US20010018591A1 - Articulated apparatus for telemanipulator system - Google Patents

Abstract

An articulated apparatus is disclosed that includes a first link member, a second link member, and a third link member. The second link member is coupled to the first link member at a proximal end of the second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation. The third link member is coupled to a distal end of the second link member by a second joint. The movement of the third link member with respect to the second link member is governed by at least one tendon that passes through the first axis of rotation of the first joint such that movement of the second member with respect to the first member does not cause movement of the third member with respect to the second member.

Description

• This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/746,853 filed Dec. 21, 2000, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/375,666 filed Aug. 17, 1999 and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,017, which is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/028,550 filed Feb. 24, 1998, now abandoned.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The invention generally relates to robotics and particularly relates to telerobotic surgery.[0002]
• Telerobotic surgical devices are well suited for use in performing endoscopic (or minimal access) surgery, as opposed to conventional surgery where the patient's body cavity is open to permit the surgeon's hands access to internal organs. Endoscopic techniques involve performing an operation through small (about 5 mm to 10 mm) skin incisions through which instruments are inserted for performing the surgical procedure. A video camera may also be inserted into the patient in the area of the surgical site to view the procedure. Endoscopic surgery is typically less traumatic than conventional surgery, in part, due to the significantly reduced size of the incision. Further, hospitalization periods are shorter and recovery periods may be quicker when surgery is performed endoscopically rather than conventionally.[0003]
• It is, of course, important that the surgeon have some feedback from the surgical site, e.g., visual feedback either through a camera and fiber optic cable, or through real-time computerized tomography scan imagery. Even with good visualization, however, the surgeon's tactile and position senses are physically removed from the operative site rendering the endoscopic procedure slow and clumsy. Current instrumentation, with forceps, scissors, etc., inserted into the body at the end of long slender push rods is not fully satisfactory. The use of such conventional instrumentation may result in longer operative time, and potentially higher risks, for example if a ruptured artery cannot be quickly closed off then significant blood loss may occur. Moreover, there are limitations on the type and complexity of procedures that can be performed endoscopically due, in part, to the limitations on the instruments that may be employed.[0004]
• Limited development work has been undertaken to investigate the use of robots in surgery. The robot at the surgical site, however, must be small and light enough that it may be easily manipulated around and inside of the patient, yet strong enough to perform effective surgery. The controls for the robot must also be precise and not sloppy. Presently existing telerobotic systems, using manipulators both with and without haptic feedback, are generally too bulky and heavy for many endoscopic techniques, or are too weak and imprecise for surgery.[0005]
• There is a need, therefore, for a micro-manipulator that is strong and precise in its movements, yet is small, light and easily manipulated.[0006]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention provides an articulated apparatus that includes a first link member, a second link member, and a third link member. The second link member is coupled to the first link member at a proximal end of the second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation. The third link member is coupled to a distal end of the second link member by a second joint. The movement of the third link member with respect to the second link member is governed by at least one tendon that passes through the first axis of rotation of the first joint such that movement of the second member with respect to the first member does not cause movement of the third member with respect to the second member.[0007]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The following detailed description of the illustrated embodiments may be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:[0008]
• FIG. 1 shows an illustrative view of a system incorporating the benefits of the invention;[0009]
• FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of the relative rotational movements of the joints in the system of FIG. 1;[0010]
• FIG. 3 shows an illustrative isometric view of the handle portion of the system of FIG. 1;[0011]
• FIG. 4 shows an illustrative top view of the handle portion shown in FIG. 3 with a portion of the outer housing removed;[0012]
• FIG. 5 shows an illustrative side view of the handle portion shown in FIG. 3 with a portion of the outer housing removed;[0013]
• FIGS. 6 through 11 show illustrative sectional views of the handle portion shown in FIG. 5 taken along lines[0014]6-6 through11-11 respectively thereof;
• FIGS. 12 and 13 show illustrative side and top views respectively of the handle axial rotation portion of the system shown in FIG. 1;[0015]
• FIG. 14 shows an illustrative and partially exploded isometric view of the rotating bearings of FIGS. 12 and 13;[0016]
• FIG. 15 shows an illustrative view of the cable collector of FIGS. 12 and 13 with its housing partially removed;[0017]
• FIGS. 16 through 18 show illustrative sectional views of the cable collector of FIG. 15 taken along lines[0018]16-16 through18-18 respectively thereof;
• FIG. 19 shows an illustrative side view of the elbow joint portion of the master robot shown in FIG. 1;[0019]
• FIGS. 20 and 21 show illustrative sectional views of the elbow joint portion shown in FIG. 19 taken along lines[0020]20-20 and21-21 thereof;
• FIG. 22 shows an illustrative rear view of the elbow joint of FIG. 19 taken along line[0021]22-22 thereof;
• FIG. 23 is an illustrative front view the base and shoulder portions of the master robot of FIG. 1;[0022]
• FIG. 24 is an illustrative side view of the shoulder portion of the robot of FIG. 1 taken along line[0023]24-24 of FIG. 23;
• FIG. 25 is a plan view of a portion of the base portion of FIG. 23 taken along line[0024]25-25 thereof;
• FIGS. 26 and 27 are illustrative top and side views respectively of the gripper portion of the system of FIG. 1 with the housing partially removed;[0025]
• FIGS.[0026]28-33 are illustrative sectional views of the gripper portion of FIG. 27 taken along lines28-28 through33-33 respectively thereof;
• FIGS. 34 and 35 show operational steps of different embodiments of systems incorporating the invention;[0027]
• FIGS. 36 and 37 show illustrative side views of a portion of another embodiment of the invention involving a four bar linkage in two different positions;[0028]
• FIG. 38 shows an illustrative isometric view of another embodiment of a gripper mechanism of a system of the invention;[0029]
• FIG. 39 shows an illustrative side view of a portion of the gripper assembly shown in FIG. 38; and[0030]
• FIG. 40 shows an illustrative top view of the portion of the gripper assembly shown in FIG. 39.[0031]
• The drawings are not to scale and are intended to be illustrative of the operation of various systems of the invention.[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
• The invention provides a micro-manipulator that is suitable for use in endoscopic surgery. During use, the surgeon should have the familiarity and surety of experiencing his or her hands within the patient at the operative site, while the surgeon's hands are placed within a sensory interface outside of the patient. The sensory interface, or master robot, precisely reflects the tactile environment of the robotic hand to the operator's fingers. This haptic interface electronically connects the surgeon's hand and wrist position and motion to the micro-manipulator within the patient. The digital information communicated between the haptic interface and robotic manipulator is transmitted through the endoscopic device, whether it be a laparoscope, thoracoscope, arthroscope, laryngoscope or other minimal access surgical device.[0033]
• Due to the electronic digital interface, it is not required that the haptic interface and micro-manipulator be mechanically connected. This permits civilian, as well as military, physicians to provide care to patients located in remote or potentially hostile environments via telepresence. Telepresence with appropriate sensing instruments could permit one surgeon to conduct operations at different sites (any distance apart) without traveling. Systems incorporating the invention also permit sterile isolation of the slave robot at the operation site from the master robot and surgeon.[0034]
• As shown in FIG. 1, a[0035]system10 including benefits of the invention includes amaster robot12, acentral processor14, and aslave robot16. The system may be used by positioning theend effector tip18 of theslave robot16 through atrocar sleeve20 into apatient22 during surgery. During use, a surgeon may manipulate the endeffector handle unit24 of the master robot, to effect the desired positioning and movement of the grippers on thetip unit18 within thepatient22. The system may also include a fiber optic cable with a camera (not shown) at its distal end within the surgical site. The fiber optic cable is connected to a video system (not shown) for viewing the surgical site. The camera may be mounted on theinstrument tip unit18, or may be positioned away from the site to provide additional perspective on the surgical operation. In certain situations, it may be desirable to provide the camera through an incision other than the one through which thetrocar sleeve20 and instrument have been inserted into the patient.
• The[0036]master robot12 includeshandles26,27 similar to the scissor handles on a conventional surgical instrument. These handles may be independently rotated about two joints having a common axis generally indicated at28. The pair of handles may then be rotated about a joint generally indicated at30 that has an axis of rotation orthogonally disposed to the axis of rotation of the other two joints at23. This structure may then be rotated axially about an axial joint generally located at32, which in turn may be rotated about an elbow joint generally located at34, a shoulder joint generally located at36, and a base rotation joint generally located at38. The relative rotational movements of these joints are diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 2.
• The[0037]slave robot16 includes a base rotation joint40, a shoulder rotation joint42, and an elbow rotation joint44 each similar to thejoints38,36, and34 of themaster robot12. Theslave robot16 also includes twofree joints46 and48 that provide axial and longitudinal rotation without being connected to any motors. This permits the arm of the slave robot to freely move relative the incision point through the trocar generally indicated at P. Theslave robot16 also includes an axial rotation joint50 providing axial rotation of thetip unit18, as well asjoints52 and54 that provide movement of the grippers both independently and together. The relative rotational movements of these joints are also diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 2.
• Significantly, the motors that control the joints proximate the[0038]handle26 in themaster robot12 are located in thebase58, and the motors that control the joints in theslave robot16 proximate thegrippers56,57 are located in thebase60 of theslave robot16. Cables extend from motors in the base up through each section and joint to control and monitor movement of the non-free joints as will be discussed further below. This permits the robots, and in particular the end effector portion of the slave robot, to be both small and light. In a preferred embodiment, all of the motors are located in the base of each respective robot.
• As shown in FIGS. 3 through 5, the[0039]handles26,27 of the system on FIG. 1 are attached to handlepulleys62.Cables64a-64dextend from the handle pulleys62 and pass around additional pulleys within thehandle unit24. Thecables64 then extend toward the next proximate section of the robot, and eventually terminate in thebase58. Specifically, and with reference to the sectional views shown in FIGS. 6 through 11, thecables64 extend from the handle pulleys62 (FIG. 6), then pass around two split level pulleys66 (FIG. 7), then around another pulley68 (FIG. 8) to bring the cables near a set of four larger diameter pulleys70 (FIG. 9), and finally to a set of four alignment pulleys72 (FIG. 10).
• The cables may be formed of any high strength, high molecular weight polyethylene (or other polymeric) fibers such as SPECTRA or VECTRAN polymers. The cables may be {fraction (80/1000)} of an inch in diameter, and may be either two single loop cables that are fixed to the handle pulleys[0040]62, or may comprise four separate cables, each of which is fixed to the handle pulleys62. The pulleys may be formed of any suitable material, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and the guide pulleys66,68 and72 may either be independently freely rotating or fixed. The various portions ofpulleys68 and72 may also rotate independent of one another. Pulleys62 includes two pulleys that may rotated independent of one another, and pulleys70 include four pulleys that may rotated independent of one another. Spacers formed of PTFE tape may also be inserted between adjacent independently rotating pulleys, such as is shown betweenadjacent pulley wheels70 in FIG. 9. Thespacers71 permit rotation of the pulleys relative each other with decreased friction, and help maintain placement of the cables on the pulleys.
• The[0041]handle unit24 provides three degrees of freedom of movement as follows. When one of thehandles26 is moved relative the other27, the pairs ofcables64aand64cwill produce reciprocal movement, and the pair ofcables64band64dwill produce reciprocal movement as may be discerned from FIG. 3. With reference to FIGS. 3, 5 and9, however, when the handles are rotated together about joint30 which is coincident with the centers ofpulleys70, thecables64band64dwill move together in a direction opposite the direction of movement ofcables64aand64cSee FIG. 9. A surgeon, therefore, may hold thehandles26,27 with his or her thumb and forefinger, and may place a third finger against the handle unit at the location of the housing generally indicated at A in FIG. 3. In alternative embodiments, the cables may be run in a variety of ways, for example the placement ofcables64cand64dmay be swapped onpulleys70,72 and74.
• As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the axial rotational joint[0042]32 on themaster robot12 of FIG. 1, is driven by twocables74aand74bThe cables extend radially outwardly from onerobot arm member76, around one set of pulleys each positioned over anotherarm member78 fixed to thearm member76, and then are attached to anadjoining arm member80. By rotating thearm member80 with respect to thearm member76, thecables74aand74bwill alternately move in opposite directions. Asafety tie strap82 may be fixed to each of thearms78 and80 to prevent rotation beyond a certain range. This will prevent damage to the cables from over rotation since thecables64 that extend from thehandle unit24 run through the center of thearm members78 and80 as shown. Thearm member80 also includes internalrotational bearing83 through which the cables pass as shown in FIG. 14. FIG. 14 illustrates the rotational relationship of thecable arms78 and80 (shown slightly spaced apart. The positioning of thecables64 in the center of thesections80 and78 permits thesection80 to be rotated with respect tosection78 about joint32 without significant attendant movement of thecables64.
• As shown in phantom in FIG. 12, a[0043]cable collector84 is located within therobot section76. Thecable collector84 receives thecables64 that are positioned within the center of thesections80 and78, and distributes the cables approximately along a plane B that is extends within thesection76 toward the next joint as shown in FIGS. 12, 13 and19. Cable collectors similar tocable collector84 are used in several other places in therobots12 and16, wherever it is convenient to receive a centrally bundled set of cables at one end and produce a planar distribution of the cables at the other end, or vice versa. Thecable collector84 may be used to distribute six cables instead of the four shown by feeding the two additional cables through theupper pulleys86 shown in FIG. 16 (similar to cable pairs64a,64band64c,64d). The fifth and sixth cables would then pass around theupper pulleys88 shown in FIG. 17 (similar tocables64c,64d), and finally around the outside of the pulleys90 (again, similar to thecables64cand64d). Applicants have discovered that although the two additional cables will be positioned directly above the two other cables (64cand64d), the two upper cables will fan out away from thecables64a-64dto form the planar distribution, in part, because the receiving pulleys at the elbow joint34 urge the cables to form a planar distribution.
• The[0044]cables74aand74bthat control the axial rotation joint32 extend above thecable connector84 within thesection84, and approach the plane B, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. Thecables64 and74 are received between two sets ofpulleys78 and80, each set including six mutually independently rotatable pulleys as shown in FIG. 22. Thepulleys78 and80 ensure that thecables64 and74 remain approximately in the center of the joint34 as thesection80 is rotated about thesection78 of therobot12. This permits thesection76 to be rotated with respect to thesection82 about the joint34 without significant attendant movement of thecables64 and74.
• The joint[0045]34 is actuated by either ofcables84aand84bwhich extend around pulleys86aand86brespectively in opposite directions, and terminate atfixed points88aand88brespectively on opposite sides ofsection76 as shown in FIGS. 19 and 22. Thecables64,74, and84 extend through thesection82 along a plane generally indicated at C in FIG. 22.
• As shown in FIG. 23, the[0046]cables64, and74 are received between another two sets ofpulleys90 and92 at the proximal end ofsection82 within joint36. Each set ofpulleys90 and92 also includes six independently rotatable pulleys, and thepulleys90 and92 are positioned to permit thecables64 and74 to extend through approximately the center to the joint36. Thesection82 may therefore be rotated with respect to thebase section94 about joint36 without significant attendant movement of thecables64 and74. Thecables84aand84bextend through the joint36 around pulleys96aand96brespectively, and then around pulleys98aand98brespectively as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. Thecable84athen wraps around onemore pulley100a,and then bothcables84aand84bare brought to ahollow termination cylinder102. In a preferred embodiment, the ends of the twocables84 wrapped around thecylinder102 are attached to each other, forming asingle cable84. As thecylinder102 is rotated between alternate directions, the joint34 is actuated in mutually opposing directions.
• The[0047]shoulder section94 may be rotated with respect to the base106 providing a joint38 that has an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the joint36 (as shown in FIG. 2). Thecables64 and74 extend through acable collector104 similar to the cable collector described above with reference to FIGS.15-18, except that six cables are run through thecable collector104. The cables extend from thecollector104 toward the base106 in three pairs that are positioned such thatcables74aand74bare visible in FIG. 23, andcables74b,64b,and64dare visible in FIG. 24.
• Rotation about joint[0048]34 may be effected by controlling the movement of the motor M1, which causescylinders108,110 and102 to rotate, thereby effecting movement ofcables84 causing rotation of thesection76 with respect tosection82 with respect to the joint34.
• Rotation may be effected about joint[0049]36 by controlling the movement of the motor M2, which causescylinders112 and114 to rotate.Cylinder114 is fixed to thesection82, so rotation of thecylinder114 causes rotation of thesection82 with respect to theshoulder section94 about joint36.
• Rotation about joint[0050]38 may be achieved by controlling the movement of the motor M3, which causescylinders116,118, and120 to rotate, thereby effecting movement of theshoulder section94 with respect to the base106 about joint38.
• The remaining six joints are controlled by the remaining six motors in the base. Only two of the remaining motors M[0051]4 and M5 are shown in FIG. 23. The other four motors are positioned in the base behind the drive system for motors M4 and M5, as indicated in FIG. 25, and operate similar to the systems of motors M4 and M5. In particular,cable64cmay be drawn toward the base by controlling the movement of the motor M4, which causescylinders122 and124 to rotate. Similarly,cable64dmay be drawn toward the base by controlling the movement of the motor M5, which causescylinders126 and128 to rotate. With reference to FIGS. 23 and 25, it can be seen that theother cables64a,64b,74aand74bmay be similarly controlled by four other motors and associated cylinders, includingcylinders130,132,134 and136 as shown.
• The gearing ratios of the base rotation joint[0052]38 (associated with M3), the shoulder joint36 (associated with M2) and the elbow joint34 (associated with M1) should each be about 40 to 1, while the gearing ratios of the remaining joints should be about 8 to 1.
• The[0053]slave robot16 is identical to the master robot from the base up to the joint46, with the one exception that the gearing ratio for the remaining joints (that was 8 to 1 with the master) is 20 to 1 for theslave robot16. Specifically, the joint40 on theslave robot16 is similar to the joint38 on themaster robot12, and the joint42 on the slave robot is similar to the joint36 on the master robot, and the joint44 on the slave robot is similar to the joint34 on the master robot. The slave robot also includes cable tracking through thebase60 and shoulder section andsection140 similar to the cable tracking of themaster robot12 through thebase58,shoulder section94 andsection82.
• In the[0054]slave robot16, thejoints46 and48 are not controlled by any motors. The joint46 is similar to the joint32 described above with reference to FIGS. 12 through 18 except that there are no cables that extend radially outwardly from the section142 similar to the cables74 that extend out from thesection76 on themaster robot12. There are six cables that extend through the section142. The cables are collected by a cable collector (as discussed above) prior to the joint46 where they are redistributed from a planar arrangement to a centrally positioned collection. The six cables then pass through the joint46 centrally positioned similar to that shown in FIG. 14. Following the joint46, the cables are again redistributed by another cable collector from the central position to a planar distribution.
• The six planar distributed cables are then fed between two sets of pulleys at the joint[0055]48 as described above with reference to FIGS.19-22, except that all of the cables pass through the joint. There are no pulleys at joint48 similar to thepulleys86 at joint34.Joints46 and48 are passive joints.
• The six cables then continue through the[0056]subsequent section144. The joint50 is identical to (though smaller in scale than) the joint32, and is driven by two cables in the same fashion thatcables74aand74bdrive joint32 as discussed above with reference to FIGS.12-18. A cable collector is also positioned on the proximate side of the joint50 to redistribute the remaining four cables into the center of thesection146. The section146 (together with the remaining four cables) pass into a patient22 through thetrocar sleeve20.
• As shown in FIGS.[0057]26-33, thegripper portion18 is similar to (though smaller in scale than) thehandle portion24, except that where the handle portion included a single pulley wheel (pulley68 in FIGS. 5 and 8), the associated arrangement of the gripper portion includes two pulley wheels (seepulleys150 of FIGS. 27 and 31). Generally, cables156a-156dextend through the gripper portion around pulleys158 (FIG. 29), around pulleys160 (FIG. 30), around pulleys150 (FIG. 31), around pulleys162 (FIG. 32), and terminate on pulleys164 (FIG. 33) as shown.
• The cables[0058]156 may be formed as discussed above in connection with the handle portions shown in FIGS.3-11, and the guide pulleys150,158, and162 may be independently freely rotating or fixed. Again, PTFE spacers may be placed between adjacent, independently rotating pulleys.
• The gripper unit provides three degrees of freedom as follows. When one of the cables,[0059]156a,is moved relative the other of its air,156d,the associatedgripper166 will rotate with respect to the central axis of thepulley164. Similarly, when one of thecables156bis moved relative the other of its pair,156c,then the associatedgripper168 will rotate with respect to the central axis of thepulley164. When both ofcables156aand156dare pulled with respect to theother cables156band156c(and vice versa), then the gripper unit will rotate with respect to the central axis of thepulleys160. See FIGS. 27 and 30.
• During operation, and with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 34, a system including robotic manipulators of the invention, begins (step[0060]3400) by initializing variables and establishing a home position for the master and robot slaves. The system (step3405) then reads the outputs of the optical encoders to identify movement of the joints of the master robot. The system also reads the outputs of the optical encoders of the slave robot (step3410) for identifying feedback. The feedback information is utilized later in the process loop. The system then computes the new position of the handle based on the position sensor signals read from the optical encoders of the master robot (step3415). A new gripper position is then computed (step3420) based on the new handle position and a predetermined mapping function that maps handle position to gripper position. The desired motor movements of the slave robot (step3425) are then computed based on the new desired position of the gripper using inverse kinematics. The desired gripper position is then compared (step3430) with the actual gripper position as known from monitoring the optical encoder outputs of the slave robot motors. The voltages required to move the gripper to the desired position are then calculated and applied (step3435) proportional to the difference between the desired and actual positions of the gripper.
• A feedback gripper position is then computed (step[0061]3440) based on the outputs of the optical encoders of the slave robot, using forward kinematics. The associated handle position is then computed (step3445) based on the feedback gripper position using the mapping function, and the desired motor movements are calculated for the master robot using inverse kinematics (step3450). The feedback voltages are applied to the required motors of the master robot (step3455) to effect the required feedback from the slave robot. The process then returns to step3405 and begins again. The system may cycle very rapidly, providing continuous actuation and feedback responses. The forward and inverse kinematical equations are well known in the art, as is the generation and use of three space mapping functions.
• The process of FIG. 35 is similar to the process of FIG. 34 except that the feedback signals are responsive to torque sensors instead of position sensors. Steps[0062]3500-3535 are the same as steps3400-3435 of FIG. 34. The system of FIG. 35 then reads the outputs from torque force sensors on the slave robot (step3540), which outputs are then digitized (step3545). A set of feedback gripper forces are then calculated based on the torque sensor outputs using forward kinematics (step3550). Feedback handle forces are then computed from the feedback gripper forces by using a mapping function (step3555), and the desired motor movements of the master robot may then be calculated by inverse kinematics (step3560). The required voltages to be applied to the master robot motors may then be calculated (step3565), converted to analog signals (step3570), and then applied to the master robot motors (step3575) to effect the required feedback onto the master robot. The process then returns to step3505 and begins again.
• As shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, in an alternative embodiment of a system incorporating the benefits of the invention, a robot may include a four bar linkage system. Specifically, the[0063]link170 is analogous to thelink82 of the system shown in FIG. 1, and thejoints172 and174 are analogous to thejoints34 and36 of FIG. 1. The cables controlling the link members at the distal end of the robot may run through thejoints174 and172 as well as themember170 similar to the system of FIG. 1.
• In the system of FIGS. 36 and 37, however, the link[0064]176 (which is analogous to thelink76 of FIG. 1), extends beyond the joint172. The extended portion ofmember176 is connected to another joint178, which in turn connects tomember180.Member180 is connected at joint182 tomember184 which extends to joint174.Members176 and184 are always parallel to each another, as aremembers170 and180 always parallel to each other. The joint172 is actuated in the present embodiment, by having a cable extend from thebase186 around a pulley at the joint174 and fasten tomember184. When this cable is pulled, themember184 rotates with respect to the joint174, rotating themember176 with respect to the joint172. The four bar linkage system, therefore, replaces the elbow joint34 actuator system of FIG. 1. The system of FIGS. 36 and 37 permits the elbow joint to be actuated from closer to the base, and may provide for greater strength and rigidity.
• As shown in FIG. 38, an alternative embodiment of a[0065]gripper unit200 of the invention includes link members instead of the cables and pulleys of FIGS.26-33. Specifically, one half of thegripper unit200 includes links202-220 for controllinggripper222, and the other half of the gripper unit includes links232-248 for controllinggripper252. The gripper unit halves are shown in somewhat exploded view. Thegrippers222 and252 should be adjacent one another during operation such that they may each rotate about theirrespective openings224 and226 that are mounted along acommon axis259 that is shown in exploded view in FIG. 38. The face ofgripper222 that does not include thelinks210 and220, is adjacent the face ofgripper252 that does not include thelinks240 and250.
• Each of[0066]link members206,216,236 and246 includeopenings228,230,254 and256 respectively, that mutually align along an axis generally indicated at258. In various embodiments, thelinks206,216,236 and246 may be stacked in different orders along theaxis258. For example, the links may be ordered from top down as206,216,236 and246, or they may be interleaved as206,236,216 and246.
• As shown in FIG. 39, in a side view of one half of the[0067]gripper unit200 of FIG. 38, it can be seen that adjacent links rotate about joint axes that are parallel with theaxis258. As shown in FIG. 40, thegripper222 rotates about theaxis259 throughopening224 that is orthogonal to theaxis258. Thelinks206,216,236 and246 may rotate about theaxis258, but are otherwise fixed in place. Thegrippers222 and252 may rotate about theaxis259, and the secured a fixed distance from theaxis258, but the pair ofgrippers222 and252 are together rotatable with respect to theaxis258.
• During use, when link[0068]202 is pulled away from theaxis258 with respect to link212, then link210 will rotate (clockwise in FIG. 39) until it contacts astop260 on thegripper222. When thestop260 is contacted and link202 continues to be pulled away from theaxis258, then gripper222 will begin to rotate (clockwise in FIG. 39) about itsopening224. Pullinglink212 away from theaxis258 may similarly cause thegripper222 to rotate (counterclockwise in FIG. 39) about theopening224 when link220 contacts stop262 on thegripper222. The second portion of the gripperunit including gripper252 may be caused to rotate in a similar fashion by pullinglinks232 or242 away from theaxis258.
• If[0069]link members202 and212 are both pulled away from theaxis258, then the entire gripper assembly (includinggrippers222 and252) will rotate (counterclockwise in FIG. 40) about theaxis258. Similarly, iflinks232 and242 are both pulled away from theaxis258, then the entire gripper assembly will rotate (clockwise in FIG. 40) about theaxis258.
• The[0070]gripper assembly200 may provide greater strength, and reduced size. Moreover, thegripper assembly200 may also provide improved access through extremely small openings. If thelinks210 and220 are rotated about theaxis259 such that the outer ends of thelinks210 and220 are drawn toward theaxis258 and close to one another, and thelinks240 and250 of thegripper252 are similarly collapsed upon one another, then thegripper assembly200 may be introduced through an opening that is only the size of the round portion of thegrippers220 and252. Once introduced through the small opening, thelinks210,220,240 and250 may be rotated outward to their respective stops (e.g.,260 on gripper222), whereupon thegripper assembly200 may be employed within a patient.
• Any of the various features of the invention disclosed herein may be employed in a wide variety of systems. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications and variations may be made to the above disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.[0071]

Claims (16)

What is claimed is:

1. An articulated apparatus comprising:

a first link member;

a second link member coupled to said first link member at a proximal end of said second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation; and

a third link member coupled to a distal end of said second link member by a second joint, the movement of said third link member with respect to said second link member being governed by at least one tendon that passes through said first axis of rotation of said first joint such that movement of said second member with respect to said first member does not cause movement of said third member with respect to said second member.

2. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 1

, wherein said apparatus further includes a base portion including drive means for controlling the movement of each said link member with respect to other link members.

3. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 1

, wherein said at least one tendon includes a cable having a diameter of about {fraction (80/1000)} inches.

4. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 1

, wherein at first, second and third link members may be inserted into a patient during endoscopic surgery.

5. An articulated apparatus comprising:

a first link member;

a second link member coupled to said first link member at a proximal end of said second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation; and

at least one tendon extending through said first axis of rotation of said first joint such that movement of said second link member with respect to said first link member is independent of movement of said at least one tendon with respect to said first joint, said tendon being movable in a tendon direction that is transverse to the first axis of rotation to effect movement of a third link member with respect to said second link member.

6. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 5

, wherein said apparatus further includes a second tendon that extends through said first axis of rotation of said first joint such that movement of said second link member with respect to said first link member is independent of movement of said tendons with respect to said first joint.

7. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 5

, wherein said apparatus further includes a base portion including drive means for controlling the movement of each said link member with respect to other link members.

8. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 5

, wherein said at least one tendon includes a cable having a diameter of about {fraction (80/1000)} inches.

9. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 5

, wherein at first, second and third link members may be inserted into a patient during endoscopic surgery.

10. An articulated apparatus comprising:

a first link member;

a second link member coupled to said first link member at a proximal end of said second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation; and

a plurality of mutually independently longitudinally movable tendons each extending through said first axis of rotation of said first joint such that movement of said second link member with respect to said first link member is independent of longitudinal movement of said tendons with respect to said first joint, said tendons being movable in a longitudinal direction that is transverse to the first axis of rotation to effect movement of a plurality of distal link members that coupled to the distal end of said second link member.

11. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 10

, wherein said at least some of said serially coupled link members may be introduced into a patient during endoscopic surgery.

12. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 10

, wherein said tendons each include a cable having a diameter of about {fraction (80/1000)} inches.

13. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 10

, wherein at first and second link members may be inserted into a patient during endoscopic surgery.

14. An articulated apparatus comprising:

a first link member;

a second link member coupled to said first link member at a proximal end of said second link member by a first joint having a first axis of rotation; and

a third link member coupled to a distal end of said second link member by a second joint, the movement of said third link member with respect to said second link member being governed by at least one tendon that passes through said first axis of rotation of said first joint such that movement of said at least one tendon with respect to said first joint does not cause movement of said second link member with respect to said first member.

15. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 14

, wherein said at least one tendon includes a cable having a diameter of about {fraction (80/1000)} inches.

16. An articulated apparatus as claimed in

claim 14

, wherein at first, second and third link members may be inserted into a patient during endoscopic surgery.

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