30, further comprising:

a fluid flow path extending through the expandable structure for introduction of a fluid into the aneurysm.

33. The device ofclaim 30, wherein the expandable structure is naturally biased toward the collapsed condition.

34. A method of treating an aneurysm in the cerebral vasculature of a patient, comprising the steps of:

providing a device having first and second ends and an expandable structure extending between the first and second ends, the expandable structure being movable from a collapsed shape to an expanded shape, the device also having a locking mechanism for locking the expandable structure in the expanded position;

introducing the device into the patient's vascular system with the expandable structure in the collapsed position;

advancing the device through the patient's vascular system with the expandable structure in the collapsed condition;

positioning the device into an aneurysm in the patient's cerebral vasculature;

expanding the expandable structure of the device after the positioning step; and

locking the locking mechanism to hold the expandable structure in the expanded position.

35. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure being naturally biased toward the collapsed position when in the expanded position.

36. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure having a mesh structure.

37. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure having a number of elongate members extending between the first and second ends.

38. The device ofclaim 34, further comprising the step of:

heating the aneurysm to shrink the aneurysm.

39. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the heating step is carried out with a heated fluid.

40. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the heating step is carried out by delivering electrical energy to the expandable portion.

41. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable structure being substantially cylindrical in the collapsed position, the expandable structure having a longitudinal axis;

the expanding step being carried out with the expandable structure moving radially outward relative to the longitudinal axis.

42. The device ofclaim 34, wherein the first and second ends move towards one another by a distance of 10-15 mm, the expandable structure having a diameter, the diameter increasing at a portion of the expandable structure between 0.020 and 0.600 inch when moving from the collapsed position to the expanded.

43. A method of treating a cerebral aneurysm, comprising the steps of:

providing a catheter having a cover;

passing the catheter through a patient's cerebral vasculature to an aneurysm;

positioning the cover over the neck of the aneurysm; and

shrinking the aneurysmal wall.

44. The method ofclaim 43, wherein the shrinking step is carried out by heating the aneurysmal wall.

45. The method ofclaim 43, wherein the providing step is carried out with the catheter including a lumen having an outlet.

46. The method ofclaim 45, further comprising:

introducing a fluid into the aneurysm through the lumen.

47. The method ofclaim 43, further comprising the step of:

introducing an electrode in the aneurysm; and

the shrinking step being carried out by delivering electrical energy to the electrode to heat the aneurysmal wall.

48. The method ofclaim 47, wherein the electrode introducing step is carried out with the electrode being on a guidewire passing through a lumen in the catheter.

49. The method ofclaim 48, further comprising the step of:

introducing a second electrode into the patient.

50. The method ofclaim 49, wherein the second electrode is introduced on the guidewire.

51. The method ofclaim 49, wherein the second electrode is introduced on the catheter.

52. The method ofclaim 43, wherein the covering step is carried out with the cover being permeable.

53. The method ofclaim 43, further comprising the step of:

delivering a substance into the aneurysm after the shrinking step, the substance remaining in the aneurysm to seal the aneurysm.

54. The method ofclaim 53, wherein the delivering step is carried out with the substance being selected from the group consisting of cyanoacrylates, ethylene vinyl-alcohol, cellulose acetate polymers, and fibrin glues.

55. The method ofclaim 43, wherein the cover is composed of silicone.

56. A method of treating an aneurysm, comprising the steps of:

providing an expandable device movable from a collapsed position to an expanded position, the expandable device having a first section and a second section;

passing the expandable device through a patient's cerebral vasculature;

introducing the expandable device into an aneurysm in the patient's cerebral vasculature;

expanding the expandable device to the expanded position with the first section positioned adjacent to the neck of the aneurysm and the second section positioned further into the aneurysm;

coupling the expandable device to a source of electric power;

delivering the electric power to the expandable device so that the aneurysm is heated thereby shrinking the aneurysm, the heat being generated by the second section and not the first section so that the neck of the aneurysm is protected.

57. The method ofclaim 56, wherein the providing step is carried out with the expandable device being permeable when in the expanded position.

58. The method ofclaim 56, wherein the coupling step is carried out with the source of electric power being an RF generator.

59. The method ofclaim 56, wherein the delivering step is carried out with the electric power being monopolar RF with the second section acting as the electrode.

60. The method ofclaim 56, wherein the delivering step is carried out so that the aneurysm shrinks and contacts the expandable device so that the expandable device is reduced in size from the expanded position.

61. A method for treating an aneurysm and a parent vessel, comprising the steps of:

providing a catheter and a coil, the catheter having a lumen and the coil being positioned in the lumen, the coil being movable within the lumen to extend and retract the coil from the distal end of the catheter;

introducing the catheter into a patient's vascular system;

advancing the catheter to an aneurysm;

filling the aneurysm with a heated fluid;

positioning the coil in the parent artery so that windings are positioned adjacent the neck of the aneurysm to impede flow between the aneurysm and the parent artery.

62. The method ofclaim 61, wherein the filling step is carried out by introducing a catheter into the aneurysm through the windings in the coil, the catheter having means for heating fluid.

63. The method ofclaim 62, wherein the filling step is carried out with the heating means being an RF electrode.

64. The method ofclaim 61, wherein the providing step is carried out with the coil a first deployed position and a second deployed position, the second deployed position having more coil extended from the distal end of the catheter and having greater pitch than when the coil is in the first deployed position.

65. The method ofclaim 61, wherein the providing step is carried out with the coil being made of a shape memory alloy.

66. A device for regulating fluid flow between an aneurysm and a parent vessel, comprising:

a catheter including a lumen having a distal end; and

a coil positioned within the lumen, the coil being movable within the lumen to extend or retract the coil from the distal end of the lumen, the coil being extending from the lumen to form a coil.

67. The device ofclaim 66, wherein the coil is movable from a first deployed position to a second deployed position, the exposed portion of the coil extending from the catheter having a greater pitch in the second deployed position than in the first deployed position and being extended further from the distal end of the catheter.

68. The device ofclaim 67, wherein the coil forms windings having a diameter of 1 mm to 3 mm.

69. A device for heating tissue, comprising:

a shaft having a lumen;

a tip having a chamber therein and a plurality of holes leading to the chamber, the chamber being fluidly coupled to the lumen so that a fluid delivered through the lumen passes into the chamber and out the plurality of holes; and

an RF electrode configured to deliver RF energy from an RF generator, the RF electrode positioned in the chamber.

70. The device ofclaim 69, further comprising:

a source of conductive fluid coupled to the lumen.

71. The device ofclaim 69, wherein the shaft has a size of no more than 5 French.

72. The device ofclaim 69, wherein the plurality of holes in the tip are positioned along sides of the tip.

73. The device ofclaim 69, wherein the plurality of holes in the tip are positioned at a distal end of the tip.

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