US20020065560A1 - Intervertebral spacing implant system - Google Patents

Abstract

An intervertebral spacer adapted for implanting between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spine as a load-bearing replacement for a spinal disc. The spacing member includes an external, non-porous, concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension of said spacing member. The spacing member is preferably constructed from a rigid, non-resilient load-bearing material that is incapable of elastic deformation. The spacing member is inserted with the aid of a sheathed trocar device that is releasably attached to the spacer, to enable implantation and selective positioning of the spacer by the surgeon from the posterior side of the spine, without the need to retract the dural nerve or the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• Not Applicable.[0001]
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
• Not Applicable.[0002]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. The Field of the Invention[0003]
• The present invention relates generally to an intervertebral spacer, and more particularly, but not necessarily entirely, to a interbody spacing system for accomplishing enhanced intervertebral fusion between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spine.[0004]
• 2. Description of Related Art[0005]
• The human spine is a complex, sophisticated mechanical system. The vertebrate spine operates as a structural member, providing structural support for the other body parts. A normal human spine is segmented with seven cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar segments. The lumbar portion of the spine resides on the sacrum, which is attached to the pelvis. The pelvis is supported by the hips and leg bones. The bony vertebral bodies of the spine are separated by intervertebral discs, which reside sandwiched between the vertebral bodies and operate as joints allowing known degrees of flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation.[0006]
• The intervertebral disc primarily serves as a mechanical cushion between adjacent vertebral bodies, and permits controlled motions within vertebral segments of the axial skeleton. The disc is a multi-element system, having three basic components: the nucleus pulposus (“nucleus”), the anulus fibrosus (“anulus”) and two vertebral end plates. The end plates are made of thin cartilage overlying a thin layer of hard, cortical bone that attaches to the spongy, richly vascular, cancellous bone of the vertebral body. The plates thereby operate to attach adjacent vertebrae to the disc. In other words, a transitional zone is created by the end plates between the malleable disc and the bony vertebrae.[0007]
• The anulus of the disc forms the disc perimeter, and is a tough, outer fibrous ring that binds adjacent vertebrae together. The fiber layers of the anulus include fifteen to twenty overlapping plies, which are inserted into the superior and inferior vertebral bodies at roughly a 40 degree angle in both directions. This causes bi-directional torsional resistance, as about half of the angulated fibers will tighten when the vertebrae rotate in either direction.[0008]
• It is common practice to remove a spinal disc in cases of spinal disc deterioration, disease or spinal injury. The discs sometimes become diseased or damaged such that the intervertebral separation is reduced. Such events cause the height of the disc nucleus to decrease, which in turn causes the anulus to buckle in areas where the laminated plies are loosely bonded. As the overlapping laminated plies of the anulus begin to buckle and separate, either circumferential or radial anular tears may occur. Such disruption to the natural intervertebral separation produces pain, which can be alleviated by removal of the disc and maintenance of the natural separation distance. In cases of chronic back pain resulting from a degenerated or herniated disc, removal of the disc becomes medically necessary.[0009]
• In some cases, the damaged disc may be replaced with a disc prosthesis intended to duplicate the function of the natural spinal disc. U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,477 (granted Sep. 5, 1989 to Monson) discloses a resilient spinal disc prosthesis intended to replace the resiliency of a natural human spinal disc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,326 (granted Mar. 9, 1993 to Bao et al.) teaches a prosthetic nucleus for replacing just the nucleus portion of a human spinal disc.[0010]
• In other cases it is desired to fuse the adjacent vertebrae together after removal of the disc, sometimes referred to as “intervertebral fusion” or “interbody fusion.”[0011]
• In cases of intervertebral fusion, it is known to position a spacer centrally within the space where the spinal disc once resided, or to position multiple spacers within that space. Such practices are characterized by certain disadvantages, including a disruption in the natural curvature of the spine. For example, the vertebrae in the lower “lumbar” region of the spine reside in an arch referred to in the medical field as having a sagittal alignment. The sagittal alignment is compromised when adjacent vertebral bodies that were once angled toward each other on their posterior side become fused in a different, less angled orientation relative to one another.[0012]
• Another disadvantage of known spacing techniques and intervertebral spacers are the additional surgical complications that arise in the use of multiple spacers in a single disc space. In such cases, surgeons will often first perform a posterior surgery to remove the affected disc and affix posterior instrumentation to the posterior side of the vertebrae to hold the posterior portions of the vertebrae in a desired position. Placement of the multiple spacers is often too difficult to accomplish from the posterior side of the patient, at least without causing with undue trauma to the patient, because a surgeon would need to retract the dura nerve as well as the anterior longitudinal ligament, thereby increasing damage, pain and morbidity to the patient. Surgeons have therefore often chosen to turn the patient over after completing the posterior surgical portion, to perform an anterior operative procedure, through the patient's belly, in order to insert multiple spacers between the vertebrae from the anterior side instead of from the posterior side.[0013]
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,554 (granted Oct. 5, 1999 to Janson et al.) illustrates a spacer having a high degree of porosity throughout, for enhanced tissue ingrowth characteristics. This patent does not address the problem of compromising the sagittal alignment, or of increased pain and trauma to the patient by implantation of multiple spacers in a single disk space.[0014]
• The prior art is thus characterized by several disadvantages that are addressed by the present invention. The present invention minimizes, and in some aspects eliminates, the above-mentioned failures, and other problems, by utilizing the methods and structural features described herein.[0015]
BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
• It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an intervertebral spacing system that does not require an additional, anterior surgical procedure.[0016]
• It is another object of the present invention, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide such an intervertebral spacing system by which sagittal alignment of the spine is restored.[0017]
• It is a further object of the present invention, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide such an intervertebral spacing system that can accommodate a larger host-graft interface between adjacent vertebral bodies.[0018]
• It is an additional object of the present invention, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide such an intervertebral spacing system in which bone grafting material is loaded in compression between adjacent vertebral bodies of the spine.[0019]
• It is yet another object of the present invention, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide such an intervertebral spacing system that does not require retraction of the dural nerve, or of the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments, for implantation of the spacer.[0020]
• The above objects and others not specifically recited are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment of an intervertebral spacer adapted for implanting between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spine as a load-bearing replacement for a spinal disc. The spacing member includes an external, non-porous, concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension of said spacing member. The spacing member is preferably constructed from a rigid, non-resilient load-bearing material that is incapable of elastic deformation. The spacing member is inserted with the aid of a sheathed trocar device that is releasably attached to the spacer, to enable implantation and selective positioning of the spacer by the surgeon from the posterior side of the spine, without the need to retract the dural nerve or the posterior longitudinal ligament.[0021]
• Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the invention without undue experimentation. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.[0022]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the subsequent detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:[0023]
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an intervertebral spacer, made in accordance with the principles of the present invention;[0024]
• FIG. 2 is a plan view of the intervertebral spacer of FIG. 1;[0025]
• FIG. 3 is a frontal view of the intervertebral spacer of FIGS. 1 and 2;[0026]
• FIG. 4 is a side view of the intervertebral spacer of FIGS. 1, 2 and[0027]3;
• FIG. 5 is side view of a pair of adjacent vertebral bodies from the lumbar region of a human spine;[0028]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a sheathed trocar device releasably attached to a trial spacer shaped similarly to the intervertebral spacer of FIG. 1, in accordance with the principles of the present invention;[0029]
• FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a sheathed trocar device releasably attached to the intervertebral spacer of FIG. 1, in accordance with the principles of the present invention;[0030]
• FIGS.[0031]8A-8D illustrate a schematic progression of the placement of the intervertebral spacer of FIG. 1 between vertebral bodies of a human spine; and
• FIG. 9 illustrates posterior instrumentation by which compression is applied to the posterior sides of a paid of adjacenet vertebral bodies of a human spine.[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles in accordance with the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and any additional applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein, which would normally occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention claimed.[0033]
• Before the apparatus and methods of the present invention are described further, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular configurations, process steps, and materials disclosed herein as such configurations, process steps, and materials may vary somewhat. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only, and is not intended to be limiting since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.[0034]
• The publications and other reference materials referred to herein to describe the background of the invention and to provide additional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated by reference. The references discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as a suggestion or admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.[0035]
• In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.[0036]
• As used herein, “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.[0037]
• Applicants have discovered that several of the disadvantages of the prior art spinal disc replacement systems can be minimized, or even eliminated, by the use of a cashew-shaped interbody spacer having a tapered external shape, placing it is far anteriorly as possible between adjacent vertebral bodies, filling in the remaining posterior space with bone graft material, and applying compression to posterior portions of the vertebral bodies to load the bone graft in compression and restore sagittal alignment.[0038]
• Referring now to FIGS.[0039]1-4, there is shown a spacing member, referred to also herein as an intervertebral spacer or an interbody spacer, designated generally at10.
• Briefly stated, the[0040]spacer10 is utilized, along with autogenous bone grafting material, to replace a diseased or damaged spinal disc. Referring now to FIGS.5-7, the procedure is implemented by making anincision32 in theanulus34 connecting adjacentvertebral bodies31. The spinal disc (not shown) is surgically removed from theincision32, after which thespacer10 is placed through theincision32 into position between thevertebral bodies31. The spacer is preferably placed with its convex,anterior sidewall12 facing anteriorly, and with its concave,posterior sidewall14 facing posteriorly. Bone grafting material is placed through theincision32 to reside behind thespacer10, after which posterior instrumentation is attached topedicle areas34 to force thevertebral bodies31 together in compression, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 8D and more particularly in FIG. 9.
• The unique aspects and procedures relating to the[0041]spacer10 will now be explained in more detail. Some of the key features of the invention comprise the size, shape and placement ofspacer10. Thespacer10 is preferably made of titanium, thus having a non-porous quality with a preferably smooth finish. Thespacer10 could also be made of ceramic, or any other suitable material that is inert and biologically compatible. Thespacer10 is thus constructed from a rigid, non-resilient load-bearing material, one that is preferably incapable of elastic deformation. Thespacer10, by its anterior,convex sidewall12 and its posterior,concave sidewall14, has thereby a concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension.
• It is to be understood that the concept of an object having a concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension of the object, as referred to herein, shall not require the concave and convex sides of the object to be parallel to one another, although such is preferred. The concept does however refer to a dimension in which the concave and convex sides of the object are at least partially facing the direction of that dimension, as indicated by the[0042]dimension16 of FIG. 1 in relation to thespacer10. It is also to be understood that the concept of an object being concavo-convex in a single dimension shall thereby include an object that has concave andconvex sides14 and12 in ahorizontal dimension16, even though those very same sides are linear in avertical dimension20 at all points, such as in the case of thespacer10 shown in FIG. 1. For example, thespacer10 is concavo-convex in the anterior-posterior direction16, though not in a medial-lateral direction18 orvertical direction20.
• The[0043]upper surface22 of thespacer10 is preferably a planer, discontinuous surface having a plurality of spaced-apartelongate recesses24, with preferably acorner point28 whereby oneside26 of thespacer10 begins tapering in the medial-lateral direction18, as shown most clearly in FIG. 3. The primary taper of thespacer10 occurs in the anterio-to-posterior direction16, in that thespacer10 narrows in thickness in a continuous manner along substantially theentire spacer10 as shown most clearly in FIG. 4. Theupper surface22 andlower surface30 form an acute angle relative to ahorizontal plane23, the angle being with a range of preferably two to eight degrees, most preferably four degrees. The entire taper is therefore most preferably an eight degree total taper, with four degrees of taper resulting from theupper surface22 and the other four degrees of taper resulting from thelower surface30.
• As shown most clearly in FIG. 2, the[0044]spacer10 has an arc-length AL that is preferably 1.218 inches, a width W that is preferably 0.320 inches, a depth D that is preferably 0.532 inches, an inner radius R₂that is 0.271 inches, an outer radius R₁that is preferably 0.591 inches, and side radii R₃and R₄that are each preferably 0.160 inches.
• The anterior,[0045]convex sidewall12 and the posterior,concave sidewall14 of thespacer10 are each preferably linear in thevertical dimension20, and are most preferably parallel relative to one another.
• The primary goal in intervertebral fusion are immobilization of the affected vertebrae, restoration of the spinal disc space and sagittal alignment, and to provide an environment for bony fusion between vertebral bodies. Applicants have discovered that these goals are most effectively accomplished by the mechanical principle of a cantilever. Using the[0046]spacer10 as a compression point, a cantilever is constructed within the disc space as shown most clearly in FIG. 8D. The procedure for accomplishing this is as follows.
• FIG. 8A is a schematic side, internal view of the[0047]vertebral bodies31 indicated in FIG. 5. Thespinal disc33 resides between thevertebral bodies31, all of which reside between the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)36 and the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)38. The dural nerve (Dura)40 resides posteriorly to thevertebral bodies31 and thePLL38.
• Referring now to FIG. 8B and FIG. 9, posterior access to the spine of the patient (not shown) is accomplished. Posterior instrumentation, preferably pedicle screws[0048]42 (FIG. 9), are affixed toposterior pedicle portions34 of thevertebral bodies31. The associatedrods44 and structure interconnecting therods44 with the pedicle screws42 are not affixed until later on in the procedure. A posterior portion of the lower vertebral body involved in the fusion, namely, the left inferior articular facet, is removed and saved for future autogenous bone grafting. A lamina spreader (not shown, but indicated in FIGS. 8B and 8C), is placed between the spinous processes35 (shown in FIG. 5), and is operated to spread the adjacentvertebral bodies31 apart. The anteriorlongitudinal ligament36 and posteriorlongitudinal ligament38 are left intact and need not be retracted.
• After coagulation of the veins (not shown), the incision[0049]32 (FIG. 5) is made, preferably with a #15 scalpel, or any suitable surgical instrument, in a side section of theanulus37. Thedisc33 is then detached from the vertebral end plates (not shown) with the proper surgical instrumentation, and is removed through theincision32. Care is taken not to violate the bony vertebral end plate, which would cause excessive bleeding and compromise the resistance to axial load when thespacer10 is inserted.
• When as much disc material has been removed as can safely be accomplished, a[0050]trial spacer50 is used to determine the correct spacer size. Thetrial spacer50 preferably has the same shape as thespacer10, both of which are part of a set having various sizes, except that thetrial spacer50 does not include therecesses24. Thetrial spacer50 is inserted into theincision32 with a sheathedtrocar device52. The main purpose oftrial spacer50 is to evaluate a snugness of fit of saidtrial spacer50 as it resides between the adjacentvertebral bodies31, which enables the surgeon to determine a spacer size thereby. Thetrial spacer50 may also have sharp edging, and is useable to clear away any remaining unwanted tissue.
• When the spacer size has been determined, a bone graft is prepared, preferably autogenous[0051]bone graft material54 as shown in FIG. 8C. Care is taken to remove all soft tissue from the autogenous bone, which will facilitate successful osseointegration of the graft. Additional bone can also be harvested from the spinous processes35. The harvested autogenous bone is then passed through a bone mill (not shown) to form suitable bone grafting material as known and understood to those having ordinary skill in the art.
• The[0052]spacer10 is inserted through theincision32 with the sheathedtrocar device52. The sheathedtrocar device52 includes atrocar rod56 preferably slidably disposed within ahollow sheath58. Thetrocar rod56 and thehollow sheath58 may moveably engaged with each other in any suitable manner.
• Both the[0053]trial spacer50 and thespacer10 preferably include a female-threadedopening50aand10aformed therein, respectively, in which a male-threaded portion57 of thetrocar rod56 may be releasably inserted. Thetrocar rod56 may of course be releasably attached to thetrial spacer50 andspacer10 in any other suitable manner. Thetrocar rod56 has a longer length than thesheath member58, such that aproximal portion60 of thetrocar rod56 protrudes from thesheath member58 when thetrocar rod56 is attached to thetrial spacer50 or thespacer10.
• The sheathed[0054]trocar device52 accordingly provides an efficiently stabilized, releasable connection with thespacer10. With thetrocar rod56 being attached directly to thespacer10, thesheath member58 provides additional support by abutting up against the spacer and contactably circumscribing the point of the attachment of thetrocar rod56 with thespacer10, thereby providing additional stability and control over the positioning of thespacer10.
• The surgeon then selectively positions the[0055]spacer10 within the space residing between the adjacentvertebral bodies31, preferably as far anteriorly as possible and most preferably such that thespacer10 resides in contact with the anteriorlongitudinal ligament36.
• With the[0056]spacer10 in place, thebone grafting material54 is placed through theincision32 and into position between the adjacentvertebral bodies31, such that saidbone grafting material54 resides posteriorly to theconcave sidewall14 of thespacer10, and thus between thesidewall14 and the posteriorlongitudinal ligament38. A bone funnel (not shown) as known to those having ordinary skill in the field may be used to funnel morselized bone grafting material into theincision32.
• It is noted that the concavo-convex shape of the[0057]spacer10, and the method of implantation with thespacer10 residing as far anteriorly as possible, operates to provide a larger bone-graft interface between the adjacentvertebral bodies31.
• Referring now to FIG. 8D and FIG. 9, the lamina spreader is removed and the pedicle screws[0058]42 are interconnected with therods44 as known in the field. Mild compression is applied by acompression instrument46 to thereby sliderods44 downwardly, after which the pedicle screws42 are tightened to hold therods44 in place and maintain the compression. Further compression is applied as desired, with the result being illustrated schematically in FIG. 8D. Thebone grafting material54 is thereby loaded in compression by the posteriorly compressed adjacentvertebral bodies31 as shown. After final inspection of the placement of thebone grafting material54, routine closure of the wound is completed. The use of drains may be made at the discretion of the surgeon.
• The[0059]spacer10 thus operates to cause the adjacentvertebral bodies31 to be suspended in the manner of a cantilever. The posterior compression provided by the pedicle screws42 androds44, which may alternatively be provided by any other suitable holding structure, causes the adjacentvertebral bodies31 to be brought closer together on their posterior side than on their anterior side, consistent with the natural sagittal alignment in which they were originally positioned, as understood by those having ordinary skill in the field.
• It will be appreciated that the structure and apparatus of the[0060]trocar rod56 andsheath58 constitute a positioning means for enabling a surgeon to adjust a position of thespacer10 when thespacer10 resides between the adjacentintervertebral bodies31. That structure is merely one example of a means for positioning thespacer10, and it should be appreciated that any structure, apparatus or system for positioning which performs functions that are the same as, or equivalent to, those disclosed herein are intended to fall within the scope of a means for positioning, including those structures, apparatus or systems for positioning which are presently known, or which may become available in the future. Anything which functions the same as, or equivalently to, a means for positioning falls within the scope of this element.
• In accordance with the features and combinations described above, a preferred method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc includes:[0061]
• (a) making an incision in an anulus of a human spinal column between adjacent vertebral bodies of said spinal column to thereby expose a space residing between said adjacent vertebral bodies;[0062]
• (b) inserting a spacing member through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies, and positioning said spacing member at an anterior location with respect to the spinal column such that more intervertebral space resides posteriorly to said spacing member than anteriorly thereto;[0063]
• (c) applying compression to posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies.[0064]
• It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present invention has been shown in the drawings and fully described above with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiment(s) of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein.[0065]

Claims (43)

What is claimed is:

1. An intervertebral spacing implant comprising:

a spacing member adapted for implanting between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spine as a load-bearing replacement for a spinal disc, said spacing member further comprising an external, non-porous, concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension of said spacing member.

2. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 1, wherein the spacing member is constructed from a rigid, non-resilient load-bearing material that is incapable of elastic deformation.

3. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 2, wherein the spacing member comprises metal.

4. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 3, wherein the spacing member comprises titanium.

5. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 2, wherein the spacing member comprises ceramic.

6. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 1, wherein the spacing member includes an anterior wall and a posterior wall, and wherein the external concavo-convex contour of the spacer is defined by the posterior wall being concave in a horizontal dimension and by the anterior wall being convex in a horizontal dimension.

7. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 6, wherein the anterior wall and the posterior wall of the spacing member are each linear in a vertical dimension.

8. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 7, wherein the concavo-convex contour comprises a concave posterior side, and a convex anterior side disposed in a substantial parallel orientation with respect to the concave posterior side.

9. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 1, wherein the spacing member defines an imaginary arcuate centerline residing between opposing sides of the external concavo-convex contour of said spacing member to thereby enable said spacing member to be inserted thorough an incision along an arcuate insertion path.

10. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 9, wherein the spacing member is configured and adapted to be inserted along said arcuate movement path in a manner such that said arcuate movement path coincides with the imaginary arcuate centerline of said spacing member.

11. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 1, wherein the spacing member further comprises a disc-like member having a thickness, and a length that is greater in length than said thickness, and a width that is greater in width than said thickness.

12. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 11, wherein the thickness of the spacing member is defined by a perimeter wall that constitutes the concave side and the convex side of the external concavo-convex contour of said spacing member.

13. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 1, wherein the spacing member further comprises un upper side having a plurality of spaced-apart recesses formed therein.

14. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 13, wherein the recesses are elongate and are disposed in a substantial parallel orientation with respect to each other.

15. An intervertebral spacing implant comprising:

a spacing member adapted for implanting between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spine as a load-bearing replacement for a spinal disc, said spacing member further comprising a non-porous body having a tapered external shape such that said spacing member narrows in thickness in a first direction.

16. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 15, said spacing member having a discontinuous upper surface.

17. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 15, wherein the tapered external shape of said spacing member narrows in thickness in a continuous manner along a majority width of said spacing member in an anterior-to-posterior direction.

18. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 17, wherein the spacing member include an upper surface that forms an acute angle with respect to a horizontal plan, said acute angle being in a range of two to six degrees.

19. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 18, the spacing member having a discontinuous upper surface.

20. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 19, wherein the upper surface includes a plurality of elongate recesses formed therein, said recesses extending in an anterior-to-posterior direction.

21. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 18, wherein the spacing member includes a lower surface that forms an acute angle with respect to a horizontal plan, said acute angle being in a range of approximately two degrees to eight degrees.

22. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 21, wherein the upper and lower surface of the spacing member each form a continuous acute angle of approximately four degrees with respect to a horizontal plane, for a total continuous taper of approximately eight degrees.

23. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 15, wherein said spacing member further comprises a convex side, and wherein the tapered external shape of said spacing member is adapted such that said spacing member narrows in thickness in an anterior-to-posterior direction when implanted with said convex side facing an anterior direction.

24. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 23, wherein the spacing member further comprises an upper surface, and wherein the tapered external shape of the spacing member is such that the upper surface of said spacing member defines a first acute angle with respect to a plane that is orthogonal to the convex side of the spacing member.

25. The intervertebral spacing implant ofclaim 15, wherein the tapered external shape of said spacing member comprises a taper sufficient in degree to permit a lordosis spinal configuration to be restored when said spacing member is sandwiched between adjacent intervertebral bodies.

26. An intervertebral spacing implant system comprising:

a spacing member adapted for implanting between adjacent intervertebral bodies of a human spine;

positioning means for enabling a surgeon to adjust a position of the spacing member when said spacing member resides between adjacent intervertebral bodies, said positioning means comprising a sheath member, a rod member slidably insertable into the sheath member, and a means for releasably attaching the rod member to the spacing member.

27. The intervertebral spacing implant system ofclaim 26, wherein the rod member has a longer length than the sheath member, such that a proximal portion of the rod member protrudes from the sheath member when said rod member resides within said sheath member and is attached to the spacing member.

28. The intervertebral spacing implant system ofclaim 26, wherein the means for releasably attaching the rod member to the spacing member further comprises a threaded engagement.

29. The intervertebral spacing implant system ofclaim 28, wherein the means for releasably attaching the rod member to the spacing member further comprises a female threaded recess formed in the spacing member, and wherein the rod member comprises a male threaded distal end having a size and configuration sufficient to permit threaded engagement between said male threaded distal end of the rod member and the female threaded recess formed in the spacing member.

30. An intervertebral spacing implant system comprising:

a spacing member adapted for implanting between adjacent intervertebral bodies of a human spine;

positioning means for enabling a surgeon to adjust a position of the spacing member when said spacing member resides between adjacent intervertebral bodies, said positioning means further comprising an attachment means for becoming releasably attached to the spacing member at a first area of attachment, and a stabilizing means for removably contacting the spacing member along a contact line that surrounds the first area of attachment.

31. The intervertebral spacing implant system ofclaim 30, wherein the stabilizing means further comprises means for contacting the spacing member along a circular contact line that circumscribes the first area of attachment, said circular contact line being disposed in a substantially co-axial orientation with respect to the first area of attachment.

32. A method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc comprising:

(a) making an incision in an anulus of a human spinal column between adjacent vertebral bodies of said spinal column to thereby expose a space residing between said adjacent vertebral bodies;

(b) inserting a spacing member through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies, and positioning said spacing member at an anterior location with respect to the spinal column such that more intervertebral space resides posteriorly to said spacing member than anteriorly thereto;

(c) applying compression to posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

33. The method ofclaim 32, further comprising:

(d) removing a natural human disc from the space, prior to part (b).

34. The method ofclaim 32, wherein part (c) further comprises compressing the posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies toward each other to a degree sufficient to move said adjacent vertebral bodies into a sagittal alignment.

35. The method ofclaim 34, further comprising:

(e) attaching a holding means to the adjacent vertebral bodies for holding said adjacent vertebral bodies in the sagittal alignment to thereby inhibit said vertebral bodies from moving out of sagittal alignment.

36. The method ofclaim 32, wherein part (b) further comprises positioning the spacing member sufficiently anteriorly such that said spacing member resides in contact with an anterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column.

37. A method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc comprising:

(a) making an incision in an anulus of a human spinal column between adjacent vertebral bodies of said spinal column to thereby expose a space residing between said adjacent vertebral bodies;

(b) inserting a spacing member through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies, and positioning said spacing member at an anterior location with respect to the spinal column such that more intervertebral space resides posteriorly to said spacing member than anteriorly thereto;

(c) placing bone grafting material through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies such that said bone grafting material resides between the spacing member and a posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column; and

(d) attaching a compression means to posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies to thereby force said posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies toward each other and thereby compress the bone grafting material, said compression means comprising pedicle screws and rod members intercoupling said screws.

38. The method ofclaim 37, wherein the bone grafting material comprises autogenous bone.

39. A method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc comprising:

(a) inserting a spacing member into position between adjacent vertebral bodies of a human spinal column, and positioning said spacing member at an anterior location with respect to the spinal column such that more intervertebral space resides posteriorly to said spacing member than anteriorly thereto; and

(b) applying compression to posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

40. The method ofclaim 39, further comprising additional parts to be performed prior to part (b), said additional parts comprising:

(i) placing bone grafting material into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies such that said bone grafting material resides between the spacing member and a posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column; and

(ii) attaching a compression means to posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies to thereby force said posterior portions of the adjacent vertebral bodies toward each other and thereby compress the bone grafting material, said compression means comprising pedicle screws and rod members intercoupling said screws.

41. A method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc comprising:

(a) making an incision in an anulus of a human spinal column between adjacent vertebral bodies of said spinal column to thereby expose a space residing between said adjacent vertebral bodies;

(b) selecting a spacing member comprising an external concavo-convex contour with respect to one dimension of said spacing member, wherein the spacing member defines an imaginary arcuate centerline residing between opposing sides of the external concavo-convex contour of said spacing member;

(c) inserting the spacing member along an arcuate insertion path through the incision such that the imaginary arcuate centerline follows said arcuate insertion path during the insertion.

42. A method of implanting an artificial intervertebral disc comprising:

(a) making an incision in an anulus of a human spinal column between adjacent vertebral bodies of said spinal column to thereby expose a space residing between said adjacent vertebral bodies;

(b) inserting a trial spacer through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies, and evaluating a snugness of fit of said spacer as it resides between said adjacent vertebral bodies and determining a spacer size thereby;

(c) selecting a spacing member having the spacer size determined in part (b) and inserting said spacing member through the incision and into position between the adjacent vertebral bodies.

43. The method of claim42, wherein part (b) further comprises dislodging any unwanted soft tissue from between the vertebral bodies with the trial spacer.

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