US20010017604A1 - Reflective microdisplay for portable communication system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a microdisplay system that utilizes a small high resolution active matrix liquid crystal display with an illumination system and a magnifying optical system to provide a display for a portable communication device. A handset for the communication system incorporates the display for use as, for example, a wireless telephone or paging device. The small display can provide a high resolution color image at low power thus providing for portable battery powered operation.

Description

• Application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/741,671 filed on Oct. 31, 1996, the entire contents of the above applications being incorporated herein by reference.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Flat-panel displays are being developed which utilize liquid crystals or electroluminescent materials to produce high quality images. These displays are expected to supplant cathode ray tube (CRT) technology and provide a more highly defined television picture or computer monitor image. The most promising route to large scale high quality liquid crystal displays (LCDs), for example, is the active-matrix approach in which thin-film transistors (TFTs) are co-located with LCD pixels. The primary advantage of the active matrix approach using TFTs is the elimination of cross-talk between pixels, and the excellent grey scale that can be attained with TFT-compatible LCDs.[0002]
• Flat panel displays employing LCDs generally include five different layers: a white light source, a first polarizing filter that is mounted on one side of a circuit panel on which the TFTs are arrayed to form pixels, a filter plate containing at least three primary colors arranged into pixels, and finally a second polarizing filter. A volume between the circuit panel and the filter plate is filled with a liquid crystal material. This material will allow transmission of light in the material when an electric field is applied across the material between the circuit panel and a ground affixed to the filter plate. Thus, when a particular pixel of the display is turned on by the TFTs, the liquid crystal material rotates polarized light being transmitted through the material so that the light will pass through the second polarizing filter.[0003]
• The primary approach to TFT formation over the large areas required for flat panel displays has involved the use of amorphous silicon, which has previously been developed for large-area photovoltaic devices. Although the TFT approach has proven to be feasible, the use of amorphous silicon compromises certain aspects of the panel performance. For example, amorphous silicon TFTs lack the frequency response needed for high performance displays due to the low electron mobility inherent in amorphous material. Thus the use of amorphous silicon limits display speed, and is also unsuitable for the fast logic needed to drive the display.[0004]
• As the display resolution increases, the required clock rate to drive the pixels also increases. In addition, the advent of colored displays places additional speed requirements on the display panel. To produce a sequential color display, the display panel is triple scanned, once for each primary color. For example, to produce color frames at 20 Hz, the active matrix must be driven at a frequency of 60 Hz. In order to reduce flicker it is desirable to drive the active matrix at 180 Hz-to produce a 60 Hz color image. At over 60 Hz, visible flicker is reduced.[0005]
• Owing to the limitations of amorphous silicon, other alternative materials include polycrystalline silicon, or laser recrystallized silicon. These materials are limited as they use silicon that is already on glass, which generally restricts further circuit processing to low temperatures.[0006]
• Integrated circuits for displays, such as, the above referred color sequential display, are becoming more and more complex. For example, the color sequential display is designed for displaying High Definition Television (HDTV) formats requiring a 1280-by-1024 pixel array with a pixel pitch, or the distance between lines connecting adjacent columns or rows of pixel electrodes, being in the range of 15-55 microns, and fabricated on a single five-inch wafer.[0007]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with the invention, the cost and complexity of high resolution displays is significantly reduced by fabricating multiple integrated displays of reduced size on a single wafer and then dicing the wafer to produce a plurality of display devices.[0008]
• The displays are then assembled with appropriate magnifying optics to form a portable display system of low cost and reduced size. Included in the optics is a magnification system which compensates for the small image size by magnifying and projecting the image at an appropriate distance for viewing.[0009]
• In preferred embodiments, the microdisplay, because of its small size and weight, can be used as a hand-held communication system such as a pager, a wireless mobile telephone, or alternatively, as a head-mounted display, video camcorder, digital camera or a card reader display system. The display can provide a visual display suitable for data, graphics or video and accommodate standard television or high definition television signals. The system can optionally include circuitry for-cellular reception and transmission of facsimile communications, can be voice activated, can include a mouse operated function, provide Internet access, and can have a keyboard or touch pad for numeric or alphabetic entry. The system can have, such as in a card reader display system, a housing with a port or aperture to receive a card, and a card reader for reading information from the card and displaying the information on the micro-display.[0010]
• The telephone or hand-held unit can be equipped with a camera or solid state imaging sensor so that images can be generated and transmitted to a remote location and/or viewed on the display. Also the telephone user can call to access a particular computer at a remote location, present the computer screen on the microdisplay, access specific files in the computer memory and download data from the file into a memory within the telephone or a modular memory and display unit connected to the telephone. The telephone can be connected to a local computer or display and the data from the file can be loaded into the local memory.[0011]
• The video camcorder or digital camera has a microdisplay for a viewfinder. Either an image as seen through the lens or as previously recorded can be seen through the viewfinder, depending on what is selected.[0012]
• In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a light emitting diode (LED) device is used to illuminate the display. For transmission displays the LED device operates as a backlight and can include a diffuser. An LED device can also be used as a light source for a reflective display in another preferred embodiment of the invention. The displays are preferably liquid crystal displays using a twisted nematic liquid crystal material. Consequently, controlling the time domain is not necessary to obtain grey scale.[0013]
• For the purposes of this application, a microdisplay is defined as a display having at least 75,000 pixel electrodes and an active area of less than 160 mm[0014]², where the active area of the display is the area of the active matrix circuit that generates an image, including all of the pixel electrodes but not including the driver electronics and the border area for bonding and sealing of the liquid crystal display. For example, the array can be at least 320×240, 640×480 or higher. A preferred embodiment of the microdisplay has an active area of 100 mm²or less, and is preferably in the range between 5 mm²and 80 mm². The pixel pitch for these displays is in the range of 5-30 microns and preferably in the range between 5 and 18 microns. By utilizing pixel pitches of less than 18 microns smaller high resolution displays are now possible. For an embodiment utilizing a high definition format such as 1280×1024, and utilizing a pixel pitch of 12 microns or less, the active area of the display is less than 200 mm².
• For displays of this size and resolution to be read by a user at distances of less than 10 inches (25.4 cm) there are specific lighting and magnification requirements. For a 0.25 inch (6.35 mm) diagonal display, for example, the LED device preferably includes a plurality of LEDS coupled to a diffuser. The lens used to magnify the display image has a field of view in the range of 10-60 degrees, and preferably at least about 16 degrees-22 degrees, an ERD in the range of about 25 mm-100 mm and an object distance of between about 1.5 and 5 feet (152.4 cm). A color field sequentially operated LED backlight system can use a plurality of LEDS with a two or four sided reflector assembly to concentrate the light through the liquid crystal display. A preferred embodiment can use at least two LEDs, or as many as six or more of each color, to provide the desired brightness level. Alternatively the LEDs can be arranged around the periphery of a transmissive display and directed down into a conical reflector that directs the backlighting through the display in concentrated form.[0015]
• The backlight, the display and the viewing lens can be aligned along a single axis within a small housing volume that is less than 20 cm[0016]³, and preferably less than 12 cm³. The system weighs less than 10 grams, preferably in the range between 5 and 8 grams. The system can be incorporated into battery operated personal communication devices without substantial alteration of their form factor and weight requirements.
• While a transmissive microdisplay with a backlight is preferred, a reflective microdisplay can also be used. The light from the light source is directed onto the same side of the display that is viewed by the user. An optical system directs the reflected image from the pixel electrodes onto a line of sight of the user. Reflective displays can be used in connection with the portable communications and display systems described herein.[0017]
• The display can be operated using a color sequential system as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/216,817, “Color Sequential Display Panels” filed on Mar. 23, 1994, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,129, and of U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,059, the entire contents of these patents being incorporated herein by reference. These patents disclose an active matrix display in which the control electronics is integrated with the active matrix circuitry using single crystal silicon technology. The control electronics provides compressed video information to produce a color image for data, a still image or a video image such as a television image on the display. The use of LEDs to provide color sequential operation has a number of advantages. The system provides a lightweight, low-power light source that generates red, green and blue color components in sequence. The same control circuit operates the light source and the display to pulse the appropriate color elements for each corresponding display image.[0018]
• The light source can also be pulsed for monochrome display applications. The same circuit can be used for both color sequential and monochrome systems. For monochrome operation the light source need only be flashed momentarily to provide the desired brightness level. By flashing the lamp briefly while a given frame is written on the display, the display power consumption can be substantially reduced, the voltage holding requirements of the display are reduced, and heat loading is reduced. The vertical synchronization signal can be used to trigger the light source pulse which need only extend for less than a third of the time needed to write a particular frame onto the display. Two flashes in a frame can also be used to reduce flicker.[0019]
• The microdisplays described herein can be used in head mounted displays, cameras, card readers and portable communications systems, including color sequential systems as described in greater detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/410,124 filed on Mar. 23, 1995, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Further details regarding the drive electronics suitable for a microdisplay can be found in U.S. Ser. No. 08/106,416 filed on Aug. 13, 1993, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. A preferred embodiment of the display control circuit utilizes an “under scanning” feature in which selected pixels are rapidly turned on and off to enhance edge definition and emulate a higher resolution display. The display control circuit can also utilize a panning capability so that a small portion of a displayed image can be selected, by mouse operation for example, and presented using the entire microdisplay image area thereby allowing the user to perceive smaller displayed features. This can also be used to view selected portions of a high resolution image, such as a portion of a 640×480 image on a 320×240 microdisplay.[0020]
• As is readily apparent from the various embodiments described, one of the benefits of the microdisplay is the portability of the device using the microdisplay. An inherent concern with portability is providing enough power to operate the device for extended periods. One of the features of a preferred embodiment is the alternating of the voltage on the counterelectrode, therein allowing the microdisplay to operate at a lower voltage and therefore at a reduced power level. Another feature of a preferred embodiment is stopping the clock to the display when the display is not being written to, therein reducing power consumption.[0021]
• When the display is used to display text, wherein the image display is not constantly changing, a feature of the preferred embodiment is to reduce the frame rate, or refresh rate. The reduction in frame rate results in a decrease in power consumption.[0022]
• An additional problem with portability is the increased likelihood that the device will be used in non-ideal conditions. One such variable is the temperature in which the device will operate as temperature affects the performance of liquid crystal material. One of the features of a preferred embodiment is the monitoring of the temperature of the liquid crystal and the integral heating of the device.[0023]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above and other objects and features of the invention will be better understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art in view of the description of the preferred embodiments given below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:[0024]
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a single wafer having a plurality of display devices formed thereon in accordance with the invention.[0025]
• FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a die for an integrated active matrix panel display which includes optional control signal circuitry therein.[0026]
• FIG. 2B and 2C illustrate preferred embodiments of display control circuits in accordance with the invention.[0027]
• FIG. 2D illustrates a method for selectively displaying an image on a display in accordance with the invention.[0028]
• FIG. 2E illustrates a timing diagram for the display control circuit illustrated in FIG. 2D.[0029]
• FIG. 2F illustrates an alternative preferred embodiment of the display control circuit in accordance with the invention.[0030]
• FIG. 2G illustrates a timing diagram for the display control circuit illustrated in FIG. 2F[0031]
• FIG. 2H illustrates a portion of the display control circuit shown in FIG. 2F.[0032]
• FIG. 2I illustrates an alternative timing diagram for the display control circuit illustrated in[0033]2F.
• FIG. 2J illustrates an alternative preferred embodiment of the display with a heat gate.[0034]
• FIG. 2K illustrates a portion of the display shown in FIG. 2J.[0035]
• FIG. 2L illustrates an alternative embodiment of a portion of the display shown in FIG. 2J.[0036]
• FIG. 2M is an enlarged sectional view of the display in its housing.[0037]
• FIGS. 3A and 3B are exploded views of a video display device and pager in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.[0038]
• FIGS.[0039]4A-4K are exterior views of hand-held imaging devices in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 4B[0040]ais a partial cross section rear view of a preferred embodiment of a pager with integrated camera in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 4L is a functional block diagram of a preferred pager according to the invention.[0041]
• FIG. 5A is a side view of a lens suitable for magnifying a microdisplay in accordance with the invention.[0042]
• FIG. 5B is a side view of a multi element lens providing an increased field of view.[0043]
• FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of a display assembly with a fixed lens.[0044]
• FIG. 5D is a schematic view of an LED backlighting system for a liquid crystal display in accordance with the invention.[0045]
• FIGS.[0046]5E-5P illustrate additional preferred embodiments of a backlighting system in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 5Q illustrates a single lens positioned adjacent the kinoform.[0047]
• FIG. 5R illustrates the first three zones of a kinoform.[0048]
• FIG. 6A is an optical diagram of a lighting system for a reflective liquid crystal display.[0049]
• FIG. 6B is an enlarged sectional view of a reflective liquid crystal display in its housing.[0050]
• FIG. 6C is an enlarged sectional view of a reflective liquid crystal display with an alternative backlight.[0051]
• FIGS.[0052]7A-7G illustrate preferred LED backlighting systems for a transmission type display.
• FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment mobile telephone having a display device in accordance with the invention.[0053]
• FIGS.[0054]8B-8C illustrate an alternative embodiment of a mobile telephone having a display device in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS.[0055]8D-8G illustrate the changing of the resolution of the display from high resolutions to low resolutions.
• FIGS.[0056]8H-8I illustrate an alternative embodiment of a mobile telephone having a display device in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS.[0057]9A-9J are illustrations of further preferred embodiments of a telephone microdisplay system in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another preferred embodiment of a telephone microdisplay system.[0058]
• FIG. 11 illustrates another preferred embodiment of a telephone microdisplay system in accordance with the invention.[0059]
• FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate rear views of another preferred embodiment of a telephone microdisplay.[0060]
• FIGS.[0061]13A-13K illustrate other preferred embodiments of the invention including a display docking system for a cellular telephone.
• FIGS.[0062]13L-13N illustrate a folding keyboard with a touchpad for uses with phone, display docking system, or pager.
• FIGS.[0063]13O-13S illustrate other preferred embodiments of the invention including a display docking system for a cellular telephone.
• FIG. 13T illustrates an alternative embodiment of a display control circuit for a telephone or docking station capable of receiving an analog phone or a digital phone.[0064]
• FIG. 13U illustrates another preferred embodiment of the docking station shown in FIGS.[0065]13Q-13S.
• FIGS.[0066]13V-13W illustrate another preferred embodiment of a display docking system.
• FIG. 13X is a functional block diagram of a preferred docking station with cellular telephone according to the invention.[0067]
• FIGS.[0068]14A-14C illustrates the use of a microdisplay rear projection system for a telephone video conferencing station.
• FIGS.[0069]15A-C are side cross-sectional, front, and front cross-sectional views of a hand held rear projection display system in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS.[0070]16A-16B illustrate a body worn, hand operated display system in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS.[0071]16C-16D illustrate the use of a microdisplay as a viewfinder for a camcorder in another preferred embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS.[0072]16E-16F illustrate the use of a microdisplay as a viewfinder for a digital still camera in another preferred embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 16G illustrates a display control circuit for a camera.[0073]
• FIGS. 16H and 16I illustrate cameras with moving mirrors for through the lens viewing.[0074]
• FIGS. 16J and 16K illustrate a camera/imager with a microdisplay as a viewfinder.[0075]
• FIGS.[0076]17A-17C illustrate the use of a microdisplay in a card reader system in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 18 is a schematic circuit diagram for a portable card reader system.[0077]
• FIG. 19A illustrates another preferred embodiment of a card reader system.[0078]
• FIG. 19B shows another preferred embodiment of a card reader system.[0079]
• FIGS.[0080]19C-19Cbis a schematic circuit diagram of a memory card for a card reader or imager.
• FIGS. 19D, 19E[0081]aand19Ebis a schematic circuit diagram of the controller within the reader or imager
• FIG. 19F is a schematic circuit diagram of an alternative embodiment of a switcher in the controller.[0082]
• FIG. 20A is a perspective view of a head-mounted display system of the invention.[0083]
• FIG. 20B is a partial schematic perspective view of the system of FIG. 20A emphasizing additional features of the invention.[0084]
• FIG. 20C is a schematic perspective view of the system of FIG. 20A which emphasizes certain aspects of the invention.[0085]
• FIG. 20D is a schematic perspective view of the headband and pads of FIG. 20C.[0086]
• FIG. 20E is a partial schematic side view of the system of FIG. 20A.[0087]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• High Resolution Active Matrix Microdisplay[0088]
• A preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes a process of making a plurality of flat panel displays[0089]10 in which a large number ofactive matrix arrays14 are fabricated on asingle wafer12 as illustrated in connection with FIG. 1. The number of displays fabricated on a single wafer depends upon the size of the wafer and the size of each display. A preferred embodiment of the invention, for example, uses a high resolution display having an imaging area of the display with a diagonal of 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) or less. For a four inch wafer, forty separate displays can be fabricated on a single four inch wafer. Where each display has a diagonal of about 0.25 inches (6.35 mm), 80 displays can be fabricated on a single wafer, over 120 displays can be fabricated on a five inch wafer, over 180 displays on a six inch wafer, and 400 displays can be fabricated on an 8 inch wafer.
• By fabricating a large number of small high resolution displays on a single wafer the manufacturing yield can be substantially increased and the cost per display can be substantially reduced.[0090]
• To obtain monochrome resolutions of at least 75,000 pixels (e.g. a 320×240 array) suitable for displaying an NTSC television signal on a 0.25 inch diagonal display the pixel electrodes are preferably on the order of about 15 microns in width or less. To obtain a monochrome resolution of at least 300,000 pixels (e.g. 640×480 array) on a 0.25 inch diagonal display the pixel electrodes preferably have a width of about 8-10 microns.[0091]
• These small high resolution displays require magnification such that when held in a user's hand within the range of 0.5 inches to 10 inches of the user's eye, a clear image is provided.[0092]
• Referring now to FIG. 2A, an integrated circuit active matrix display die is shown schematically which has been diced from a single wafer along with selected number of replicated circuits. Incorporated into the[0093]circuit100 arescanner circuits42a,42b,42c,42d, along with pixel drivencircuits44a,44b,44c,44d,select scanner circuits46a,46band adisplay matrix circuit90.
• Further details regarding the fabrication of each die on a wafer can use the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,562, the contents of which incorporated herein its entirety by reference. Additional details regarding the fabrication of the active matrix and use within communication systems is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.______, filed Oct. 31, 1997 of Matthew Zavracky and titled “Color Display with Thin Gap Liquid Crystal” the contents of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.[0094]
• By fabricating a selected number of[0095]circuits100 on a single wafer, the circuit yield from a single wafer is greatly enhanced at the expense of reduced display area. However, this area disadvantage is overcome by magnifying and projecting the display image as will be described herein.
• A video signal bus[0096]35-1 through35-16 carries analog video signals from digital to analog amplifiers (not shown) tocolumn drivers44a-d. Because signal interference and signal loss can occur as the analog video signal cross each signal line in thesignal bus35, the channels of video signals are arranged to reduce interference. As illustrated, there are fourcolumn drivers44a-44d, twocolumn drivers44a,44bat the top of theactive matrix circuit90 and twocolumn drivers44c,44dat the bottom of the activematrix circuit region90. Each channel is allocated to one of thecolumn drivers44 such that eachcolumn driver44 receives video from four channels. Thetop column drivers44a,44breceive video from the channels that drive the odd-numbered pixel columns and thebottom column drivers44c,44dreceive video from the channels that drive the even-numbered columns. As shown, no video signal has to cross the path of more than one other video signal.
• The illustrated arrangement of column drivers is particularly suited for edge-to-center and center-to-edge video writing, although the data can also be written from left-to-right or right-to-left. It should be understood that more or less than four[0097]column drivers44 can be employed in preferred embodiments of the invention. For applications having resolutions of 320×240 or 640×480 it is desirable to use single column and row drivers to drive the display. For high speed, high definition displays more can be used to improve performance.
• The[0098]data scanners42a-dare responsive to a pixel data signal142 and a pixel clock signal143 from a control signal generator (not shown). Thedata scanners42a-dcan use a shift register array to store data for each scan. An odd shift register array can be used to store data to odd column pixels and an even shift register array can be used to store data to even column pixels. As illustrated, there are left and rightodd data scanners42a,42band left and right evendata scanners42c,42d.
• The[0099]column drivers44 selected by thedata scanner42 transmit video data to a selected column of C pixels in theactive matrix circuit90. Theselect scanner46 controlled by a control signal generator determines by control lines which pixels accept this column data.
• To reduce signal loss across the[0100]active matrix region90, the select lines are driven from both sides byselect scanners46aand b. As viewed in FIG. 2A, a leftselect scanner46aand rightselect scanner46bare connected to theselect data line146 and theselect clock line147. A third enablingline148 can also be used for specific applications. The leftselect scanner46aprovides a select line signal at the end of the select line nearest the lowest-valued pixel column (C₁) and rightselect scanner46bprovides a select line signal at the end of the select line nearest the highest-valued pixel column (C_N). Thus, an identical select line signal is supplied at both ends of the select line.
• Although static shift registers can be used, the shift registers of the[0101]data scanner42 and theselect scanners46 are preferably implemented as dynamic shift registers. The dynamic shift registers rely on capacitor storage without leakage. However, dynamic shift registers are susceptible to leakage, especially when they are exposed to light. Hence, light shields are needed to protect thescanners42a-42d,46 from exposure to light. Similarly, light shields are also used to protect thetransmission gates44 and pixel columns C₁-C_N.
• For further information regarding the input signals to the[0102]circuit100, reference is made to the above-cited U.S. patents and applications.
• In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the panel drive circuitry of FIG. 2A is fabricated as an integrated circuit along with the[0103]active matrix circuit90. The integrated circuitry is preferably fabricated in single crystal silicon having a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure using the fabrication and transfer procedures described previously in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,562. By fabricating the row andcolumn drive circuitry42a-42d,44a-44d,46a,46bas well as the scanners in single crystal material along with theactive matrix circuit90, the size of the display panel is not constrained by the connecting pins for the various discrete components. The integrated fabrication also increases the operating speed of the display relative to displays constructed from discrete components. Furthermore, the drive circuitry can be optimized to increase display performance. For example, it is easier to construct a small 1280H×1024V display panel with dual select scanners through integrated fabrication than it is using discrete components.
• The pixel electrodes in a preferred embodiment are between 60 and 250 microns square. Consequently, a 1280H×1024V active matrix with the control system can be fabricated such that there are at least 40 such integrated circuits on a five inch wafer, for example.[0104]
• A preferred embodiment of a display control circuit for a color sequential microdisplay is illustrated in connection with FIG. 2B. The[0105]display control circuit102 receives an analogcomposite signal103 such as a television or VCR video signal atconverter105.Converter105 can be a commercially available chip, such as the Sony CXA1585, which separates thesignal103 into red, green and blue components. The three analog color components are converted into digital signals by three respective analog to digital (A/D)converters106. The three color digital signals are stored in red107, green108, and blue109 memory circuits.Circuits107,108 and109 can be RAM, such as DRAM, frame buffers that are connected to thetiming circuit110.Timing circuit110 can be connected to theconverter105 by an interface bus and receives horizontal and vertical synchronization signals along lines119 fromconverter105.Circuit110 controls the sequential flow of each color frame onto the display by sending video data from eachmemory107,108,109 onto the display and coordinating actuation of the backlight111 alonglines115 for each primary color.Lines114 provide control of hue and contrast of the resulting image.Lines116,117 and118 are used to control the row and column driver circuits withindisplay circuit112.Lines116 and117 control horizontal shift and vertical shift of the data as it is read onto the display.
• [0106]Lines116 and117 can be used to allow the user to invert (i.e. reverse left to right or right to left) the image on the display. This can be useful for the telephone user who may select one hand to hold the telephone during use and simply press a button on the housing so that the image is inverted for presentation to the eye of the user when electing to hold the telephone speaker in the other hand adjacent to the user's ear. The inverting of the image can be accomplished by several different techniques including by software and hardware methods. One such method is to use a bi-directional shift register and shift the direction of the register to invert the image. Another technique is to change the method by which the data is pulled out of memory using the software.
• [0107]Lines118 control vertical and horizontal pulse, vertical and horizontal clock, even and odd row enable signals and the horizontal multiplying pulse signal. Digital toanalog converters113,memories107,108,109,converter105 andcontrol circuit110 can be mounted on a common circuit board withdisplay112, or they can be split onto separate circuit boards or integrated circuits within the telephone housing, the pager housing, the docking element housing, or other housing described in greater detail below depending on the geometry and operational requirements of the specific embodiment. In addition to placing the digital to analog converters, memories, converter andcontrol circuit110 on a common circuit board, they can be all located on a single monolithic integrated circuit (IC), represented by adash line101. The placing of a components on a single IC reduces the internal capacitance and therefore the power consumption of the circuit.
• Another preferred embodiment of a display control circuit is illustrated in connection with FIG. 2C. In this embodiment, a[0108]digital circuit120 is used to control color sequential display operation. Theprocessor134 receives serial digital image data at121 and sends display data tomemory124. An optional additional non-volatile, such as flash memory orSRAM circuit125 can also be included to store graphics data where that is in addition to text stored at124 using aserial bus127.Timing control circuit122 receives clock and digital control signals fromprocessor134 and transmits control signals to the backlight111 anddisplay112 alonglines115,116,117, and118, respectively.Lines128 direct ready, reset, write enable, output enable, color enable, address and data signals to memory to control deliver of image frames to thedisplay112. This circuit can be used within a telephone housing or the docking element housing described in greater detail below depending on the geometry and operational requirements of the specific embodiment. A switch can be provided to allow the user to reverse the image on the display left to right or right to left. This can be useful for the telephone user who may select one hand to hold the telephone during use and simply press a button on the housing so that the image is inverted for presentation to the other eye of the user when electing to hold the telephone speaker in the other hand adjacent to the user's other ear.
• [0109]Power management circuit123 receives control signals alongline126 fromcircuit122 to lower power consumption of thecircuit120.Circuit123 is used to control power during display operation, and is connected toflash memory circuit125, the digital to analog converter, the buffer/inverter and thedisplay112 by aline129. This capability arises from the use of a transferred thin film active matrix circuit described previously which has an ability to store charge between vertical synchronization pulses. This storage capacity enables lower power consumption of the display and backlight at less than 0.2 Watts. Thus, after a frame of data is written on the display, power is lowered until the next frame is written. This lengthens battery cycle time of portable communication devices as described herein. The power can be lowered by periodically stopping the clock to the display as described below.
• FIG. 2D illustrates a method of displaying information on the display in which large amounts of information are contained in each image. For such high information images it may be desirable to enlarge a selectable portion of that image on the display. For example, the[0110]full image130 has aregion131 in which acursor133 can be positioned. The user can position the cursor using a mouse or button control element anywhere withinregion131 and identify asubregion132. The user selects the image of subregion for display on the full display area.
• If the data provided by the[0111]processor134 is greater than that displayed on thedisplay112, the image can be written to the display by underscanning; e.g. only every fourth bit of display is written. In order to display the image of a subregion as the entire image, every bit of display is written, but only for that specific region. If thesubregion132 is to be displayed on the full display area, the data for the rows abovesubregion132 are not forwarded to thedisplay112 by thetiming control circuit122, and only the columns that are included insubregion132 are forwarded.
• FIG. 2E illustrates a timing diagram that illustrates a preferred method of operating a microdisplay in accordance with the invention. The video signal is sent to the[0112]display112 both as actual video and inverted video. The odd-numbered pixel columns receive video from the top column driver and the even-numbered columns receive video from the bottom column driver as described above with Reference to FIG. 2A. Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 2E, the odd-numbered pixels, which receive actual video, are driven between the common voltage (V_COM), the voltage applied to the counterelectrode, and the supply voltage source (V_DD). The even-numbered pixels, which receive the inverted video, are driven between V_COMand the supply voltage sink (V_EE). After the entire frame is scanned into the display and there is a delay to allow the liquid crystal to twist, the backlight is flashed to present the image. In a preferred embodiment, V_DDis 9 volts, V_EEis 2 volts and V_COMis 5.5 volts. The technique of alternating the video on each column is called column inversion and helps prevent a DC voltage from building up on the liquid crystal material and additionally prevents cross talk.
• Another preferred embodiment of a display control circuit is illustrated in connection with FIG. 2F. In this embodiment, a[0113]digital circuit1120 is used to control color sequential display operation as described in relation to FIG. 2C. Additionally, the circuit has the features of a modulating common voltage and a heater, as described below. Theprocessor1104 receives image data at1121 and sends display data to memory1124 and flash memory1125 via thetiming control circuit1122. The image data can be in a variety of forms including serial or parallel digital data, analog RGB data, composite data or s-video. Theprocessor1104 is configured for the type of image data received, as is well known in the art. Thetiming control circuit1122 receives clock and digital control signals from theprocessor1104 and-transmits control signals to the backlight1111 alonglines1115. Thetiming control circuit1122 transmits control signals, such as vertical start pulse, vertical clock, horizontal start pulse, and horizontal clock, to thedisplay1112 along lines1116,1117, and1118.Lines1128 direct ready, reset, write enable, output enable, color enable, address and data signals to memory to control delivery of image frames to thedisplay1112.
• Still referring to FIG. 2F, the image data travels from the[0114]timing control circuit1122 to thedisplay1112 through a digital toanalog converter1130 and through aninverter1131 on an alternate frame dependent on aswitch1132 as described below. In addition and in contrast to previous embodiments, the common voltage (V_COM) enters thedisplay1112 at alternating values controlled by aswitch1133. Theswitches1133 and1132 for alternating the V_COMand the video to the display are controlled by aframe control line1134 from thetiming control circuit1122.
• Referring to FIGS. 2G and 2F, with the common voltage (V[0115]_COM)high, approximately 3-5 volts in a preferred embodiment, the actual video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. After a delay to allow for the liquid crystal to twist to maximum position, the LED backlight1111 is flashed to present the image. Prior to the next frame,frame2 in FIG. 2G, V_COMgoes low, approximately zero (0) volts in a preferred embodiment. Driving V_COMlow erases the image that has just been scanned. However, since there is no backlight on, the loss of the image is not seen. With V_COMlow, the inverted video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. Similarly, after a delay to allow the liquid crystal to twist, the LED backlight1111 is flashed to present the refreshed or new image. Prior to the next frame,frame3 in the Figure, V_COMgoes high. Driving V_COMhigh results in the image that has just been scanned to be erased. With V_COMhigh, an actual video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. A delay occurs and then the LED backlight1111 is flashed. The common voltage (V_COM) and the video keep on alternating. If the display is a color display, the LED backlight1111 sequentially flashes the distinct colors. In addition, three screen scans, one for each color LED, comprises a frame and the V_COMalternates each screen.
• In a preferred embodiment, V[0116]_COMfluctuates every 15-20 milliseconds. It takes 3-5 milliseconds to write/scan the image. The LED flashes for a time period of about 3 milliseconds. It is recognized that it may be desirable to vary the delay time before flashing the LED or varying the length of the LED flash dependent on the color LED to be flashed. For example, it may be desirable to have a longer delay time, response time, before flashing the LED when the LED to be flashed has a longer wavelength, such as red, which has a wavelength of between 630 and 700 nm.
• With the video amplitude, the difference between V[0117]_DDand V_EE, on the pixel's TFT reduced, a smaller storage capacitor is required. Less time is need to write with a smaller storage capacitor and therefore a smaller pixel TFT can be used. If the liquid crystal has a fast enough response, the storage capacitor can be eliminated and the capacitance of the liquid crystal becomes the storage capacitor. In addition, with no storage capacitor a larger aperture is possible. With larger aperture and increased aperture ratio, the image will be brighter for the same cycling of the backlight or the total power used can be reduced with the same image brightness.
• Referring to FIG. 2H, an enlarged schematic view of one pixel, the pixel is charged by the[0118]horizontal shift register1136 selecting acolumn1138 by turning atransmission gate1140 and thevertical shift register1142 selecting arow1144. The video is written to the pixel and the liquid crystal begins to twist and become optically transmissive. After the entire display has been written and there has been a delay before the LED flashes, theV_COM1146, i.e., the voltage to the counterelectrode, is switched from high to low or vice versa by the frame control line. At the same time, the video signal is switched from actual video to inverted video or vice versa, so that the video will be switched for the next frame.
• The liquid crystal can be twisted to become either optically transmissive or optically opaque. The orientation of the polarizers affect whether the liquid crystal is driven to white, transmissive, or to dark, opaque.[0119]
• Referring back to FIG. 2F, the display circuit has an additional line, a temperature sensor line[0120]1148, which runs from thedisplay1112 to thetiming control circuit1122. The active matrix comprises a plurality of pixels arranged in columns and rows. Heat is preferably absorbed substantially uniformly throughout the liquid crystal material. However, there may be local temperature variations due to the nature of the image being displayed as well as display and heater geometry and environmental conditions. Temperature sensors can be distributed throughout the active matrix region including around the perimeter of the active matrix including the corners and also disposed near the center of the active matrix. The use of a temperature sensor is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/364,070 filed Dec. 27, 1994 and is incorporated herein by reference.
• The characteristics of the liquid crystal material is effected by the temperature of the liquid crystal. One such example is the twist time of twisted-nematic liquid crystal material, which is shorter when the liquid crystal material is warm. By knowing the temperature of the liquid crystal, the[0121]timing control circuit1122 can set the duration and timing of the flash of the backlight1111, therein achieving desired brightness and minimizing power consumption.
• The measuring of the temperature of the liquid crystal requires additional analog circuitry which add complexity to the circuit of the display. It is recognized that the temperature of the liquid is related to its capacitance. Therefore, the capacitance of the liquid crystal, an electrical measurement, can be done in place of the measurement of the temperature in order to determine when heating is required.[0122]
• Another preferred embodiment of the[0123]display1112 has an internal heater. Referring back to FIG. 2H, during normal operations, thevertical shift register1142 has only one row on, so that as thehorizontal shift register1136 moves from column to column only one pixel is affected. After the last pixel on a row is addressed, thevertical shift register1142 switches the active row. Thedisplay1112 can be placed in a heat mode where eachrow1144 is turned on and has a voltage drop across the row to create heat. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2H, anend1158 of each row line is connected to V_DDand the end near the shift register is driven low thereby creating a voltage differential across each line. The heat is generated since P=V²/R, where R is the resistance of the row lines. In normal operation, only the selected line which contains pixels to be driven low generate heat, not the entire display.
• Referring to FIG. 2I, with the common voltage (V[0124]_COM) high, the actual video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. After a delay to allow for the liquid crystal to twist into position, the LED backlight1111 is flashed to present the image. Prior to the next screen or subframe, a heat cycle occurs where all the row lines are driven such that there is a voltage differential across the row. The heating can occur while V_COMand the video are being alternated and inverted, respectively, by theframe control line1131. FIG. 2I shows a heating cycle after each subframe, but the number and time period of heat cycles can be dependent on the temperature of the liquid crystal as determined by thetemperature sensor1132. In cold environments, thedigital circuit1120 can have a warm-up cycle where the heater is turned on prior to the first painting of the screen.
• Still referring to FIG. 2I, driving V[0125]_COMlow erases the image that has just been scanned. However, since there is no backlight on, the erasure of the image is not seen. With V_COMlow, the inverted video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. Similarly after a delay to allow the liquid crystal to twist, the LED backlight1111 is flashed to present the refreshed or new image. Prior to the next screen,frame1,subframe3 in the Figure, V_COMgoes high. The driving V_COMhigh results in the image that has just been scanned to be destroyed. With V_COMhigh, an actual video signal is scanned into the matrix circuit. A delay occurs and then the LED backlight1111 is flashed. The common voltage (V_COM) and the video keep on alternating.
• The delay time before beginning the flash and the flash time are shown as identical in FIG. 2I. However, both the delay time (the delay for response time of the liquid crystal) and the flash time can be dependent on the specific color to be flashed. The delay time is dependent on when the liquid crystal associated with the last pixel to be written has sufficient time to twist to allow that specific color to be seen. The duration of the flash, or the point that the flash must be terminated, is dependent on when the liquid crystal associated with the first pixel to be written of the next frame has twisted sufficiently that light from the backlight is visible to the viewer. For example referring to FIG. 2I, it is not desirable for the red flash to be on, when the writing for the blue subframe has progressed to the point that the first pixel written for the blue subframe has resulted in the liquid crystal being optically transmissive for red wavelengths. The ending of the flash does not have to occur until sometime after the beginning of the writing of the next subframe because of response time of the liquid crystal.[0126]
• The[0127]timing control circuit1122, as seen in FIG. 2F, can vary the flash duration and the delay or response time dependent on the color that is to be flashed. In addition, the current to the backlights1111 can be varied to adjust the intensity of the color. If desired, acolor control line1127 can be added to thetiming control circuit1122 to allow the user to vary the color.
• It is recognized that the method of generating heat is different on different displays. For example, referring to FIG. 2A in which a[0128]select scanner46aand46bis located on both sides of the display and is connected to each end of the row, in typical operations either both ends are high or both ends are low depending on whether the row is being addressed. In order to heat the display, one of the select scanners, for example46a, can be driven high for all the rows, and the other select scanner, for example46b, is driven low for all rows therein creating a voltage difference across the row lines.
• The clock timing sent to the[0129]display1112 is shown in FIG. 2I. The clock timing is needed by thedisplay1112 only when writing to the pixels. The capacitance of the storage capacitor holds the liquid crystal in the proper position during the time the backlight1111 is flashing. By periodically sending clock signals to thedisplay1112 for typically as much as fifty percent (50%) of the total time or less results in a power reduction.
• Referring to FIG. 2J, a schematic of the[0130]display1112 and the digital toanalog converter1130 are shown. The display has ahorizontal shift register1136, avertical shift register1142, and switches1140 similar to what is illustrated in FIG. 2H. In addition, and in contrast to FIG. 2H, FIG. 2J illustrates aheating gate1154.
• Referring to FIG. 2K, for pixels which have p-channel TFTs, the[0131]heating gate1154 has a series of n-channel TFTs. Typically when writing to the display only the row being written to is on (V=0). When not writing to the display, all the rows are V_DD. When the n-channel TFTs turned on, by applying V_DDto aheat line1150 results in current flowing from the inverter associated with thevertical shift register1142 through the row to the n-channel TFT and heat is dissipated along the entire row. The drain is connected to V_EE, which is zero. It is also recognize that thedisplay1112 can have several extra rows outside the typical array to assist in uniform heating.
• Likewise for pixels which have n-channel TFTs, referring to FIG. 2L the[0132]heating gate1154 has a series of p-channel TFTs. Typically when writing to the display only the row being written to is on (V=V_DD). When not writing to the display, all the rows are approximately zero (0) volts. When the p-channel TFTs are turned, by setting the gate to zero (0), there is a voltage drop across the row of V_DD.
• It is recognized that V[0133]_COMaddressing and the heating of the display can used independently. Heating can be incorporated into the embodiments described with respect to FIGS.2A-2D. While an internal heater is preferred, it is recognized that a separate heater can be used with the temperature sensor.
• Referring to FIG. 2M, a sectional view of the[0134]display1112 is shown. Thedisplay1112 has anactive matrix portion1160 including apixel element2047 spaced from acounterelectrode2085 by an interposedliquid crystal material2080. Eachpixel element2047 has atransistor2054 and apixel electrode2065. Theactive matrix portion1160 can havealuminum light shields2086 to protect the transistor (TFT)2054 if the active matrix is used for projection requiring high luminance light. Thecounterelectrode2085 is connected to the rest of the circuit bysolder bumps2088. Thematrix1160 is bounded by a pair ofglass substrates2090 in this embodiment and a pair ofpolarizers1162. An additional pair ofglass plates1164 are located outboard of theactive matrix portion1160. Theglass plates1164 are spaced from thepolarizer1162. The space defines aninsulation layer1166. Thedisplay1112 includes a two-piece case1168 which contains theactive matrix portion1160, theglass plates1162 and thepolarizers1164. A room temperature vulcanization (RTV)rubber1170 helps in maintaining the elements in proper position in the case.
• Still referring to FIG. 2M, an alternative embodiment for an internal heat is shown. A second layer of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)[0135]1174 underlies thecounterelectrode2085 with an interposed layer ofSiO₂1176. The second layer ofITO1174 is patterned such that it covers only the array area. If a current is passed through thesecond layer1174, it heats and consequently heats theliquid crystal2080. Similar to previous embodiments, the heating occurs between the two layers ofglass2090 that bound thematrix1160.
• A preferred embodiment in the form of a stand-alone[0136]video display device98 featuring a liquid crystal display incorporating the actualmatrix display circuit100 will now be described in connection with the exploded views of FIGS. 3A and 3B.
• In FIG. 3A, a portable imaging device such as a pager is illustrated having a housing including a top.[0137]40 and a bottom43 with adoor50 for access to abattery48. Thebattery48 provides power to thecircuit board41, thedisplay24 and thebacklight22. The pager can be operated bycontrols38 or push buttons accessible through one of the housing surfaces that actuate display functions. Anoptical system20 is positioned within the housing and includes abacklight22, preferably an LED backlight, a transmissionliquid crystal display24, a focusing mechanism including aknob28 that the user rotates to move thetunnel30 relative to theoptic slide26, alens assembly32, and acover glass34.
• Preferred embodiment of hand held display devices are illustrated in connection with FIGS.[0138]4A-4K. FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of apager system150 having twodisplay viewing areas152 and154 within ahousing155.Viewing area152 has a lens through which the user views a microdisplay as described previously. A second flat panel display without magnification is viewed by the user at154. The second display is a simple low resolution numeric and/or alphabetic display to read telephone numbers or scrolled numbers or messages. The microdisplay magnification can be adjusted atswitch158. The displays are operated byswitches156,157. As seen in the rear view of FIG. 4B, therear surface162 ofhousing155 is thicker in that portion containing the microdisplay and the battery. In the alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4Ba, therear panel162 is removed to expose thecavity159 for the battery and the rear of thedisplay assembly161. Also shown in this embodiment is acover163 which slides to cover or expose a camera including animage sensor166 andlens167. Thedigital imaging sensor166 can take images electronically stored within a memory within the pager that can be sent by wireless transmitter to a personal computer, a telephone as described herein, or web browser. The images can also be loaded by wire throughport169 onto a personal computer, or alternatively, can be loaded onto a smart card or flash memory card that can be inserted into one ormore card slots168. Theport169 can also be connected directly to a keyboard or touchpad as described herein. The sideview of thehousing155 shown in FIG. 4C illustrates aclip160 that is used to fasten the device to the clothing of the user. Theclip160 is attached to thebottom surface164 of thehousing155 as shown in FIG. 4D.
• Another preferred embodiment of a hand-held[0139]viewing device170 is illustrated in the perspective view of FIG. 4E. A first display is seen throughlens172 with magnification being adjusted byknob174. Asecond display180 as described above is positioned on the same side of thedevice170 as thelens172 for ease of viewing. The displays are operated byswitch176 and buttons or controlelements178. A top view is illustrated in FIG.4F showing ridges184 that accommodate the fingers of the user and thesecond display switch182, which is shown more clearly in the side view of FIG. 4G.
• Rear and bottom views of[0140]device170 show rear188 and bottom186 sides in FIGS. 4H and 4I, respectively.
• Another preferred embodiment is illustrated in the perspective views of FIGS. 4J and 4K. In the embodiment, a hand held[0141]unit190 has aviewing window191, afocus control192, arear panel193 with an external port, abattery access panel194, and acontrol panel195 with control elements including ascan control element196 to move text or the image on display up or down and left or right.
• An embodiment of the invention is directed to a[0142]wireless communication device900 such as an enhanced pager. FIG. 4L is a functional block diagram illustrating such a wireless device. Thedevice900 includes aprocessor902 having read and write access with memory904. The processor and other components of the device receive power from a power supply orbattery906 that is preferably light-weight. The processor operates atransmitter908 and areceiver910 to communicate with one ormore base stations912 within a network, such as a pager network according to standard wireless communication protocols. The processor receives commands and data from a user through input circuitry914, which can include switches and scan control elements. The processor provides information back to the user through output circuitry including amicrodisplay916 and can also include a conventional alphanumeric LED orliquid crystal display918. Thepager900 in addition can have adigital image sensor920 for taking images which can be electronically stored with a memory or loaded onto a smart card orflash memory card924 received by aslot926 in thepager900. Thepager900 can also have aport928 for directly connecting to an external memory or processor or to, a keyboard or a touchpad.
• A[0143]lens65 suitable for magnifying the image of a microdisplay for viewing by a user is illustrated in the example of FIG. 5A.
• For a 0.25 inch diagonal microdisplay, the[0144]outer diameter64 of the lens can be about 30.4 mm, thethickness70 of the lens at theoptical axis67 can be about 8 mm, theinner surface60 that receives light from the display has a curved diameter of about 21.6 mm, and theviewing surface61 has a diameter of68 of about 22.4. Theperipheral edge69 used to hold the lens in the assembly can have athickness66 of about 2 mm and a radius71 of about 4 mm. Thelens65 can be made of glass or a plastic material such as acrylic. This particular example of such a lens has a 16 degree field of view and an ERD of 25. The lens assembly can include an automatic focusing system, or a lens system that collapses in size when not in use.
• Another preferred embodiment for providing a color display can use a diffraction optical system such as those described in application U.S. Ser. No. 08/565,058 filed on Nov. 30, 1995, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.[0145]
• Another preferred embodiment of a 1.25 inch[0146]diameter lens system52 with a larger field of view is illustrated in FIG. 5B. Threelens elements51,53 and55 enlarge the image on thedisplay54.
• The[0147]lens65 of FIG. 5A can be used in the alternative display assembly of80 of FIG. 5C. In this embodiment, thedisplay82 is positioned between thebacklight housing84, containingLED86, and thelens housing88 that holds thelens65 in a fixed position relative to thedisplay82.
• A[0148]microdisplay system360 utilizing a folded optical path is illustrated in connection with FIG. 5D. In this embodiment, anLED array362, or other light source, illuminates the display withinhousing364. Thedisplay366 directs an image along a firstoptical path372 that is reflected bymirror368 along a secondother path374 through thelens370 as described previously.
• Another preferred embodiment of the backlight system is illustrated in FIGS.[0149]5E-5G. Thebacklight375 includes areflective bowl376 with an innerconcave surface382 that reflects light emitted by theLEDs380 onto the active matrix region ofdisplay377. TheLEDs380 are mounted on acircuit board378 that is electrically connected to the timing circuit described previously. Thesystem375 can also include aheat sink379 for applications requiring thermal isolation of the display circuit from the backlight circuit. Theelement379 can be a silicon carbide, silicon, or aluminum nickel plate or wafer. Theelement379 can be insulated from thedisplay377 withlayer381 such as an adhesive. Thecircuit board378,element379 andoptional layer381 have openings that are aligned to provide anaperture383.
• A preferred embodiment of printed[0150]circuit board378 on which the LEDs are mounted is shown in FIG. 5F. In thisembodiment16 or18 blue, green and red LEDs.386 are positioned aroundopening384. Another preferred embodiment utilizing8LEDs386 is illustrated in FIG. 5G. Fewer LEDs allow the circuit to operate at lower power. Additionally, for color sequential operation, where frame rates are relatively high, the LEDs are driven at higher rates to increase brightness.
• Another preferred embodiment of a backlight is illustrated by the[0151]system390 of FIG. 5H. In the embodiment thecircuit board395 on which theLEDs396 are mounted is positioned underneath thereflective bowl394 with theLEDs396 mounted on apost399 extending throughopening398. Light is diffusely reflected by bowl throughdiffuser392 ontodisplay391.
• FIG. 5I illustrates a[0152]backlight housing84 with an aperture on one side through which light exits the housing and is directed through the display. The housing has a base andsides135 in the folded opened view of FIG. 5J. The display is mounted ontoplate393. Thedisplay391 can be connected toexternal connectors137 byflexible circuit boards136 which wrap around the sides of the bowl. The backlight housing preferably has a volume of less than 0.5 cubic inches. The display module has a volume of less than 2 cubic inches and preferably less than 20 cm³.
• A system having a volume less than 15 cm[0153]³is illustrated in connection with FIGS.5K-5O. FIG. 5K is a perspective view of an assembleddisplay module470. The exploded view of FIG. 5L shows the elements ofsystem470 in detail. The backlight reflector is positioned in backlight housing473 which can be adhered directly onto thedisplay475 with an epoxy adhesive or with anoptional clip474. The display is held by adisplay holder476 which can also serve to define the visual border for the active area of the display as seen by the user throughtransparent window482. Theholder476 is attached to holdingpanel477 which retainsring478 within the proximal end ofhousing element471. The ring can be manually or electrically actuated to rotate and thereby translateoptics holder472 along theoptical axis486. Apin479 can be used to couple theholder472 to internal helical thread ofring478. Thelens480, an optional second lens within the distal end ofholder472, acolor correction element481 andwindow482 can all be held withinholder472 which moves relative to the display to focus the image thereon.
• [0154]Element470 fits snugly within an external housing such as that shown in FIG. 13F, or within the other device housings as described herein.
• An exploded view of a preferred embodiment of the backlight relative to the[0155]display475 is shown in FIG. 5M. The display circuit and LED backlight are mounted oncircuit board483. Preferably, two or three LEDs are used to provide two or three colors, respectively. Between thebacklight housing473 and thedisplay475, abrightness enhancement film484, such as the “BEF” film available from3M Corporation can optionally be used along with adiffuser485. As seen in FIGS. 5N and 5O, thecircuit board483 mounted on a first side ofhousing473 and the backlight active area is defined by thediffuser485 on a second side of thehousing473.
• An exploded view of an alternative embodiment of the backlight is shown in FIG. 5P. A[0156]backlight housing1473 has a plurality ofcompartments1475, four being shown in the Figure by way of example. The LED backlights are mounted on acircuit board1483 ingroups1485 which compliment thecompartments1475 of thehousing1473. Preferably, two or three LEDs are used per group to provide two or three colors, respectively. Abrightness enhancement film484, such as the “BEF” film available from3M Corporation can optionally be used along with adiffuser485 between thebacklight housing1473 and the display.
• The[0157]color correction element481 can be a transparent molded plastic kinoform having a contoured surface with circular steps that introduce phase corrections into the incident light. The configuration of a preferred embodiment of asingle lens480 positioned adjacent thekinoform481 for aQVGA display475 is illustrated in FIG. 5Q with dimensions in millimeters. The kinoform can be made of an acrylic material molded to form a concave surface481afacing the lens. The suface481acan have an antireflective coating thereon to increase the transmission. The concave surface is divided into a number of zones of different radii and width. Each zone is separated by a step in the surface. The QVGA display preferably has between 150 and 300 zones whereas a 640×480 display has between 500 and 1000 zones. For a kinoform having 196 zones, the first three zones with intervening steps481bbeing illustrated in FIG. 5R, the zones dimensions, curvature and height are exemplified as follows:

  TABLE 1
  Zone	Zone Radius (mm)	Step Width (mm)
  1	0.661	0.661
  2	0.934	0.274
  3	1.145	0.210
  4	1.322	0.177
  5	1.478	0.156
  6	1.619	0.148
  7	1.748	0.130
  8	1.869	0.121
  ↓
  190	9.108	0.024
  191	9.132	0.024
  192	9.156	0.024
  193	9.180	0.024
  194	9.204	0.024
  195	9.227	0.024
  196	9.251	0.024

• [0158]

  TABLE 2
  Zone	R (mm)	Height (mm)
  1	0.0001	1.101
  1	0.05	1.102
  1	0.1	1.380
  1	0.15	1.106
  1	0.2	1.109
  1	0.25	1.114
  1	0.3	1.120
  1	0.35	1.126
  1	0.4	1.134
  1	0.661	1.890
  2	0.662	2.292
  2	0.707	2.305
  2	0.753	2.318
  2	0.798	2.332
  2	0.844	2.348
  2	0.889	2.364
  2	0.934	2.381
  3	0.935	3.482
  3	0.977	3.499
  3	1.019	3.516
  3	1.061	3.534
  3	1.103	3.552
  3	1.145	3.571

• Lighting System for Reflective Liquid Crystal Display[0159]
• The details of a lighting system for a reflective microdisplay of the invention will now be described in connection with FIG. 6A. Illumination for a[0160]reflective LCD system500 based upon the active matrix circuit described heretofore in connection with FIGS.2A-2M is provided by an array of Light Emitting Diodes (LED(s))501 disposed adjacent light-diffuser505 which uniformly transmits the source LED light to alinear polarizer502.
• The linear polarized light[0161]516 frompolarizer502 is passed to a polarizing beamsplitter orprism508 which is reflected bybeam beamsplitter508 and is incident on specularlyreflective LCD506 to provide the requisite illumination. The light incident onLCD506 is selectively reflected514 to generate an image that is rotated by ¼wave plate504 so that it is transmitted throughsplitter508 and throughlens510 to theobserver512.
• Another preferred embodiment for a[0162]reflective microdisplay518 is illustrated in FIG. 6B. Adisplay520 has themicrodisplay518 with an active matrix portion522. The active matrix portion522 has apixel element523 spaced from acounterelectrode524 by an interposedliquid crystal material525. Eachpixel element523 has atransistor526 and apixel electrode527. Thepixel electrodes527 overlie the transistor (TFT)526, located in an epoxy layer528, where the pixel electrode protects or shields theTFT526 from light. Thepixel electrodes527 are spaced from thechannel lines530 by a layer of oxide532. Thecounterelectrode524 is connected to the rest of the circuit by solder bumps533. The active matrix522 has a layer ofglass534 above thecounterelectrode524. Themicrodisplay520 is carried with acase536.
• The[0163]display520 has adichroic prism538 located between the active matrix522 of themicrodisplay520 and alens540 for viewing themicrodisplay520. Thelens540, thedichroic prism538 and themicrodisplay520 are carried in adisplay housing542. Thedisplay housing542 also has a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs)544. The LEDs544 in red544r, blue544band green544g are mounted to a circuit board546 which is connected to a timing circuit. Adiffuser548 is interposed between the LEDs544 and thedichroic prism538. The light from the LEDs544 is directed by theprism538 towards theliquid crystal524 of the active matrix522. The light which is reflected back by thepixel electrodes527 passes through theprism538 towards thelens540. As in the transmissive displays, the LEDs are flashed sequentially.
• FIG. 6C shows an alternative method of lighting the active matrix[0164]588 of a reflective microdisplay590. Similar to the previous embodiment, adichroic prism592 is interposed between the microdisplay590 and the lens593. Alight source housing594 is contained within thedisplay housing595. Thelight source housing594 has a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs)596. The LEDs are located in cells. A pair ofdichroic mirrors597 and598 are located in thelighting housing594 to direct the desired light from each color light source along a common axis towards theprism592. Theprism592 reflects the light similar to the previous embodiment.
• Shown in FIGS.[0165]7A-7C are preferred embodiments of an LED backlighting system utilizing a diffuser for a transmission display in accordance with the invention. In a first embodiment of anLED illumination system400 shown in FIG. 7A, blue (B)402, green (G)404, and red (R)406 LEDs are optically coupled to aflat diffuser element408 around the periphery of an illumination area of410 that is positioned adjacent the display active or viewing area. For a display having a diagonal of 6.35 mm, the side of412 of theviewing area410 can be about 3.81 mm in size, and thelength414 of the viewing area can be about 5.08 mm. Thediffuser408 can be a plastic material such as acrylic and the back of the diffuser can be coated with a reflective material to improve light output of the device.
• In another embodiment of an LED[0166]display illumination system420 as shown in FIG. 7B, the LED's422 are coupled in pattern to the edge of thediffuser408. TheLEDs422 are actuated insequence407 to provide color sequential operation with fewer LEDs.
• In the[0167]system430 of FIG. 7C, thedisplay432 is coupled to anangled diffuser436 atinterface440. The linear array ofLEDs434 are coupled at one end of the diffuser and areflective back surface438 is designed to evenly distribute light as it is directed through the interface.
• An enlarged top view of a diffuser and[0168]light pipe system450 for backlight illumination of a display is illustrated in FIG. 7D. Thelight source452 such as three light emitting diodes is coupled to an expandinglight pipe454. Thelight pipe454 directs the light into the side of a reflecting element ordiffuser458, as illustrated in FIG. 7E. A BEF film referenced above can be used between thelight pipe454 and element andreflective element458. The sides and bottoms of the elements can be beveled at456 to further reduce the volume occupied by this portion of the optical system. A reflective surface ormirror464 serves to reflect light towardsdiffuser462 and through thedisplay460.
• In another embodiment of an LED[0169]display illumination system1420 as shown in FIG. 7F, thedisplay1422 is coupled to anangled diffuser1426 atinterface1430. The linear array of LEDs are inserted intoslot1424 to couple light into one end of the diffuser and areflective back surface1428 is designed to evenly distribute light as it is directed through the interface. The increase thickness and shortness of the body of theangled diffuser1426 increases the coupling efficiency of theelement1426 to display and thus increases the foot-lamberts (fL) of light produced per amount of power.
• In another embodiment of an LED display illumination system as shown in FIG. 7G, the[0170]display1432 is coupled to anangled diffuser1436 atinterface1440. The linear array of LEDs are inserted atslot1434 at one end of the diffuser and areflective back surface1438 is designed to evenly distribute light as it is directed through the interface. Similarly to the previous embodiment, the increased thickness and shortness of the body of theangled diffuser1436 increases the coupling efficiency of the backlight system.
• Illustrated in connection with FIG. 8A is a[0171]cellular telephone200 having a magnified microdisplay in accordance with the invention. The display can be included in abase portion210 of a “flip-phone” along withkeypad218 andmicrophone220. Thespeaker206, or the display or a second display as well as additional circuitry can be included insecond portion208 that rotates relative to thebase210. Anantenna204 can telescope out of the base for improved wireless reception. A battery is housed at212. Alens202 can be viewed by the user while holding the speaker to his or her ear thus enabling both viewing and voice transmission at the same time. The display can be turned on or off atswitch216 to save battery life when the display is not in use. The magnification can be adjusted atknob214.
• Additionally, a[0172]small camera215 such as a charge coupled device (CCD), CMOS imaging sensor or other solid state imaging sensor can be mounted on a telescoping element to provide an imaging or video-conferencing capability. The camera can be pivoted so that the user can point and hold the camera in any selected direction. The image generated can be seen on the display and/or transmitted to a remote location, selected buttons ortouch pad keys218 can be used as a mouse control for the display.
• Referring to FIGS. 8B and 8C, an alternative embodiment of a[0173]cellular telephone222 having a magnified microdisplay in accordance with the invention is shown in open and closed perspective views respectively. The cellular “flip-phone”222 has abase portion224 and aflip portion226. Thebase portion224 has a keypad228 aspeaker230, and anantenna232. Thebase portion224 may include an alphanumeric display for seeing the telephone number as it is being entered. Theflip portion226 pivots from thebase portion224 and includes amicrophone234, shown in hidden line in FIG. 8B. The microdisplay-is located in amodule238 which rotates relative to theflip portion226. The module orpod238 is flush with theflip portion226 when in a stored position, such that theviewing port240 is protected by theflip portion226, as seen in FIG. 8C. When the “flip-phone”222 is in use, thepod238 is rotated generally90 degrees from the stored closed position, such that aviewing port240 is exposed and in the user's line of sight. Theflip portion226 spaces the microdisplay the proper distance from thebase portion224 to facility viewing.
• Alternatively to the[0174]base portion224 having an alphanumeric display, thetelephone222 can have software which can vary the image size on the microdisplay. The software can create low resolution image with large characters, such as illustrated in FIG. 8D. This resolution is primarily used when the microdisplay is viewed from 6 to 18 inches. When the user is inputting the telephone number on thekeypad228, the user's eye is typically that distance from the microdisplay as represented in FIG. 8E. The software can create high resolution small characters, and typically does, such as represented in FIG. 8F. This resolution is primarily implemented when the user's eye is 1 to 6 inches from the microdisplay, as represented in FIG. 8G, such as when the user is speaking on the phone. The software can automatically switch after the telephone number is dialed or a button can be pushed.
• Referring to FIGS. 8H and 8I, an alternative embodiment of a cellular, cordless or[0175]standard telephone handset1222 having a magnified microdisplay in accordance with the invention is shown. Thetelephone1222 has abase portion1224 and adisplay portion1226 formed as an integral piece. Thebase portion1224 can include akeypad1228 or virtual keypad, aspeaker1230, and can include anantenna1232. Thebase portion1224 can include an alphanumeric display for seeing the telephone number as it is being entered. An alternative to the alphanumeric display is for the microdisplay to change resolution as described above or overlay enlarged numerical information on images being displayed.
• The[0176]display portion1226 of thetelephone1222 projects from thebase portion1224. Thedisplay portion1226 includes the microdisplay with alens1236 that can extend substantially orthogonal to the plane of thebase portion1224. A microphone, located behind anopening1234, can be generally located where thedisplay portion1226 and thebase portion1224 merge. Thetelephone1222 can have abattery1238 which is accessible from a palm receiving portion of thebase1224, as seen in FIG. 8I. This embodiment and other personal communication devices described in connection with other embodiments can utilize a high gainrear projection screen1235 that can be positioned relative to thelens1236 such that several people can observe the displayed image at one time. This option can include a high brightness switch for the backlight which can be manually actuated to draw more power to improve clarity of the image. Thescreen1235 can be 1 and 4 inches in diameter depending upon the application and the brightness level generated by the backlight. Thescreen1235 can be folded out from the telephone housing, or can be a detachableaccessory including sidewalls1239.
• A[0177]camera1237 can be incorporated adjacent thedisplay section1226 to provide an image of the user or some other object of interest for transmission.
• Alternatively, the display can be formed in a modular component that snaps onto the base portion of a standard telephone and couples to a display circuit port in the base section of the telephone. This is illustrated in the preferred embodiments of FIGS.[0178]9A-9J. The standard telephone shown in FIGS. 9A, 9C and9D is representative of a Motorola Star Tec® Cellular Telephone.
• FIG. 9A shows a[0179]telephone250 having standard features such as adisplay252 and aport254 for external communications. Themodular display unit260 shown in FIG. 9B is configured to dock with thetelephone250 wherein theconnector268 is inserted intoport254 and latch264 connects to the top of the base section oftelephone250 thereby connecting the microdisplay withindisplay subhousing262 to the receiver within thetelephone250. Thesubhousing262 pivots relative tomain housing270 to allow viewing of the display throughlens267 during use of thetelephone250. In this embodiment,telescoping camera215 can extend fromsubhousing262.Base270 includes a second battery, drive electronics for the LED backlight LCD display onactivation switch266. FIG. 9C is a sideview oftelephone250 showing thebattery housing212 on the opposite side from thespeaker206.Back panel258 is shown in the rear view of FIG. 9D along withsecond battery contacts256 exposed thereon. When thetelephone250 is docked inunit260, thesurface258 abutssurface265 andconnectors264 are positioned againstcontacts256 such that the telephone can be powered by the second battery inhousing270.
• FIGS. 9E, 9F and[0180]9G illustrate top front and side views ofunit260 where the subhousing is shown in both itsstorage position274 and itsviewing position272. FIGS. 9H and 9I show back and second side views ofunit260 and illustratebattery access panel275,focus knob276 andcontrol buttons278 that are exposed on the side ofhousing270 when the sub-housing262 is rotated to theviewing position272.
• In the[0181]embodiment280 shown in FIG. 9J thetelephone284 is shown docked withhousing286. However in this embodiment, the display is mounted within apivoting unit282. The user can swingunit282 alongarc292 to exposeviewing lens288. The user can also swing the display around a secondorthogonal axis294 at joint298 so that the display rotates into a variety of viewing positions relative to hingesection290.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another docking system for a portable telephone. The[0182]element286 ofsystem300 includes mouse controls303 that can be positioned on the front or rear of the element. The telephone, which can incorporate atouchpad301, nests within thedocking element286 and is electrically connected to the element through a connecting port as described previously. Part of the base section houses adisplay module306 having adisplay window309 and can optionally also include a CCD or CMOS camera310 inmodule305. Themodules305,306 can be manually or electrically actuated to move between a cavity within the base element and an operating position outside of the base section. Eachmodule305,306 can rotate aroundaxis308 when in the operating position for easy repositioning by the use. The display can be used as a view finder for the camera. The base section can optionally rotate around the longitudinal axis of the base section for left or right handed use.
• The[0183]docking element286 can also include aPCMCIA card slot302 and a touchpad on the rear panel adjacent the docking element battery. Slot can receive an image data card on which data can be stored or retrieved. The slot and associated circuitry can thus receive a smart card that can be used to charge or pay for phone calls or information on the card can be shown on the display or transmitted. Slot302 as described herein can also be included in a wireless telephone with an integrated display as shown in FIG. 8.
• FIG. 11 illustrates another preferred embodiment of a[0184]docking element311 in which thedisplay module312 can be moved alongaxis314 between a position within the base section to an operating position outside the docking-element housing. The image viewed throughlens313 can be inverted for left or right handed use.
• Another preferred embodiment of the docking element is illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B. The[0185]element315 has a rotating portion on the back of the telephone and includes adisplay module316 which rotates around asecond axis318 to expose theviewing port317. Themodule316 can rotate around a third axis for positioning by the user.
• Another preferred embodiment of the docking element is illustrated in connection with FIGS.[0186]13A-13F. In this embodiment acellular phone552 docks with adocking element550.Docking system550 has a twodisplay module ports554 and556. Eitherport554 or556 can receive thedisplay module580 that is illustrated in FIG. 13F. FIG. 13A illustratesport554 on a first side ofsystem550 and dockingport connector access571. FIG. 13B shows asecond port556 on a second side of the docking system as well as ajoystick element560, amouse button558 and anexternal mouse port562.
• FIGS. 13C and 13D show the[0187]docking element550 without thephone552. These illustrate thephone docking connector566 and the phoneretention clip slot564.
• FIG. 13E shows an exploded view with the[0188]housing550 having top551 andbottom553. The housing contains thejoystick561, thephone port connector565,circuit board570,docking port connector572clip563.
• The[0189]display module housing580 has aconnector586 that electrically connects the display circuit to thecircuit board570. Acircular element584 connects to eachport554,556 and permits thehousing580 to rotate relative tosystem550 so that theviewing window582 can be positioned by the user.
• An alternative[0190]display docking system1500 is shown if FIGS.13G-13I. Acradle1504 in a docking element orstation1506 receives thecellular phone1502. Thecradle1504 is formed by a pair of side rails and atop rail1508, in addition to thebase1510 and the bottom1512. Thedocking station1506 is adapted to receive abattery1516 as best seen in FIGS. 13G and 13I. Thebattery1516, which is received on the bottom of thedocking station1506, is capable of powering both thedocking station1506 and thecellular phone1502.
• Still referring to FIGS.[0191]13G-13I, thedocking system1500 has adisplay subhousing1520 which pivots relative to thebase1510 of thedocking station1506. Thedisplay subhousing1520 has afoot pivot portion1522 that rotates relative to thebase1510 of thedocking station1506 and anarm1524. Thearm1524 extends laterally from thefoot pivot portion1522 in the operating position, as seen in FIG. 13H. Thearm1524 has aviewing housing1526 with a lens, which moves outward, therein spacing the lens from the microdisplay located in thearm1524.
• FIGS. 13J and 13K show another alternative display docking system[0192]1530. The display docking system1530 has acradle1534 on thedocking station1536 similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS.13G-13I. Thedocking station1536 likewise is adapted to receive abattery1538 capable of powering both thedocking station1536 and thecellular phone1502.
• Still referring to FIGS. 13J and 13K, the docking system[0193]1530 forms a handset and has adisplay subhousing1540 which has adisplay pod1542 and a pair of slidingarms1544. Thedisplay subhousing1540 moves relative to thedocking station1536 by thearms1544 moving translation relative to the side rails of thestation1536 as represented in FIG. 13K. Thearms1544 then are capable of rotating relative to thedocking station1536 as illustrated in phantom in FIG. 13K. Thedisplay pod1542, which houses the microdisplay and a lens, can rotate relative to thearms1544 to position the microdisplay for viewing.
• FIG. 13L illustrates a[0194]keyboard1550 having a conventional key layout. The keyboard has acord1552 with aplug1554 adapted to be received by a data transmission system, such as a docking station, a cellular telephone or a pager. Thekeyboard1550 has a mouse trackpoint joy stick1556 and a pair ofmouse buttons1558. Thekeyboard1550 is capable of folding such that its thickness is less than15 millimeters as illustrated in FIG. 13N. Thekeyboard1550 can have atouch pad1560 on one side, such as shown in FIG. 13M, for taking notes or drawing inputs.
• An alternative[0195]display docking system1570 is shown in FIGS.13O-13P. Acradle1574 in acradle portion1578 of a docking element orstation1576 receives acellular phone1572, shown in phantom in FIG. 13P, of thedisplay docking system1570. Thecradle1574 is formed by a pair of side rails and a top rail, in addition to abase1580 and aback1582. Theback1582 of thecradle portion1578 has ahole1588 such that the abattery1586, as shown in phantom in FIG. 13P, of the cellular phone1592 can be accessed when the phone1592 is in the cradle1584.
• Still referring to FIGS.[0196]13O-13P, thedocking system1570 has a display subhousing orportion1590 which projects downward and outward away from thebase1580 of thecradle1574. Thedisplay portion1590 includes the microdisplay with a lens1594.
• FIGS.[0197]13Q-13S illustrate another preferred embodiment of adocking system2500. A docking element orstation2502 is shown in a bottom back perspective view in FIG. 13Q. Acradle2504 in the docking element orstation2502 receives acellular phone2506, shown in FIGS. 13R and 13S. The cradle has sidewalls2507 that extend partially up the sides of a telephone in the docked position, as well as a front border2509 that partially envelopes the telephone while exposing the telephone keypad.
• The[0198]docking element2502 has a latch mechanism2508 on the right side, the left side in FIG. 13Q, for securing to the side of thecellular phone2506. The latch mechanism2508 is released by abutton2510 located on the side of thedocking element2502.
• The[0199]docking system2500 has adisplay subhousing2512 as seen in FIG. 13R in a storage position in abase2538 of thedocking element2502. The display subhousing2512 houses the microdisplay and alens2514. In a preferred embodiment, thelens2514 for the microdisplay is not covered in the storage position, as seen in FIG. 13R. In this embodiment, images can also be shown on the display in the storage position.
• The[0200]display subhousing2512 moves relative to the docking station orelement2502. Thedisplay subhousing2512 is carried by anextension2516.
• The back[0201]2518 of thedocking element2502, the portion that underlies the back of thecellular telephone2506, includes theextension2516 as seen in FIG. 13Q. Theextension2516 has afirst portion2520 and asecond portion2522. Thesecond portion2522 of theextension2516 is rigidly attached to thedisplay subhousing2512.
• The[0202]docking station2502 has a five key cursor control and select2524. Thecenter key2526 is for selecting and the four surroundingkeys2528 are for movement of the cursor displayed on the microdisplay. The five key cursor control and select2524 is located above theextension2516.
• At the top[0203]2530 of the back2518 of thedocking station2500, amemory card slot2532 is located for. receiving amemory card2534 above the five key cursor control and select2524. Thedocking station2500 also has anaccessory port2536 on the right side of thebase2538 of thedocking station2500, the left side in FIG. 13Q.
• The[0204]extension2516 is moved from the storage position, as seen in FIG. 13Q, to an operating position, as seen in FIG. 13S, by moving the first, upper,portion2520 of theextension2516 downward by pushing against a raisednub2540 at the lower end of thefirst portion2520. Thefirst portion2520 moves laterally in achannel2542 in the back2518 of thedocking station2502. The second,lower portion2522, the portion of theextension2516 which holds thesubhousing2512, moves laterally downward and then is rotated upward into position. Theextension2516 is released from the operating position by operation of a positioning button2544 which projects upward into thechannel2542 as theextension2516 slides past.
• A preferred embodiment of a[0205]display control circuit2548 for use in adocking system2500 is illustrated in connection with FIG. 13T. The docking element orstation2502 has a cradle or other area for receiving or securing to thecellular telephone2506. Thedocking station2500 hasinput ports2552 and2554 for both an analog phone2506awith anantenna2556 or a digital phone2506dwith anantenna2556. Theinputs2552 from an analog phone2506aare conveyed through amodem2558. Aswitch2560 on thedocking station2502 selects between the digital input or the output from themodem2558 associated with the analog phone to input into acontrol circuit2550. It is recognized that the input ports can be identical that switching takes the modem in and out of the circuit depending on whether the signal is analog or digital.
• The video signal is sent from the[0206]control circuit2550 to thedisplay2562 through an D/A converter and a buffer/inverter2566. The buffer/inverter2566 sends the video straight through thebuffer2566 to get VIDLO (Video low) and through theinverter2566 to get VIDHI (video high). Thedisplay2562 is controlled through a plurality oflines2568 from thedisplay control circuit2550.
• The various voltage levels such as supply voltage−sink (V[0207]_EE), common voltage (V_COM) and supply voltage−source (V_DD) are sent to the display. In addition, V_EEis used to power thecontrol circuit2550. V_DDis used to power the buffer/inverter2566.
• The[0208]backlight2570, which is controlled by thecontrol circuit2550, flashes to allow viewing the image. Similar to that discussed with respect to FIG. 2I, both the delay time (the delay for response time of the liquid crystal) and the flash time can be dependent on the specific color to be flashed. The delay time is dependent on when the liquid crystal associated with the last pixel to be written has sufficient time to twist to allow that specific color to be seen. The duration of the flash, or the point at which the flash must be terminated, is dependent on when the liquid crystal associated with the first pixel to be written of the next frame has twisted sufficiently that light from the backlight is visible to the viewer.
• The[0209]display control circuit2548 has aclock2572 which feeds through thecontrol circuit2500 to synchronize the signals and control the delay times.
• An alternative embodiment of the docking element or[0210]station2502 of FIGS.13Q-13S is shown in FIG. 13U. Thedocking station2502 has acover portion2576 for covering thelens2514 of the microdisplay when not in use. Thecover2576 can also be slidably mounted to the top surface of the docking element.
• FIGS. 13V and 13W show another alternative embodiment of a[0211]docking system2578. Thedocking system2578 has a docking station orelement2580 that has abase2582 and acradle2584. Thecradle2584 has a pair ofarms2586 and anunderlying support bar2588.
• The[0212]docking system2578 has adisplay subhousing2590 as seen in FIG. 13V in a stored position. The display subhousing2578 houses the microdisplay and a lens. The subhousing has anarm2592 that extends laterally upward to space the microdisplay from the base. Thearm2592 has aviewing housing2594 with the lens, which moves outward, therein spacing the lens from the microdisplay located in thearm2592.
• FIG. 13X is a functional block diagram illustrating a[0213]cellular telephone2600 in adocking station2602. The cellular telephone, awireless device2600 includes aprocessor2604 having read and write access withmemory2606. The processor and other components of the device receive power from a power supply orbattery2608 that is preferably rechargeable and light-weight. The processor operates atransmitter2610 and areceiver2612 to communicate with one ormore base stations2614 within a cellular network according to standard wireless communication protocols. The processor receives commands and data from a user through input circuitry2616, which can include a keypad and a microphone of a typical cellular telephone. The processor provides information back to the user through output circuitry2618, which can include a speaker and a visual display (e.g., an LED or liquid crystal display) of a typical cellular phone. The processor is adapted to communicate with the docking station through acommunication port2620.
• The[0214]docking station2602 is programmed, firmware controlled or hardwired to operate with thecellular telephone2600, a wireless communication device. Thedocking station2602 includes aprocessor2622 having read and write access withmemory2624. Theprocessor2622 and other components of the docking station receive power from a power supply orbattery2626. When thecellular telephone2600 is docked with thedocking station2602, thepower supply2626 can provide power to thecellular telephone2600. Theprocessor2622 receives commands and data through the communication port from thecellular telephone2600 and the wireless connectedbase station2614 and from a user throughprimary input circuitry2628 on thedocking station2602, which can include a five key cursor control and select key for controlling a cursor on a microdisplay2630. The microdisplay2630 is one of the ways theprocessor2622 provides information back to the user. Additional ways include the outputs2618 on thecellular telephone2600 discussed above. In addition, selections made by the user with the five key cursor control and select key2628 such that commands and data can be transmitted by thetransmitter2610 of thecellular telephone2600 to thebase station2614.
• According to a preferred embodiment, the[0215]docking station2602 is light-weight and portable. In particular, the components are generally low power and small. When the cellular telephone, a wireless device,2600 and thedocking station2602 are connected together, they combine to form a portable apparatus that provides enhanced communication with a base station. In particular, the processors of each device cooperate (e.g., handshake according to a master/slave or client/server relationship) so that the user can utilize components on each device effectively. During such operation, data can be passed from the user through theinput circuitry2628, theprocessor2622, thecommunication ports2636 and2620, theprocessor2604 and thetransmitter2610, to thebase station2614. Similarly, data can be passed from the base station through thereceiver2612, theprocessor2604, thecommunication ports2620 and2636, theprocessor2622 and the microdisplay2630, to the user.
• The docking station can be expandable and provide plug-and-play functionality similar to that of a laptop computer. Furthermore, the docking station can be customized to perform specialized operations. To these ends, peripheral devices such as a[0216]secondary input device2632 and asecondary output device2634 can be added. For example, the docking station may be customized by adding a specialized sensor or camera as the secondary input device and a specialized printer or display as the secondary output device. Alternatively, such custom features may be used as theprimary input2628 or microdisplay2630. Furthermore, the docking station may connected directly to a computer network through an external adaptor module2638 (e.g., a modem or network interface).
• Illustrated in FIGS.[0217]14A-14C is another preferred embodiment of atelephone system600 incorporating the microdisplay of the present invention. In this desktop system ahandset602 is connected by cable or wireless connection to a base containing by cable or wireless connection to a base containing astandard telephone keypad604. The display operates in a rear projection configuration withinhousing610. The housing can pivot620 or swivel612 and includes acamera608 so that auser viewing screen606 can be seen by a person with a similar system. Further details regarding rear projection systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,154, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• FIGS. 15A, 15B and[0218]15C show side cross-sectional, front and front cross-sectional views of a hand-heldrear projection system320 using a microdisplay. Thesystem320 includes a microdisplay andbacklight assembly330, aprojection lens system326, areflective screen328 and optional retractable sun screens324. The device has athickness322 of less than 2 inches, preferably about 1 inch, aheight336 of less than 8 inches, preferably about 5-6 inches and a display diagonal334 of 4 inches or less, preferably about 3 inches. This provides a system volume that is preferably less than about 40 inches. The rearreflective screen328 is shown in the front view of FIG. 13C at338 and are surrounded on3 sides by retractable shades332 (324). The handle portion can includespeakers338 and anearphone jack325.
• A body worn hand-held display system is shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B. The hand-held[0219]unit650 includes a microdisplay viewed throughport652 that is controlled bycontrol element656 and connected bycable654 to a body worncommunications pod640.
• FIG. 16C illustrates another preferred embodiment of the invention including the use of a microdisplay in the[0220]viewfinder674 of acamcorder660. Thecamera lens664 is positioned at the opposite end with tape orrecording disk672 access on one side and a control panel on the top and opposite side. Shown in FIG. 16D is a pistol grip camcorder having a sliding670QVGA microdisplay viewer668 opposite to the camera lens662.Control element666 operates the record function of the camera for the rapid sequential recording of images.
• A[0221]digital camera678 for still photographs is illustrated in FIGS. 16E and 16F. Thedigital camera678 has a lens680 located in front of animage sensor682 and a photosensitive semiconductor such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or CMOS image sensor. Interposed between the lens680 and theimage sensor682 is a shutter which is controlled on thedigital camera678 by ashutter release button684. Asecond display panel686 is located on the top or backside of thedigital camera678.
• The[0222]digital camera678 has amicrodisplay688 which is seen through aviewfinder690 as illustrated in FIG. 16F. Theviewfinder690 has alens692 for viewing themicrodisplay688. Themicrodisplay688 is located on itsown chip694 which is connected to a logic controller on a main ormother board696 of thedigital camera678. It is recognized that the information typically displayed on thesecond display panel686 can also be displayed on the microdisplay.
• A preferred embodiment of a[0223]display control circuit1600 for a color sequential microdisplay1602 for a camera is illustrated in FIG. 16G. Thedisplay control circuit1600 receives ananalog composite signal1604 at ananalog signal processor1606 from animage sensor1608. Theanalog signal processor1606 can be a commercially available chip, such as the Sony CXA1585, which separates thesignal1604 into red, green and blue components.
• The image is sent from the[0224]analog signal processor1606 directly to the microdisplay1602. At the same time, the three analog color components are converted into digital signals by analog to digital (A/D)converters1612. The digital signals are further processed by adigital signal processor1614 and stored in amemory circuit1616. The signal stored in thememory circuit1616 can be enhanced or altered such as compression, gamma correction, smoothing and/or dithering. The enchanting or altering uses commercially available software, such as that marketed by Photoshop, Inc.
• In addition to viewing directly from the analog-[0225]signal processor1606 associated with theimage sensor1608, the microdisplay1602 can display what is stored in thememory1616 by the digital signals going through thedigital signal processor1614 to a digital-to-analog converter1620 to convert the digital signal back into an analog signal. Thedisplay control circuit1600 has ananalog signal processor1622 for separating the signal into red, green and blue components.
• The[0226]display control circuit1600 has alogic circuit1624 including a timing circuit. Thelogic circuit1624 is connected to the image sensor, the microdisplay, the digital signal processor and the memory for controlling the flow of the video signal.
• When taking the images directly from the image sensor to the microdisplay[0227]1602 through theanalog signal processor1606, thelogic circuit1624 synchronizes the signal into red, green and blue signals which the microdisplay1602 uses. This synchronization can include the use of various filters to gather image data in a synchronized color order to be fed to the microdisplay1602 and coordinating actuation of thebacklight1626.
• The[0228]logic circuit1624 controls the sequential flow of each color frame onto the display by sending video data from thememory1616 onto the display1602 and coordinating actuation of thebacklight1626 along lines for each primary color.
• The[0229]digital camera678 shown in FIGS. 16E and 16F uses themicrodisplay688 to view the image prior to shooting the picture. FIG. 16H illustrates adigital camera1630 having a pair ofmirrors1632 and1634 so that the user can view the image through thecamera lens1636 rather than from themicrodisplay1638 if preferred. Thefirst mirror1632 is located between ashutter1640 and theimage sensor1642. Thefirst mirror1632 directs the image that is seen through thelens1636 up to thesecond mirror1634, which is located between themicrodisplay1638 and alens1644 of theviewfinder1646.
• When the shutter release button is pushed, both[0230]mirrors1632 and1634 flip to a substantially horizontal position as seen in phantom in FIG. 16H. The image that passes through thecamera lens1636 is seen by theimage sensor1642. In addition, if the user wants to see the image on themicrodisplay1638 or view a previously taken picture stored in memory, thesecond mirror1634 is flipped horizontally, as viewed in FIG. 16H in phantom, so themicrodisplay1638 can be seen through thelens1644 of theviewfinder1646.
• An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 16I. In this embodiment the[0231]viewfinder1646 uses a separatesecond lens1648 from that of thelens1654 of theimage sensor1656 and asingle mirror1650. With themirror1650 in the position shown, themirror1650 allows the user to see the image of themicrodisplay1638 through thelens1644 of theviewfinder1646. With themirror1650 flipped down as seen in phantom, the user sees the view to be photograph through thesecond lens1648. If themirror1650 is a half mirror, the user can see both themicrodisplay1638 and the view through thesecond lens1648. Ashutter1652 interposed between thesecond lens1648 and themirror1650 allows selection of viewing the through of either thesecond lens1648 ormicrodisplay1638 when ahalf mirror1650 is used.
• A digital camera/[0232]card reader1660 is illustrated in FIGS. 16J and 16K. The digital camera/card reader1660 has amicrodisplay1662 with aviewing lens1664 and aimage sensor1666, such as the Intel VL5426S002, with alens1668 and an interposedshutter1670. Note that an electronic shutter can also be used. Abacklight1672 for themicrodisplay1662 is interposed between themicrodisplay1662 and theimage sensor1666.
• The digital camera/[0233]card reader1660 has aslot1674 for receiving a memory card which can store or already contain images viewable on themicrodisplay1662. Afocus knob1678 for the display is located on theoptical engine1680 of themicrodisplay1662. Ashutter release button1682 and an imageselect button1684 are also shown.
• A[0234]detachable battery pack1686 and thehousing1688 for thecircuit1690, illustrated in broken line, which underlie thebattery1686, create a handle for holding the digital camera/card reader1660.
• Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a card reader system. Such a[0235]system700 is illustrated in connection with FIGS.17A-17C and includes ahousing705 with a port oraperture712 for insertion of acard730, adisplay system706 for presenting information to the user, acard reader734, acontrol circuit736, and acontrol panel715 that controls reader operation. Thedisplay system706 can include the color sequential display module as described previously herein.
• The[0236]card730 being read by the reader can be a so-called “Smart Card” or a PCMCIA card. Smart cards are commercially available and can includeelements738 such as a memory for storing data, a controller, a power source, and acoil antenna732 to interface with the reader, all mounted on a piece of plastic. This type of card can be used to store personal financial information, personal medical history, insurance information, and/or many other types of data useful to the card user. More details regarding such cards can be found in U.S. Ser. No. 08/680,210 filed on Jul. 11, 1996, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, thecard730 can be a PCMCIA card such as a modem including a wireless receiver or data storage card.
• The user is often interested in displaying information contained on the card and in controlling access to this information. The card reader of the present invention is used to provide access to this information by displaying selected information stored on the card. As shown in FIG. 17A, the[0237]reader housing705 has aviewing window702 and a slot oraperture712 for insertion of at least that portion of the card containing theinterface732 to permit reading of information stored in card memory. The user manipulates control elements or buttons on acontrol panel715 of thereader housing705 to operate the system. The elements can include an on/offswitch708 and a fourway element710 to scroll the display up, down, left or right. Aninternal battery720 provides power for all reader functions.
• In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the[0238]reader700 can also include animaging device718, including a CMOS orCCD imaging circuit722 andimaging optics724.Button714 can operate thecameras718 andselect button716 allows the user to select from a menu ofreader700 operations.
• As shown in FIG. 17B, another preferred embodiment provides for detaching the[0239]display706 and or thecamera718 from thehousing705. Either detachable element can be electrically connected to thehousing705 with acable726 from asocket728 of eitherelement706,718. Thereader734 is positioned in thehousing705 to be adjacent to theantenna732 on thecard730 or can be any other suitable interface such as a magnetic strip reader.
• A schematic circuit diagram for a card reader system is illustrated in FIG. 18. The circuit includes an[0240]interface752 that connects with the card being read, acontroller754 having a memory, auser control panel756, amicrodisplay circuit758, as described previously herein, and adisplay755. Theinterface752 can be for cards with contacts or for contactless cards. Abattery757 provides power to the reader. Thecontroller754 andinterface752 and other physical characteristics of the card reader are preferably configured to comply with the guidelines set forth in the International organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards which are available from ANSI at 11 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036. These standards, including ISO/IEC 7816-1 through 7816-7, and the amendments thereof, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• As illustrated in FIG. 19A, the[0241]card reader750 can be connected by wireless modem, telephone orother cable link764 to aninterface760 such as a personal computer (PC) card to ageneral purpose computer762.
• Another embodiment of the[0242]card reader system766 is illustrated in FIG. 19B. The system includes ahousing768 with a port oraperture770, shown in hidden line, for insertion of thecard730, or at least that portion of the card that contains the interface, adisplay system772 for presenting information to the user, and acontrol panel774 that controls reader operation. Similar to the previous embodiment, thesystem766 has a card reader, a control circuit, and a internal battery as described previously. Thedisplay system772 can include the color sequential display module as described previously herein and is shown in actual size.
• As shown in FIG. 19B, the[0243]reader housing768 has aviewing window776. The user manipulates control elements or buttons on acontrol panel774 of thereader housing768 to operate the system. The elements can include an on/offswitch778 and a four way element to scroll the display up, down, left or right.
• The card reader system can be used to access or change the data stored on the card or select an option from choices provided through a PCMCIA modem. The user can change the data or make the selection using a four[0244]way element710 and aselect button716, such as shown in FIG. 17A.
• FIGS. 19C[0245]a-19Cbdiscloses a schematic of an embodiment of acircuit780 for thecard730. Thecircuit780 has acontrol chip782, amemory chip784, and an interface chip (flashcard)786. Thecontrol chip782 takes the images stored on thememory chip784 and sends the signal to theinterface chip786. Thecontrol chip782 and thememory chip784 are connected by bothaddress lines788 and data lines790. In addition, an output enable (OE)line792 extends between the control chip and the memory chip to allow thecard730 both to be read and to store data. Thecontrol chip782 takes the image and sends the image in a series of bits to theinterface chip786.
• The[0246]interface chip786 has eightconnection points794,796,798,800,802,804,806, and808 for interacting with aninterface connection816, as illustrated in FIG. 19D, on thecard reader750. Thecard730 receives power (voltage) and is grounded through theconnections794 and796 made on theinterface chip786. The card receives a frame reset signal through aframe reset connection798 to allow thecontrol chip782 to know when to send the next frame. A picture increment signal sent through apicture increment connection800 allows the control chip782-to shift addresses to another stored picture. A clock signal to the control chip from theclock connection802 regulates the flow of data. Thecontrol chip782 sends a bit of data for each clock pulse and waits for a signal before starting the next row. The image signal is sent from thememory784 through thecontrol chip782 to a data outconnection804 to thecard reader750.
• The[0247]mode input806 is used to switch between a read and a write mode. The data inconnection808 is for writing data to the memory.
• FIGS. 19D, 19E[0248]a, and19Ebillustrate a schematic of a display control circuitry810 in thecard reader750. The display control circuit810 has a battery, which through adigital power supply812 and ananalog power supply814, powers the circuit810 as represented in FIG. 19D. Theflash connection816 of thecard reader750 is the interface with theflashcard786 of thecard730. Theflash connection816 sends the signals and power described above including the clock, the frame reset and picture increment from acontrol chip820. Thecontrol chip820 receives its clock signal from a 20MHz clock chip824. The picture increment is set high by aswitch826, which is physical connected to a button on thecontrol panel774 of thereader housing768.
• The data signal from the[0249]card730 through theflash connection816 is sent to aswitch circuit830 which set the signal high (V_DD) or low (V_COM) depending if the signal is a high bit (1) or a low bit (0). The video signal is sent from the switch to a connector, which connects to the microdisplay. The connector in addition send the control signals from the control circuit and power to the microdisplay. The LEDs for the backlight are controlled each by a transistor and a signal from the control chip.
• The circuit in addition has a power down reset circuit. The power down reset circuit sends a signal to the microdisplay to clear the image before the power is off.[0250]
• FIGS. 19D, 19E[0251]a, and19Ebrepresent a 1 bit color display control circuit which displays eight colors (red, blue, green, black, white, magenta, cyan, and yellow). By selecting varying voltages between V_EEand V_DDas illustrated in FIG. 19F and having two switches, a 2 bit color display control circuit having 64 colors is possible. It is recognized that greater number of colors are desired, but for items such as pagers and cellular telephones, the wireless transmission rate may limit the bits available for transmitting image data. With these limited transmission rates the available number of colors for displayed is reduced until better compression systems and transmission rates are available. With limited colors because of transmission rates, a switch chip is preferred to a video processor because of power requirements. For items such as cameras and other products not includingwireless transmission 8 bit color displays having 16 million colors is preferred.
• The display module shown in FIG. 19B can be equipped with an antenna and television receiver to provide a pocket size color television.[0252]
• Head Mounted Display System[0253]
• In yet another embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 20A, the HDTV color active matrix display, as described in connection with FIG. 2A, is provided with suitable optics and incorporated into a[0254]housing860 and pivotally attached to aheadband frame861 to provide a novel head mounteddisplay system864. In general, thesystem864 is comprised of aunique headband frame861 andadjustable strap862 for attaching the system to the user's head, a side-mountedspeaker system866 connected bycable868 to electronics console870 attached to the front of theframe862, amicrophone872 rotatably suspended fromspeaker frame874, and theaforementioned display housing860 dependent fromconsole870 and electronically connected thereto bycable876.
• Not shown in FIG. 20A is a headband system comprised of two or[0255]more pads880A,880B, as shown in FIGS.20B-20E.
• To allow for the broadest range of head sizes, the[0256]headband frame861 utilizes two contouredfoam pads880A and880B, angled, and spaced apart such that both small and large forehead curvature are accommodated. Each foam pad also has two primary contact areas881 and883, that act in the same way. When combined with astrap862 placed below the ball formed at the rear of the head, the net effect is that theheadband frame861 is securely located on the wearer's forehead887 whether child or adult.
• When the electronics are used, there is some heat being generated in the main housing or[0257]console870. Prior art headbands used wide forehead pads which effectively trapped this heat at the wearer's brow. This proved to be quite uncomfortable after extended wear.
• The[0258]foam pads880A and880B displace theheadband frame861 from the user's forehead887 leaving a gap there between which serves as awarm air vent875 to dissipate warm air generated by the electronics inconsole870.
• This new embodiment provides a “chimney-like effect” that effectively vents the warm air away from the wearer's face. The foam pads are removably attached, as by Velcro® type fasteners, and covered with[0259]terrycloth861 for improved comfort. Optionaladditional vents871 are provided in theconsole870.
• Equivalents[0260]
• While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.[0261]

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. A portable communications device having a reflective display comprising:

a device housing having a wireless receiver;

a matrix display;

a lens for viewing the display;

a light source that directs light onto the display; and

an optical coupler that directs the light onto the matrix display and the reflected light through the lens.

2. The reflective display of

claim 1

wherein the matrix display further comprises an array of pixel elements, each pixel element having transistor circuits formed with single crystal silicon, the pixel element having a reflective pixel electrode.

3. The reflective display of

claim 2

further comprising a color sequential display circuit.

4. The reflective display of

claim 3

further comprising a switching circuit connected to a counterelectrode panel of the matrix display for switching the applied voltage.

5. The reflective display of

claim 3

wherein the light directing device is a dichroic prism interposed between the lens and the matrix display.

6. A portable communications device having a reflective color sequential display comprising:

an active matrix liquid crystal display;

a lens for viewing the display and spaced from the display;

a plurality of light sources that sequentially illuminate the display; and

a dichroic prism for directing the light from the light source to the active matrix liquid crystal display and passing the reflection to the lens.

7. The device of

claim 6

further comprising a diffuser between the light sources and the dichroic prism.

8. The device of

claim 7

further comprising at least one dichroic mirror for directing the light from one light source and allowing light from another light source to pass through.

9. The device of

claim 6

wherein the device comprises a wireless pager.

10. The device of

claim 6

wherein the device comprises a telephone.

11. The device of

claim 6

wherein the device comprises a docking station for a wireless telephone.

12. A portable communications device having a reflective display comprising:

an active matrix liquid crystal display having an array of pixel elements, each pixel element having transistors circuits formed with single crystal silicon, the pixel element having a reflective pixel electrode;

a lens for viewing the display and spaced from the display;

a plurality of light emitting diodes;

a dichroic prism for directing the light from the light source to the active matrix liquid crystal display and passing the reflection to the lens.

13. The device of

claim 12

further comprising a color sequential display circuit.

14. The device of

claim 12

wherein the matrix display has an array of at least 320 by 240 pixel electrodes.

15. The device of

claim 12

further comprising a diffuser between the light emitting diodes and the dichroic prism.

16. The device of

claim 12

further comprising a pair of dichroic mirrors, each mirror for directing the light from one light emitting diode and allowing light from at least another light emitting diode to pass through.

17. The device of

claim 12

wherein the device comprises a camera.

18. The device of

claim 12

wherein the device comprises a telephone.

19. The device of

claim 12

wherein the device comprises a docking station for a telephone.

20. The device of

claim 12

wherein the device comprises a pager.

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