US20020069220A1 - Remote data access and management system utilizing handwriting input - Google Patents

Abstract

A spreadsheet and a browser on a portable computer accept data from an input recognizer, including a non-cursive handwriting recognizer or a speech recognizer and communicate data directly with another computer or over the Internet using wireless media such as radio and infrared frequencies or over a landline. The computer is endowed with a plurality of built-in or snap-on expansion accessories to enhance the data capture capability as well as the ease of reading data from the limited screen of the present invention. These accessories include a camera, a scanner, a voice recorder or voice capture unit, and a remote large screen television. The camera and scanner allows visual data to be capture, the voice recorder allows the user to make quick verbal annotations into a solid state memory to minimize the main memory requirements, while the voice capture unit allows the voice to be captured into memory for subsequent transmission over the Internet or for voice recognition purposes. The spreadsheet or database receives data from the Internet or from the accessories and further can graph or manipulate the data entered into the spreadsheet as necessary. Furthermore, the database has a smart search engine interface which performs fuzzy search such that inexact queries can still result in matches. The smart search engine thus allows users to locate information even though the exact spelling or concept is not known. To minimize user's work in locating information to analyze, the spreadsheet and database can spawn and train an intelligent agent to capture data from a suitable remote source such as the Internet and transmit the data to the spreadsheet or browser for further analysis. Alternatively, the user can capture data directly by scanning or dictating the information into the spreadsheet or browser. In another aspect of the invention, a pan and zoom capability is provided to provide the user with an appropriately scaled view of the data for ease of reading. Alternatively, when the portable computer is within range of a larger display device such as an appropriately equipped television display or a personal computer with a larger display, the present invention's wireless link transmits the video information to the larger display to allow the user to view data the larger display unit. Similarly, the present invention provides a remote stereo receiver adapted to receive sound data stream from the portable computer and driving high quality speakers to support multimedia applications on the portable computer.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a data management system, and more particularly, to a data management system for a mobile computer.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Before the advent of computers, the assimilation and interpretation of information required extensive manual data collection as well as error-prone hand calculations carried out by many individuals. The manual tabulation of large quantities of data typically resulted in a small percentage of errors in the collected data. Furthermore, additional errors had been introduced through the use of laborious manual numerical analyses. Although the adoption of accountant's columnar pads to create paper spreadsheets eased the assimilation of data and reduced the error propagation, the manual preparation of such spreadsheet was rather tedious error prone to calculation errors, and expensive in labor.[0002]
• The advent of personal computers brought forth electronic spreadsheets such as VISICALC, LOTUS-1-2-3, EXCEL and QUATRO-PRO and databases such as D-BASE, VISUAL FOX-PRO and ACCESS which provide convenient systems for quickly organizing information. As discussed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 5,502,805, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR IMPROVED SPREADSHEET INTERFACE WITH USER-FAMILIAR OBJECTS”, typical spreadsheet programs configured the memory of the computer to resemble the column/row or grid format of an accountant's columnar pad, thus providing a visible calculator for a user in each cell of the column/row format. To communicate the location of the cell, a common scheme assigned a number to each row in the spreadsheet and a letter to each column. Thus, the cell represented the basic addressable storage location of the spreadsheet at each intersection of a row with a column. In addition to holding text descriptions and numeric data, each cell can store formulas or special instructions specifying calculations to be performed on the numbers stored in the cells. Upon receipt of new data, the formulas were automatically updated to support “what if” scenarios.[0003]
• Computerized spreadsheets offered many advantages over the old pen-and-paper approach. For one, these spreadsheets were capable of supporting very large spreadsheets that would be unwieldy to maintain by hand. Further, the computerized spreadsheets were capable of supporting scenario calculations where the entered information may be quickly recalculated with different assumptions. Thus, these computerized spreadsheets offered dramatic improvements in ease of creating, editing and applying mathematical models such as financial forecasting. Similarly, databases allowed users to maintain vast quantities of data and to manipulate the information via query commands. Thus, the usefulness of spreadsheets, databases and other business applications made them staple software for data summary, advanced numerical analysis and charting applications.[0004]
• Although computerized spreadsheets and databases offered significant productivity gains in modeling complex data, none was as intuitive to use as the old, but familiar paper and pencil. To use the new technology, the user had to type information into the cells of the spreadsheet. In the hand of inexperienced users, the data entry aspect was unpleasant. Further, the verification for correct data entry was time consuming. Additionally, the user had to master many complex and arbitrary operations. For example, to find the proper commands, the user needed to traverse several nodes of a menu. Advances in computer technology had not simplified life for users, since these advances have been largely employed to build more complex functions and modeling capability into the spreadsheet with even more menus and sub-menus. Since the alternative of perusing through a staggering array of incomprehensible icons was not also palatable to users, most users only used a fraction of the available commands and features. Furthermore, conventional computerized spreadsheets and databases still required users to manually enter the information.[0005]
• Additionally, applications such as spreadsheets, databases, project planning tools and CAD/CAM systems required large display areas to quickly and conveniently interact with users. However, portable computing appliances must balance the conflicting requirements of the readability of the displayed characters and the size of their display screens. On one hand, the portability requirement implied that the screen be small. On the other hand, the readability requirement pushed in the opposite direction and dictated that the display area be as large as possible. However, as computing appliances with large screens consumed more power, were more fragile, expensive and bulkier, most portable computers offered only a small display surface. The selection of a small display size restricted the user into making undesirable choices between displaying either larger characters or more information. For busy executives, attorneys, doctors and other professionals, such restrictions were impractical. Thus, the display system need to be portable, cost effective, and easy to use in comparison with the pen and paper approach before the conventional pen and paper method can be replaced.[0006]
• In addition to being as easy to use as the pen and paper approach, the portable computing appliance needed to provide information integration advantages, including the ability to capture data from scanners, barcode readers, or the Internet, over the cheaper pen and paper approach to further justify the expense associated with such electronic computer systems. Furthermore, as portable computers are typically deployed in field applications by service providers where employees are scattered over a wide geographic area, the information advantages arising from integrating data associated with a global positioning system (GPS) are needed in the management and control of field personnel to ensure that the employees are actually at the respective expected locations. Additionally, an ability to link information generated at the client's site with follow-up discussions and letters necessary to close the transaction is needed to enhance the efficiency of field personnel.[0007]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides a spreadsheet and a database on a portable computer which accepts data from an input recognizer which includes a non-cursive handwriting recognizer or a speech recognizer. The portable computer can communicate data directly with another computer or over the Internet using wireless media such as radio and infrared frequencies or over a landline. It is endowed with a plurality of built-in or snap-on expansion accessories to enhance the data capture capability as well as the ease of reading data from the limited screen of the present invention. These accessories include a camera, a scanner, a voice recorder or voice capture unit, a global position system (GPS) receiver and a remote large screen television. The camera and scanner allows visual data to be capture, the voice recorder allows the user to make quick verbal annotations into a solid state memory to minimize the main memory requirements, while the voice capture unit allows the voice to be captured into memory for subsequent transmission over the Internet or for voice recognition purposes. The spreadsheet or database receives data from the Internet or from the accessories and further can graph or manipulate the data entered into the spreadsheet as necessary. Furthermore, the database has a smart search engine interface which performs fuzzy search such that inexact queries can still result in matches. The smart search engine thus allows users to locate information even though the exact spelling or concept is not known. To minimize user's work in locating information to analyze, the spreadsheet and database can spawn and train an intelligent agent to capture data from a suitable remote source such as the Internet and transmit the data to the spreadsheet or database for further analysis. Alternatively, the user can capture data directly by scanning or dictating the information into the spreadsheet or database. The geographical information can be generated automatically via the GPS receiver. Data from the receiver is communicated via a suitable pager or wireless transceiver back to either a mapping application or other management tools to allow management to monitor the field user's whereabouts. In another aspect of the invention, a pan and zoom capability is provided to provide the user with an appropriately scaled view of the data for ease of reading. Alternatively, when the portable computer is within range of a larger display device such as an appropriately equipped television display or a personal computer with a larger display, the present invention's wireless link transmits the video information to the larger display to allow the user to view data the larger display unit. Similarly, when the portable computer is within range of a suitably equipped stereo receiver, the portable computer transmits MIDI data streams to the receiver such that the MIDI sound generator can produce high quality sound for multimedia applications running on the portable computer, even though the stereo receiver is not tethered to the portable computer of the present invention.[0008]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention:[0009]
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a portable computer system for providing data management support in accordance with the present invention;[0010]
• FIG. 1B is a flowchart illustrating a first embodiment of a file system for the computer of FIG. 1 which is IBM-PC compatible;[0011]
• FIG. 1C is a flowchart illustrating a second embodiment of the file system for the computer of FIG. 1;[0012]
• FIG. 2A is a block diagram showing in more detail a scanner from FIG. 1;[0013]
• FIG. 2B is a block diagram showing in more detail another scanner for the computer system of FIG. 1 having a wireless link;[0014]
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a remote display unit with a wireless link which is adapted to communicate with the computer system of FIG. 1;[0015]
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram showing in more detail protocol layers linking a network aware application operating on the computer of FIG. 1 and another application over the Internet;[0016]
• FIG. 5 is an illustration of a connectivity architecture of the computer system of FIG. 1 and the Internet as well as the data flow among computers connected to the Internet and the computer system of FIG. 1;[0017]
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the process for handling events in a spreadsheet data management system in the computer system of FIG. 1;[0018]
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the process for handling system events in FIG. 6;[0019]
• FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating in more detail the scroll process of FIG. 7;[0020]
• FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating the process for editing cell contents of FIG. 7;[0021]
• FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating the process to save a cell in FIG. 9;[0022]
• FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating the process for evaluating a formula of FIG. 10;[0023]
• FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating the process for handling menu events of FIG. 6;[0024]
• FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating the zoom process of FIG. 12;[0025]
• FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating the process for updating the spreadsheet cells of FIG. 6 using a remote database;[0026]
• FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating the process for identifying rows/columns to update in FIG. 14;[0027]
• FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating the process for retrieving data over a network such as the Internet using a browser;[0028]
• FIG. 16A is a flowchart illustrating the process for executing the browser of the present invention;[0029]
• FIG. 17 is flow chart of the process for scanning information using the scanner of FIG. 2A and updating the data management system of FIG. 1;[0030]
• FIG. 18 is flow chart of the process for copying information using the scanner of FIG. 2A and storing or transmitting the data using the computer system of FIG. 1;[0031]
• FIG. 19 is a flow chart of the process for linking and transmitting display information from the computer system of FIG. 1 to a larger display device for ease of reading;[0032]
• FIG. 19A is a flow chart of the process for teleconferencing with a remote user and for visually sharing an electronic chalkboard;[0033]
• FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating the process for capturing voice annotation using a voice recorder shown in FIG. 1;[0034]
• FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating the process for capturing and processing voice commands and annotations using the microphone and analog to digital converter of FIG. 1;[0035]
• FIG. 22 is a flow chart of the process for operating an intelligent agent in conjunction with the computer system of FIG. 1;[0036]
• FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating the process for operating a database in accordance with the computer system of FIG. 1;[0037]
• FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating the process for generating a form for the database of FIG. 23;[0038]
• FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating the process for searching the database of FIG. 23;[0039]
• FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating the process for using the GPS receiver of FIG. 1;[0040]
• FIG. 27 is a flowchart illustrating an agent on the computer of the present invention which prepares information needed for a meeting;[0041]
• FIG. 28 is a flowchart illustrating the process for,collecting data and interacting with various information networks using the computer of the present invention during the meeting; and[0042]
• FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating the process for following up on outstanding action items using the data management computer of the present invention.[0043]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• FIG. 1 illustrates the computer system of the present invention for managing data. The computer system is preferably housed in a small, rectangular portable enclosure. Referring now to FIG. 1, a general purpose architecture for entering information into the data management by writing or speaking to the computer system is illustrated. In FIG. 1, a[0044]processor20 or central processing unit (CPU) provides the processing capability for the sketching system of the present invention. Theprocessor20 can be a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor or a complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor. Preferably, theprocessor20 is a low power CPU such as the MC68328V DragonBall device available from Motorola Inc.
• The[0045]processor20 is connected to a read-only-memory (ROM)21 for receiving executable instructions as well as certain predefined data and variables. Theprocessor20 is also connected to a random access memory (RAM)22 for storing various run-time variables and data arrays, among others. TheRAM22 is sufficient to store user application programs and data. In this instance, theRAM22 can be provided with a back-up battery to prevent the loss of data even when the computer system is turned off. However, it is generally desirable to have some type of long term storage such as a commercially available miniature hard disk drive, or non-volatile memory such as a programmable ROM such as an electrically erasable programmable ROM, a flash ROM memory in addition to theROM21 for data back-up purposes. TheRAM22 stores a database of the spreadsheet of the present invention, among others.
• The[0046]computer system10 of the present invention has built-in applications stored in theROM21 or downloadable to theRAM22 which include, among others, an appointment book to keep track of meetings and to-do lists, a phone book to store phone numbers and other contact information, a notepad for simple word processing applications, a world time clock which shows time around the world and city locations on a map, a database for storing user specific data, a stopwatch with an alarm clock and a countdown timer, a calculator for basic computations and financial computations, and a spreadsheet for more complex data modeling and analysis. In addition to the built-in applications, add-on applications such as time and expense recording systems taught in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/650,293, entitled “TIME AND EXPENSE LOGGING SYSTEM”, and sketching/drawing tools as filed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/684,842, entitled “GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY SYSTEM”, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference, can be added to increase the user's efficiency. Additionally, project planning tools, and CAD/CAM systems, Internet browsers, among others, may be added to increase the functionality of portable computing appliances. Users benefit from these software, as the software allow users to be more productive when they travel as well as when they are in their offices.
• The[0047]processor20 is also connected to an optional digital signal processor (DSP)23 which is dedicated to handling multimedia streams such as voice and video information. TheDSP23 is optimized for video compression using JPEG/MPEG standards known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, theDSP23 is equipped to handle the needs of a voice recognition engine. Although theDSP23 is shown as a separate unit from theCPU20, the present invention contemplates that theDSP23 can also be integrated with theCPU20 whereby theCPU20 can rapidly execute multiply-accumulate (MAC) instructions in either scalar or vector mode.
• The computer system of the present invention receives instructions from the user via one or more switches such as push-button switches in a[0048]keypad24. Theprocessor20 is also connected to a real-time clock/timer25 which tracks time. The clock/timer25 can be a dedicated integrated circuit for tracking the real-time clock data, or alternatively, the clock/timer25 can be a software clock where time is tracked based on the clock signal clocking theprocessor20. In the event that the clock/timer25 is software-based, it is preferred that the software clock/timer be interrupt driven to minimize the CPU loading. However, even an interrupt-driven software clock/timer25 requires certain CPU overhead in tracking time. Thus, the real-time clock/timer integratedcircuit25 is preferable where high processing performance is needed.
• Further, the timer portion of the clock/[0049]timer25 can measure a duration count spanning one or more start times and completion times, as activated by the user. The timer portion has a duration count register which is cleared upon the start of each task to be timed. Further, the timer portion of the clock/timer25 has an active state and a passive state. During operation, when the user toggles the timer portion into the active state, the duration count register is incremented. When the user toggles the timer portion into the suspended state, the duration count is preserved but not incremented. Finally, when the user completes a particular task, the value of the duration count register is indicated and stored in a database to track time spent on a particular task.
• To provide for expandability, the[0050]processor20 drives aPCMCIA bus26 which provides a high speed interface or expansion bus. The acronym PCMCIA represents both the PC Card standard (which specifies both card hardware and system software requirements), and the organization responsible for developing it. Originally, the standard was designed exclusively for memory cards (Release 1.0) used in small handheld and laptop systems in lieu of a floppy disk drive known as Type I cards. The next PCMCIA standard (Release 2.0 and up) were expanded to include I/O cards, such as modems or network cards. A thicker Type III card and Type IV card were also defined and are often used for hard drives. Each PCMCIA slot or socket is connected to one PCMCIA adapter to control one or more slots. Further, a memory resident driver called Socket Services must be present. Once loaded, Socket Services talks directly to the PCMCIA adapter hardware, and other programs talk to Socket Services to control a PC Card in one of that adapter's slots. The PCMCIA standard also describes a software layer called Card Services, which acts as a librarian of system resources. When Card Services is started, system resources (I/O ranges, interrupts, and memory ranges) are given to it; the resources it is given are usually configurable by running a program provided with the PCMCIA system software. The program that does the resource allocation may be a stand-alone program, or it maybe built into an enabler The resources used may be listed in a file, or might be specified on the command line of the enabler or Card Services. As each PC Card is inserted in the system, Card Services hands out these resources as needed to configure the card; when cards are removed, these resources are returned to Card Services to reuse. This allows any combination of cards to work without conflict All Socket Services drivers must be loaded before Card Services, because Card Services uses Socket Services to access the adapter hardware. The PCMCIA port of the present invention can accept hard disk drives such as ATA compatible hard drives. ATA stands for AT Attachment (IBM AT personal computer attachment), and is an interface which is electrically identical to a common hard disk interface. ATA mass storage devices, whether mechanical hard disks or solid-state memory cards which appear as disk drives, require another driver to be loaded in the system. ATA drivers must be loaded after Socket Services and Card Services. When hard disk drives are used, a filing system is provided. In the event that the disk drive is a solid state disk drive employing flash memory or other non-volatile memory. In the invention, a Flash Filing System (FFS) is provided to handle the peculiarities flash memory cards, including a limited write cycle, often on the order of 10,000 writes or so, before wearing out as well as the delay associated with erasing and rewriting information on these cards. The FFS driver performs wear-balancing to avoid wearing out the media prematurely, and works to hide performance delays in writing to the card.
• Via the[0051]PCMCIA bus26, the computer system can also acquire visual information via a charged coupled device (CCD) or aCIS unit27. The CCD/CIS unit27 is further connected to alens assembly28 for receiving and focusing light beams to the CCD or CIS for digitization. The CCD/CIS unit27 thus can be either a digital camera or a page scanner, as shown in more detail in FIG. 2. Images scanned via the CCD/CIS unit27 can be compressed and transmitted via a suitable network such as the Internet, via cellular telephone channels or via facsimile to a remote site.
• In the event where the CCD/[0052]CIS unit27 is a camera and where the application is videoconferencing, theCPU20 and/or theDSP23 operate to meet the ITU's H.324 standard on multimedia terminal for low-bit-rate visual services for analog telephony. Preferably, theDSP23 supports H.261 video encoding an decoding at CIF resolution of up to 15 frames per second, H.263 video and G.723 audio, MPEG-1 audio and video play-back, MPEG-1 video encoding, JPEG and motion JPEG, and advanced motion estimation, input and output video scaling, noise-reduction filters and forward error correction.
• The[0053]PCMCIA expansion bus26 is also adapted to receive a radio tuner or aTV tuner29, which is in turn connected to a built-in antenna. The radio/TV tuner29 receives radio and/or TV signals and digitizes the information for suitable processing by theCPU20. In this manner, the user of thecomputer10 can listen to the radio or watch television while he or she works. ThePCMCIA bus26 is also adapted to receive a data storage device, ordisk30. Additionally, thePCMCIA bus26 can receive awireless transceiver31, which is connected to anantenna32. Thewireless communication device31 satisfies the need to access electronic mail, paging, mode/facsimile, remote access to home computers and the Internet. One simple form ofwireless communication device31 is an analog cellular telephone link where the user simply accesses a cellular channel similar to the making of a regular voice call. However, the transmission of digital data over an analog cellular telephone network can give rise to data corruption. Digital wireless networks such as cellular digital packet data (CDPD) can be used. CDPD provides data services on a non-interfering basis with existing analog cellular telephone services. In addition to CDPD, a communication service called Personal Communication Services (PCS) allows wireless access into the public service telephone network.
• The two-[0054]way communication device31 can also be a two-way pager where the user can receive as well as transmit messages. The two-way communication device supports a Telocator Data Protocol by the Personal Communications Association for forwarding binary data to mobile computers. The standard facilitates transmission of images and faxes over paging and narrowband PCS networks. Alternatively, the two-way communication device31 can be substituted with a cellular telephone, whose block diagram and operation are discussed in detail in a co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/461,646, hereby incorporated-by-reference.
• In the event that two-way pagers are used, the present invention contemplates that the two-[0055]way communication device31 be compatible with pACT (personal Air Communications Technology), which is an open standard developed by Cirrus Logic—PCSI and AT&T Wireless Services Inc. (Kirkland, Wash.). pACT is a narrowband, 900 Mhz range PCS technology derived from the cellular digital packet data transmission standard. pACT is optimized for applications such as acknowledgment paging, mobile e-mail, wireless Internet access, voice paging, personal home security and dispatch services. Based on the Internet IP standard, pACT provides full data encryption and authentication, enabling the efficient, full delivery of reliable and secure messages. Alternatively, in place of pACT, a REFLEX protocol from Motorola Inc. may be used. The REFLEX protocol is commercially supported by SkyNet-Mtel Corporation.
• The two-[0056]way communication device31 has a receiver, a transmitter, and a switch, all are controlled by theCPU20 via the bus of the portable computer system of FIG. 1. The switch receives an input from theantenna32 and appropriately routes the radio signal from the transmitter to theantenna32, or alternatively, the radio signal from theantenna32 to the receiver in the event theprocessor20 is expecting a message. Via thebus26, theprocessor20 controls the receiver, the transmitter, and the switch to coordinate the transmission and receipt of data packets. The receiver and transmitter are standard two-way paging devices or standard portable cellular communication chips available from Motorola, Inc. in Schaumburg, Ill. or Philips Semiconductors in Sunnyvale, Calif. Theantenna32 is preferably a loop antenna using flat-strip conductors such as printed circuit board wiring traces as flat strip conductors have lower skin effect loss in the rectangular conductor than that of antennas with round-wire conductors.
• Turning now to the structure of the data packet to be transmitted/received to and from the two way two-[0057]way communication device31. A plurality of fields are provided, including a header field, a destination address field, a source address field, a date/time stamp field, a cyclic redundancy check field, and a data field. As is known in the art, the header field functions as a synchronization field. In the transmitting direction from the base station to the two-way communication device31, the destination address field specifies the unique address for the receiving two-way communication device31. The source address field in the transmitting direction from the base station to the two-way communication device31 specifies the base station identification address, which may change to account for base station rerouting in the event that two-way communication device roaming is allowed. In the transmitting direction from the two-way communication device31 to the base station during a reply session, the source address field contains the two-way communication device31 address to permit the base station to identify the reply pages transmitted to a previously sent page.
• The date/time stamp field contains data reflecting the second, minute, hour, day, month and year of the transmitted packet. The date/time stamp information allows the base station to determine to send a time-out message to the individual initiating the page request in the event that the two-[0058]way communication device31 does not timely acknowledge receipt of the page message. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) field allows the two-way communication device31 to verify the integrity of the messages received and transmitted by the two-way communication device31. The data status includes coherency information enabling the host computer and the computer of FIG. 1 to synchronize data. The data status field carries information such as whether the data has been modified, the staleness of the data, the replacement status of the data, among others. The data field is a variable length field which allows variable length messages to be transmitted to and from the two-way communication device31.
• In the two-way paging embodiment using the two-[0059]way communication device31, the user can be paged and can reply as well. A page originator wishing to send an alphanumeric page to the user of the computer system of FIG. 1 places a call using a telephone or an originating computer. The telephone interface routes the call to the base station. The computer at the base station will either digitally or verbally query the page originator to enter an identification number such as a telephone number of the two-way communication device31. After entry of the identification, the base station computer further prompts the page originator for the message to be sent as well as the reply identification number, or the call-back number. Upon receipt of the paging information, the base computer transmits a page message to the computer system with the two-way communication device31 of FIG. 1, which may reply using predetermined text templates, or more flexibly using keyboard, voice, handwriting, sketching or drawing, as discussed in the incorporated by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/684,842, entitled “GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY SYSTEM.”
• Preferably, the present invention is compatible with Always-On-Always-Connected (AOAC) mobile clients connected to the Internet via wireless communications. The wireless messaging networks based on GSMISMS, pACT, Reflex, and similar narrowband 2-way paging services are significantly different from existing packet networks in that (1) Packet sizes are small (typically around 100 bytes); (2) Typical latency is much longer (on the order of seconds to minutes); and (3) The connection is much more intermittent. Narrowband sockets (NBS) was created to overcome these limitations by providing fragmentation and reassembly, reliability, and tolerance for intermittency to compliment circuit switched connections with low bandwidth connections over wireless messaging networks. The NBS enables a new class of mobile usage, AOAC, with exciting applications like automatic (background) forwarding of email, up to date news, weather, traffic, and personal messaging. It enables the existing cellular and wireless messaging infrastructure to send arbitrary data, rather than just alphanumeric pages. Thus, the present invention, in conjunction with NBS, allows data to find the user, rather than the user always having to initiate the retrieval for the information.[0060]
• The Datagram Protocol for NBS is a general purpose, unreliable, connectionless datagram service. It is not intended for applications which require 100% reliable delivery, such as file transfers. NBS datagrams are usually formatted to be readable on devices without NBS. This is useful for sending text based messages to legacy pagers and voice phones NBS has a core set of required features that must be supported in order to provide consistent functionality to developers. However, each narrowband network has different features and header formats. The NBS stack will use existing transport features to implement these core requirements were possible. The NBS stack performs queries to the hardware interface (NB-SERIAL NDIS miniport) for available network features. If required features such as ports and fragmentation are not supported by the network, then the NBS stack adds these features to the payload of each message. Datagram packets are transferred using the message services of an underlying network, where typically the bandwidth is small and communication is wireless. The protocol assumes the device addressing (Destination Address and the Originating Address) is handled at a higher level, and only adds those features necessary (generally port level addressing and fragmentation). In order to implement a NBS datagram protocol the following fields are necessary: DstPort—The logical port of the destination application (dd); SrcPort—the logical port of the sender application (as in UDP) (oo); RefNum—the sequence number of the datagram (kk); MaxNum—the total number of fragments in a single datagram (mm); SeqNum—the sequence number of the fragment, inside the datagram (nn). The datagram protocol headers are part of the data segment of the NBS message fragment. The headers can be presented in a few formats, depending on the environment used. In the Windows environment, the NBS stack queries the hardware driver (through NDIS) for the current network and packet format. Messages sent shall primarily use the binary format, or the full text based header including the concatenation scheme.[0061]
• The[0062]processor20 of the preferred embodiment accepts handwritings as an input medium from the user. Adigitizer34, apen33, and adisplay LCD panel35 are provided to capture the handwriting. Preferably, thedigitizer34 has a character input region and a numeral input region which are adapted to capture the user's handwritings on words and numbers, respectively. TheLCD panel35 has a viewing screen exposed along one of the planar sides of the enclosure are provided. The assembly combination of thedigitizer34, thepen33 and theLCD panel35 serves as an input/output device. When operating as an output device, thescreen35 displays computer-generated images developed by theCPU20. TheLCD panel35 also provides visual feedback to the user when one or more application software execute. When operating as an input device, thedigitizer34 senses the position of the tip of the stylus orpen33 on theviewing screen35 and provides this information to the computer'sprocessor20. In addition to the vector information, the present invention contemplates that display assemblies capable of sensing the pressure of the stylus on the screen can be used to provide further information to theCPU20.
• The preferred embodiment accepts pen strokes from the user using the stylus or[0063]pen33 which is positioned over thedigitizer34. As the user “writes,” the position of thepen33 is sensed by thedigitizer34 via an electromagnetic field as the user writes information to the data management computer system. Thedigitizer34 converts the position information to graphic data that are transferred to a graphic processing software of the data logger computer system. The data entry/display assembly of pen-based computer systems permits the user to operate the data logging computer system as an electronic notepad. For example, graphical images can be input into the pen-based computer by merely moving the stylus over the surface of the screen. As theCPU20 senses the position and movement of the stylus, it generates a corresponding image on the screen to create the illusion that the pen or. stylus is drawing the image directly upon the screen. The data on the position and movement of the stylus is also provided to a handwriting recognition software, which is stored in theROM21 and/or theRAM22. The handwriting recognizer suitably converts the written instructions from the user into text data suitable for saving time and expense information. The process of converting the pen strokes into equivalent characters and/or drawing vectors using the handwriting recognizer is described below.
• With suitable recognition software, text and numeric information can also be entered into the pen-based computer system in a similar fashion. For example, U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 5,463,696, issued on Oct. 31, 1995 to Beernink et al., and hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a technique for analyzing and interpreting cursive user inputs to a computer, such as strokes or key depressions to the computer system. Inputs to the system are received at a user interface, such as a dual function display/input screen from users in the form of pen strokes or gestures. A database stores cursive input data strokes and hypotheses regarding possible interpretations of the strokes. Recognition of the input strokes and recognition of higher level combinations of strokes forming characters and words is performed using recognizers, or recognition domains, each of which performs a particular recognition task. A controller is provided for controlling the hypotheses database and for scheduling the recognition tasks in the recognition domains. Arbitration resolves conflicts among competing hypotheses associated with each interpretation. The recognition domains, or recognizers generate two or more competing interpretations for the same input. The recognizers use a data structure called a unit, where a unit is a set of sub-hypotheses together with all their interpretations generated by a single recognizer.[0064]
• In Beernink, the handwriting recognizer operates at a first level for identifying one or more groups of related sub-hypotheses using grouping knowledge. These grouped subhypotheses generate a unit with no interpretations for each group and store the unit in the database in what is called a piece-pool memory. The Beernink recognizer has a second level of operation where each unit generated in the grouping stage is classified to provide the unit with one or more interpretations. The classified units are stored in a unit pool memory. Two or more interpretations of the input data are combined in a hierarchical structure according to a predetermined scheme in successive steps to form higher level interpretations.[0065]
• Although the Beernink recognizer is flexible and does not require that the user learns special gestures, its accuracy is not perfect. Because the letters in a cursive-lettered word are connected, the recognizer must guess at how to segment the strokes into individual characters. Since ambiguities exist even in stellar samples of penmanship, cursive handwriting recognizers such as those in Beernink face a challenging task in deciphering handwritings. For example, handwriting recognizer have difficulties in trying to determine where a cursive lower-case “n” and “m” begin and end when the two letters, distinguishable from one another only by their number of humps, are strung together in a word. The handwriting recognizer tackles such ambiguities by looking in its dictionary-to determine, for instance, which words have “m” before “n” and which have “n” before “m.” The user can improve accuracy by writing characters further apart than usual, but that is inconvenient and contrary to the way humans write.[0066]
• Preferably, the handwriting recognizer of the present invention recognizes non-cursive characters. Unlike the Beernink approach to recognizing handwriting in which the user can print or write cursively, the non-cursive handwriting recognizer requires the user to learn to print characters in its fixed style using a basic character set, preferably a 36-character alphanumeric character set. In addition to the basic 26 letters and 10 digits, the non-cursive handwriting recognizer includes multi-step pen strokes that can be used for punctuation, diacritical marks, and capitalization. Preferably, the non-cursive handwriting recognizer is a software module called GRAFFITI, commercially available from U.S. Robotics, Palm Computing Division, located in Los Altos, Calif. Each letter in the non-cursive alphabet is a streamlined version of the standard block character—the letter A, for example, looks like a pointy croquet hoop, and the hoop must be started at the dot indicator at the lower right corner—as illustrated and discussed in more detail in the above incorporated-by-reference U.S. patent applications. By restricting the way the user writes, the non-cursive handwriting recognizer achieves a more perfect recognition and, as with stenography, supports an alphabet consisting of characters that can be written much more quickly than conventional ones.[0067]
• The computer system is also connected to one or more input/output (I/O)[0068]ports42 which allows theCPU20 to communicate with other computers. Each of the I/O ports42 may be a parallel port, a serial port, or alternatively a proprietary port to enable the computer system to dock with the host computer. In the event that the I/O port42 is housed in a docking port84 (FIG. 5), after docking, the I/O ports42 and software located on a host computer82 (FIG. 5) support an automatic synchronization of data between the computer system and the host computer. During operation, the synchronization software runs in the background mode on thehost computer82 and listens for a synchronization request or command from thecomputer system10 of the present invention. Changes made on the computer system and the host computer will be reflected on both systems after synchronization. Preferably, the synchronization software only synchronizes the portions of the files that have been modified to reduce the updating times.
• The I/[0069]O port42 is preferably a high speed serial port such as an RS-232 port, a Universal Serial Bus, or a Fibre Channel for cost reasons, but can also be a parallel port for higher data transfer rate. Preferably, the I/O port42 has a housing which is adapted to snappably connect to the housing of a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)player37, afax modem40, avoice recorder43, aGPS receiver46 and abarcode reader48. When the I/O port42 is connects to theMIDI player37, thecomputer system10 drives highquality audio speakers38 and39 which connect to theMIDI player37 to support multimedia applications on thecomputer10.
• Originally developed to allow musicians to connect synthesizers together, the MIDI protocol is used in generating sound for games and multimedia applications. One advantage of MIDI is storage space, as MIDI data files are quite small when compared with sampled audio sounds. The reduction in storage space follows from the fact that MIDI file does not contain sampled audio data, but the instructions needed by a synthesizer to play the sound. Other advantages of MIDI is the ability to edit the file or to change the speed, pitch or key of the sound: The output of the[0070]MIDI player37 is provided to an external multi-timbral MIDI synthesizer which can play many instruments such as piano, bass and drums simultaneously. The output of theMIDI player37 can be connected to the synthesizer by wire or wirelessly such as by the infrared communication. In this manner, theMIDI player37 generates high quality sound to enhance the user experience.
• Additionally, via the[0071]serial port42, a fax-modem40 is adapted to receive information over atelephone41 via a plain old telephone system (POTS) landline or over the radio frequencies and allow the user to access information untethered. Further, themodem40 may serve as part of a wide-area-network to allow the user to access additional information. The fax-modem40 can receive drawings and text annotations from the user and send the information over a transmission medium such as the telephone network or the wireless network to transmit the drawings/text to another modem or facsimile receiver, allowing the user to transmit information to the remote site on demand. The fax-modem40 can be implemented in hardware or in software with a few additional components such as a DAA, as is known in the art. Preferably, the fax-modem40 is a 56 kbps modem using Lucent Technologies'DSP1643, a member of the Apollo# modem chip set. The Lucent Technologies' modem chips are designed to accommodate software upgrades for future enhancements to V.flex2 technology from Lucent, so customers'investments will be protected as standards for 56 kbps modems evolve. Using the device, the present invention can achieve Internet connections at rates up to 56 kbps when both they and their Internet service providers (ISPs) and online service providers (OSPs) use modems that incorporate V.flex2 compatible modems. Alternatively, the fax-modem device40 can be a two-way communication device which can receive text messages and graphics transmitted via radio frequency to the user for on-the-spot receipt of messages.
• The fax-[0072]modem40 can also be a digital simultaneous voice and data modem (DSVD), also available from Lucent Technologies. The modem, as specified in ITU-729 and 729A specifications, appear as a conventional modem with a downline phone which allows users to place and carry telephone conversations and digital data on a single phone line. These modems multiplex voice data by capturing voice and digitally compress them. Next, the compressed voice data and the digital data are multiplexed and transmitted to the remote end, which if compatible, decompresses the voice data and converts the digital data back to sound. Further, the digital data is presented to the remote computer as is usual. In this manner, the DSVD modem allows audiographic conferencing systems that rely on modems for data communication. DSVD modems are utilized in the blackboard conferencing system in the present invention, as discussed in more detail below.
• The I/[0073]O port42 can also receive avoice recorder43. Although voice can be captured, digitally processed by theDSP23 or theCPU20, stored internally in theRAM22 for conversion into text or inclusion in a document or a file to be transmitted via a suitable network such as the Internet to a remote site for review, as discussed below, voice data can be stored externally and more economically using thevoice recorder43 which stores audio information in its own storage rather than theRAM22 and thus can operate independently of the computer system of FIG. 1. Preferably, thevoice recorder43 is an ISD33240 from Information Storage Devices Inc. in San Jose, Calif. Thevoice recorder43 captures analog sound data and stores the analog signals directly into solid state electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) memory cells which have been adapted to store256 different voltage levels per cell. As thevoice recorder43 captures voice and audio signals directly into its EEPROM cells, the analog to digital conversion process is not needed. TheCPU20 communicates with thevoice recorder43 by sending thevoice recorder43 an address along with other control signals to thevoice recorder43. In this manner, theCPU20 can control the location where sound is to be played and/or recorded. Furthermore, as thevoice recorder43 can operate even when it is detached from the computer system of the present invention, the user can simply separate the computer system and carry only thevoice recorder43 when necessary.
• The[0074]voice recorder43 is connected to theprocessor20 via the I/O port42. The I/O port42 is connected to theCPU20 via the bus and can forward commands from theprocessor20 to thevoice recorder43. Preferably, thevoice recorder43, themicrophone44 and thespeaker45 are located in an external housing which snappably connects to the housing of thecomputer10. Through the I/O port31, thevoice recorder43 could be commanded by theCPU20 to play or record audio segments at specific cell addresses when particular conditions are met. Furthermore, via a message management record as known to those skilled in the art, theCPU20 allows the ability to perform on-the-fly edit, delete, or supplement messages stored by thevoice recorder43.
• Although the voice recorder is normally controlled by the[0075]CPU20, thevoice recorder43 also has one or more switches (not shown) to allow the user to manually operate thevoice recorder43 in the event that thevoice recorder43 has been ejected from the computer system. The switches provide user selectable options which include: “Goto Begin”, “Skip to Next”, “Record”, “Stop”, “Play Next”, “Play Last.” In this manner, even when thevoice recorder43 is separated from the computer of the present invention, the user can still use thevoice recorder43 in a stand-alone mode.
• Additionally, a global position system (GPS)[0076]receiver46 is connected to the I/O port42 to sense the physical position of the user. TheGPS receiver46 senses positional data from a constellation of24 satellites orbiting around the earth such that four satellites are visible at a time. TheGPS receiver46 provides a stream of data to theprocessor20 which includes latitude, longitude, elevation and time information. TheGPS receiver46 is available from a number of sources, including NavTech Corporation and Rockwell International Corporation.
• Furthermore, a wand or a bar-[0077]code reader48 can be removably attached to the I/O port43 to allow the data management computer of the present invention to read bar codes. The wand is a pen-type of scanner that requires physical contact with the bar code when scanning. In contrast, a laser bar code scanner is a non-contact scanner which uses a laser beam to read a bar code. Due to the active laser power, the laser bar code scanner is better at reading bar codes from a distance or when the bar code itself is poorly printed. Thebar code reader48 is snappably attached to the I/O port31 such that thebarcode reader48 can be quickly attached and removed, as necessary. Thebarcode reader48 captures the bar-code information from a barcoded label and converts the optically encoded information to serial data before they are transmitted to the computer of FIG. 1. Alternatively, the present invention contemplates that the wired link can be replaced by a wireless link such as radio or infrared. In such instances, thebarcode reader48 has an additional transceiver, which may be either radio-based or infrared based, and which can transmit captured data to the computer of FIG. 1 for subsequent processing.
• Additionally, an[0078]infrared transceiver49 can be connected directly to the bus of thecomputer10 or to the I/O port31 (not shown) to provide an infrared link to a nearby personal computer which is equipped with a corresponding infrared transceiver. The infrared transceiver is available from suppliers such as Hewlett-Packard, IBM, or Siemens. In the event that theIR transceiver49 is directly connected to the bus of thecomputer system10, thetransceiver49 provides the received optical data to a Universal Asynchronous Transmitter/Receiver (UART) which converts the data into a suitable format for the bus.
• Additionally, to improve the ease of reading from the[0079]small screen35 of the computer of the present invention, a remote,large display device52 is wirelessly linked to thecomputer10 via theIR transceiver49 or aradio transceiver31. Thelarge display device52 can be a suitably equipped television receiver with a wireless link and a video generator, as discussed further in FIG. 3, or it can simply be the display of a conventional personal computer having a matching transceiver. Thelarge display device52 thus enlarges the characters on to an easier to read display. Additionally, thelarge display device52 can offer higher resolution than available through theLCD display35. In such case, thecomputer10 is suitably informed so that software running on thecomputer10 can change its display interface to take advantage of the higher resolution, as discussed in FIG. 19.
• In addition to the[0080]large display device52, the present invention also supportsremote stereo amplifier93 andspeakers94 and95 to provide a total multimedia experience to the user, even if the hand-heldcomputer10 cannot support high power amplifiers and speakers onboard. In theremote stereo93, a receiver is provided to receive data transmission from either theIR transceiver49 or thewireless transceiver31. Preferably, the stereo amplifier is a MIDI compatible synthesizer or sound module. The MIDI protocol provides an efficient format for conveying musical performance data. Due to MIDI's more efficient data storage format, only a portion of the bandwidth of thetransceivers31 and49 need be used to transmit MIDI instruction streams. The MIDI data stream is a unidirectional asynchronous bit stream at 31.25 kbits/sec with 10 bits transmitted per byte. Theremote stereo93 in turn can consist of a MIDI sequencer, which allows MIDI data sequences to be capture, stored, edited, combined, and ma replayed. The recipient of the MIDI data stream is provided to a MIDI sound generator which responds to the MIDI messages by playing sounds. The present invention also contemplates more elaborate remote stereo MIDI setups, where the music can be composed to have different parts for different instruments. Furthermore, in this set-up, a different sound module is used to play each part. However, sound modules that are capable of playing several different parts simultaneously, or multi-timbral, can still be used. To allow realistic sounds to be reproduced, thestereo93 drives a pair ofspeakers94 and95. In the manner discussed, theremote stereo unit93 receives MIDI commands from theprocessor20 and plays high quality sound on thespeakers94 and95.
• In addition to the handwriting recognizer previously discussed, voice recognition can be used in conjunction with and/or replace the handwriting recognizer of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, a[0081]microphone51 is connected to an analog to digital converter (ADC)50 which interfaces with the central processing unit (CPU)20. Furthermore, a speech recognizer is stored in theROM21 and/or theRAM22. The speech recognizer accepts the digitized speech from theADC50 and converts the speech into the equivalent text. As disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/461,646, filed Jun. 5, 1995 by the present inventor and hereby incorporated by reference, the user's speech signal is next presented to a voice feature extractor which extracts features using linear predictive coding, fast Fourier transform, auditory model, fractal model, wavelet model, or combinations thereof. The input speech signal is compared with word models stored in a dictionary using a template matcher, a fuzzy logic matcher, a neural network, a dynamic programming system, a hidden Markov model (HMM), or combinations thereof. The word model is stored in a dictionary with an entry for each word, each entry having word labels and a context guide. Next, a word pre-selector receives the output of the voice feature extractor and queries the dictionary to compile a list of candidate words with the most similar phonetic labels. These candidate words are presented to a syntax checker for selecting a first representative word from the candidate words, as ranked by the context guide and the grammar structure, among others. The user can accept or reject the first representative word via a voice user interface. If rejected, the voice user interface presents the next likely word selected from the candidate words. If all the candidates are rejected by the user or if the word does not exist in the dictionary, the system can generate a predicted word based on the labels. Finally, the voice recognizer also allows the user to manually enter the word or spell the word out for the system. In this manner, a robust and efficient human-machine interface is provided for recognizing speaker independent, continuous speech and for converting the verbal instructions from the user into text data suitable for data management purposes.
• The casing design and layout of the shell for the computer of FIG. 1 are discussed next. Preferably, the case is a rectangular plastic casing with a major opening on the top of the case to receive the[0082]LCD panel35 and thedigitizer34. The case has a receptacle which is adapted to receive and store thepen33. Furthermore, a plurality of push-buttons in thekeypad24 are positioned on the top side of the case. The push-buttons of thekeypad24 preferably allows the user to invoke one or more pre-installed software on the computer of FIG. 1. Additionally, the case has an opening on the backside which is adapted to receive a connector carrying the electrical impulses to and from the I/O port42. To electrically access the I/O port42, a Snap-On block which interlocks with the bottom of the computer and which is electrically connected to the I/O port42. As noted above, the casing for FIG. 1 is resembles the Pilot handheld computer available from Palm Computing—US Robotics.
• To better explain the operation of the software processes of the present invention, the operation of typical routines executing on the Pilot computer is discussed next. As detailed in a manual from Pilot entitled “PalmOS Developing Palm OS Application—Part 1: System and User Interface Management,” when an application receives an action code Launch Command, it begins with a startup routine, then goes into an event loop, and finally exits with a stop routine. The Startup Routine is the application's opportunity to perform actions which need to happen once, and only once, at startup. A typical startup routine opens databases, reads saved state information (such as UI preferences) and initializes the application's global data. The Event Loop fetches events from the queue and dispatches them, taking advantage of default system functionality as appropriate. The Stop Routine is the application's opportunity to perform cleanup activities before exiting. Typical activities include closing databases and saving state information. During the startup routine, an application has to follow these steps:[0083]
• 1. Get system-wide preferences (for example for numeric or date and time formats) and use them to initialize global variables that will be referenced throughout the application;[0084]
• 2. Find the application database by creator type. If none exists, create it and initialize it;[0085]
• 3. Get application-specific preferences and initialize related global variables; and[0086]
• 4. Initialize any other global variables.[0087]
• When startup is complete, the application enters ail event loop. It typically remains in that event loop until the system tells it to shut itself down by sending an appStopEvent. In the process of handling an event, the call to SysHandleEvent may generate new events and put them on the queue. For example, the system handles Graffiti input by translating the pen events to key events. Those, in turn, are put on the event queue and are eventually handled by the application. SysHandleEvent returns TRUE if the event was completely handled, that is, no further processing of the event is required. The application can then pick up the next event from the queue. If SysHandleEvent did not completely handle the event, the application calls MenuHandleEvent. MenuHandleEvent handles two types of events:—If the user has tapped in the area that invokes a menu, MenuHandleEvent brings up the menu.—If the user had tapped inside a menu to invoke a menu command, MenuHandleEvent removes the menu from the screen and puts the events that result from the command onto the event queue. MenuHandleEvent returns TRUE if the event was completely handled.[0088]4. If MenuHandleEvent did not completely handle the event, the application calls ApplicationHandleEvent. ApplicationHandleEvent handles only the frmLoadEvent for that event; it loads and activates application form resources and sets the event handler for the active form. If ApplicationHandleEvent did not completely handle the event, the application calls FrmDispatchEvent. FrmDispatchEvent first sends the event to the application's event handler for the active form. This is the event handler routine that was established in ApplicationHandleEvent. Thus the application's code is given the first opportunity to process events that pertain to the current form. The application's event handler may completely handle the event and return TRUE to calls FrmiDispatchEvent. In that case, calls FrmDispatchEvent returns to the application's event loop. Otherwise, calls FrmDispatchEvent calls FrmHandleEvent to provide the system's default processing for the event. Further, in the process of handling an event, an application frequently has to first close the current form and then open another one, as follows:—The application calls FrmGotoForm to bring up another form. FrmGotoForrn queues a frmCloseEvent for the currently active form, then queues frmLoadEvent and frmOpenEvent for the new form.—When the application gets the frmCloseEvent, it closes and erases the currently active form.—When the application gets the frmLoadEvent, it loads and then activates the new form. Normally, the form remains active until it is closes. The application's event handler for the new form is also established.—When the application gets the frmOpenEvent, it does whatever initialization of the form is required, then draws the form on the display. After FrmGotoForm has been called, any further events that come though the main event loop and to FrmDispatchEvent are dispatched to the event handler for the form that is currently active. The event handler knows for a particular dialog box or form how it should respond to events for example, opening, closing, among others. FrmHandleEvent invokes the default UI functionality. After the system has done all it can to handle the event for the specified form, the application finally calls the active form's own event handling function.
• Although the database saving and synchronization capability of the operating system for the Pilot is adequate for specific applications such as the built-in datebook, telephone directory, todo list, memo, and time and expense tracking system, among others, the database oriented storage mechanism of the Pilot is not optimal for a number of data storage intensive applications. For one, the Pilot operating system limits the number of database “files” to sixteen and further that the database “files” conformed to predetermined formats which are not flexible. Thus, file intensive applications such as CAD require a file management system. FIG. 1B illustrates a flowchart for a process for accessing data in accordance with a first embodiment of a file management system that is compatible with an IBM personal computer file management system. In the IBM PC system, for file management with the IBM Disk Operating System (DOS), the DOS needs to know the beginning of the data storage area. Typically, the disk has defined sections in addition to the boot sector and the partition table: a root directory and a file allocation table (FAT). The root directory starts after the boot sector and the FAT. In the first embodiment compatible with the IBM PC, the root directory holds the necessary information on location, size, date and time of the last change of the files and sub-directories, as well as a directory entry. In this embodiment, the directory entry also contains a start cluster pointer and a file length field. The start cluster entry specifies the beginning of the file or subdirectory, and the file size field provides the length of the file. Additionally, a dirty bit is provided in the directory entry for indicating whether the file has been updated since the last synchronization of the computer of FIG. 1 with the host computer. If the file has been updated, the dirty bit is set such that upon synchronization, the copy of the file on both the host computer and the computer of FIG. 1 is made consistent with each other using the same synchronization process performed by the database routines of the Pilot. Thus, to upon docking and with the activation of the synchronization button on the docking port of the Pilot, the files on both the host computer and the Pilot handheld are correlated and updated to one coherent copy in both computers. Turning now to the FAT of the first embodiment of the file management system of the present invention, the FAT values in the file management system of the first embodiment conforms to the FAT entries in the IBM compatible computers. These FAT entries essentially contain pointers to the next cluster in the cluster chain. Although the file management system has cluster chains that are only forward directed (forward chained), the present invention contemplates that bidirectional chain can be supported by using a doubly linked list of cluster chains.[0089]
• Referring now to FIG. 1B, the process for accessing data from the data storage system using the first embodiment of the file management system is shown in detail. In FIG. 1B, from[0090]step700, the routine proceeds to step701 where it reads the directory entry. Next instep702, the routine determines the start cluster, as pointed to by the directory entry. Fromstep702, the routine proceeds to step703 where it checks if the requested data is located in the present cluster. If not, the routine of FIG. 1B proceeds fromstep703 to step704 where it retrieves the FAT entry and traverse to the next cluster, as based on the cluster pointer. Fromstep703, in the event that data is located in the current cluster, the routine of FIG. 1B proceeds to step705 where it determines the sector containing the data and accesses the data from the cluster. Next, instep706, the routine of FIG. 1B checks if the access has been successful. If not, the routine indicates a failure instep707. Alternatively, if the access is successful, the routine of FIG. 1B proceeds fromstep706 to step708 where it accesses the sector and transfer data to and from the application, as requested. Fromstep708 or707, the routine of FIG. 1B exits. Although the file management system of the present invention preferably is IBM PC compatible, it can also be Unix type of file management system.
• Referring now to FIG. 2A, a block diagram of the[0091]CCD unit27 is shown in more detail. In FIG. 2A, a CCD orCIS array53 is connected to a CCD/CIS processor55. The CCD/CIS processor55 is connected to avoltage reference54 as well as an optional correction/data RAM56 which can be eliminated for cost saving reasons. The CCD sensor may be a TCD1250D, a MN3610H or a similar CCD. Alternatively, CIS sensors such as those available from Dyna Image Corporation may be used. The CCD/CIS processor55 is preferably a LM9801 IC from National Semiconductor, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.) which linearizes the pixel stream from the CCD/CIS array in the analog domain and further provides correlated double sampling for black level and offset compensation. The output of the CCD/CIS processor55 is provided to the bus to be presented to theprocessor20.
• Turning now to FIG. 2B, a[0092]wireless scanner27′ is shown. In this unit, awireless transceiver58 is connected to a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)57, which is in turn connected to the CCD/CIS processor55, as previously discussed in FIG. 2A. TheUART57 serializes data regarding the scanned image and presents the data to thewireless transceiver58 for transmitting back to thecomputer10 of FIG. 1. Thewireless transceiver58 can be an infrared unit for communicating with theIR transceiver49 of thecomputer10. Alternatively, thewireless transceiver58 can be a radiobased unit for communicating with thewireless transceiver31 of FIG. 1. In this manner, the scanner27'does not have to be physically connected to thecomputer10, thus providing more convenience and flexibility for the user during use. Although the use of the CCD/CIS processor55 is disclosed, the present invention contemplates that, to cut cost, a operational amplifier, an analog to digital converter, and software running on theCPU20 to compensate for scanning related signal noise are all that is needed to implement a low cost scanner system. Furthermore, although gray-scale CCD/CIS devices are preferred for cost reasons, the present invention contemplates that color CCD devices may be used as well.
• Referring to FIG. 3, a video driver and a large screen cathode ray tube (CRT)[0093]52 is provided to deliver ease of reading information from the smallmobile computer10 is shown. Although the TV is not recommended for computing functions such as CAD/CAM, it is suitable for playing games and browsing the Internet. In FIG. 3, high level primitives of the display data is transmitted using a suitable media such as infrared or radio wave from thecomputer10 to the CRT, preferably a television display unit commonly available to consumers. The high level primitive data transmitted, including characters and form definitions, is received by awireless transceiver60 and is presented to aUART61 for conversion into parallel data. The data is presented to a video processor orcontroller62 which is connected to avideo RAM63 and acharacter generator64 for rasterization into bit-maps. The bit-mapped display data is delivered to a triple digital to analog converters (DACs) in thevideo controller62 which generate suitable color RGB video signals. The video signal is provided into driver electronics for generating a composite video signal to be delivered to the video input of the TV. Furthermore, sound primitives are converted and delivered to an audio amplifier which drives the left and right audio inputs of the TV. In this manner, users with advanced age can have the benefits of reading ease and small factor portability. Alternatively, in the event that the user is within range of a computer, the high level video and sound primitives can be sent via the wireless network such as the infrared transmission (IrDA) and subsequently rasterized by the processor of the desktop computer to be displayed on the desktop display for ease of reading. Additionally, in the event that the user wishes to drive a VGA monitor directly in place of the TV, a VGA graphics adapter may be used. Furthermore, a scan converter may be attached to the VGA adapter to generate the NTSC/PAL video signal. In performing the conversion from computer video to TV, VGA frequency is roughly twice that of the video frequency. Furthermore, computer VGA displays tend to be progressively scanned (non-interlaced) while TV video uses interlaced video, a remnant of the NTSC video scheme. However, since a strict translation of VGA to NTSC may produce flicker, the preferred embodiment provides an adaptive finite impulse response filter and highly linear D/A and A/D converters to minimize flickers.
• Turning now to FIG. 4, the major protocol layers for connecting the computer of FIG. 1 to a suitable network such as an[0094]Internet150 is shown. In FIG. 4, the user has connected to a suitable Internet service provider (ISP)100 which in turn is connected to the backbone of theInternet150, typically via a T1 or a T3 line. TheISP100 communicates with the computer of the present invention via a protocol such as point to point protocol (PPP) or a serial line Internet protocol (SLIP)100 over one or more media ortelephone network102, including landline, wireless line, or a combination thereof. On the portable computer side, a similar PPP orSLIP layer103 is provided to communicate with theISP100 computer. Further, a PPP orSLIP client layer104 communicates with the PPP orSLIP layer103. Finally, a networkaware application105 such as a browser or a spreadsheet with Internet capability of the present invention receives and formats the data received over theInternet150 in a manner suitable for the user.
• Turning now to FIG. 5, a typical Internet system is shown with one or more[0095]portable computers10,11,12, and13 shown dispersed in nearby cell regions.Computers10 and11 are located in one cell and communicate with a cell mobile support station (MSS)70. Similarly,computers12 and13 communicate with a cellmobile support station71.MSS stations60 and61 are connected to a radio frequency (RF)network151 which relays the messages via stations positioned on a global basis to ensure that the user is connected to the network, regardless of his or her reference to home. TheRF network151 eventually connects to agateway72 which is in turn connected to theInternet150. Thegateway72 provides routing as well as reachability information to the network such as theInternet150. A plurality of large scale computing resources such as asupercomputer73 and amainframe72 are connected to theInternet150. Themainframe52 in turn is connected to an corporate version of the Internet calledIntranet54 which supplies information to one or more office computers orworkstations55.
• The[0096]Internet150 is a super-network, or a network of networks, interconnecting a number of computers together using predefined protocols to tell the computers how to locate and exchange data with one another. The primary elements of theInternet150 are host computers that are linked by a backbone telecommunications network and communicate using one or more protocols. The most fundamental of Internet protocols is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is essentially an envelope where data resides. The TCP protocol tells computers what is in the packet, and the IP protocol tells computers where to send the packet. The IP transmits blocks of data called datagrams from sources to destinations throughout theInternet150. As packets of information travel across theInternet150, routers throughout the network check the addresses of data packages and determine the best route to send them to their destinations. Furthermore, packets of information are detoured around non-operative computers if necessary until the information finds its way to the proper destination.
• Although the[0097]Internet150 provides a pathway for users to communicate and share information, the original user interface had been rather unfriendly. Eventually, a system was developed to link documents stored on different computers on theInternet150. Known as a World Wide Web, the system is an elaborate distributed database of documents, graphics, and other multimedia development. Like other distributed applications, the Web is based on a client/server model where Web pages reside on host computers that “serve up” pages when the user's computer (client computer) requests them. As the user “surfs” the Web, a browser can request data from the database on a server computer that processes and replies the desired data back to the computer system of FIG. 1 and to display that request when the request is fulfilled, by the server. The client computer runs a browser software which asks for specific information by sending a HTTP request across theInternet150 connection to the host computer. When the host computer receives the HTTP request, it responds by sending the data back to the client.
• The browser commonly features a graphical user interface with icons and menus across the top along with a field to supply the URL for retrieval purposes. Navigational buttons guide the users through cyberspace in a linear manner, either one page forward or backward at a time. Pull down menus provide a history of sites accessed so that the user can revisit previous pages. A stop button is typically provided to cancel the loading of a page. To preserve favorite sites, a bookmark is provided to hold the user's favorite URLs in a list such as a directory tree. Furthermore, the browser typically provides a temporary cache on the data storage device or in RAM. The cache allows a more efficient Internet access as it saves bandwidth and improves access performance significantly. In the present invention, each entry in the bookmark has a list of links typically accessed by the user while he or she accesses the Web site represented by the bookmark entry. When the user clicks on the bookmark entry, the entry's Web page is displayed first. While the user is reading the page represented by the bookmark entry, the browser retrieves pages of additional links associated with the bookmark entry in the background. In this manner, the browser prefetches pages likely to be accessed by the user when the bookmark entry page is clicked, thus avoiding delays when the user actually clicks on the links of the bookmark entry Web page. The use of the cache and the prefetcher enhances the Web viewing experience, as the user is not hampered by delays on-line.[0098]
• The browser also interprets HyperText Markup Language (HTML) which allows web site creators to specify a display format accessible by HTML compatible browsers. Typically, when the user types in the URL or clicks on a hyperlink, TCP/IP opens a connection between the host and client computers. The browser then generates a request header to ask for a specific HTML document. The server responds by sending the HTML document as text to the client via the TCP/IP pipeline. The client computer acknowledges receipt of the page and the connection is closed. The HTML document is stored in the browser's cache. The browser then parses the HTML document for text and tags. If the browser runs across tags that link to images/pictures and sounds, the browser makes separate requests for these files to the server and displays or generates sounds to the user.[0099]
• To supply more intelligent processing of information over the[0100]Internet150, a language such as Java may be utilized. Java was developed originally by Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif. The specification for the Java language is stored at the Java web site http://java.sun.com/. The web site contains the Java development software, a HotJava web browser, and on-line documentation for all aspects of the Java language, hereby incorporated by reference. Designed to be small, simple and portable across processor platforms and operating systems, Java can download and play applets on a browser system of the receiver, or reader. Applets are Java programs that are downloaded over the Internet World Wide Web, as dictated by a tag such as <applet> tags and executed by a Web browser on the reader's machine. In Java, the compiler takes the instructions and generates bytecodes, which are system independent machine codes. A bytecode interpreter executes the bytecodes. The bytecode interpreter can execute stand-alone, or in the case of applets, the bytecode interpreter is built-in Java compatible browsers. Thus, with a Java compatible client-server, theInternet150 is transformed from a passive giant book of information into an active network capable of supporting electronic commerce and virtual ecosystems.
• Although the[0101]supercomputer51, themainframe computer52 and the gateway59 are shown in FIG. 4 as being connected to theInternet150 via landlines such as T1 and T3 lines, the Internet may be connected to asatellite transmission system56 which transmits and receives high bandwidth data over asatellite57. Thesatellite57 in turn relays the information to one or morelocal stations58 which is connected to one ormore servers57. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, theportable computer10 can easily request information from a variety of sources which may exist locally or on the other side of the world via theInternet150.
• An important goal of the[0102]personal computer10 is its ability to allow users to move about freely within and between cells while transparently maintaining all connections, particularly with theInternet150. However, theInternet150 suite of protocols had been designed with an assumption that each user is assigned a fixedInternet150 address associated to a fixed location. Thus, for mobile computers with a wireless physical link, the movement or migration of users in the wireless network violates theimplicit Internet150 protocol. As wireless bandwidth is at a premium, particularly when voice and video data are involved, it is inefficient to require end-to-end retransmission of packets as done in TCP. Furthermore, due to the unpredictable movements of mobile computers with wireless links, large variations exist in the available bandwidths in each cell and affect the transmission characteristics between themobile computer10 and theInternet150.
• In the preferred embodiment, a number of virtual circuits are used within the mobile network to route connections to mobile computers[0103]10-13 viaMSS70 and71. In the preferred embodiment, every mobile computer10-13 has a globally unique virtual Internet protocol (VIP) address and a IP address which is assigned by thegateway72 or theMSS70 or71. Furthermore, each of theMSS70 and71 has a VIP as well as a fixed IP address. Each of theMSS70 and71 also tracks all mobile nodes within its domain or cell range. The connection from a remote endpoint on theInternet150 to themobile computer10 terminates at the fixed IP of theMSS70 or71. TheMSS70 and71 maintains a cache of time-stamped VIP to IP mappings, also called an address mapping table. Whenever themobile computer10 moves from oneMSS70 to anotherMSS71, the address mapping table is updated. During the table update, all packets destined to themobile computer10 continues to be sent to theold MSS70. These packets are returned to the sender, who forwards the returned message to thenew MSS71. Thus, based on the address mapping table, the sender and theMSS70 or71 can route packets to themobile computer10.
• To illustrate the operation of the VIP, events associated with the delivery of a packet of data to the[0104]mobile computer10 is discussed next. TheMSS70 buffers the incoming packet and forwards the packet to the known or predicted cell covering themobile computer10. Once received, themobile computer10 acknowledges receipt and requests theMSS60 to discard the packet. Alternatively, in the event that themobile compute10 has moved to another cell which is covered by theMSS71, it is assigned a new IP address. Themobile computer10 sends the new IP address and the VIP address to itshome gateway72, which in turn sends the new IP address to intermediate gateways to update their address mapping tables as well. TheMSS70 continues to send packets to themobile computer10 until either the connections are closed or until theMSS71 sets up its own connection via the address mapping table with the remote endpoint having the open connection with themobile computer10.
• To address the problems associated with a bandwidth variations caused by the wireless environment, the[0105]MSS70 or71 preferably provides a loss profile transport sub-layer which determines the appropriate disposition of the data, based on markers placed on the packet by the sender and based on the available bandwidth negotiated between theMSS70 and71 and themobile computers10,11,12 or13. Typically, redundant non-critical data such as every other frames of a video clip may be appropriately edited by rearranging, clipping or compressing the data at theMSS70 or71 end before transmitting to themobile computer10,11,12 or13 in the event that the bandwidth is severely constrained.
• As indicated earlier, a number of software modules may reside in the[0106]RAM22 to provide added functionality to the portable computing appliance. For instance, the portable computing appliance may provide a sketching system in the incorporated by reference patent application entitled “GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY SYSTEM” may be provided to support fast, convenient and accurate annotated drawings in the field. Additionally, a spreadsheet and database engine may be used to support the analysis of data captured from a number of sources over theInternet150. FIG. 6 illustrates in more detail the spreadsheet of the present invention. The spreadsheet of the present invention is essentially a list of memory locations or data storage cells that are related, or linked together. Preferably, the data storage cells are organized using a linked list for ease of traversal. Further, the data storage cells can be specified using row and column identifiers. Preferably, the cells of the spreadsheet are linked using dynamic rows and columns. The ability to offer both dynamic rows and columns simplifies and reduces the data storage requirement on thesystem RAM22. The spreadsheet provides the user of the handheld computer with on-the-fly data processing capability. The spreadsheet can also acquire data via thebarcode scanner48, theCCD unit27 and OCR software, or alternatively via themicrophone51,ADC50 and a speech recognizer. Furthermore, the spreadsheet can deploy with intelligent agents to seamlessly hunt for information relevant to the user's needs. In this manner, the spreadsheet of the present invention turns the handheld computer system of the present invention into an intelligent data management system which can acquire and process data on the fly.
• Turning now to FIG. 6, a[0107]spreadsheet handler200 is shown. In FIG. 6, from thestep200, the spreadsheet handler initializes the spreadsheet instep201. Such initialization includes the clearing of the spreadsheet memory and the setting of the current row to “1” and column to “A”. Next, instep202, thespreadsheet handler200 of FIG. 6 draws the spreadsheet cells and displays the row/column labels as well as the menu. Thespreadsheet handler200 then proceeds to check instep203 whether certain cells of the spreadsheet need to be updated using a remote data source such as an Internet database. Step203 is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 14.
• From[0108]step203, the routine of FIG. 6 proceeds to set an event handler to the spreadsheet form instep204. Fromstep204, the routine waits for an event instep205. Once the event is received, the routine of FIG. 6 tests to see if the event is a system event instep206. If so, the routine processes the system instep207 before it loops back to step205 to process the next event.
• Alternatively, if the event is not a system event in[0109]step206, the routine of FIG. 4 tests whether the event is a menu event instep208. If so, the routine of FIG. 4 processes the menu event instep209 before it loops back tostep205. If the event is not a menu event instep208, the routine200 tests whether the event is a form load event instep210. If so, the new form is loaded instep211. Fromstep211, the routine of FIG. 6 loops back to step205 to process the next event. If the event is not a form load event, the routine200 of FIG. 6 checks to see if the application handler for the spreadsheet has completed operation instep212. If a quit event had been generated, the routine200 provides default processing for the application instep212 before it exits instep214. Alternatively, if the application handler has not completed operation instep212, the routine dispatches the event as necessary instep213 before the routine200 loops back to step205 to process the next event in thespreadsheet handler200.
• The[0110]system event handler207 of FIG. 6 is shown in more detail in FIG. 7. Fromstep207, the routine of FIG. 7 checks to see if the user is actuating the pen instep218. If thepen33 is pressed down on theLCD screen35 instep218, the routine updates the active cell instep220 and recalculates values of the spreadsheet instep220. Alternatively, if thepen33 is not down instep218, the routine207 checks if thepen33 is in a scroll bar region in step222. If so, the routine207 performs the scroll operation instep223 before it exits.
• If not, the routine[0111]207 checks if the pen is dragged down in step224. If so, the user has selected a particular block of cells for purposes such as cutting, pasting, or generating graphs, among others. In such case, the routine207 highlights and selects the blocked region instep225 before it exits. Alternatively, if thepen33 is not dragged in step224, the cell is being edited instep226. Fromstep226, the routine checks if the user has selected menu items in step227. If so, the menu event is dispatched instep228 before the routine207 exits instep229. From step227, if no menu events have been generated, the routine207 exits FIG. 7.
• Referring now to FIG. 8, the[0112]scroll routine223 of FIG. 7 is shown in more detail. Fromstep223, the scroll routine checks to see if the user requested a scroll-up operation in step241. If so, the routine223 then checks if the spreadsheet is already at the top of the page instep242. If not, the scroll up operation is performed to show the previous page instep243. Furthermore, the page pointer is updated instep243 before the routine223 is completed instep253. Fromstep242, if the spreadsheet is already at the top of the page, the routine223 is simply exited.
• Alternatively, if the scroll operation is not scroll-up in step[0113]241, the routine223 checks if the user is requesting a scroll down instep244. If so, the routine223 further checks if the spreadsheet is at the bottom most page instep245. If not, the routine223 exits. Alternatively, if the spreadsheet is not at the bottom most page, the routine223 shows the next page and updates the page pointer instep246 before it exits instep253.
• From[0114]step244, if the operation is not scroll-down, the routine223 checks if the user has requested a scroll left operation in step247. If so, the routine223 checks to see if the user is already at the left most page instep248. If the current spreadsheet page is not the left most page instep248, the routine223 proceeds to step249 where it displays the left page and updates the pointer to point one page to the left. Alternatively, fromstep248 if the user is already at the left most page, or fromstep249, the routine223 exits instep253.
• From step[0115]247, in the event that the user is not requesting a scroll left operation, the routine223 checks if the user has requested a scroll right operation instep250. If so, the routine checks if the current page is the right most page instep251. If not, the routine223 transitions fromstep251 to step252 where it shows the page on the right of the current page and updates the page pointer appropriately. Fromstep252, or fromstep251 in the event that the user is already at the right most page, or fromstep250 where the user did not request a scroll right operation, the routine223 exits instep253.
• Although not shown, the present invention contemplates that scroll panels are supported. Scroll panels are used to lock the display of the spreadsheet in particular horizontal and/or vertical directions. For instance, scroll panels are useful for constantly displaying period information such as the months on the spreadsheet, regardless of the user's scrolls. In such a case, the routine[0116]223 of FIG. 8 checks if the user has specified a row and a column relating to scroll panels. If the user has specified that particular row and/or column be the scroll panels, the routine locks the row and/or column such that the locked row/column defines the top and left most pages ofstep242 and248. Once locked, the locked row and/or column are always displayed relative to other rows and columns.
• Referring now to FIG. 9, the[0117]edit cell step226 of FIG. 7 is shown in more detail. Fromstep226, the routine examines if the function button has been selected instep261. If so, the routine226 proceeds to step262 where it displays a function list before it proceeds to step263. In step263, the routine226 checks if the cancel button has been pressed. If so, the routine loops backs to step261. If not, the routine226 checks if the user has selected a function from the displayed list instep264. If not, the routine226 loops back to step262 where it awaits an action from the user. Alternatively, if the user selected a function instep264, the routine226 checks if the user has provided the correct parameter in step265. If the parameters are incorrect, the routine displays error messages instep266 before it loops back tostep262. On the other hand, if the correct parameters are provided, the routine226 loops from step265 back to step261 to continue processing the cell edit operation.
• Alternatively, from[0118]step261, if the function button has not been selected, the routine226 checks to see if the user has completed entering the formula instep267. If not, the routine loops fromstep267 back to step261 to continue processing user requests. Alternatively, if the user has completed entering the formula into the cell instep267, the routine226 transitions fromstep267 to step268 where it saves the cell contents. Upon completingstep268, the routine226 of FIG. 9 exits instep269.
• Thus, in the present invention, when the[0119]pen33 is double-clicked on a particular spreadsheet cell, a cell edit window is brought up. The cell edit window shows on the left hand the row, column index. Further, the content of the cell, which is editable, is displayed. Additionally, an enter (done) button, a functions button, and a cancel button is provided. The enter or done button is used to indicate that the user has completed his or her editing operations and that the user wishes to accept the changes and go back to the display of the rest of the spreadsheet. The functions button, when actuated, shows a scrollable list of the functions supported by the spreadsheet system. The functions button further awaits for selection of one of the functions displayed. spreadsheet to support number intensive data analysis. When a function has been selected, the function is entered into the space and may be edited if necessary. Finally, the cancel button allows the user to terminate his or her cell editing function and return back to the spreadsheet without affecting anything.
• Turning now to FIG. 10, more detail on the save[0120]cell step268 is shown. Fromstep268, the routine of FIG. 10 first checks to see if the current cell exists already instep271. If no, the routine transitions to step272 where it checks if sufficient memory exists for the new cell. If the remaining memory is insufficient, the routine268 transitions fromstep272 to step274 where it displays one or more error messages before transferring to step280. Alternatively, fromstep273, in the event that sufficient memory exists to support another spreadsheet cell, the routine268 creates a new cell and link the new cells to prior cells.
• From[0121]step271, if the cell exists already, or fromstep273 where the new cell had been created and if the result of the formula evaluation is successful, the routine268 displays the result instep278 and saves the formula in the current cell instep279 before the routine268 exits instep280. Alternatively, if the result of the formula evaluation instep276 is not successful, the routine268 transitions from step277 to step274 where it displays an error message before it moves to step279 to save the formula, even if the formula has an error of some type such that the user can subsequently edit the formula. Fromstep279, the routine268 exits instep280.
• Referring now to FIG. 11, a formula evaluation routine is discussed in more detail. This routine is executed by a pen down event handler to process the data input. In FIG. 11, the routine[0122]276 first checks if the current character in the string under evaluation is an “(” instep281. If so, the routine recursively calls itself instep276 to resolve the value of the string enclosed within the “( )” pair. This method is known in the art as “substringing.” Fromstep281, the routine276 next checks if the character is a “)” instep282. If so, the routine returns to its caller instep289. Alternatively, in the event that the character is not a “)” , the routine gets the next string which could be a number or an arithmetic operator instep283. Fromstep283, in the event that the number evaluator fails to reduce the string to a number instep284, the routine exits with an error indication instep285. Alternatively, if the number evaluated instep284 results in a valid number, the routine exits instep289 without an error indication.
• From[0123]step283, in the event that the character is an arithmetic operator such as +, −, / or * instep286, the routine276 performs the operation instep287 before it loops back to step281 to continue the string processing. Alternatively, in the event that the character is not an arithmetic operator, the routine276 next checks if the character is a NULL character instep288. If so, the routine276 transitions to step289 where it returns with an OK indication. Alternatively, if the character instep288 is not a NULL character, the routine loops back to step281 to continue processing the string in the formula entered.
• Turning now to FIG. 12, the routine to process menu events of FIG. 6 is shown in more detail. From[0124]step209, the routine checks if the user has selected the “File” menu event instep291. If so, the routine209 transitions to step292 where selections in the file menu event are processed. These selections include, among others: open, close, save, save as, and quit. Upon completion of the file menu items instep292, the routine209 exits instep299.
• From[0125]step291, in the event that the file menu item is not selected, the routine209 transitions to step293 where it checks if the user selected an edit menu. If so, the routine209 transitions to step294 to handle the edit menu items. The edit menu items include: undo, redo, cut, copy, paste, find, replace, goto, insert, delete, format, and width changes, among others. . Upon completion of the edit menu items instep294, the routine209 exits instep299.
• From[0126]step293, if the edit menu item is not selected, the routine checks instep295 whether a graph menu has been selected. If so, the routine209 transitions to step296 where the graph requests are handled. The graph operations performed instep296 include a selection of the graph type (pie, line, bar, area, hi-lo, and scatter) and a layout control (series, axis, grid/tick, title, legend, and label). Upon completion of the graph menu items instep296, the routine209 exits instep299.
• Alternatively, from[0127]step295, if the graph menu item is not selected, the routine209 checks if the view menu item is selected instep297. If not, the routine209 simply exits instep299. Alternatively, if the view option has been selected, the routine209 transitions to step298 to perform zoom operations. The zoom operation is important in a palmtop computer as thedisplay35 is relatively small and can display in full only small sketches. To resolve this issue, the routine of FIG. 13 causes thedisplay35 to select a particular magnification factor such as 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200% and a user selectable scale Upon receipt of the magnification factor, step298 centers in on the cell last edited and enlarges or shrinks the spreadsheet display as requested. When the user is done viewing the scaled display, the user can click on a button such as an OK button or a GoBack button to move back to the spreadsheet functionality.
• The present invention also contemplates a second embodiment where, underneath the menu is an outline which fences in a spreadsheet area where the user can enter information or manipulate the spreadsheet. Further, upon selecting the magnifier option from the View menu, a magnifier is displayed whenever the[0128]pen input device33 touches theLCD screen35 of the computer system. Additionally, a zoomed drawing area is displayed along with the movement of the pen input device and the magnifier. When the user successively and quickly depresses (double clicks) thepen33 twice when the pen is in the magnifier mode, the sketching system enters into a zoomed viewing mode, as further described below.
• Upon depressing twice (double clicking) the pen when it is in the magnifier view mode, the zoomed drawing area is enlarged into an enlarged zoomed drawing area which occupies the space formerly belonging to the drawing area. The enlarged area provides the user with a enlarged, more comfortable view of the object(s) such as the spreadsheet cell(s) or database records being edited. To provide the user with a perspective of the particular portion of the drawing which he or she is working on, a miniaturized illustration of the entire drawing is shown as a floating insert or a draggable window which is shown at the top left corner of the enlarged zoomed drawing area. The floating insert or draggable window showing the miniaturized illustration may be freely moved within the enlarged zoomed area. The miniaturized illustration thus provides a bird's eye view of the entire drawing and further shows an outline of the zoomed drawing area or the enlarged zoomed drawing area. The outline may be moved to scroll around the drawing. When the outline is moved, the display region is also updated to reflect the objects located at the current position of the outline.[0129]
• The outline also has four sides which can be adjusted to adjust the zoom ratio of the objects shown on the enlarged zoomed drawing area. Thus, by adjusting the dimension of the outline, the user can vary the enlargement view on the area. Thus, the magnifier and the miniaturized illustration balances between the need for showing the entire drawing with the limited display region afforded by the portable computing appliance. Upon completion of the zoomed viewing sequence, the user can select the full drawing view option from the Edit menu to display the entire drawing on the screen.[0130]
• Referring now to FIG. 13, the process for handling zoom requests in the[0131]view menu297 of FIG. 12 is shown in more detail. In FIG. 13, the routine298 obtains a zoom range instep311. Next, instep312, the routine298 computes the zoom ratio based on the zoom range, or alternatively, from a zoom ratio input from the user which may range from 50% to 200% to a user selectable ratio. Instep313, the routine298 performs a rasterization based on the zoom ratio and the display window. Next, instep314, the routine298 puts up the rasterized bit map on thedisplay30, along with a Goback or Done button. In step315, the routine waits for the user to select the Goback button. Once the user has indicated that he or she has completed viewing the zoomed image, the routine298 exits viastep316.
• The present invention also contemplates that, in a second embodiment, a magnifier icon is displayed whenever the[0132]pen33 touches theLCD screen35 of the computer system. Further, an outline box is displayed around the magnifier icon to indicate the viewing area available when the magnifier zooms. Thus, when activated, the routine displays an enlarged view of the drawing at the point where thepen33 touches thescreen35 of the computer system, much like a conventional magnifier would. In this embodiment, the routine298 also displays a Bird's Eye (BE) view of the entire drawing in a BE window. Further, a zoom box is displayed inside the BE window to indicate to the user his or her relative position on the drawing. The zoom box has four sides which are selectable by the pen to adjust the zoom scale, as discussed below. The second embodiment of the routine298 checks for a pen event occurring within the BE window. If not, the pen event belongs to the primary window and representing either a draw or edit event. Thus, if the pen is not in the BE window, the routine calls the cell edit routine (FIG. 9). In the event that the pen is in the BE window, the routine checks for adjustments to the zoom box to change the scaling factor of the main display window. In the event that the zoom box has been adjusted by clicking on the zoom box and adjusting either the horizontal lengths or the vertical lengths, the routine computes the zoom ratio based on the zoom box adjustment. Preferably, the zoom ratio is computed as a function of the ratio of the length of the zoom box to the length of the BE window and further as a function of the ratio of the width of the zoom box to the width of the BE window. The alternate routine then applies the newly computed zoom ratio and refreshes the main display by performing the appropriate enlargement or shrinkage on the objects encompassed within the newly adjusted zoom box. Furthermore, if the zoom box has been dragged to a new viewing location, the routine receives the new coordinates of the zoom box relative to the BE window and updates the content and location of the zoom box in the BE window.
• Turning to FIG. 14, the routine to update the cells of the spreadsheet of the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 12, from[0133]step204, the routine determines the rows and columns that need to be updated instep321 which is discussed in more detail in FIG. 15. Next, the routine204 checks to see if the cells had been updated earlier during the day instep322. If so, there is no need to perform the update and the routine204 exits instep330.
• Alternatively, if the cells had not been updated in the day, certain cells need to be updated. In that case, the routine proceeds from[0134]step322 to step323 where it creates a query designed to obtain the proper information. Next, instep324, the routine connects to the server over the Internet or a suitable media. Instep325, after establishing the connection, the routine submits the query. The routine204 passes the query created instep323 to the server in a query string which contains the name of a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) script. The CGI script sends the search to a database located on the server, receives the result of the query, along with the HTML page created by the database to contain the result, and passes it back to the server to be sent back to the routine204.
• Next, in[0135]step326, the routine204 waits until the reply is complete. If so, the routine parses the reply into formatted data instep327 and instep328 stores the new data in the cells determined instep321. Step328 also copies the formulas from related cells into adjacent cells and recalculates the spreadsheet. The formulas from the related cells represent mathematical relationships to the new information. For instance, in an income statement, the gross profit is determined by obtaining new data on sales and cost of goods and subtracting the cost of goods from the sales information. Fromstep328, the routine204 refreshes the Last_Updated flag to reflect the most recent time that the spreadsheet had been updated to prevent needless updating. Fromstep329, the routine204 exits instep330.
• Turning now to FIG. 15, the process to identify the rows and columns to be updated is disclosed in more detail. From[0136]step321, the routine prompts the user to click on a row or column identifier. Next, instep340, the routine checks to see if a label exists for the selected row or column. The label is important as the query ofstep323 will be based on the label information. If the label does not exist, the routine321 prompts the user for a label instep341. Fromsteps340 or341, the routine321 checks if the label has an alias. The use of an alias allows the label to be more descriptive while satisfying specific naming constraints on the remote database. If the alias exists for the label, the routine343 applies the alias to the label. Fromsteps343 or343, the routine321 checks if all rows and columns to be updated have been identified. If not, the routine321 loops back to step340 to obtain information on the next row or column to be updated. Alternatively, if all rows and columns to be updated have been identified, the routine321 exits instep345.
• Although cell updates to and from the[0137]Internet150 have been discussed so far, the present invention also contemplates supporting the updates of specific objects such as an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) container to enable the Windows program to cut, copy, paste entire objects, such as charts, spreadsheets or word processing documents, directly between applications. Such sharing of OLE container classes is discussed in Chapter 14 of Gregory et al.,Building Internet Applications with Visual C++ (1996), hereby incorporated by reference.
• Turning now to FIG. 16, another method to update the spreadsheet is shown. In FIG. 16, the user can activate a browser to view information on the Internet or other suitable network and designate the information to be retrieved into the spreadsheet. In this process, the routine executes a TCP/IP layer module in[0138]step351. ThePPP client layer352 is then invoked. The data from thePPP client layer352 is provided to a compression/decompression engine353. Next, the decompressed data is provided to a message manager instep354. If the message is a Java based message instep35, the routine350 provides the message to a Java interpreter, a just-in-time Java compiler, or a Java flash compiler instep356.
• From[0139]steps355 or356, the routine then checks the remaining messages to see if it is in a Mark-up Language in step357. If so, the routine350 provides the message to a HTML or a HDML interpreter instep358. Fromsteps357 or358, if the incoming message is provided to a default custom interpreter in step359 to handle. special protocols supported by the user's application. Fromstep360, thebrowser routine350 exits instep360. Thus, by using the browser of FIG. 16, the user can view the contents of databases located on the Internet and download the data via an appropriate protocol such as file transfer protocol (FTP). The incoming packet is executed if it is in Java, interpreted if it is HTML/HDML or custom protocol, and ultimately provided to the spreadsheet of the present invention.
• In addition to the Java and HTML/HDML interpreter framework, the browser of the present invention preferably supplies a user interface with a menu bar, a tool bar, a URL bar in addition to the active window displaying the Web page. Turning now to FIG. 16A, the operation of the browser of the present invention is disclosed in more detail. From[0140]step370, the routine displays a menu bar, a tool bar and a URL bar instep371;. The toolbar preferably allows the user to move backward/forward through various Web pages, reload a page, travel to a home page, print a page, stop the current load, among others. Furthermore, on the URL bar, an icon is available that, if dragged onto the window of the portable computer's desktop, creates a double-clickable link to that site on the desktop. Additionally, when entering data on the URL, the traditional “http://www” or “ftp://” can be automatically supplied by the browser. At the bottom of the active window displaying the Web page, the browser preferably displays a key which indicates the page's built-in security feature. Further, a status line is supplied to indicate the completion rate of the page download. Preferably, to conserve display area associated with thesmall LCD display35, the tool bar and the status line are made to be hideable.
• From[0141]step371, the routine accepts the user's URL, retrieves the HTML file from that URL, and parses the HTML file instep372. Next, the routine of FIG. 16A adds the locations of the hyperlinks, as indicated in the respective HTML tags, into the event manager for watching. Once the hyperlink locations have been entered, the event manager catches double clickings on the hyperlinks and appropriately processes the requests for the hyperlinks. Fromstep373, the routine checks for occurrences of menu bar events instep374. If so, the routine jumps to the menu event handler instep375. Alternatively, if no menu bar event occurred, the routine proceeds fromstep374 to step376 to check for tool bar events. If tool bar items have been selected, the routine proceeds from step376 to step377 where it handles tool bar events. Alternatively, if no tool bar events occurred in step376, the routine proceeds to step378 to check if the user has specified a new URL location. If so, the routine loads the new HTML file from the new URL location, parses the new HTML file, and adds the locations of the hyperlinks in the new HTML file instep379. Alternatively, in the event that no hyperlink events occurred, the routine checks if the user wants to exit the browser in step382. If so, the routine exits the browser instep383. Alternatively, from step382, or fromsteps375,377,379, or381, the routine of FIG. 16A loops back to step374 to continue processing events in the browser. Although not shown, thebrowser routine370 has a cache which improves access performance. Two types of cache are provided: a memory cache and a file cache. The memory cache buffers short term storage of graphic objects whereas the file cache is for intermediate term storage of data objects, as known to those skilled in the art.
• The browser of the present invention also provides an off-line browsing capability to compensate for long delays associated with Web traffic. In the off-line mode, the computer of the present invention instructs a host server to perform searches during off-peak time and save the search result for subsequent viewing at a much faster pace. In this manner, the Web experience is preserved without the frustrating delays typically encountered when accessing the Web at peak hours. Preferably, the browser of the present invention has an integrated front end to Web search engines and directory, allowing users to issue a query using multiple search engines such as Lycos and Yahoo. As the front end generates direct inquiry to the CGI compatible databases, the front-end is relatively compact. To prevent the search engines from presenting the user with a large number of useless results, a data filter is provided to reduce the amount of documents to be viewed. The browser can be configured to download specific objects, such as text only such that large graphics files can be discarded if the user does not want to view graphics. Furthermore, the browser deploys agents to monitor the Bookmark mentioned above and rerun the search at specified intervals and notify the user when new results are found. Preferably, even in the off-line browsing mode, the browser of the present invention replicate the Web experience by preserving the URL. In one embodiment, the browser of the invention supports a news ticker capability which automatically download news files at night according to a user defined schedule. The news ticker is subsequently presented to the user when the computer is idle in an analogous manner to a screen saver.[0142]
• Turning now to FIG. 17, the routine for receiving images via the CCD/[0143]CIS unit27 is shown in more detail. From thescan step400, the routine issues a reset instruction to the CCD/CIS unit27 instep401. Next, the routine400 checks if the scan button on the CCD/CIS unit27 is depressed. If so, the routine400 acquires the image from the CCD/CIS system27 instep403 and loops back to step402 to continue the image acquisition until the scan button is released instep402. Once the scan button is released instep402, the routine400 performs an optical character recognition (OCR) process instep404. The optical character recognition may perform a combination of feature detection and template matching methods for recognition of characters, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,983, or may utilize neural networks as is known in the art.
• From[0144]step404, the routine400 formats the OCR data instep405. Next, the routine400 places the formatted data in the cells of the spreadsheet instep406. Fromstep406, the routine400 also copies related formulas to appropriate cells in the spreadsheet. As an example, in the event that the routine400 had scanned, OCRed, and converted sales and cost of goods figures in to the spreadsheet,step407 may copy the formula for computing gross profit below the cost of goods line if the gross profit formula is used for current sales figures. Next, instep408, the routine performs a spreadsheet recalculation before it exits instep409. In this manner, the computer and scanner may be used to optimize the data acquisition process.
• Turning now to FIG. 18, the corresponding process for copying images using the CCD/[0145]CIS unit27 is disclosed. From thecopy step420, the routine issues a reset instruction to the CCD/CIS unit27 instep421. Next, the routine420 checks if the scan button on the CCD/CIS unit26 is depressed. If so, the routine420 acquires the image from the CCD/CIS system27 instep423 and loops back to step422 to continue the image acquisition until the scan button is released instep422. Once the scan button is released instep422, the routine420 performs an optionalimage enhancement step424 using known image signal processing routines. Next, the routine420 proceeds to step425 where, if the raster to vector option is picked, the bitmap is vectorized instep426 before the routine420 continues. Fromsteps425 or426, the routine420 proceeds to step427 where it checks if the compression option has been selected. If the compression option has been selected in step427, the routine performs the bitmap compression process instep428. Fromsteps427 or428, the routine420 exits. Thus, in the manner discussed, the computer of the present invention allows the user to scan in images on the fly, digitally enhance the images, and store the images for subsequent printing in the event that the user simply wishes to copy the images, or include the images in a document or a file to be transmitted via a suitable network, or send the images via facsimile or other medium in the event that the user wishes to fax the image to a remote site for review.
• Turning now to FIG. 19, the process for viewing data normally shown on the[0146]LCD display35 on the largerremote display device52 is detailed. In FIG. 19, fromstep440, the routine of FIG. 19 checks if a link with the remote display orCRT device52 is active instep441. This is preferably done by scanning the IR frequency for the presence of a remote display orCRT device52. Once the handshake indicating that a remote device exists is completed instep441, the portable computer proceeds to step442. Otherwise, the routine of FIG. 19 simply exits if no remote display orCRT device52 exists. Alternatively, if an active link to theremote display device52 exists, the routine of FIG. 19 proceeds to step442 where it turns off theLCD screen35 on theportable computer10 and further sends an acknowledgment return signal to theremote CRT device52. Next, the routine trap graphic calls instep443 so that a custom version of the graphic routines supporting a higher resolution display are used in place of the original graphic routines supporting theLCD display35. Instep444, the routine examines the identification data sent by theremote display52 to determine whether thedisplay52 is a high resolution device or not. If so, the routine modifies the display range resolution in the graphic routines to support the higher resolution instep445. Alternatively, if theremote display device52 is a conventional low resolution TV, the display resolution information is not updated such that the display on the remotelow resolution display52 shows the same information as on theLCD display35, but merely with enlarged and brighter images for ease of reading. Fromstep445, or in the event that thedisplay52 is a conventional low resolution TV instep444, the routine of FIG. 19 sends the trapped graphics primitives to theremote display52 instep446. Next, instep447, the routine of FIG. 19 receives the high level graphics primitives sent instep446 and decodes or rasterizes the primitives before displaying them on theremote display52. When the remote link is ended, the routine of FIG. 19 exits instep448.
• FIG. 19A is a flow chart of the process for teleconferencing with a remote user and for visually sharing an electronic chalkboard. The chalkboard conferencing process of FIG. 19A requires DSVD modems as well as the software carrying out the process of FIG. 19A to be installed both on the portable computer of the present invention as well as on the remote computer. In FIG. 19A, from[0147]step490, the chalkboard process proceeds to step491 where a connection with the remote computer having a DSVD modem is established. Next, instep492, the routine selects a file to be viewed on the blackboard. The file may be a text file as is conventional or may be a graphical document such as a document generated by the graphical drawing tool disclosed in the previously incorporated Ser. No. 08/684,842, entitled “GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY SYSTEM.” The selection of the file automatically invokes the tool to edit the file such as a text editor or the graphics editor of Ser. No. 08/684,842. Fromstep493, the respective files on both the local and remote computers are synchronized instep493. Next, the voice data from the remote end is received, demultiplexed, decompressed, and reconstructed for the user to listen instep494, as is conventional in the DSVD specification. Simultaneously, digital data is received. Instep495, the data is decoded and checked if changes to the document have been made by the user at the local end. If so, the routine proceeds fromstep495 to step496 where it captures the changes and transmits the update packet to the remote unit for synchronizing the blackboard. Although not shown, the present invention contemplates that a suitable compression software can be used to minimize the data transmitted. Thus, in the case of drawings, the compression software can convert the strokes into vectors and transmit the vector information rather than bitmaps to conserve bandwidth on the digital channel.
• From[0148]steps495 or496, the routine of FIG. 19A further checks if changes have been made at the remote end instep497. If so, the routine proceeds fromstep497 to step498 where it receives the incoming packet and updates the chalkboard. Fromstep494,497 or498, the routine checks in step499 if the user has completed the remote conference. If not, the routine loops back to step495 to continue the chalkboard updates and to transmit voice between the users. Alternatively, if the user has completed the conferencing session in step499, the routine of FIG. 19A exits.
• Turning now to FIG. 20, the routine to record a voice note using the[0149]voice recorder43 is shown in more detail. After entering the routine of FIG. 20 in step460, the routine initializes thevoice recorder43 instep461. Next, the routine of FIG. 20 checks for the desired action instep462. In the event that the user wishes to save a memo in an application, the routine sends a record (REC) command to thevoice recorder43 and saves the current address of the memo in a message management record (MMR) instep463. The index to the message management record is also saved by the application such that when the user wishes to replay the previously recorded note, the address can be retrieved from the MMR to send to thevoice recorder43 to play. Fromstep463, the routine exits instep470.
• From[0150]step462, if the application does not need to save a memo, the routine of FIG. 20 checks if the user wishes to play a previously recorded memo instep464. If so, the routine sends a PLAY command to thevoice recorder43 instep465 using the address retrieved from the MMR. Fromstep465, the routine exits instep470. Alternatively, fromstep464, if the user does not wish to play a memo, the routine checks if the user wishes to edit the memo instep466. If so, the new message is recorded in part or in whole over the old memo instep467 before the routine of FIG. 20 exits instep470. Additionally, in the event that the application or the user decides to erase a previously recorded memo instep468, the routine proceeds to step469 where it removes the current address from the MMR and mark the space as being available for additional messages. In this manner, the routine of FIG. 20 allows the user to quickly record and edit his or her messages in thevoice recorder43 without consumingmain memory22, as voice messages can be rather memory intensive. Furthermore, as thevoice recorder43 is detachable from thecomputer10, the user can carry only the voice recorder in the event the user needs a reminder/recorder device when available space is very small.
• In addition to receiving commands by the pen or the keyboard, the data processor of the present invention also provides speech recognition capability as another mode of data entry. Turning now to FIG. 21, the routine to process voice commands and data is illustrated in more detail. In FIG. 21, the routine waits for a speech pattern directed at the[0151]computer system10 of FIG. 1. If no speech patterns exist, the routine simply exits instep480. Alternatively, if voice is directed at the system, the routine480 checks if the voice data is a command or an annotation instep482. If a command, the routine performs the voice command instep483 before it exits instep487. Alternatively, if the speech pattern does not relate to a voice command, the routine proceeds to step484 to check on voice annotations. If the voice input is a voice data annotation, the routine proceeds fromstep484 to step485 where voice is converted into computer readable text. Fromstep484, the routine formats the converted data instep486 such that the spreadsheet can process the dictated spreadsheet data entry. Fromsteps481,483 or486, the routine exits FIG. 18 instep487.
• As discussed above, data can be collected into the spreadsheet by scanning and performing OCR on images or by capturing voice and performing a speech to text recognition on the dictation. Additionally, intelligent agents can be used in conjunction with the computer system of FIG. 1 to locate/process information over a network via the two-[0152]way communication device31. Smart agents can automatically route user-specified data from the Web, other on-line services, and E-mail messages and faxes, to the computer of FIG. 1. In FIG. 22, a software entity called an “agent” serves as an independent source of expertise designed to perform particular tasks or sets of tasks. These agents continually process and update requests, even though the user is no longer connected to the network. These agents can also “mine” sites for information and retrieve only data relevant to the user. Further, the agents can be activated on demand to serve a particular purpose and then be deactivated after accomplishing solely that purpose. The agents navigate through computer networks such as the Internet to search for information and perform tasks for their users. The collected data from the search or the results of the execution of the tasks are compressed and delivered to the portable computer system of FIG. 1 the next time a wireless connection is established with the two-way communication device31.
• Turning now to FIG. 22, a flow chart showing the process of specifying an intelligent agent capable of operating with the two-[0153]way communication device31 is shown. In FIG. 22, the routine accepts rules and parameters for the intelligent agent instep501. The intelligent agent of FIG. 22 is rule driven. Rules can be specified with a simple English like syntax to set slot values, create objects, among others, and can be organized into rulebases when the rules deal with related conditions and actions. A set of rules activates when its rulebase is loaded and deactivates when the rulebase is flushed. This collection of rulebases is collectively called the “agent.”
• Agents can use rules to inference about the data, create new data or modify existing data. The two fundamental search strategies of these agents include forward and backward chaining. Forward chaining, which is a data driven process, proceeds from premises or data to conclusions. Alternatively, backward chaining, or goal-driven approach, proceeds from a tentative conclusion backward to the premises to determine whether the data supports that conclusion. Further, a combination of forward and backward chaining can be used to optimally solve a particular problem. Details of various expert systems suitable for use are discussed in James P. Ignizio's[0154]book Introduction to Expert Systems—The Development and Implementation of Rule-Based Expert Systems, hereby incorporated by reference. Additionally, the present invention contemplates that other artificial intelligence constructs, including neural networks, fuzzy logic system, and others known to those skilled in the art may be applied in place of the expert system. The present invention also contemplates that the intelligent agent can be specified using an object oriented language such as Java such that it is free to roam the Internet and other networks with Java compatible browsers.
• After the rules, strategies and parameters have been specified for the agent in[0155]step501, the routine trains the agent instep502 with training data, if necessary in the event that neural networks and the like are to be used in implementing the agent. Next, the routine sends the agent over a network such as the Internet instep503. Instep504, the agent checks if the data it encountered satisfy the rules and parameters that the agent is looking for. If not, the routine proceeds to search the next database. Fromstep504, the routine checks if all databases have been mined in step505. If not, the routine moves to the next database instep506 before it loops back tostep504. Alternatively, from step505, if all databases have been mined and the agent still has not located responsive information, it puts itself to sleep instep507. The agent periodically wakes up and broadcasts itself once more instep503 to continue searching for responsive materials.
• From[0156]step504, in the event that responsive documents have been located, the agent checks in step505 whether it is instructed to call other agents instep508. If so authorized, the agent invokes other agents instep509. When the agent reports back with information, the host computer proceeds to notify the user with data located instep510. Instep511, if the user accepts the data, the routine of FIG. 22 stores the data and updates the spreadsheet with information instep512. Next, the routine checks if the user has invoked additional agents in response to the information detected by the original agent. If so, the routine proceeds fromstep512 to step513 where additional agents are launched or additional routines are executed. Fromstep513, if the user does not invoke additional agents, the routine of FIG. 22 simply exits. Thus, the agent of FIG. 22 can respond to the verbal, handwritten, hand-drawn, or typed command or data from the user and intelligently perform the requested action, be it a data search or various user specified actions. Thus, these agents are capable of gathering information resourcefully, negotiating deals, and performing transactions on their user's behalf. Furthermore, the agent can have contingency plans such as they are aware of their environment when situated in different places and act accordingly.
• Furthermore, the present invention also provides a database management system which acts in conjunction with the spreadsheet of the present invention to optimally manage data on behalf of the user. The purpose of a database management system is to store, maintain, and retrieve database records in files. A file collects records of the same format that serve a common purpose. Traditionally, general purpose database management systems use four language interfaces between the application programming language and the database manager: a data definition language, a data manipulation language, a query language and a report writer language. The data definition language defines the format, or schema, of the database by identifying the files, record formats, and relationship between files. The data manipulation language is the applications program interface to the database management system such as the opening, closing of the database or the adding, changing or deleting of records of the database. The query language allows the database to be searched according to a search criteria, while the report writer language allows the user to generate a report based on the result of the query.[0157]
• Turning now to FIG. 23, the process for creating and using the database in conjunction with the non-cursive handwriting recognizer and the speech recognizer is shown. From[0158]step515, the routine of FIG. 23 generates one or more database forms instep516. The database forms are the user interface for the records of data stored in the database. The process for creating the form ofstep516 is shown in more detail in FIG. 24.
• From[0159]step516, the routine of FIG. 23 allows the user to enter information into the records of the database in accordance with the data entry format specified in theform creation step516. The data may be entered by writing, scanning, dictating or by an agent sent over the Internet for hunting down relevant data.
• From[0160]step517, once data has been entered into the database of the present invention, the routine of FIG. 23 checks if the user wishes to perform a database search instep518. If not, the routine exits. Alternatively, if a search is to be done, the routine prompts the user for a database query instep519. Fromstep519, a search is carried out instep520 before the database routine of FIG. 23 exits instep521.
• In the present invention, the data definition language stored in the form specification is preferably iconized such that the user can quickly layout a data entry form using a graphical specification. Preferably, the icons displayed include control objects such as text boxes, check boxes, dialogs, option buttons, labels, among others. The user can simply pick the control icon and place the control icon on its appropriate position on the LCD display. Next, the user select the appropriate attributes of the control icon such as caption, font, and dimensions, in a manner similar to the selection and customization of controls in Visual Basic or Visual C++, available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. The user repeats this process until all the data element have been defined, formatted, and positioned on the form. The present invention also contemplates that the database can simply a free-text database without any control icon restrictions, or in the event that control icons are appropriate and necessary, a smart agent can be used to help a new user to select the right controls and their attributes by asking the user questions about the type of data to be stored by the database, generating the icons, and allowing the user to move and/or adjust the attributes.[0161]
• Turning now to the process for creating forms on the database, shown in FIG. 24, from[0162]step516, the routine checks if the user needs the assistance of an intelligent agent in formulating the form of the database instep530. If the user requires assistance, the intelligent guides the user through the form set up process instep531 by asking the user information about the relevant fields, their formats, among others. Once the fields and their characteristics have been identified, the intelligent agent generates a generic form with the fields required for the user's application and saves the new form instep538 before it exits.
• Alternatively, if the user does not require the assistance of the agent in[0163]step530, the routine of FIG. 24 checks if the user wishes to, create the form using a visual format instep532. If not, the routine of FIG. 24 proceeds to step533 where it accepts textual specifications of the database form from the user. Next, the form information is saved instep538 prior to exiting the routine. In the event that the user wishes to create the form layout graphically instep532, the routine of FIG. 24 displays a palette of control objects available for the form instep534. These control objects include a check box, a pop-up menu, a pop list, a text field, a numeric field, a table field, a date/time field, currency filed, ink field, a formulas field, a look-up field, a barcode field, and a GPS field. Next, the routine waits until the user select an object instep535. Once the control object has been selected, the routine transitions to step536 where it displays the object on the form and requests the user to enter the object parameters, including the object dimensions and formatting characteristics, among others. Fromstep536, the routine loops back to step535 to wait for the next object selection. Fromstep535, the routine checks if the user is done with the form creation process in step537. If not, the routine simply loops back to step535 to await the next user selection. Alternatively, if the user has completed the graphical form creation process in step537, the form created is saved instep538 before the routine of FIG. 24 exits instep539.
• Once the database forms have been generated, data can be entered into the database by writing data to the fields of each record in the database. Alternatively, the data can be imported from raw text, from other dBase files, or from the spreadsheet data files of the present invention. Additionally the data can be scanned in using the scanner/bar code reader discussed above, dictated in using the speech recognition engine, or delivered from an external By source such as the[0164]Internet150 using smart agents as discussed above or live-data databases that respond to data changes and events such as those discussed in K. C. Hopson and Stephen E. Ingram's bookDeveloping Professional Java Applets(1996) or the live-data product available from Cycle Software, Inc. located in Quincy, Mass. Furthermore, the database of the present invention automatically classifies and handles information presented to the database. For instance, if the field definition generated instep534 of FIG. 24 specifies two barcode fields, the first barcode data captured will be assigned to the first barcode field, while the subsequent barcode data will be assigned to the second barcode field, even if the barcode fields are not adjacent to each other. The same processing is provided to handle GPS data.
• After the creation of the database forms and the entry of data by the user or the agent, the user can generate reports and/or update the database via the query language, the manipulation language and the report writer. The query language interface can simply be a standard dBase-like query commands, as known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the query language interface can be an easy to query language where the user simply enters the field to search and the appropriate search parameters. The search is then conducted in accordance with the parameters. Turning now to FIG. 25, the routine to handle the[0165]search process520 of FIG. 23 is shown. In FIG. 25, the routine first searches the database as exactly requested instep550. The search process can be an indexed search or a binary search for speed reasons, as known in the art. Fromstep550, the routine checks if the user has designated that non-traditional searches are to be done instep551. If so, the routine proceeds to step532 where it performs an inexact fuzzy search by looking for records with fields that almost, but not exactly, matched the query request, in a manner analogous to the fuzzy search done in speech recognition, as discussed in the incorporated by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/461,646. Furthermore, a probabilistic search is performed instep553. The probabilistic search looks up equivalent words using a thesaurus and the replaces the keyword with equivalent words according a probability distribution, in accordance with the context of word usage. The present invention also contemplates that Soundex expansion techniques, as known in the art, may be used to expand the keyword search.
• When records matching the search criteria are located, they are displayed on the screen on a record by record basis, ready for inspection by the user in[0166]step554 before the routine exits instep555. However, such manual inspection is appropriate only if the user wishes to edit the records. When the user wishes to summarize or tabulate the results rather than to examine the responsive records, he or she can use the report writer to generate reports. In the preferred embodiment, the report writer accepts d-Base compatible report generator requests. Alternative, for users who are not familiar with d-Base, the report generator displays a report form with an option list consisting of available field captions, as generated during the data definition language phase. In addition, the option list includes operator buttons such as column and row summations, among others. Using the option list, the user can select and place the fields to be displayed.
• Turning now to FIG. 26, the process for handling GPS data is shown. In FIG. 26, from[0167]step560, the current coordinate data is queried from theGPS receiver46 instep561. Fromstep561, the routine of FIG. 26 proceeds to step562 where the routine detects whether the portable computer is within a predetermined proximity. Instep562, if the portable computer has not moved, the routine proceeds to step563 where the routine puts itself to sleep. Fromstep563, after a predetermined period, the routine of FIG. 26 wakes up and proceeds to step561 to check whether the portable computer has moved. Fromstep562, in the event that the portable computer has moved, the routine proceeds to step564 where the beginning coordinate and time information are saved. Next, the routine samples the output of theGPS receiver46 instep565. Instep566, the routine checks if the position of theGPS receiver46 has changed. If not, the routine loops back to step565 to continue acquiring GPS data. Alternatively, if data from theGPS receiver46 indicate that theGPS receiver46 has altered or moved, its position, the routine of FIG. 26 proceeds fromstep566 to step567 where it waits until theGPS receiver46 has stopped moving, typically by checking if the proximity remains unchanged for a predetermined period of time. When theGPS receiver46 stops moving, the routine proceeds to step567 where it saves the ending. coordinate and ending time. Furthermore, the routine computes the mileage incurred for the trip in-step567.
• From[0168]step567, the routine collects other business data instep568. The type of data collect varies with the application. For instance, for lawyers, the data collected may simply be time and expense and case management applications. For medical practitioners, the data collected may consist of patient information, drug interaction, type of treatment provided, and billing related information, among others. For salesperson, the data collected may relate to order taking, inventory checking, creating to-do list, and pricing, among others. Fromstep568, the routine collates the data into one or more packets, compresses the packets and transmits the data via a suitable wireless transmitter such as the pager or thewireless transceiver31 before the routine of FIG. 26 exits instep570.
• Referring to FIGS. 27 through 29, routines for supporting a meeting are shown. The routines in FIGS. 27 through 29 provide automated support for mobile users and in effect act as an intelligent researcher or agent for the users. The agent is necessary to protect the user from an increasing information overload in modern life while allowing the user to maintain control over .[0169]
• FIG. 27 illustrates the detail of the data search and preparation before a meeting takes place. From[0170]step580, the routine of FIG. 27 proceeds to step581 where the routine checks with the calendar engine for meetings scheduled for a particular date. Fromstep581, for each meeting calendared, the routine performs a search on the company and individuals scheduled for the meeting instep582. Next, the routine checks in its internal records for historical data of prior meetings instep583. In this step, the routine also attempts to identify areas of agreement and disagreement, as well as the personal information of the people in the meeting to remind and prepare the user of hot-spots to be careful on in the meeting.
• From[0171]step583, the routine of FIG. 27 proceeds to step584 where it searches for information relating to the competition as well as other potential stakeholders. The search starts with in-house data and sweeps outwardly toward theInternet150. This step preferably deploys the intelligent agent of FIG. 22. As a first step, the agent of FIG. 22 enters the respective competitor's name into search engines such as Yahoo, AltaVista, HotBot or Infoseek. The agent may also check the competitor's financial health by performing a search in Hoover's Online, located at http://www.hoovers.com, and a search at the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission, located at http://www.sec.gov. Other sites with financial information on public and private companies that can be searched by the agent of FIG. 22 include http://www.pathfinder.com, http://www.avetech.com, http://www.dbisna.com.
• For general news regarding a particular company, the agent of FIG. 22 can search Ecola's 24-hour newsstand, located at http://www.ecola.com, which links to more than 2,000 newspapers, journals, magazines and publications. Additionally, the agent can search CNN Interactive at http://www.cnn.com for archived information going back a few weeks. Furthermore, the agent of FIG. 22 can search the Knowledge Index on CompuServer, and the Electric Library, available at http://www.elibrary.com, for scouring magazines, reference works and news wires. Furthermore, MediaFinder, located at http://www.mediafinder.com, provides an index and description of thousands of newsletters, catalogs and magazines.[0172]
• The agent of FIG. 22 also provides the ability to listen in on conversations regarding a particular company by news groups and discussion groups prevalent in the Usenet section of the[0173]Internet50. For a searchable directory of E-mail discussion groups, the agent of FIG. 22 reviews Deja News Research Service, located at http://www.dejanews.com, and Liszt, located at http://www.liszt.com.
• As a last resort when the above searches turn up empty, the agent of[0174]step584 checks sites that have compiled good collections of business resources, including John Makulowich's Awesome Lists, located at http://www.clark.net, American Demographics, located at http://www.demographics.com, ProfNet, located at http://www.vyne.com, StartingPoint, located at http://www.stpt.com, Babson College, located at http://babson.edu, and Competitive Intelligence Guide, located at http://www.fuld.com. Additionally, the present invention contemplates that yet other sites can be searched as well for competitive information, including the Lexis/Nexis database, the Westlaw database, various judicial decisions at Villanova University, licensing information from Licensing Executive Society at http://www.les.org, and the patent abstract information database from the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, or alternatively, abstracts from MicroPatent, located at http://www.micropat.com, among other sites.
• From[0175]step584, the routine formats the collected information of steps583-584 instep585. Next, the routine proceeds to step586 where it checks to see if it is time to meet. If so, the routine proceeds to step587 where it notifies the user of the meeting and displays the formatted report ofstep585 instep588. Alternatively, if it is not yet meeting time instep586, the routine proceeds to step589 where it puts itself to sleep until the next check interval. Fromstep588 or589, the routine of FIG. 27 exits instep590.
• Turning now to FIG. 28, the processes occurring during the meeting scheduled in FIG. 27 are shown in more detail. From[0176]step600, the routine proceeds to step601 where it displays the reports generated instep585 of FIG. 27. Further, the routine checks instep602 whether the customer or client has specific questions. If so, the routine proceeds to step603 where, in the event that the user does not know the answer already, the routine jumps to step604 where it queries a database and allows the user to electronically mail questions to the technical staff instep605.
• From[0177]steps602,603 or605, the routine proceeds in two parallel paths. In the event where a customized design is necessary for the customer instep606, the routine proceeds fromstep606 to step607. Instep607, the routine downloads the requisite computer aided design (CAD) file for editing purposes. Fromstep607, the routine proceeds to step608 where the design can be updated using a number of tools, including the tools disclosed in the incorporated by reference patent applications.
• From[0178]steps602,603 or605, the routine of FIG. 28 also checks if the customer desires an alternative pricing instep609. If so, the routine downloads pricing information from the host to the portable computer instep610 and applies the spreadsheet discussed above to the data instep611.
• From[0179]steps606,609,608 or611, the routine proceeds to step612 where it checks if outstanding questions remains. If not, the routine proceeds fromstep612 to step613 where it flags that a standard follow-up letter without questions is to be used. Alternatively, in the event that outstanding questions remain to be answered, the routine proceeds fromstep612 to step614 where it adds to the list of follow-up questions. Fromstep613 or614, the routine of FIG. 28 exits.
• Referring now to FIG. 29, the routine to process events after the meeting is shown. From[0180]step620 of FIG. 29, the routine proceeds to step621 where it loads a standard letter template which provides the foundational structure for the correspondence. Fromstep621, the routine checks if unresolved questions remain instep621. If so, the routine proceeds to step623 where it displays the question list instep623 to remind the user of the items to be addressed in the correspondence. Next, instep624, in the event that the answer requires an expert, the routine proceeds fromstep624 to step625 where the routine forwards the question to the appropriate person.
• From[0181]step624 or step625, the routine proceeds to step626 where the question is answered. Next, instep627, the routine checks if it is done with all questions. If not, the routine loops back to step623 to answer the next question in the list. Alternatively, if all questions have been answered instep627 or step622, the routine proceeds to step628 where it applies standard closing paragraphs as well as a signature facsimile. Furthermore, to the extent some personalized compliments or congratulations can be made, as identified instep582 of FIG. 27, the routine also applies these congratulatory remarks to the correspondence. Next, instep629, the routine prints, e-mail, postal mail, or fax the correspondence to the client or customer before exiting in step631 of FIG. 29.
• The present invention thus provides a convenient system for accepting and manipulating data using a spreadsheet or a database such that the user can quickly write commands or data on a mobile computer with a relatively compact screen. Further, the present invention integrates speech and typed data entry to provide a user friendly computer system. Further, the spreadsheet or database system of the present invention can be used in two-way messaging systems to support object linking and embedding like capabilities. Data can be imported into the spreadsheet or database by scanning or dictating the information to the computer system. The present invention also supports an intelligent agent operating with the computer to locate responsive information, as specified by the spreadsheet or database system of the present invention.[0182]
• Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the scope of the invention. The following claims are intended to encompass all such modifications.[0183]

Claims (18)

What is claimed is:

1. A portable computer system for managing data for a user, comprising:

a processor;

an input recognizer embodied in said program storage device, said input recognizer adapted to receive non-cursive handwritings from said user and convert said non-cursive handwritings into text data;

a program storage device coupled to said processor;

a computer readable code embodied in said program storage device and coupled to said input recognizer for receiving said non-cursive handwritings, said computer readable code storing said data and allowing said user to process said data.

2. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet.

3. The portable computer system ofclaim 2, further comprising a magnifier code coupled to said spreadsheet code and said input recognizer code, said magnifier code zooming in or out of portions of said spreadsheet upon demand by said user to improve the readability of said spreadsheet.

4. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet, further comprising:

a scanner removably coupled to said processor; and

an optical character recognition (OCR) engine coupled to said processor, said scanner and said spreadsheet.

7. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet, further comprising:

an analog to digital converter coupled to said processor;

a microphone coupled to said voice recorder; and

a speech recognizer coupled to said processor, said analog to digital converter and to said spreadsheet.

8. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet, further comprising a communications unit coupled to said processor and to said spreadsheet.

9. The portable computer system ofclaim 8, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet, further comprising a peripheral device selected from the group consisting of a camera, a scanner, a tuner, an audio system, a modem, a voice recorder, and a display, said peripheral device coupled to said communications unit to provide data to said spreadsheet in a non-contact manner.

10. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, wherein said computer readable code is a spreadsheet, further comprising a browser coupled to said spreadsheet.

11. The portable computer ofclaim 1, wherein said program storage device coupled to said processor is a browser.

12. The portable computer ofclaim 1, wherein said browser is adapted to operate with an intermediate language, said browser further comprising:

an intermediate language parser; and

an intermediate language interpreter coupled to said parser, said interpreter performing actions in accordance with said intermediate language.

13. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a digital simultaneous voice data (DSVD) modem coupled to said processor, said DSVD modem adapted to communicate with a remote DSVD modem; and

a blackboard code for receiving data from said remote DSVD modem and displaying said data to a user.

14. The portable computer system ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a data storage device coupled to said processor; and

a file system code for linking said processor to said data storage device, said file system allowing applications to open and close files stored on said data storage device.

15. The portable computer ofclaim 11, further comprising:

an application executing on said computer, said application generating one or more messages having one or more instructions;

a data compression engine coupled to said application, said data compression engine generating a compressed message from said application message; and

a message manager coupled to said data compression engine, said message manager adapted to transmit said compressed message over a media.

16. The portable computer ofclaim 15, further comprising:

a resource;

a decompression engine adapted to receive said compressed message and decoding said application message from said compressed message;

an event manager coupled to said decompression engine, said event manager queuing said application message; and

an event handler coupled to said event manager and to said resource, said handler accessing said resource in accordance with said message instructions.

17. The portable computer system ofclaim 11, further comprising a Java compiler or interpreter coupled to said processor.

18. The portable computer system ofclaim 11, further comprising an intelligent agent adapted to be sent by said processor to a remote network for data collection purposes.

19. The portable computer system ofclaim 18, wherein said intelligent agent is sent over an Internet for data collection purposes.

20. The portable computer ofclaim 18, wherein said intelligent agent comprises:

a first code for specifying a goal for said intelligent agent;

a second code coupled to said first code for sending said agent over a network;

a third code coupled to said second code, said third code mining databases existing on said network in search of data satisfying said goal; and

a fourth code coupled to said third code for reporting results back to the portable computer.

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