US20010000430A1

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Info

Publication number: US20010000430A1
Application number: US09/740,612
Authority: US
Inventors: Freddie Smith; Dirgha Khatri
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Round Rock Research LLC
Priority date: 1999-09-02
Filing date: 2000-12-18
Publication date: 2001-04-26
Anticipated expiration: 2019-09-02
Also published as: US6236314B1; US6278369B2

Abstract

A transponder module includes a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces and an inverted-F receive antenna formed on the circuit board. The receive antenna includes a ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and an active element formed above the ground plane. The module also includes a RF engine having an input coupled to the receive antenna, an output and a power supply input. The module additionally includes a RF decoupling network having first and second ports. The first port is coupled to the output of the RF engine. The module further includes an inverted-F backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network. The backscatter antenna includes a second ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and a second active element formed above the second ground plane. A method of tagging an object having a conductive surface includes coupling a transponder module including a low profile antenna to the conductive surface such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent the conductive surface of the object and transmitting a signal from the low profile antenna to an interrogator, the signal including information relevant to the object.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

1. The present invention relates to transponder modules, a RF tagging system, a method of operating a transponder module and methods of tagging an object having a conductive surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

2. Electronic identification systems typically include two devices which are configured to communicate with one another. Preferred configurations of the electronic identification systems provide such communications via a wireless medium.

3. One such configuration is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/705,043, filed Aug. 29, 1996, assigned to the assignee of the present application, and incorporated herein by reference. This application discloses the use of a radio frequency (RF)communication system10 including one or more radiofrequency transponder modules12, as described below with reference to FIG. 1. Thetransponder modules12 are each coupled to an object (not illustrated) that thesystem10 recognizes because of signals that thetransponder modules12 emit in response to stimuli. Thesystem10 includes aninterrogator13 operating in response to commands from acontroller14. Data and commands are exchanged between theinterrogator13 and thecontroller14 throughinterconnections15.

4. In one mode of operation, atransmitter TX16 contained in theinterrogator13 supplies RF signals throughinterconnections17 to a transmit/receive (T/R)antenna system18. The T/R antenna system18, in turn, radiates aninterrogation signal20 to one or more of thetransponder modules12. When theinterrogation signal20 is received by one of thetransponder modules12, aresponse signal24 may be generated and transmitted. Theresponse signal24 typically includes modulation allowing some property or set of properties of thetransponder module12 to be determined. The property or properties describe the object (not illustrated) to which thetransponder module12 is coupled.

5. Theresponse signal24 is received by the T/R antenna system18 and is coupled to areceiver RX28. Thereceiver RX28 demodulates the receivedresponse signal24 and supplies information determined from the receivedresponse signal24 to thecontroller14 via theinterconnections15. Thecontroller14, in turn, may be able to supply information derived from theresponse signal24 to an external processor (not illustrated) via a bus orother data link30.

6. Systems such as thesystem10 find wide-ranging application in a broad variety of settings. The IPASS toll collection system presently in use in the Chicago area is one example of such a system. In transponder-based toll collection systems, the presence of an object, such as a moving vehicle (not illustrated), is detected by a detector. In a toll collection system, the detection process may rely on reflection of electromagnetic waves, detection of magnetic anomalies or detection of a large mass.

7. In response to detection of the presence of the vehicle, thecontroller14 causes thetransmitter TX16 to transmitinterrogation signals20 having carefully limited range. Thetransponder module12 is typically a dash-mounted unit that has been pre-programmed to identify the vehicle and to provide information regarding a pre-existing account associated with that vehicle.

8. Thetransponder module12 transmits theresponse signal24 containing information to theinterrogator13. The information in theresponse signal24 identifies the vehicle and the account associated with thattransponder module12. Thereceiver RX28 receives theresponse signal24, demodulates this information and couples the received information to thecontroller14. Thecontroller14 may pass the received information to one or more computers (not shown) via thedata link30, causing the account associated with the vehicle to be appropriately decremented. As a result, the vehicle need not slow for the toll collection process, providing smoother traffic flow, reducing fuel consumption and generally facilitating both vehicular transportation and toll collection.

10. In these kinds ofsystems10, a range of theinterrogation signal20 is carefully limited to avoid interrogation of more than onetransponder module12 at a time. Additionally, it is often desirable to limit the amount of power that is required by thetransponder module12 in order to provide a stand-alone transponder module12 that is able to operate without requiring an external source of power and that has long battery life.

11. Further, it is generally desirable to providesystems10 that are as simple as possible. One approach to realizing these goals is to receive and transmit theinterrogation20 andresponse24 signals in a common frequency band. In some systems, theresponse signals24 are derived from theinterrogation signals20 and thetransponder module12 may even be one that simply modulates and re-transmits the receivedinterrogation signal20 to provide theresponse signal24.

12. One simple technique for modulating theinterrogation signal20 to form theresponse signal24 is to either (i) forward bias a diode that is coupled between ground and an antenna in thetransponder module12 to couple the antenna to ground, corresponding to a first logical state, or (ii) to leave the diode unbiased or reverse biased, decoupling the antenna from ground and corresponding to a second logical state. The antenna re-transmits theinterrogation signal20 in the second logical state but not in the first logical state. Thetransponder module12 repeatedly switches between these two logical states according to predetermined patterns while theinterrogation signal20 is present to modulate theresponse signal24 with a binary signal. These kinds ofsystems10 are known as backscatter systems.

13. In some backscatter systems, theinterrogation signal20 includes a modulated preamble that carries data identifying whichtransponder module12 in a population ofsuch transponder modules12 is targeted to respond. The preamble of theinterrogation signal20 further may include a request for specific data from the targetedtransponder module12. In such backscatter systems, theinterrogation20 andreply24 signals must necessarily use the same frequency band and both theinterrogation20 andresponse24 signals are present at the same time.

14.Backscatter RFID systems10 are presently of great interest for identifying, sorting, counting and routing in situations where selected objects in a population of objects require individual recognition and treatment. Examples include luggage-handling and routing systems associated with public or private transportation systems, package handling and routing systems, vehicle or other rental or check-out systems and inventory control systems.

15. Some kinds ofsystems10 may interrogate a large number oftransponder modules12 simultaneously. For example, an inventory control system may be used to determine if a specific item coupled to thetarget transponder module12 is contained in a warehouse. Typically, eachtransponder module12 is associated with an inventory item in the warehouse and vice versa. Various protocols have been developed to facilitate identification of, and communication with, aspecific transponder module12 in a population ofsimilar transponder modules12.

16. In many of thesesystems10, there is need for low cost, compact andrugged transponder modules12 that are secured to objects, such as vehicles, having metallic, and therefore conductive, surfaces. It is also desirable that thetransponder modules12 provide a compact package that does not protrude from the object bearing thetransponder module12. However, most antennas operate by developing electrical fields between one portion of the antenna and another portion of the antenna. When an antenna is mounted flush against a conductive surface, the potential differences that are required for successful operation of the antenna are effectively neutralized by image charges developed in the conductive surfaces of the object being tagged by thetransponder module12.

17. What is needed is an antenna structure that can be incorporated into a compact transponder module without compromising the form factor of the transponder module and that can operate effectively even when the transponder module is mounted on a conductive surface of the object bearing the transponder module.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

18. In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of operating a transponder module. The method includes receiving an interrogation signal by an inverted-F antenna contained within the transponder module and transmitting a modulated backscattered response signal from a backscatter inverted-F antenna contained within the transponder module in response to the received interrogation signal.

19. In another aspect, the present invention includes a transponder module. The transponder module includes a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces and a low profile receive antenna formed on the circuit board. The receive antenna includes a ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and an active element formed on another of the surfaces above the ground plane. The transponder module also includes a RF engine having an input coupled to the receive antenna, an output and a power supply input, and a RF decoupling network having first and second ports. The first port is coupled to the output of the RF engine. The transponder module further includes a low profile backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network. The backscatter antenna includes a second ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and a second active element formed above the second ground plane.

20. In another aspect, the present invention includes a transponder module. The transponder module includes a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces and an inverted-F receive antenna formed on the circuit board. The receive antenna includes a ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and an active element formed on another of the surfaces above the ground plane. The transponder module also includes a RF engine having an input coupled to the receive antenna, an output and a power supply input, and a RF decoupling network having first and second ports. The first port is coupled to the output of the RF engine. The transponder module further includes an inverted-F backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network. The backscatter antenna includes a second ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and a second active element formed above the second ground plane.

21. In a further aspect, the present invention includes a RF tagging system. The RF tagging system includes an interrogation unit for transmitting interrogation signals and receiving backscattered signals in response to the interrogation signals and a transponder module. The transponder module includes a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces, a low profile receive antenna formed on the circuit board above a first ground plane, a RF engine having an input coupled to the receive antenna, an output and a power supply input. The RF tagging system also includes a RF decoupling network having first and second ports. The first port is coupled to the output of the RF engine. The RF tagging system also further includes a low profile backscatter antenna formed on the circuit board above a second ground plane that is electrically decoupled from the first ground plane. The backscatter antenna is coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network.

22. In yet another aspect, the present invention includes a method of tagging an object having a conductive surface. The method includes coupling a transponder module including a low profile antenna to the conductive surface such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent the conductive surface of the object. The method also includes transmitting a signal including information relevant to the object from the low profile antenna to an interrogator.

23. In a still further aspect, the present invention includes a method of tagging an object having a conductive surface. The method includes coupling a transponder module to the conductive surface such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent the conductive surface of the object, receiving an interrogation signal in a low profile receive antenna contained in the module and transmitting a backscatter signal from a low profile antenna backscatter antenna to an interrogator in response to the interrogation signal, the backscatter signal including information relevant to the object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

24. Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

25.FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a system for interrogating one or more radio frequency transponder modules, in accordance with the prior art.

26.FIG. 2 is a simplified plan view of a transponder module for use in the RFID system of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

27.FIG. 3 is a simplified plan view of ground planes for the transponder module of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

28.FIG. 4 is a simplified cross-sectional side view, taken alongsection lines4—4 of FIG. 2, of an inverted-F antenna, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

29. This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

30.FIG. 2 is a simplified plan view of atransponder module12 for use in theRFID system10 of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Thetransponder module12 includes acircuit board32. In one embodiment, thecircuit board32 is formed from copper-clad FR-4 circuit board material. Abattery34 is mounted on thecircuit board32. In one embodiment, thebattery34 is a button-type battery, as is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/047,761, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

31. Thecircuit board32 also includes apower supply bus36, aRF engine38, a powersupply bus capacitor40,

conductors

42 and43, abackscatter antenna44, aRF decoupling network45 and a receiveantenna46. In one embodiment, thebackscatter antenna44 and the receiveantenna46 each include multiple through plated holes47. Theconductors42 couple theRF engine38 to thebackscatter antenna44 through theRF decoupling network45 and theconductor43 couples theRF engine38 to the receiveantenna46. TheRF decoupling network45 prevents RF energy from being coupled between thebackscatter antenna44 and theRF engine38.

32. In one embodiment, the receiveantenna46 is tuned using a conventional single stub matching network that includes afeed line48 having a first length and a matchingstub49 having a second length. Selection of the first and second lengths is conventional and reduces mismatch loss of the receiveantenna46. In one embodiment, a distal end of the matchingstub49 is coupled to RF ground through one or more capacitors and thefeed line48 may also include a capacitor for blocking dc current.

33. In one embodiment, thedecoupling network45 includes a pair of

inductors

50 and52, a capacitor54 and aPIN diode56. ThePIN diode56 has one lead (e.g, anode) coupled to a common node that is also coupled to one lead of the capacitor54. Another lead (e.g., cathode) of thePIN diode56 is coupled to thebackscatter antenna44. Another lead of the capacitor54 is coupled to ground. Theinductor50 has one lead coupled to theRF engine38 through one of theconductors42 and another lead coupled to thebackscatter antenna44. Theinductor52 has one lead coupled to theRF engine38 through another of theconductors42 and another lead coupled to the common node.

34. TheRF engine38 switches current via theconductors42 and the

inductors

50 and52 through thePIN diode56 to modulate the impedance of thePIN diode56 by turning it ON or OFF. When current passes through thePIN diode56 to turn thePIN diode56 ON, the impedance of thePIN diode56 is low and thebackscatter antenna44 is effectively grounded through a combination of the capacitor54 and thePIN diode56. As a result, thebackscatter antenna44 does not re-radiate much energy from the interrogation signals20 of FIG. 1 when thePIN diode56 is biased ON.

35. When thePIN diode56 is biased OFF, the impedance of thePIN diode56 is high, thebackscatter antenna44 is decoupled from ground and thebackscatter antenna44 re-radiates RF energy from the interrogation signals20 of FIG. 1. At the same time, theconductors42 and theRF engine38 are isolated from the RF energy in thebackscatter antenna44 by the

inductors

50 and52 and the capacitor54. By switching thePIN diode56 ON and OFF according to a predetermined pattern, acoded RF signal24 is sent back to theinterrogator13 of FIG. 1.

36. In one embodiment, theexemplary RF engine38 includes a small outline integrated circuit available as radio frequency identification device circuitry from Micron Communications Inc., 3176 South Denver Way, Boise, Id. 83705 under the trademark MicroStamp (TM) Engine and having designations MSEM256X10SG, MT59RC256R1FG.

37.FIG. 3 is a simplified plan view of ground planes60 and62 for thetransponder module12 of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the ground planes60 and62 are formed from metal cladding on a surface of thecircuit board32 of FIG. 2 using conventional processing techniques. The ground planes60 and62 shield the receiveantenna46 and thebackscatter antenna44 from electrical influences that objects to which the ground planes60 and62 may be coupled could otherwise have on the receiveantenna46 and thebackscatter antenna44.

38. For example, operating characteristics of conventional antennas used withRF transponder modules12 are adversely affected by being mounted on high dielectric constant surfaces or conductive surfaces. In contrast,RF transponder modules12 employing antennas with integral ground planes60 and62 are not affected by being mounted on such surfaces when the antennas are formed on the surface of the

integral ground plane

60 or62 that is remote from the surface on which thetransponder module12 is mounted.

39. In one embodiment, the ground planes60 and62 are decoupled from each other by agap63. Thegap63 also electrically decouples theconductors42 formed on one side of thecircuit board32 from theground plane62 formed on the other side of thecircuit board32. As a result, theRF engine38 is decoupled from RF energy coupled into thebackscatter antenna44 from the interrogation signal20 (FIG. 1).

40.FIG. 4 is a simplified cross-sectional side view, taken alongsection lines4—4 of FIG. 2, of an inverted-F antenna68, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The inverted-F antenna68 may be used for thebackscatter antenna44 and the receiveantenna46 in thetransponder module12 of FIG. 2.

41. In one embodiment, the inverted-F antenna68 includes aground plane70 formed on one surface of thecircuit board32, through-plated grounding holes72, anupright element73, afeed microstrip74, anactive element76 and afeedpoint78. Theground plane70 corresponds to either of the ground planes60 and62 of FIG. 3. Theactive element76 has one side grounded using through-platedholes72 that couple theground plane70 to theupright element73 and thus to one edge of theactive element76. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the ground planes60 and62 are formed on one side of thecircuit board32 that is intended to abut a surface of the object being tagged, while theactive elements76 of thebackscatter44 and receive46 antennas are formed an opposed side of thecircuit board32. Each of thebackscatter44 and receive46 antennas employs10 through platedholes47 in order to provide low resistance ground connections between theactive elements76 and the ground planes70.

42. Theupright element73 has a height H that is typically a small fraction of a wavelength (e.g., ca. 5%) and is coupled to theactive element76 along one side of theactive element76. The inverted-F antenna68 thus presents a low profile, resulting in acompact transponder module12. Thefeedpoint78 is displaced from theupright element73 by a distance S. Adjustment of the location of thefeedpoint78 relative to theupright element73 and theactive element76 allows the inverted-F antenna68 to be tuned or partially tuned. Theactive element76 has a length L and a width W (see FIG. 2) extending into and out of the plane of FIG. 4. Adjustment of the width W affects the bandwidth of the inverted-F antenna68, with bandwidth increasing as the width W is increased beyond the width of a wire.

43. In one embodiment designed to be operated at a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz, the separation S is 7 mm, the width W is 12.5 mm, the length L is 25.3 mm and the height H is 3.93 mm. In one embodiment, the length L is reduced to about 22 mm for thebackscatter antenna44 to optimize the impedance of thebackscatter antenna44.

44. Advantages of the inverted-F antenna68 include broader bandwidth than some related antenna structures (e.g., inverted-L), compact form factor, low profile, tunability achieved through placement of the feedpoint, mixed horizontal and vertical polarization (i.e., ability to receive signals independent of antenna orientation) and the ability to operate even when one side of the inverted F antenna68 (i.e., the ground plane70) is mounted on a conductive surface. An additional advantage is that the space between theactive element76 and theground plane70 is primarily filled with a low loss tangent dielectric, viz., air, resulting in a lowloss antenna structure68.

45. Typically, thetransponder modules12 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are detachably coupled to the object being tagged (not illustrated), for example by a screw (not illustrated) that passes through a portion of thetransponder module12. An advantage that thetransponder modules12 employing the ground planes60 and62 of FIG. 3 provide is that thetransponder modules12 may be secured to ferrous objects via magnets extending over all or a portion of the area of the ground planes60 and62.

46. In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A transponder module comprising:

a circuit board having first and second surfaces;

a ground plane formed on the first surface;

a low profile receive antenna formed on the circuit board over the ground plane;

a RF engine having an input coupled to the receive antenna, an output and a power supply input;

a RF decoupling network having first and second ports, the first port coupled to the output of the RF engine;

a second ground plane formed on the first surface; and

a low profile backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network, the backscatter antenna formed over the second ground plane.

2. The module of

claim 1

, further comprising a button-type battery having a first electrode coupled to the ground plane and a second electrode coupled to the power supply input to the RF engine.

3. The module of

claim 1

, wherein the RF engine comprises a small outline integrated circuit.

4. The module of

claim 1

, wherein the ground plane and the second ground plane are separated and isolated from each other by a gap, and the RF decoupling network is spaced apart from the second ground plane adjacent the gap.

5. The module of

claim 1

, wherein:

the low profile receive antenna comprises an inverted-F receive antenna; and

the low profile backscatter antenna comprises an inverted-F backscatter antenna.

6. The module of

claim 1

, wherein the RF decoupling network comprises:

a PIN diode having first and second terminals;

a first coil having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the RF engine, the second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the PIN diode and to the backscatter antenna;

a second coil having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the RF engine, the second terminal coupled to the second terminal of the PIN diode; and

a capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the PIN diode and a second terminal coupled to the second ground plane.

7. The module of

claim 1

, wherein the receive antenna includes an active element that is one-fourth of a wavelength in length.

8. The module of

claim 1

, wherein the backscatter antenna includes an active element that is less than one-fourth of a wavelength in length.

9. A transponder module comprising:

a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces;

an inverted-F receive antenna formed on the circuit board, the receive antenna including a ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and an active element formed on another of the surfaces above the ground plane;

a RF decoupling network having first and second ports, the first port coupled to the output of the RF engine; and

an inverted-F backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network, the backscatter antenna including a second ground plane formed on one of the surfaces and a second active element formed above the second ground plane.

, wherein the RF engine comprises a small outline integrated circuit.

12. The module of

claim 9

, wherein the ground plane and the second ground plane are separated and isolated from each other by a gap, and the RF decoupling network is placed entirely above the second ground plane adjacent the gap.

13. The module of

claim 9

, wherein the ground plane and the second ground plane are electrically isolated from each other.

14. The module of

claim 9

, wherein the RF decoupling network comprises:

a PIN diode having first and second terminals;

a first coil having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the RF engine, the second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the PIN diode and to the second active element of the backscatter antenna;

15. The module of

claim 9

, wherein the receive antenna active element is one-fourth of a wavelength in length.

16. The module of

claim 9

, wherein the backscatter antenna active element is less than one-fourth of a wavelength in length.

17. A RF tagging system comprising:

an interrogation unit for transmitting interrogation signals and receiving backscattered signals in response to the interrogation signals; and

a transponder module including:

a circuit board having top and bottom surfaces;

a first ground plane formed on one of the surfaces;

a low profile receive antenna formed on the circuit board above the first ground plane;

a second ground plane formed on one of the surfaces; and

a low profile backscatter antenna formed on the circuit board above the second ground plane, the backscatter antenna coupled to the second port of the RF decoupling network.

18. The tagging system of

claim 17

, wherein the receive antenna includes an active element formed above the first ground plane.

19. The tagging system of

claim 17

, wherein the backscatter antenna includes an active element formed above the second ground plane.

20. The tagging system of

claim 17

, wherein the receive antenna includes a first active element formed above the first ground plane, and the backscatter antenna includes a second active element formed above the second ground plane.

21. The tagging system of

claim 17

, wherein the low profile receive and backscatter antennas each have a height above the circuit board of about five percent of the wavelength of the antennas.

22. The tagging system of

claim 20

, wherein the RF decoupling network comprises:

a PIN diode having first and second terminals;

23. The tagging system of

claim 20

, wherein the first ground plane and the second ground plane are separated and isolated from each other by a gap, and the RF decoupling network is placed entirely above the second ground plane adjacent the gap.

24. The tagging system of

claim 17

wherein the receive antenna and the backscatter antenna each comprise an inverted-F antenna.

25. A method of operating a transponder module comprising:

receiving an interrogation signal by an inverted-F antenna contained within the transponder module; and

transmitting a modulated backscattered response signal from a backscatter inverted-F antenna contained within the transponder module in response to the received interrogation signal.

26. The method of

claim 25

further comprising mounting the transponder module such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent a conductive surface of an object corresponding to the transponder module.

27. The method of

claim 25

further comprising transmitting data describing an object to which the transponder module is coupled.

28. The method of

claim 25

further comprising mounting the transponder module such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent a high dielectric constant surface of an object corresponding to the transponder module.

29. A method of tagging an object having a conductive surface comprising:

coupling a transponder module including a low profile antenna to the conductive surface such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent the conductive surface of the object; and

transmitting a signal from the low profile antenna to an interrogator, the signal including information relevant to the object.

30. The method of

claim 29

wherein transmitting a signal comprises transmitting a signal from an inverted-F antenna in response to receipt of an interrogation signal from the interrogator.

31. The method of

claim 29

, further comprising:

receiving an interrogation signal by a low profile antenna contained in the transponder module; and

wherein transmitting a signal comprises transmitting a signal including information relevant to the object from a low-profile backscatter antenna contained in the module.

32. A method of tagging an object having a conductive surface comprising:

coupling a transponder module to the conductive surface such that a ground plane contained in the transponder module is adjacent the conductive surface of the object;

receiving an interrogation signal in a low profile receive antenna contained in the module; and

transmitting a backscatter signal from a low profile backscatter antenna to an interrogator in response to the interrogation signal, the backscatter signal including information relevant to the object.

33. The method of

claim 32

, wherein receiving an interrogation signal comprises receiving an interrogation signal by an inverted-F receive antenna.

34. The method of

claim 32

, wherein transmitting a backscatter signal comprises transmitting a backscatter signal from an inverted-F backscatter antenna.