US20020122841A1 - Compact slide actuation mold - Google Patents

Abstract

A molding apparatus has a pair of slide inserts which are laterally movable into and out of engagement with the other mold components. The lateral movement of the slide inserts is provided by a slide mechanism having a driving rack, a pair of drive pinions at either end of the driving rack, two pairs of driven racks and a plurality of slides connected to the driven racks. The driven racks of each pair are parallel and spaced from one another, engaging opposite sides of a pinion and thereby being driven in opposite directions by rotation of the pinion. The molding apparatus is more compact than conventional devices having slide inserts, eliminates the use of slide retainers, eliminates obstructions between the mold plates when the plates are separated, and can cycle faster than conventional devices.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to slide core molds for use in injection molding, and more specifically to slide mechanisms employed in such molds.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Conventional molds for injection molding typically comprise mating parts, such as a core and a cavity, which abut each other at a parting line and are moved directly away from each other along a machine axis during opening of the mold.[0002]
• Such molds may also include one or more mold components which form an undercut portion of the article to be molded. These mold components, also referred to herein as “slide inserts”, are moved laterally into and out of engagement with the other mating parts of the mold during closing and opening of the mold. Usually, a pair of such slide inserts is provided, one slide insert on each side of the mold. During mold opening, the slide inserts are moved outwardly in opposite directions from the other mating parts of the mold. Molds which include such laterally movable components are referred to herein as “slide core molds”.[0003]
• Presently used mechanisms for opening and closing slide core molds typically include slide blocks on which the slide inserts are mounted. Usually, these slide blocks are slidably mounted on the mold plate which carries the core, with one slide block being provided on each side of the mold. Lateral movement of the slide blocks is accomplished by providing angled horn pins mounted to the mold plate which carries the cavity. The horn pins extend through angled apertures in the slide blocks. As the core is separated from the cavity, the slide blocks slide along the horn pins, resulting in outward displacement of the slide blocks and the associated slide inserts from the other mating parts of the mold. Examples of this type of mechanism are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,811,645 issued May 21, 1974 to Feist and U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,480 issued Dec. 26, 1989 to Nakamura et al. These two patents are actually concerned with slide retainers which are required in this type of slide core mold since the horn pins and the apertures in the slide blocks may become misaligned when the mold is opened, preventing reinsertion of the horn pins into the slide blocks.[0004]
• Conventional slide mechanisms have several disadvantages. Firstly, conventional slide mechanisms include components such as cams which must be mounted on the outside of the mold and which increase the size of the mold. Some conventional slide retainers, such as the pull rod/compression spring retainer shown in FIG. 2 of the Feist patent, also include components which project from the sides of the mold. These components have the effect of enlarging the mold, reducing the number of mold cavities which can be fitted into a molding apparatus of a given size.[0005]
• In addition, components such as cams and/or horn pins project from the parting line face and obstruct the space between the mold plates during ejection of the molded parts from the core. Since these components are lubricated, contact with the molded parts during ejection can result in product contamination.[0006]
• Another disadvantage of conventional slide mechanisms is that these mechanisms are actuated as the mold opens and closes. This requires that the opening and closing of the mold be slowed down In order to avoid damaging the relatively delicate slide inserts, thereby lengthening the mold cycle time.[0007]
• Therefore, the need exists for an effective slide mechanism which eliminates or reduces the size and/or number of components projecting from the outside of the mold. It would also be desirable to provide a slide mechanism which eliminates the need for a slide retainer to reduce the size and complexity of the mechanism, which also eliminates obstructions between the mold plates, and which can be actuated independently of opening and closing the mold.[0008]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention overcomes at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a molding apparatus having a slide mechanism which is more compact than conventional slide mechanisms, does not form obstructions between the open mold plates, eliminates the need for slide retainers, and does not depend on mold opening and closing for actuation.[0009]
• The molding apparatus according to the present invention comprises at least two mold plates which preferably carry a plurality of mold cores and mating mold cavities which form a plurality of molds. Each mold has a pair of laterally movable mold elements which are movable toward and away from each other. The mold elements of each mold are mounted on a pair of slides positioned on either side of the mold.[0010]
• The mechanism for moving the mold elements between their inner and outer positions includes a reciprocating driving rack which drives at least one pinion. Each pinion drives a pair of driven racks which are movable in opposite directions, each of the racks being connected to one of the slides. Therefore, movement of the driving rack results in lateral movement of the slides and the associated mold components inwardly or outwardly in relation to the mold.[0011]
• Since the apparatus of the invention does not utilize horn pins, misalignment of the slides during opening and closing is not a problem, and therefore slide retainers are not required. The slide mechanism of the present invention is compact and is recessed into the stripper plate, away from the mold parting line. This reduces the overall size of the mold and eliminates obstructions between the mold plates, thereby reducing the risk of contamination of parts being ejected from the molds. Furthermore, the slide mechanism does not rely on mold opening and closing for actuation since the driven racks are preferably actuated by a pneumatic cylinder after the mold is opened and retracted before it is closed, thereby allowing a shorter mold cycle time.[0012]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:[0013]
• FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through one mold of an injection molding apparatus in a plane parallel to a direction in which the slides are moved, showing the mold in the closed position;[0014]
• FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view in the same plane as FIG. 1 showing the mold of FIG. 1 with the cavity plate separated from the stripper plate;[0015]
• FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in the same plane as FIG. 1 showing the mold of FIG. 2 with the slides and the slide inserts moved laterally to their outer positions;[0016]
• FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view in the same plane as FIG. 1 showing the mold of FIG. 3 with the stripper plate separated from the core plate to advance the stripper ring along the machine axis and eject the molded part from the core;[0017]
• FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a molding apparatus of the present invention, partially disassembled to show details of the slide mechanism;[0018]
• FIG. 6 is a perspective, partially cut away view of a partially disassembled molding apparatus of the present invention, illustrating the preferred slide mechanism, showing details of one pair of slide bars and one pair of slide inserts only;[0019]
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view similar to that of FIG. 6 illustrating the operation of the preferred slide mechanism;[0020]
• FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view through the molding apparatus of FIG. 1 in a plane parallel to the driving rack, showing the sliding mechanism at the proximal end of the driving rack and omitting, for clarity, some of the teeth of the driving rack; and[0021]
• FIG. 9 is an isolated, enlarged cross-sectional view of the stripper plate and the slide mechanism of the molding apparatus of FIG. 1 in a plane perpendicular to the driving rack, showing the slide mechanism at the proximal end of the driving rack and omitting, for clarity, some of the teeth of the driven rack.[0022]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• A preferred molding apparatus according to the present invention is generally indicated by[0023]reference numeral10 in the drawings. Themolding apparatus10 comprises three mold plates, namely amold core plate12, amold cavity plate14 and amold stripper plate16 between thecore plate12 andcavity plate14. Amold core18 is mounted in themold core plate12, amold cavity20 is mounted in themold cavity plate14, and anannular stripper ring22 is mounted in themold stripper plate16 and surrounds themold core18.
• Both the[0024]core plate12 andstripper plate16 are movable along a machine axis to move the mold plates between a mold closed position and a mold open position. Thestripper plate16 is movable along tie rods24 (FIG. 5) relative to thecore plate12 in order to strip amolded part26 from thecore18. Thestripper plate16 is preferably actuated by machine ejector rods (not shown) which advance thestripper plate16 along the machine axis.
• The molded[0025]part26 shown in the drawings comprises a threaded closure for a container having a tamper-evident skirt which is separable from the remainder ofclosure26 by a line of pre-weakening27. The molten plastic which forms moldedpart26 is injected intomold28 throughinjection nozzle38.
• The[0026]cavity plate14 andstripper plate16 abut each other at a first parting line P1 in the mold closed position (FIG. 1), and thecore plate12 and thestripper plate16 likewise abut each other along second parting line P2 in the mold closed position. With theplates12,14 and16 in the mold closed position, amold28 is formed in which themolded part26 is formed. Themold28 is formed between themold core18 and themold cavity20. The radially inner portion of the upper surface of thestripper ring22 also forms part ofmold28 at the lower peripheral edge of themolded part26.
• As illustrated in the drawings, the[0027]apparatus10 also comprises a plurality of laterally-movable mold elements. A pair of such mold elements are provided for eachmold28. In the preferred embodiment shown in the drawings, each pair of laterally-movable mold elements comprises slide inserts30 and32 mounted onslide bars34 and36, respectively. The slide inserts30 and32 are each semi-circular in shape and combine to form a split insert which combines with thestripper ring22, thecore18 and thecavity20 to formmold28. In the preferred embodiments shown in the drawings, the slide inserts30 and32 each have a radially inner molding surface which is provided with an undercut portion to form the line of pre-weakening27 separating the skirt from the main body of moldedpart26.
• The[0028]mold28 is opened andpart26 is removed from themold28 by first separating thecavity plate14 from the stripper plate16 (FIG. 2), laterally moving the slide inserts30 and32 and their associated slide bars34 and36 away from core18 (FIG. 3), and then separatingstripper plate16 from core plate12 (FIG. 4), thereby advancingstripper ring22 along the machine axis to strip thepart26 from thecore12. These steps will be described in greater detail below.
• As illustrated in the plan view of FIG. 5, the[0029]molding apparatus10 preferably comprises a plurality ofmolds28 as described above, to permit the simultaneous formation of a number of moldedparts26. Preferably, themolds28 are arranged in a plurality of spaced,parallel rows40. In thepreferred apparatus10 shown in the drawings, themold apparatus10 comprises fourrows40, each comprising eightmolds28. Thus,mold apparatus10 is capable of simultaneously forming thirty-two moldedparts26.
• In the[0030]leftmost row40 ofmolds28 in FIG. 5, the slide bars34,36 have been omitted to reveal a pair ofapertured wear plates41 which are bolted to thestripper plate16. The edges ofwear plates41 are also visible in theother rows40. Thewear plates41 underlie the slide bars34,36 and are provided withapertures43 which surround the stripper rings22 and themold cores18, this being illustrated in FIGS.1 to4.
• The[0031]molding apparatus10 also comprises a slide mechanism for moving the slide inserts30 and32 between their inner positions (mold closed position) and their outer positions (FIGS. 3 and 4) in which they are separated from the moldedpart26.
• The slide mechanism includes a[0032]driving rack42 which is mounted in thestripper plate16. Thedriving rack42 comprises an elongate metal bar having a rectangular cross-section, and is provided along one edge with a plurality ofteeth44. Thedriving rack42 has aproximal end46 and adistal end48, the distance between the distal and proximal ends46 and48 being greater than the lengths of therows40 ofmolds28.
• The slide mechanism includes driving means for producing reciprocating movement of the[0033]driving rack42 along a lateral axis which is perpendicular to the machine axis and which is substantially parallel to therows40 ofmolds28. The driving means preferably comprises a pneumatic cylinder50 (FIGS. 5 and 8) which is mounted to an outer surface of thestripper plate16. It will be appreciated that the driving means may comprise any means capable of actuating the driving rack, including hydraulic cylinders. Pneumatic cylinders are however preferred over hydraulic cylinders since leakage of fluid from hydraulic cylinders can cause contamination of the molded parts.
• Provided near the respective ends[0034]46 and48 of drivingrack42 are a pair of drive pinions52 and54. The drive pinions52 and54 are mounted in thestripper plate16 and are rotatable about an axis parallel to the machine axis. As shown in the drawings, thepinions52,54 are each mounted on aguide bushing53, with each pinion andbushing53 being retained by apinion retainer plate55 secured by screws to the stripper plate. The drive pinions52 and54 are provided withgear teeth56 which engage theteeth44 on drivingrack42 such that movement of thedriving rack42 parallel to therows40 ofmolds28 causes rotation of drive pinions52 and54. Specifically, movement of thedriving rack42 in the direction of arrow A in FIG. 7 causes counter-clockwise rotation ofpinions52,54 and movement of drivingrack42 in the opposite direction causes clockwise rotation of drive pinions52 and54.
• Preferably, engagement between the driving[0035]rack42 and the drive pinions52,54 is maintained byrollers58 provided near each of the drive pinions52 and54.Rollers58 are also mounted in thestripper plate16 for rotation about an axis parallel to the machine axis. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, one ormore rollers58 may also be provided intermediate theends46,48 of drivingrack42.
• The slide mechanism further comprises two pairs of driven[0036]racks60 and62, each having one edge provided withteeth61 and63, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 (in which one of the drivenracks62 is partially cut away), one pair of drivenracks60,62 engages thedrive pinion52 near theproximal end46 of drivingrack42 for reciprocating movement along an axis which is perpendicular to the machine axis and perpendicular to therows40 ofmolds28 in response to rotation ofdrive pinion52. The driven racks60 and62 are spaced from one another and are substantially parallel so that they engage opposite sides of thedrive pinion52. Therefore, rotation ofdrive pinion52 results in movement of the drivenracks60 and62 in opposite directions, as indicated by arrows B and C in FIG. 7. Specifically, whendrive pinion52 rotates in a counter-clockwise direction,rack60 is driven to the left along arrow B andrack62 is driven to the right along arrow C. Conversely, whendrive pinion52 rotates in the clockwise direction, rack60 will be driven to the right andrack62 will be driven to the left.
• An identical pair of driven[0037]racks60 and62 is provided in engagement withdrive pinion54 at thedistal end48 of drivingrack42. It will be appreciated that the drivenracks60 at the proximal and distal ends of drivingrack42 move in the same direction in response to rotation of drive pinions52 and54, and that drivenracks62 at the opposite ends of drivingrack42 also move in the same direction.
• As illustrated in the plan view of FIG. 5, the two pairs of driven[0038]racks60,62 are separated by a distance which is greater than the lengths of therows40 and extend across the tops and bottoms of all of therows40.
• The slide bars[0039]34 and36 are mounted on thestripper plate16 for reciprocal movement towards and away from themold core18. The slide bars are movable along an axis which is perpendicular to the machine axis and which is also perpendicular to therows40 ofmolds28 and to the longitudinal directions of the slide bars34,36. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the slide bars34,36 extend across the two pairs of drivenracks60,62, with theslide bar34 being attached at its opposite ends to both drivenracks60, and slidebar36 being attached at its opposite ends to both driven racks62. Therefore, the slide bars34,36 simultaneously move inward and outward in relation to themold core18 in response to movement of drivenracks60 and62 in opposite directions.
• As illustrated in FIG. 6 to[0040]8, theslides34,36 are retained onpins64 which project upwardly above the upper surfaces of drivenracks60 and62. The ends of the slide bars34,36 are prevented from being released from drivenracks60,62 by gibs66,68 which are bolted to thestripper plate16 at opposite ends of the slide bars34,36. Gib68 near thedistal end48 of drivingrack42 is shown partially cut away in FIG. 5.
• As best illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, provided along the first parting line P[0041]1 is a series of locking wedges, includingwedges70 and72. The singleacting locking wedge70 and doubleacting locking wedge72 have slopedinner surfaces76 and78 (FIG. 2) respectively which engage slopedouter surfaces80 and82 (FIG. 2) of slide bars34 and36 respectively. Thus, when the cavity plate2514 andstripper plate16 abut one another in the mold closed position of FIG. 1, the lockingwedges70 and72 firmly retain the slide bars34 and36 in place to prevent outward displacement of the slide bars and the slide inserts30 and32.
• A molding[0042]operation utilizing apparatus10 will now be described below with reference to the drawings.
• With the[0043]mold28 in the mold closed position as shown in FIG. 1, molten plastic is injected under pressure intomold28 frominjection nozzle38 to form moldedpart26. The mold is subsequently opened and the part ejected by the following sequence of steps:
• 1. The[0044]cavity plate14 andstripper plate16 are separated along parting line P1 as shown in FIG. 2. As discussed above, this is preferably accomplished by mold opening along the machine axis, leaving the moldedpart26 attached to thecore18.
• 2. With the mold open along parting line P[0045]1 and locking wedges withdrawn as in FIG. 2, thepneumatic cylinder50 is activated to push thedriving rack42 in a direction away fromcylinder50, thereby causing rotation ofpinions52,54 and translation of drivenracks60,62 as described above. This results in the slide bars34,36 being moved from their inner positions to their outer positions, as illustrated in FIG. 3.
• 3. With the slide bars[0046]34 and36 and associated slide inserts30 and32 moved to the outer positions as shown in FIG. 3, thestripper ring22 is advanced axially upward by separation ofstripper plate16 fromcore plate12, thereby ejecting the moldedpart26 fromcore18 as shown in FIG. 4.
• The mold is again closed for the next molding operation by bringing[0047]core plate12 andstripper plate16 together along parting line P2, followed by activation ofpneumatic cylinder50 to move thedriving rack42 in the opposite direction to the mold opening step, resulting in movement of the slide bars34,36 and slide inserts30,32 to the inner position, and then bringing together thecavity plate14 andstripper plate16 along parting line P1, to close themold28.
• Since actuation of the slide mechanism is independent of the opening and closing of the mold, the order of the above steps can be varied somewhat. For example, the slide mechanism could be actuated during mold opening and closing to further decrease the mold cycle time. This would not, however, require slowing down of the mold opening and closing step since the slide mechanism is operated independently.[0048]
• Although the invention has been described in connection with a molding apparatus having a certain number of molds, it will be appreciated that the invention can be applied to a molding apparatus having any number of molds, including an apparatus having only one mold.[0049]
• Although the invention has been described in connection with a molding apparatus which utilizes a stripper plate and a stripper ring, it will be appreciated that the present invention could be applied to a molding apparatus having two mold plates which form a one or more molds, with the slide mechanism of the present invention could be mounted in either of the mold plates.[0050]
• It is also conceivable that a molding apparatus according to the invention could be configured with only one drive pinion and one pair of driven racks, for example where the apparatus contains relatively few molds such that the slides are relatively short.[0051]
• Although the invention has been described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, it is not to be limited thereto. Rather, the invention is intended to encompass all embodiments which may fall within the scope of the following claims.[0052]

Claims (18)

What is claimed is:

1. A molding apparatus for forming a molded article, comprising:

(a) a first mold plate having a first mold component;

(b) a second mold plate having a second mold component, one or both of said first and second mold plates being movable along a machine axis to move said mold plates between a mold closed position and a mold open position;

(c) a pair of laterally movable mold elements movable toward and away from one another along a first lateral axis between an inner position and an outer position, said first lateral axis being substantially perpendicular to said machine axis, such that, when said laterally movable mold elements are in their inner positions and the mold plates are in the mold closed position, the first and second mold elements and the pair of laterally movable mold elements together comprise a mold in which said molded article is formed; and

(d) a slide mechanism for moving said pair of laterally movable mold elements between said inner and outer positions, said slide mechanism comprising:

(i) a driving rack being movable in a reciprocal manner along a second lateral axis which is perpendicular to the machine axis and the first lateral axis;

(ii) driving means for reciprocating said driving rack along said second lateral axis;

(iii) a drive pinion being rotatable about an axis parallel to the machine axis and engaging the driving rack such that reciprocal movement of the driving rack causes rotation of the drive pinion;

(iv) a first driven rack engaging the drive pinion and being movable in a reciprocal manner along an axis parallel to the first lateral axis in response to rotation of the drive pinion;

(v) a second driven rack engaging the drive pinion and being movable in a reciprocal manner along an axis parallel to the first lateral axis in response to rotation of the drive pinion, said second driven rack being spaced from the first driven rack and substantially parallel thereto such that rotation of the drive pinion results in reciprocal movement of the first and second driven racks in opposite directions; and

(vi) a pair of slides mounted for reciprocal movement along an axis parallel to the first lateral axis, one of the slides being attached to the first driven rack and the other of the slides being attached to the second driven rack, each of the slides also being attached to one of the pair of laterally movable mold elements such that the laterally movable mold elements are moved between their inner and outer positions in response to said reciprocal movement of the slides.

2. A molding apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the first mold plate comprises a core plate and the first mold component comprises a mold core.

3. A molding apparatus according toclaim 2, wherein the second mold plate comprises a cavity plate and the second mold component comprises a mold cavity.

4. A molding apparatus according toclaim 3, further comprising a third mold plate mounted between said core plate and said cavity plate.

5. A molding apparatus according toclaim 4, wherein said third mold plate comprises a stripper plate having an annular stripper ring for stripping said molded article from the mold core, said stripper ring surrounding said mold core.

6. A molding apparatus according toclaim 5, wherein said mold further5 comprises an upper annular surface of said stripper ring.

7. A molding apparatus according toclaim 4, wherein said slide mechanism is at least partially recessed in said third mold plate.

8. A molding apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein said laterally movable mold elements comprise slide inserts which form an undercut portion of the molded article.

9. A molding apparatus according toclaim 4, wherein a plurality of locking wedges are provided along a parting line between the cavity plate and the third mold plate.

10. A molding apparatus according toclaim 9, wherein said plurality of locking wedges are connected to said cavity plate and project into wedge-shaped recesses in the third mold plate.

11. A molding apparatus according toclaim 10, wherein each said wedge-shaped recess in the third mold plate includes a sloped outer wall of a slide, the sloped outer wall of the slide abutting a surface of one of the locking wedges in the mold closed position.

12. A molding apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein said driving means comprises a pneumatic cylinder connected to an end of the driving rack.

13. A molding apparatus according toclaim 4, wherein said driving means comprises a pneumatic cylinder connected to an end of the driving rack, and wherein the pneumatic cylinder is mounted to an outer surface of the third mold plate.

14. A molding apparatus for forming molded articles, comprising:

(a) a first mold plate having a plurality of mold cavities;

(b) a second mold plate having a plurality of mold cores, one or both of said first and second mold plates being movable along a machine axis to move said mold plates between a mold closed and a mold open position;

(c) a plurality of pairs of laterally movable mold elements, the mold elements of each pair being movable toward and away from one another along a first lateral axis between an inner position and an outer position, said first lateral axis being substantially perpendicular to said machine axis such that, when each said pair of laterally movable mold elements are in their inner positions and the mold plates are in the mold closed position, a plurality of molds are formed, each mold comprising a mold core, a mold cavity and a pair of laterally movable mold elements, said molds being arranged in one or more substantially straight rows extending substantially perpendicular to said first lateral axis;

(d) a slide mechanism for moving said plurality of pairs of laterally movable mold elements between said inner and outer positions, said slide mechanism comprising:

(i) a driving rack being movable in a reciprocal manner along a second lateral axis which is substantially perpendicular to the machine axis and the first lateral axis, said driving rack having a proximal end and a distal end;

(ii) driving means for reciprocating said driving rack along said second lateral axis;

(iii) a pair of drive pinions, each being rotatable about an axis parallel to the machine axis and engaging the driving rack such that reciprocal movement of the driving rack causes rotation of the drive pinions, said drive pinions being spaced from one another along said driving rack;

(iv) two pairs of driven racks, each pair comprising a first driven rack and a second driven rack engaging one of the drive pinions and being movable in a reciprocal manner along an axis parallel to the first lateral axis in response to rotation of the drive pinion, the first and second driven rack of each pair being spaced from one another and substantially parallel thereto such that rotation of the drive pinion results in reciprocal movement of the first and second driven racks in opposite directions; and

(v) a plurality of pairs of slides mounted for reciprocal movement along an axis parallel to the first lateral axis, each pair of slides including a first slide attached to both said first driven racks and a second slide attached to both said second driven racks, each of the slides also being attached to one of a pair of said laterally movable mold elements such that the laterally movable mold elements are moved between their inner and outer positions in response to said reciprocal movement of the slides.

15. A molding apparatus according toclaim 14, wherein said pairs of driven racks are substantially parallel to one another and are separated by a distance greater than a length of each of said rows.

16. A molding apparatus according toclaim 14, wherein said slides comprise elongate bars extending between the pairs of driven racks.

17. A molding apparatus according toclaim 14, wherein one of the pair of drive pinions is located near the proximal end of the driving rack, and another of the pair of drive pinions is located near the distal end of the driving rack.

18. A molding apparatus according toclaim 14, wherein said driving means comprises a pneumatic cylinder which is attached to one of the proximal end and the distal end of the driving rack.

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