US20010045575A1 - Device and method for facilitating hemostasis of a biopsy tract - Google Patents

Abstract

A biopsy cannula and a delivery catheter are configured to deliver one or more absorbable sponge pledgets to a biopsy site after removal of one or more tissue samples from the site. The delivery catheter allows a large amount of hydrated sponge material to be delivery to the biopsy site to facilitate hemostasis. One example of the delivery catheter includes a closed distal end, a side port, a tapered section, and an enlarged proximal portion for receiving the pledget. The side port of the delivery catheter is arranged to delivery the pledget through the side port of the biopsy cannula. In order to fill a relatively large biopsy site where multiple tissue samples have been taken in a radial pattern, the biopsy cannula is rotated and additional pledgets are delivered to the biopsy site at different radial locations. The absorbable sponge pledget may also be used as a marker for location of the biopsy site at a later time.

Description

• This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/247,880 filed Feb. 10, 1999 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/071,670 filed May 1, 1998, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention[0002]
• The invention relates to a wound closure device, and more particularly, the invention relates to a device and method for facilitating hemostasis of a biopsy site or other puncture wound by injection of an absorbable sponge.[0003]
• 2. Brief Description of the Related Art[0004]
• Percutaneous needle biopsy of solid organs is one of the most common interventional medical procedures. Millions of percutaneous needle biopsies are performed annually in the United States and throughout the world. Percutaneous biopsy is a safe procedure which has supplanted surgical biopsy for many indications, such as skin, liver, and breast biopsy.[0005]
• Possible complications of needle biopsy include bleeding at the biopsy site. The amount of bleeding is related to a number of factors including needle size, tissue sample size, patient's coagulation status, and the location of the biopsy site. Vascular organs such as the liver, a common biopsy target, may bleed significantly after needle biopsy. To minimize bleeding from a biopsy site, small-gauge needles are typically used. Small gauge needles, however, produce less satisfactory biopsy specimens but frequently are favored over larger bored needles because of their perceived safety. In order to minimize the chance of internal bleeding after biopsy, external pressure is applied for a substantial period of time.[0006]
• Sterile sponges, such as Gelfoam, are prepared in dry sterile sheets which are used as packing material during surgery for control of bleeding. The sponge sheets are left in the surgical site after surgery to stop bleeding and are absorbed by the body in 1 to 6 weeks. A number of techniques have used these absorbable sterile sponge materials to plug a biopsy tract to minimize or prevent bleeding. The absorbable sponge provides a mechanical blockage of the tract, encourages clotting, and minimizes bleeding though the biopsy tract. Despite the advantages of using absorbable sponge to plug a biopsy tract this technique has not achieved widespread use because of difficulty in preparing and delivering the dry sponge material into the biopsy tract.[0007]
• One example of a biopsy wound closure device using an implantable sponge is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,388,588. According to this patent, a circular sponge of an absorbable foam material is precut and inserted into a biopsy site by an applicator rod having the sponge positioned on the end. Once the sponge is implanted, the sponge absorbs blood and swells to fill the tract preventing further bleeding at the biopsy site. However, the sponge is difficult to deliver and expands slowly once delivered. In addition, this delivery method can only deliver a sponge of a limited size which provides less local compression than desired and may incompletely fill the target site. Further, bleeding may continue along sections of the biopsy tract where no sponge has been delivered.[0008]
• Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a device and method which will permit the delivery of an absorbable sponge to a biopsy tract in a simple and reliable manner.[0009]
• Breast biopsy devices are generally used to take multiple subcutaneous biopsies of breast tissue and for removing lesions without having to reinsert an instrument into the patient for each tissue sample. Examples of breast biopsy devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,775,333; 5,769,086; and 5,649,547. These devices, commonly known as mammatomes, include a disposable cannula with a sharp distal tip and a side port adjacent the distal end. A tubular inner cutter blade extends through the cannula to cut tissue which extends into the side port. Using different rotational orientations of the cannula, biopsy cores can be taken at different radial locations within the tissue to be sampled. These devices provide an advantage over conventional needle biopsy in that significant amounts of tissue can be removed. However, the increased amount of tissue removed increases the potential for bleeding, hematoma, echimosis, and the like. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a device and method which will permit the delivery of an absorbable sponge to a breast biopsy site to facilitate hemostasis.[0010]
• In addition, after a breast biopsy, an implantable marking device such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,310 may be placed at the biopsy site so the site can be located for a follow up surgical procedure. This marking device is a metallic, radiopaque marker clip which is delivered by a wand through the biopsy cannula. However, if follow up surgery is not required the clip remains within the patient permanently. The permanently implanted clips can prove problematic, as they can migrate. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a radiopaque marker for locating a biopsy site which is formed of an absorbable material.[0011]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a device and method for facilitating hemostasis of a biopsy tract or other puncture wound by injecting an absorbable sponge. More particularly, the system according to the present invention allows delivery of a hydrated absorbable sponge to a breast biopsy site through a biopsy cannula.[0012]
• In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a system for injecting a sponge into tissue includes a catheter having a closed distal end and a side port adjacent the distal end for delivering a pledget of sponge material in a hydrated state to the tissue and an adaptor connected to the catheter for hydrating and delivering the pledget to the catheter, the adaptor having a tapered lumen with a large diameter proximal end and a small diameter distal end, wherein the small diameter distal end is connected to the cannula.[0013]
• In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of delivering an absorbable radiopaque marker to a breast biopsy site includes the steps of removing tissue from a breast biopsy site through a cannula inserted to the breast biopsy site and delivering an absorbable radiopaque marker through the cannula to the breast biopsy site.[0014]
• In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a method of facilitating hemostasis of a breast biopsy site includes the steps of removing tissue from a breast biopsy site through a side port of a cannula inserted to the breast biopsy site and delivering a sponge pledget through the side port of the cannula to the breast biopsy site.[0015]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like elements bear like reference numerals, and wherein:[0016]
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a punch for forming pledgets;[0017]
• FIG. 2 is a side cross sectional view of an adaptor for delivery of a pledget to a biopsy needle or cannula;[0018]
• FIG. 3 is a side cross sectional view of a syringe for connection to the adaptor;[0019]
• FIG. 4 is a side cross sectional view of an adaptor and syringe combination with a pledget positioned within the adaptor;[0020]
• FIG. 5 is a side cross sectional view of an adaptor and syringe combination of FIG. 4 in which the pledget has been hydrated and moved into a small diameter end of the adaptor;[0021]
• FIG. 6 is a side cross sectional view of the loaded adaptor and syringe combination in preparation for connection to a biopsy needle, catheter, or cannula;[0022]
• FIG. 7 is a side cross sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a loaded adaptor connected to a biopsy needle and syringe;[0023]
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an apparatus for collection of breast biopsies;[0024]
• FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of the breast biopsy apparatus of FIG. 8;[0025]
• FIG. 10 is a side cross sectional view of a breast biopsy cannula and a delivery catheter for delivery of a pledget to the breast biopsy site;[0026]
• FIG. 11 is a side cross sectional view of the breast biopsy cannula, a delivery catheter, and an adaptor for delivery of a pledget to the breast biopsy site;[0027]
• FIG. 12 is a side cross sectional view of the delivery catheter and a sleeve for staging the pledget in the catheter;[0028]
• FIG. 13 is a side cross sectional view of a breast biopsy cannula and second embodiment of a delivery catheter;[0029]
• FIG. 14 is a side cross sectional view of a breast biopsy cannula and a third embodiment of a delivery catheter;[0030]
• FIG. 15 is a side cross sectional view of a breast biopsy cannula and a fourth embodiment of a delivery catheter; and[0031]
• FIG. 16 is a side cross sectional view of a breast biopsy cannula and a fifth embodiment of a delivery catheter.[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• The system of the present invention delivers an absorbable sponge material in a hydrated state to facilitate hemostasis of a biopsy tract or other puncture wound in a simple and safe manner. The apparatus for delivering a hydrated absorbable sponge will be described below in connection with treatment of a biopsy tract after a percutaneous needle biopsy. However, the invention may be used for facilitating hemostasis of other types of puncture wounds or tissue access tracts to prevent bleeding of these wounds. The apparatus described with respect to FIGS.[0033]1-7 is used for delivery of sponge material into all types of biopsy tracts in many different organs and tissues. The apparatus described with respect to FIGS.8-12 is particularly designed for delivery of sponge material after biopsy with a breast biopsy device commonly known as a mammatome, however, this system can also be used for treatment of other biopsy sites and other types of wounds.
• The system for facilitating hemostasis of the biopsy tract includes a[0034]punch10 for cutting apledget18 of absorbable sponge material from a sheet of this material, anadaptor12 for delivering the pledget to abiopsy needle16, and asyringe14 for hydrating and injecting the pledget. Theadaptor12 allows a relatively large pledget of absorbable sponge material to be compressed and inserted into the biopsy tract in a hydrated state. The absorbable sponge material for use in facilitating hemostasis may be any absorbable sponge which is capable of deforming upon hydration to be delivered by fluid pressure into or through a biopsy needle or other cannula.
• Prior to discussing the present invention in further detail, the following terms are defined:[0035]
• “Pledget” means a piece of sponge of a generally elongated shape having a size which allows injection in a hydrated state through a biopsy needle or other cannula.[0036]
• “Sponge” means a biocompatible material which is capable of being hydrated and is resiliently compressible in a hydrated state. Preferably, the sponge is non-immunogenic and may be absorbable or non-absorbable.[0037]
• “Absorbable sponge” means sponge which when implanted within a human or other mammalian body is absorbed by the body.[0038]
• “Hydrate” means to partially or fully saturate with a fluid, such as, saline, water, contrast agent, thrombin, therapeutic agent, or the like.[0039]
• “Kneading” of the absorbable sponge material means both dry and wet manipulation of sponge material which compresses, enlarges, or changes the shape of the sponge material causing the sponge material to have improved expansion response.[0040]
• FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a[0041]punch10, also called a dye cutter, for cutting anabsorbable sponge sheet20 intopledgets18 of an appropriate size for delivery to a biopsy tract. Thepunch10 includes arectangular blade22 fixed to aplate24 having ahandle26. Thepunch10 is pressed down onto aflat sheet20 of commercially available absorbable sponge to cut thepledget18 of an appropriate size. In addition to thepunch10 illustrated in FIG. 1 other cutting devices, such as, a scissor type hand punch, an automatic punching machine, or a templet and knife may be used for preparation of thepledget18.
• FIG. 2 shows the[0042]adaptor12 according to the present invention in which thepledget18 is placed for hydration and for delivery through thebiopsy needle16. Theadaptor12 allows pieces of absorbable sponge material with relatively large cross sections to be easily delivered through abiopsy needle16 with a much smaller cross section. Theadaptor12 also functions to remove air from thepledget18.
• The[0043]adaptor12 which delivers thehydrated pledget18 to theneedle16 includes afirst end30 having anannular lip32 or female luer fitting for connection to thesyringe14. Asecond end34 of theadaptor12 has a male luer fitting36 for connection to abiopsy needle16 or other cannula. The luer fitting36 includes a taperedexternal surface38 and a retaining ring40 with internal threads for receiving an annular lip of the biopsy needle. Theadaptor12 has an internal lumen with a first diameter D₁at thefirst end30 and a second diameter D₂at thesecond end34. Between the first and second ends of the adaptor12 a taperedsection42 of the adaptor provides a funnel for compressing thehydrated pledget18 prior to injection through thebiopsy needle16 andneedle hub28.
• The[0044]adaptor12 may be formed in any known manner such as by molding from a plastic material. Preferably, theadaptor12 is transparent so that thepledget18 can be viewed through the adaptor and the user can visually monitor when the pledget is loaded within the adaptor and when the pledget has been delivered into the needle. The adaptor lumen may be provided with a friction reducing coating for improved delivery. The delivery fluid also reduces friction for improved delivery by wetting the exterior surface of thepledget18.
• The[0045]syringe14 includes a male luer fitting46, afluid chamber48, and aplunger50. Thefirst end30 of theadaptor12 is connectable to the luer fitting46 of theconventional syringe14. Thesyringe14 may be provided with aspring52 for automatic filling of thesyringe14 with a predetermined volume of fluid. Alternatively, the syringe may include a threaded syringe plunger, as shown in FIG. 7, for accurate injection of small quantities of fluid. The syringe volume will vary depending on the amount of fluid needed for hydration and delivery of thepledget18 through thebiopsy needle16.
• A[0046]biopsy needle16 for use with the present invention is preferably a coaxial biopsy needle, such as a bi-axial or a tri-axial biopsy needle. A co-axial biopsy needle includes an outer needle or cannula through which a tissue sample is removed with a tissue scoop or other biopsy instrument. Once the tissue sample has been removed, the outer cannula remains in the patient as illustrated in FIG. 6. Although thecannula16 for delivery of the sponge pledget has been described as a biopsy needle, the cannula may be a catheter, sheath, or any other type of cannula.
• The method of facilitating hemostasis of a biopsy tract will be described with reference to FIGS.[0047]4-6. FIG. 4 shows the loading and hydration of thepledget18 within theadaptor12. Apledget18 is cut as described above and placed within theadaptor12 from thefirst end30 of the adaptor. Thesyringe14 is filled with a predetermined amount of fluid, such as saline, and is connected to thefirst end30 of theadaptor12 by theluer fitting46. Theplunger50 of thesyringe14 is then depressed slowly causing fluid to pass into theadaptor12, hydrating thepledget18, and filling the adaptor with a column of fluid. Care should be taken to inject the fluid slowly to prevent the pledget from being ejected out of thesecond end34 of the adaptor. Preferably, the user waits a few seconds once the fluid is injected into theadaptor12 until thepledget18 is adequately hydrated creating a lubricous surface on the pledget. Thepledget18 may expand within the adaptor to fill or nearly fill the lumen of the adaptor. Theadaptor12 with thepledget18 hydrated within the proximal end is ready to inject the pledget into a biopsy tract to facilitate hemostasis within the biopsy tract. Theadaptor12 may be loaded prior to beginning the biopsy procedure.
• According to one embodiment of the adaptor illustrated in FIG. 5, vent holes[0048]44 extend through the side walls of theadaptor12 adjacent thesecond end34 for venting fluid during loading of thepledget18. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the user places a finger over thesecond end34 of theadaptor12 to prevent the pledget from exiting the adaptor. Theplunger50 of thesyringe14 is then depressed slowly causing fluid to pass into theadaptor12 and hydrate the pledget. Preferably, the user waits a few seconds once the fluid is injected into theadaptor12 until thepledget18 is hydrated. Once thepledget18 is hydrated, additional fluid is then injected quickly into theadaptor12 to move thepledget18 from thefirst end30 of the adaptor towards thesecond end34 of the adaptor. As thepledget18 is compressed by the taperedsection42 of the adaptor12 air and fluid are allowed to escape from the adaptor through the vent holes44. Once thepledget18 has been moved into the position illustrated in FIG. 5 adjacent thesecond end34, fluid injection is halted. Theadaptor12 with thehydrated pledget18 within the distal end is ready to insert the pledget through a biopsy needle to facilitate hemostasis within the biopsy tract.
• As an alternative to placement of a finger at the distal end of the[0049]adaptor12 during advancement of thepledget18 through the taperedsection42, a removable cap may be used. Further, the vent holes44 may be omitted and a screen or a cap having a screen may be used to allow fluid to pass through the screen while the screen prevents thepledget18 from being ejected.
• The[0050]pledget18 may be positioned within theadaptor12 for delivery to thebiopsy cannula16 either in the proximal position illustrated in FIG. 4 or in the distal position illustrated in FIG. 5. With either of these pledget positions, the procedure for delivery of the pledget to the biopsy tract is described below.
• After the tissue samples have been taken, the outer sheath of the[0051]biopsy needle16 through which the biopsy has been taken is maintained in place within the biopsy tract, as shown in FIG. 6. Thebiopsy needle16 provides preestablished targeting of the delivery site for delivery of theabsorbable sponge pledget18 and eliminates the uncertainty of re-access. The luer fitting36 of theadaptor12 is connected to thebiopsy needle hub28, as illustrated in FIG. 6. Thebiopsy needle16 is withdrawn a short distance, such as about 1 to 20 mm, along the biopsy tract to provide space for thepledget18 to be received in the biopsy tract. Additional fluid is then rapidly injected by the syringe to move thepledget18 into thebiopsy needle16 to the biopsy site.
• When the adaptor lumen has been blocked by the[0052]hydrated pledget18 which has swelled within the adaptor, injection of additional fluid will push the pledget through the taperedsection42 of the adaptor. If the adaptor lumen has not been entirely blocked by thepledget18, the venturi effect will help draw the pledget through the taperedsection42 of the adaptor. After thepledget18 is moved to thebiopsy needle16, thepledget18 is then delivered from theneedle16 to the biopsy tract by rapid injection of additional fluid by thesyringe14. Thehydrated pledget18 quickly expands upon delivery to fill the available space in the biopsy tract to facilitate hemostasis and provide localized compression.
• In some instances it may be desirable to deliver multiple pledgets in spaced apart positions along the biopsy tract, particularly for a long biopsy tract. For delivery of additional pledgets, the[0053]biopsy needle16 is retracted a distance sufficient to provide a space to accommodate anadditional pledget18 and the injection procedure described above is repeated for the additional pledget(s). For a particularly large biopsy site or cavity,additional pledgets18 may be injected beside an initially injected pledget until the cavity is filled.
• As illustrated in the cross sectional view of FIG. 7, one example of a[0054]needle hub28 has an interior diameter D₃which is larger than the diameter D₂at thedistal end36 of theadaptor12. The large internaldiameter needle hub28 allows thehydrated pledget18 which has been compressed by the taperedsection42 of the adaptor to expand in the needle hub before being compressed again into the needle lumen. This compression and enlargement of the hydrated absorbable sponge material, does not adversely effect the pledget delivery and in fact improves the expansion response of some delivered sponge materials as will be discussed in further detail below.
• A smooth tapered transition between the lumen of the[0055]needle hub28 and the needle lumen helps to provide for easy injection of thepledget18. However, needles having internal steps between theneedle hub28 and theneedle16 have been used and thepledget18 is still injected successfully. According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, theneedle hub28 may be designed to have a inner diameter approximately the same as the inner diameter D₂at thedistal end36 of the adaptor.
• Preferably, specific measured doses of fluid are used to achieve each of the steps of the treatment procedure depending on the pledget size and the dimensions of the[0056]adaptor12, theneedle16, and theneedle hub28. Thepledget18 should be completely delivered into the biopsy tract by the fluid and only a minimal amount of extraneous fluid should be delivered. For example, thepledget18, once inside the needle, may be delivered with about 0.02 to 1.5 ml of fluid depending on the size of theneedle16 used. Injection of larger amounts of fluid may distend the biopsy tract or displace the pledget within the organ.
• According to one example, a[0057]pledget18 having a size of approximately 20 mm by 2 mm cut from a sheet of commercially available Gelfoam having a thickness of approximately 1.5 mm can be hydrated and injected through a standard 18 gauge, approximately 15 cm long biopsy needle with approximately 0.9 ml of fluid. An adaptor according to this example has a first diameter D₁of about 0.38 cm, a second diameter D₂of about 0.14 cm, a total length of about 3.80 cm, and a taper angle of about 45°. About 0.3 ml of fluid is injected slowly to hydrate thepledget18 and fill the adaptor with a column of fluid. Approximately 0.3 ml of fluid is then injected to load thepledget18 from theadaptor12 into thebiopsy needle16. Finally, about 0.3 ml of fluid is injected to deliver thepledget18 into the biopsy tract. Loading of the pledget from theadaptor12 into theneedle16 and delivery from the needle to the biopsy tract can be combined in one step by delivery of approximately 0.6 ml. Accurate and complete injection of the pledget with a minimum amount of extraneous fluid is achieved by this volumetric injection technique.
• An alternative embodiment of the delivery system is illustrated in FIG. 7 in which an[0058]adaptor12 is provided with apressure indicator64 to monitor pledget injection. Preferably, thepressure indicator64 is removably attached at a luer fitting66 provided on a side of theadaptor12. Thepressure indicator64 includes a pressure dome68 movable from the convex shaped extended position illustrated in FIG. 7 to a flat position depending on the pressure inside theadaptor12. Internal pressure within thebiopsy needle16, theadaptor12, and thesyringe14 will drop as thepledget18 is extruded from the biopsy needle into the biopsy tract. This causes the pressure dome68 to move from the convex position illustrated in FIG. 7 to a flat position, indicating that pledget delivery is complete.
• The particular size and shape of the[0059]adaptor12 according to the invention may vary depending on the size of biopsy needle, the tissue sample size, and the size of pledget to be delivered. One example of an adaptor for delivery of anabsorbable sponge pledget18 through an approximately18 gauge biopsy needle has a first adaptor diameter D₁of about 0.25 cm or greater, preferably about 0.30 to 0.80 cm and a second adaptor diameter D₂of about 0.25 cm or less, preferably, about 0.05 to 0.23 cm. An angle made by a wall of the taperedsection42 with a longitudinal axis of the adaptor12a may vary from about 5° to 90°, but is preferably between about 30° and 60°. The taperedsection42 is illustrated with a substantially planar interior surface, when shown in cross section. However, the taperedsection42 may also have a convex or concave surface in cross section. The dimensions described for theadaptor12 are appropriate for use with an approximately18 gauge biopsy needle commonly used for liver biopsies. For some of the much larger biopsy needles or cannulas used for skin or breast biopsies the adaptor dimensions would be scaled up accordingly.
• One type of absorbable sponge material which is acceptable for use in the present invention is Gelfoam, manufactured by the Pharmacia & Upjohn Company. Gelfoam is a porous, pliable, cross-linked gelatin material and is available commercially in sheet form as pre-compressed or non-compressed sponge. The material may be provided preformed as a[0060]pledget18 or may be cut with apunch10, or a stencil or template and knife to form a pledget as described above. Once hydrated, thepledget18 can be easily compressed to fit into a lumen having a smaller cross sectional area than the original cross sectional area of the pledget. Additionally, the kneading of thehydrated pledget18 during delivery encourages air trapped within the Gelfoam to be expelled and replaced with fluid, allowing rapid expansion upon delivery. When apledget18 of a pre-compressed Gelfoam is hydrated and kneaded (expelling air) during delivery, the pledget will have the absorbtion capacity to rapidly expand to many times (e.g.,3 or more times) its original dry volume upon delivery. When apledget18 of the non-compressed Gelfoam is hydrated and kneaded (expelling air) during delivery, the pledget will have the absorbtion capacity to rapidly expand to its original dry volume upon delivery. These properties make the Gelfoam sponge material particularly useful for facilitating hemostasis of biopsy sites.
• Abrupt lumen diameter changes within or between the[0061]adaptor12 or theneedle16 will improve “kneading” of the absorbable sponge material improving hydration of the absorbable sponge material thereby improving the expansion properties of the hydrated delivered absorbable sponge. Enlarged, recessed, or irregular areas in the lumen of the adaptor may be provided to impart additional kneading action to the absorbable sponge material further improving expansion properties of the sponge.
• When delivering a[0062]pledget18 of absorbable sponge material, it is important to deliver a desired amount of the sponge material using a minimum amount of fluid. Some devices and methods which allow the delivery of sponge material with a minimum amount of fluid include the use of a pledget configuration with an enlarged proximal end, the use of a vent cap for staging of the pledget, and the use of a plunger to deliver the pledget while withdrawing the biopsy needle during delivery.
• FIG. 8 shows an apparatus for performing breast biopsies commonly known as a[0063]mammatome system70. Themammatome system70 includes abiopsy cannula72 having a tissue receivingside port74 and aninner cutter76 which is longitudinally movable within the biopsy cannula. Theinner cutter76 functions as the biopsy cutter or punch and has acircular cutting blade78 at a distal end. In use, themammatome system70 is inserted into tissue such that theside port74 of thecannula72 opens within the tissue to be sampled. Theinner cutter76 is then advanced to cut through a portion of tissue which extends into theside port74. Thecutter76 may be rotated while it is advanced to improve cutting. The sample is then removed and thecannula72 may be rotated to take additional samples at different rotational orientations.
• FIG. 9 is a cross sectional side view of the[0064]cannula72 and theinner cutter76 of FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 9, thecannula72 may include anindexing wheel82 for rotation of the cannula after each sample has been taken. The taking of multiple samples by rotation of thebiopsy cannula72 and repeated sampling at different rotational orientations results in significant amounts of tissue being removed from the tissue site. The large amount of tissue removed increases the potential for bleeding, hematoma, echimosis, etc. Thus, the delivery of theabsorbable sponge pledget18 according to the present invention is particularly advantageous in breast biopsy applications. Although the absorbable sponge pledget can be delivered directly through thebiopsy cannula72 with anadaptor12 similar to that shown in FIG. 2, two alternative systems for delivery of a pledget are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11.
• FIG. 10 illustrates the[0065]biopsy cannula72 and adelivery catheter90 configured to deliver one or more absorbable sponge pledgets through the cannula to the biopsy site. Thedelivery catheter90 includes a closeddistal end92, aside port94, a taperedsection96, and an enlargedproximal portion98 for receiving the pledget. Theside port94 of thedelivery catheter90 is arranged to delivery the pledget through theside port74 of thecannula72. Accordingly, thecatheter side port94 is preferably the same size or smaller than theside port74 of thecannula72. Thedelivery catheter90 also includes aproximal fitting100 for connection to a syringe and anindexing element102. Theindexing element102 engages with theindexing wheel82 on thecannula72 to align theside ports74,94 of the cannula and catheter. Alternatively, alignment may be performed by aligning a marker on thecatheter90 with a corresponding marker on thecannula72. Another system for alignment of thecannula72 and the delivery catheter may include one or more detents and corresponding recesses or grooves in the shafts of the cannula and catheter. In the alternative, the outer surface of thecatheter90 could be configured to engage the inner surface of thecannula72 to resist relative movement or displacement between thecatheter90 and thecannula72.
• The[0066]delivery catheter90 operates in the manner described above with respect to the embodiments of FIGS.1-7 to allow a large amount of hydrated sponge material in the form of a pledget to be delivery to the biopsy site to facilitate hemostasis. In order to fill a relatively large biopsy site where multiple tissue samples have been taken in a radial pattern, thebiopsy cannula72 is rotated and additional pledgets are delivered to the biopsy site at different radial locations.
• FIG. 11 shows an alternative system for delivering one or more pledgets through the[0067]biopsy cannula72 of amammatome system70 to a biopsy site. This system includes adelivery catheter110 and anadaptor112 which may be similar to theadaptor12 described above with respect to the embodiments of FIGS.1-7. Thedelivery catheter110 includes a pluggeddistal end114, aside port116 for delivery of the pledget, a proximal fitting118, and anindexing element120. The pledget is delivered from theadaptor112, through thedelivery catheter110 fitted in thebiopsy cannula72, to the biopsy site. Theadaptor112 is connectable to thedelivery catheter110 by adistal fitting124. Theadaptor112 has a taperedsection126 for compressing the pledget, aproximal portion128 for receiving the pledget, and aproximal fitting130 for connecting the adaptor to a syringe.
• In use, the[0068]delivery catheter110 andadaptor112 system of FIG. 11 can be used to deliver a plurality of pledgets quickly to a breast biopsy site. With this system,multiple adaptors112 may be preloaded with hydrated pledgets as described above. These adaptors may be sequentially attached to thedelivery catheter110 to deliver the multiple pledgets at different rotational orientations.
• FIG. 12 illustrates a[0069]sleeve140 for staging the pledget at a preferred position within thedelivery catheter110 prior to insertion of the delivery catheter into thebiopsy cannula72 for delivery of the pledget to the biopsy site. Thesleeve140 is configured to receive a distal portion of thedelivery catheter90,110 having theside port116. The fit and/or resilience between thesleeve140 and thecatheter110 allows fluid to pass out or be vented from the catheter and sleeve as the pledget moves to a position adjacent theside port116, but prevents the pledget from being expelled. Thesleeve140 is then removed and thedelivery catheter110 is placed into thebiopsy cannula72 for delivery of the pledget to the biopsy site. This positioning of the pledget in thedelivery catheter110 prior to insertion of the catheter into thecannula72 decreases an amount of fluid which is delivered to the biopsy site along with the pledget.
• FIGS.[0070]13-16 illustrate four alternative embodiments for the distal end of the delivery catheter90A-90D. The delivery catheter of FIG. 13 has a bluntdistal end92A and a sided port94A. Apledget18 of absorbable sponge material is delivered through a lumen of the delivery catheter90A and out of the side port94A by a column of fluid. Preferably, a diameter of the side port94A is approximately the same as a diameter of the delivery catheter lumen. The catheter lumen can either end at the location of theside port94 or can extend to the pluggeddistal end92A of the catheter. The relatively small side port94A of this embodiment prevents the pledget material from becoming caught on the side port as thebiopsy cannula72 and delivery catheter90A are withdrawn from the biopsy site.
• FIG. 14 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a[0071]delivery catheter90B having a side port94B for delivering a pledget out of theside port74 of thebiopsy cannula72. The distal end of thedelivery catheter90B is curved and cut off at an angle which is substantially parallel with a side wall of thebiopsy cannula72. The curved configuration of the delivery catheter distal end shown in FIG. 14 prevents the absorbable sponge material from becoming caught as the biopsy cannula is removed from the biopsy site.
• FIG. 15 illustrates a further alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter[0072]90C having a side port94C which is formed by bending a distal end of the delivery catheter so that it extends out through theside port74 ofbiopsy cannula72. The distal end of the delivery catheter90C may be cut at 90° or at an angle as illustrated in FIG. 15. According to the embodiment of the delivery catheter90C of FIG. 15, the distal end of the delivery catheter extends outside of thebiopsy cannula72 for delivery of thepledget18 into the biopsy site.
• Finally, FIG. 16 illustrates a further alternative embodiment of a delivery catheter[0073]90D having a blunt distalend delivery port94D. Although the delivery catheter90D of FIG. 16 provides a simplified delivery system for delivery of thepledget18, this system provides increased risk of dislodging thepledget18 from the biopsy site upon withdrawal of thebiopsy cannula72 due to the possibility of the pledget becoming caught on a trailing edge of thecannula side port74.
• Each of the[0074]delivery catheters90,90A-90D may be provided with staging systems such as the sleeve described above with respect to FIG. 12. The staging systems for positioning the pledget at a preferred position within the delivery catheter prior to insertion of the delivery catheter into thebiopsy cannula72 may include either a sleeve as described in FIG. 12 or any one of a number of different configurations of vent caps which are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/247,880.
• The delivery of the pledget(s) of sponge material to the breast biopsy site may also be used to provide a temporary or permanent marker at the biopsy site for future location of the site for further surgery by delivery of a non-absorbable sponge material or a radiopaque sponge material. An absorbable sponge containing a contrasting agent (e.g, radiopaque agent) that can be introduced to a biopsy tract to permit identification of the site by fluoroscopy or other imaging techniques is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/335,452 filed on Jun. 17, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference. The radiopaque pledget provides the ability to locate the biopsy site for a period of time following the biopsy procedure so that the site can be easily located if additional surgery is necessary. If surgery is not necessary, the pledget will be absorbed over time and will not migrate within the breast or interfere with later visualization as with the permanent metal clips described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,310. The absorbable sponge material may also be used to deliver medicaments to the biopsy site.[0075]
• Although the invention is primarily intended for delivery of absorbable sponge, non-absorbable sponge may also be delivered with the devices, systems, and methods of the present invention. A non-absorbable sponge may be desirable where it will be necessary to locate the biopsy site or tract after the procedure.[0076]
• Although the[0077]pledget18 has been shown and described as having a rectangular cross section, pledgets of other shapes may also be used. For example, the pledget may be preformed in any shape, such as with a rectangular or circular cross section or may be rolled from a thin sheet of absorbable sponge material. Thepledget18 may have a multi-sided cross section, a star shaped cross section, or a folded cross section and may have through or blind holes formed in the dry pledget. In addition, the pledget size and shape can be matched to the size and shape of a particular delivery site. Pledget shapes having greater surface area provided by features such as fins provide faster hydration.
• The continuous structure of the[0078]absorbable sponge pledget18 provides more secure and reliable placement than a paste or liquid and can even facilitate partial withdrawal, removal, or movement of the delivered pledget.
• Although biopsy is most commonly performed by biopsy needle, biopsy may also be performed through other cannulas, such as catheters, long needles, endoscopes, or the like. The treatment procedure according to the present invention can be used for facilitating hemostasis of puncture wounds through different types of cannulas including needles, catheters, endoscopes, and the like. In addition, the treatment procedure and systems according to the present invention may be used to deliver absorbable or non-absorbable sponge for other therapies. For example, sponge may be delivered for cosmetic or reconstructive bulking or for temporary or permanent intravascular embolization.[0079]
• The[0080]absorbable sponge pledget18 may be used to deliver a beneficial agent, such as contrast agent, thrombin, radiation treatment, or the like. The pledget can also be used to deliver therapeutic agents, such as radioactive isotopes for localized treatment of tumors, anti-cancer agents, anti-metastatic agents, and the like. Examples of anti-cancer agents include 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, prednisone, and others described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,913 which is incorporated herein by reference. Theabsorbable sponge pledget18 may be presoaked with the beneficial agent for delivery to the biopsy tract. Alternatively, thepledget18 may be hydrated with the beneficial liquid agent or the agent may be delivered to the pledget after the pledget is placed within the biopsy tract.
• A pledget formed of commercially available Gelfoam material will be absorbed by the body within 1 to 6 weeks. However, the pledget material may be designed to provide different rates of absorption. For example, Gelfoam can be designed to be absorbed at different rates by varying the degree of cross-linking. Preferably, the pledget is designed to be absorbed in less than one month.[0081]
• The treatment of a biopsy tract with a hydrated and injected[0082]pledget18 of absorbable sponge to facilitate hemostasis provides substantial advantages in comfort over external pressure methods. In addition, the present invention also provides advantages over the insertion of an absorbable sponge material in a dry state with an applicator. In particular, theadaptor12 allows a relatively large pledget to be compressed and inserted into the biopsy tract in a hydrated state. The injectedpledget18 conforms in shape quickly to the shape of the biopsy tract and immediately begins blocking blood flow. In contrast, a dry piece of sponge material must be cut to the particular size of the biopsy tract and does not swell to fill the tract until the blood has sufficiently saturated the sponge material which can take significantly longer and provides inadequate local compression.
• While the invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made and equivalents employed, without departing from the present invention.[0083]

Claims (23)

What is claimed is:

1. A system for injecting a sponge into tissue, the system comprising:

a catheter having a closed distal end and a side port adjacent the distal end for delivering a pledget of sponge material in a hydrated state to the tissue; and

an adaptor connected to the catheter for hydrating and delivering the pledget to the catheter, the adaptor having a tapered lumen with a large diameter proximal end and a small diameter distal end, wherein the small diameter distal end is connected to the cannula.

2. The system of

claim 1

, wherein the adaptor is fixed to the catheter.

3. The system of

claim 1

, wherein the adaptor is removable from the catheter.

4. The system of

claim 1

, further comprising a biopsy cannula having a tissue puncturing distal end and a side port positioned adjacent the distal end, wherein the catheter is configured to fit within the biopsy cannula to deliver the pledget to the tissue.

5. The system of

claim 4

, wherein the biopsy cannula includes a first indexing member and the catheter includes a second indexing member for radially aligning the catheter with the cannula.

6. The system of

claim 5

, wherein the first and second indexing members include at least one projection and at least one corresponding recess.

7. The system of

claim 1

, further comprising a pledget of sponge material preloaded in the adapter.

8. The system of

claim 7

, wherein the sponge is an absorbable sponge material.

9. The system of

claim 7

, wherein the sponge contains a radiopaque marker.

10. The system of

claim 4

, wherein the biopsy cannula is a breast biopsy cannula.

11. A method of delivering an absorbable radiopaque marker to a biopsy site comprising:

removing tissue from a biopsy site through a cannula inserted to the biopsy site; and

delivering an absorbable radiopaque marker through the cannula to the biopsy site.

12. The method of

claim 11

, wherein the absorbable radiopaque marker is formed of an absorbable sponge material.

13. The method of

claim 11

, wherein the tissue is removed from the biopsy site through a side port of the cannula and the absorbable radiopaque marker is delivered through the side port of the biopsy cannula.

14. The method of

claim 11

, wherein the cannula remains in place at the biopsy site after removal of the tissue for delivery of the absorbable radiopaque marker.

15. The method of

claim 11

, wherein the absorbable radiopaque marker is formed of a hemostatic sponge material.

16. The method of

claim 11

, wherein the tissue is removed from a breast biopsy site.

17. A method of facilitating hemostasis of a biopsy site comprising:

removing tissue from a biopsy site through a side port of a cannula inserted to the biopsy site; and

delivering a hemostasis promoting material through the side port of the cannula to the biopsy site.

18. The method of

claim 17

, wherein multiple tissue samples are removed at different radial locations around the cannula and delivery of the hemostasis promoting material is repeated at different radial locations around the cannula.

19. The method of

claim 17

, wherein the hemostasis promoting material is delivered by hydrating and compressing the hemostasis promoting material and injecting the material by fluid pressure to the biopsy site.

20. The method of claims17, wherein the hemostasis promoting material is a sponge pledget.

21. The method of

claim 20

, wherein the sponge pledget is absorbable.

22. The method of

claim 20

, wherein the sponge pledget includes a radiopaque marker.

23. The method of

claim 17

, wherein the tissue is removed from a breast biopsy site.

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