【発明の詳細な説明】〔発明の利用分野〕本発明は光学装置に係り、特に表示装置や光スィッチと
して好適で応答性に優れた光学装置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Application of the Invention] The present invention relates to an optical device, and particularly to an optical device that is suitable for use as a display device or an optical switch and has excellent responsiveness.
応答性に優れた光学装置として強誘電性液晶素子のよう
な光機能材を用いた装置が近年注目されている。しかし
このような光学装置を交流駆動させるような報告？″ｉ
まだ無い。その理由はこの種の光機能材に特有の透過光
（または反射光）強度変化にあり、光機能材に印加する
外場の極性の反転に伴って光学素子から出る光の強度も
強弱逆転するからでちる。そこで交流駆動（より正確に
表現すれば直流成分を零にする交流駆動）を行えば電圧
印加時の透過光（反射光）強度は、正極側で強く（また
は弱く）なシ、負極側ではその逆に弱く（′！、たけ強
く）なって、結局平均化されてしまう。In recent years, devices using optical functional materials such as ferroelectric liquid crystal elements have attracted attention as optical devices with excellent responsiveness. However, is there any report on driving such an optical device with AC? ″i
Not yet. The reason for this is the intensity change of transmitted light (or reflected light) that is unique to this type of optical functional material, and as the polarity of the external field applied to the optical functional material is reversed, the intensity of the light emitted from the optical element is also reversed. Karadechiru. Therefore, if we perform AC drive (more accurately, AC drive that reduces the DC component to zero), the intensity of transmitted light (reflected light) when voltage is applied will be stronger (or weaker) on the positive electrode side, and less strong on the negative electrode side. On the contrary, it becomes weaker ('!, much stronger) and eventually averages out.
つまり電圧印加時の透過光（反射光）強度と電圧無印加
時の透過光（反射光）強度（正極側と負極側の中間なの
で中間の光強度である）とがほとんど区別できなくなっ
てしまう。In other words, the intensity of transmitted light (reflected light) when a voltage is applied and the intensity of transmitted light (reflected light) when no voltage is applied (the light intensity is intermediate because it is between the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side) becomes almost indistinguishable.
例えば特開昭５６−１０７２１６ 号公報は強誘電性液
晶を用いた光学装置を開示しているが、このような強誘
電性液晶素子を直流で駆動することは望ましくない。と
いうのは、直流駆動によって液晶層中にイオンが流れて
電気化学的反応が生じることにより液晶が変質し、また
理由は明らかではないが液晶分子を配列させる配向制御
膜が損傷するからである。For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 56-107216 discloses an optical device using ferroelectric liquid crystal, but it is not desirable to drive such a ferroelectric liquid crystal element with direct current. This is because direct current driving causes ions to flow into the liquid crystal layer and cause an electrochemical reaction, which alters the quality of the liquid crystal and, for reasons that are not clear, damages the alignment control film that aligns the liquid crystal molecules.
以上の理由によりこのように光学素子からの放射光の強
度が印加する外場の極性の反転に伴って非対称に変化す
るような特性を有する光機能材を用いた実用的な光学装
置が望まれていた。For the reasons mentioned above, it is desirable to have a practical optical device using an optical functional material that has the property that the intensity of emitted light from an optical element changes asymmetrically as the polarity of the applied external field is reversed. was.
本発明の目的は、光学素子から出る光の強度（放射光強
度）が光機能材に印加する外場の極性の反転に伴って強
弱逆転する特性を有するにもかかわらず、交流駆動によ
って高コントラストの得られる光学装置を提供するにあ
る。The purpose of the present invention is to achieve high contrast by alternating current driving, despite the fact that the intensity of light emitted from an optical element (radiated light intensity) is reversed as the polarity of the external field applied to the optical functional material is reversed. The objective is to provide an optical device that can be obtained.
本発明の特徴は対向面に電極を有する一対の基板間に特
殊な光機能材を挾持してなる光学素子を交流駆動させる
点にある。A feature of the present invention is that an optical element formed by sandwiching a special optical functional material between a pair of substrates having electrodes on opposing surfaces is driven with alternating current.
（光学素子の基本構造）本発明の光学素子は対向面に電極を有する一対の基板間
に特殊な光機能材を挾持した構造である。(Basic Structure of Optical Element) The optical element of the present invention has a structure in which a special optical functional material is sandwiched between a pair of substrates having electrodes on opposing surfaces.
光機能材は電極基板間に直接的に挾持されなくとも、例
えば下地膜、絶縁膜、ｒ配向制御膜、プロトン供与体層
等によって間接的に挾持してかまわない。基板の少なく
とも一方は望ましくは透明であるが、光を透過し潜る程
度のものであれば特に限定されない。本発明は反射型で
あっても透過型であっても差し支えない。光学素子は後
記実施例の如く複層式構造（りまシミ極基板が３層以上
重層された構造）であっても良い。また基板周辺のシー
ル機構は基板同士を直接的に接合しても、或いは有機系
接着剤やガラスフリット等の接着剤によって間接的に接
合しても良い。基板自体の材質はガラス、プラスチック
等適宜選択可能である。更に基板自体に偏光板機能を持
たせたム基板に偏光子を付設したりすることも本発明の
適用範囲である。The optical functional material does not have to be directly sandwiched between the electrode substrates, but may be indirectly sandwiched, for example, by a base film, an insulating film, an r-orientation control film, a proton donor layer, or the like. At least one of the substrates is preferably transparent, but is not particularly limited as long as it can transmit light. The present invention may be of a reflective type or a transmission type. The optical element may have a multilayer structure (a structure in which three or more layers of Rima stain electrode substrates are stacked) as in the embodiments described later. Further, the sealing mechanism around the substrates may be used to directly bond the substrates to each other, or may be indirectly bonded using an adhesive such as an organic adhesive or a glass frit. The material of the substrate itself can be appropriately selected from glass, plastic, etc. Furthermore, it is also within the scope of the present invention to attach a polarizer to a substrate in which the substrate itself has a polarizing plate function.
（本発明における光機能材）本発明における光機能材は従来のネマチック型液晶とは
全く異質のものである。すなわちこの光機能材は、印加
する外場の極性の反転に伴って光学素子から出る透過光
（反射光）強度の強弱が逆転してしまう特性を有する。(Optical functional material in the present invention) The optical functional material in the present invention is completely different from conventional nematic liquid crystals. That is, this optical functional material has a property that the strength of the transmitted light (reflected light) emitted from the optical element is reversed as the polarity of the applied external field is reversed.
このような特性を有する光機能材としてエレクトロクロ
ミック材や強誘電性液晶が挙げられる。強誘電性液晶は
俗にカイラルスメクチック液晶と呼ばれ、液晶分野にお
いて最も新しい材料である゛。光機能材はそれ単独でな
くとも、例えば多色性色素や光学活性物質等を含有させ
ることも本発明適用の範囲である。Examples of optical functional materials having such characteristics include electrochromic materials and ferroelectric liquid crystals. Ferroelectric liquid crystal is commonly called chiral smectic liquid crystal, and is the newest material in the liquid crystal field. The optical functional material does not have to be used alone, but it is also within the scope of the present invention to include, for example, a pleochroic dye or an optically active substance.
（交流駆動と第１手段）本発明における第１手段とけ交流を素子に印加する手段
に他ならない。但しこの”交流”は次のように定義され
る。すなわち、光学素子から出る光の強度を定めるパル
ス電圧を所定周期で光機能材に印加すると共に、この所
定周期内の電圧平均値が零となるように（つまシ直流成
分が零となるように）前記のパルス電圧とは逆極性の電
圧信号を光機能材に印加するような、２種の電圧（つま
り前記のパルス電圧と電圧信号）の交番磁流である。換
言すればこの電圧信号は、前記のパルス電圧とは逆極性
でかつ絶対値が等しい直流成分を有する電圧信号である
。(AC Driving and First Means) The first means in the present invention is nothing but means for applying alternating current to the element. However, this "interchange" is defined as follows. That is, a pulse voltage that determines the intensity of light emitted from the optical element is applied to the optical functional material at a predetermined period, and the voltage is applied so that the average value of the voltage within this predetermined period becomes zero (so that the DC component becomes zero). ) This is an alternating magnetic current of two types of voltages (that is, the pulse voltage and the voltage signal) that apply a voltage signal with a polarity opposite to that of the pulse voltage to the optical functional material. In other words, this voltage signal is a voltage signal having a DC component having a polarity opposite to that of the pulse voltage and having the same absolute value.
例えばこの電圧信号は、パルス電圧（仮に第１のパルス
電圧と呼ぶ）とけパルス幅及び波高値の絶対値が等しく
かつ逆極性である第２のパルス電圧である（以下、本発
明の第１方式と呼ぶ）。また例えばこの電圧信号（或い
は第２のパルス電圧）は第１のパルス電圧に比べて波高
値が充分に高く（または充分に低く）、パルス幅（電圧
印加時間）はその逆で充分に短く（または長い）（以下
、本発明の第２方式と呼ぶ）。更に例えば上記電圧信号
の波高１直は強誘電性液晶のしきい直電圧よりも小さい
。For example, this voltage signal is a pulse voltage (temporarily referred to as a first pulse voltage) and a second pulse voltage whose pulse width and peak value are equal in absolute value and have opposite polarities (hereinafter referred to as the first method of the present invention). ). For example, this voltage signal (or the second pulse voltage) has a sufficiently high (or sufficiently low) peak value compared to the first pulse voltage, and vice versa, the pulse width (voltage application time) is sufficiently short ( or long) (hereinafter referred to as the second method of the present invention). Furthermore, for example, the wave height of the voltage signal is smaller than the threshold voltage of the ferroelectric liquid crystal.
（光強度の切り替えと第２手段）本発明の第１方式、第２方式等単なる交流駆動ではコン
トラストが得られないので（その理由は第１方式につい
て前記〔発明の背景〕の項で述べた通シ。）明暗状態（
階調された中間状態も含む）を決める光強度を切シ替え
る手段を具備せしめることが重要であシ、第２手段はそ
の機能を有する。(Switching of Light Intensity and Second Means) Contrast cannot be obtained by mere AC driving such as the first method and the second method of the present invention (the reason for this is as described in the above [Background of the Invention] section regarding the first method). ) light and dark state (
It is important to provide a means for switching the light intensity that determines the light intensity (including gradated intermediate states), and the second means has this function.
例えば第２手段は光学素子を通過する光の通路上に配置
されて光を断続させる機能を有するチョッパである。こ
の光の断続とパルス電圧の印加とを同期させることは有
、効である。光強度の切り替えとけ明暗二状態の切シ替
えに限定されず、いわゆる階調表示をも含む。例えばチ
ョッパは、第１のパルス電圧の印加と光の通過とを同期
させて透過光（反射光）を明状態とし、一方策１のパル
ス電圧の印加と光路遮断とを同期させて透過光（反射光
）を暗状態として明暗両状態の切り替え機能を有する態
様がある。まだ例えばチョッパは、第１のパルス電圧の
印加時機と光の通過時機とを一部重複させて同期させる
ことにより光学素子から出る透過光（反射光）の階調機
能を有する態様もある。チョッパはこれらのような機能
を有すれば足り゛）るφ）仏、例えば多色性強誘電性液
晶素子であっても良いし、透光部を有する回転体であっ
ても良い。このようなチョッパは特に本発明の第１方式
に有効である。なお、チョッパ位置は素子の光源側とは
限定されない。For example, the second means is a chopper that is placed on the path of light passing through the optical element and has the function of cutting off the light. It is effective to synchronize the intermittent light and the application of the pulse voltage. The present invention is not limited to switching the light intensity or switching between bright and dark states, but also includes so-called gradation display. For example, a chopper synchronizes the application of the first pulse voltage and the passage of light to bring the transmitted light (reflected light) into a bright state. There is an embodiment that has a function of switching between light and dark states by setting the reflected light (reflected light) to a dark state. For example, a chopper may have a gradation function for transmitted light (reflected light) emitted from an optical element by partially overlapping and synchronizing the first pulse voltage application timing and the light passage timing. It is sufficient for the chopper to have these functions; for example, it may be a polychromatic ferroelectric liquid crystal element, or it may be a rotating body having a light-transmitting part. Such a chopper is particularly effective in the first method of the present invention. Note that the chopper position is not limited to the light source side of the element.
一方、本発明の第２方式においてはチョッパは必ずしも
必要ではなく、第２手段としては例えばパルス電圧の極
性を反転させる手段や、或いは偏光板の偏光軸方向を切
り替える手段が有効である。On the other hand, in the second method of the present invention, the chopper is not necessarily necessary, and as the second means, for example, means for reversing the polarity of the pulse voltage, or means for switching the direction of the polarization axis of the polarizing plate is effective.
また更にはパルス電圧の波高値を替えて階調表示可能と
することもできる。Furthermore, it is also possible to display gradations by changing the peak value of the pulse voltage.
以下、本発明を実施例とその図面に従って説明する。以
下の各実施例で用いる光機能材は第１表に示す強誘電性
液晶から選ばれたものである。Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained according to examples and drawings thereof. The optical functional materials used in each of the following examples are selected from the ferroelectric liquid crystals shown in Table 1.
第 １ 表（ｎは整数）これ等の強誘電性液晶分子の印加電界に対する状態を第
１図に示す。Table 1 (n is an integer) The states of these ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules with respect to the applied electric field are shown in FIG.
第１図（ｂ）に示す様に１電界Ｅを印加しない場合、強
誘電性液晶分子１け、螺旋軸２に対してθ（例えば、Ｄ
ＯＢＡＭＢＣでは、２０〜２５度である）の角度を有し
て螺旋状に配向する。As shown in FIG. 1(b), when one electric field E is not applied, one ferroelectric liquid crystal molecule is θ (for example, D
In OBAMBC, it is oriented in a spiral with an angle of 20 to 25 degrees).
このように配向した強誘電性液晶分子１にしきい値醒界
ＶＣ以上の゛電界Ｖを印加すると、第１図（ａ）に示す
様に、強誘電性液晶分子１け、電界Ｖの方向と垂直な平
面上に螺旋＠２に対してθの角度を有して配向する。ま
た、第１図（ａ）の電界Ｖの極性を反転させると、第１
図（Ｃ）に示す様に、強誘電性液晶分子１は電界Ｖの方
向と垂直な平面上に螺旋軸２に対してθの角度を有して
配向する。When an electric field V greater than the threshold voltage VC is applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules 1 oriented in this way, one ferroelectric liquid crystal molecule moves in the direction of the electric field V as shown in FIG. It is oriented at an angle θ to the spiral @2 on a perpendicular plane. Moreover, if the polarity of the electric field V in FIG. 1(a) is reversed, the first
As shown in Figure (C), the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules 1 are aligned on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the electric field V at an angle of θ with respect to the helical axis 2.
この現象は非常に高速であることが特徴で、充分な大き
さの電界を印加すればμＳオーダのパルス幅を持つ電圧
パルスに応答することが知られており、画素数が多くな
る大型ディスプレイ、光シャッタ、偏光器等への適用が
期待されるが、従来１、印加電圧と光透過状態との関係
が明らかにされず、強誘電性液晶を具体的にどのような
電圧を印加して駆動すれば良いか明らかにされていなか
った。This phenomenon is characterized by its extremely high speed, and is known to respond to voltage pulses with a pulse width on the μS order if a sufficiently large electric field is applied. It is expected to be applied to optical shutters, polarizers, etc., but in the past, the relationship between applied voltage and light transmission state was not clarified, and it was unclear what kind of voltage was applied to drive the ferroelectric liquid crystal. It was not made clear what should be done.
第２図に示す様に、ガラス、プラスチック等の一対の基
板３０対向面に厚さ５００〜１００Ｏ人の−Ｉ ｎ２ｏ
ａ 、 ８ ｎ０２、及びこれらの混合物等から成る表
示電極４を設け、更に厚さ１００〜１００ＯＡの有機樹
脂（例えばポリイミドインインドロキナゾリンジオン膜
）、５ｉ０２等の配向制御１漠５を必要に応じて設け、
基板３のギャップ（約１０μｍ）間に、強誘電性液晶層
６を７３〜９３Ｃで挾持する。本実施例において強誘電
性液晶はρ−デシロキシベンジ」ノデンーｐ′−アミノ
ー２−メチルプチルシ／ナメート（通称ＤＯＢＡＭＢＣ
）である。伺、７は強誘電性液晶層１０を封入するため
の封止剤であり、８は交流′電源である。このとき、強
誘電性液晶分子の螺旋軸２が、各基板３に略平行になる
ように配向制御膜５を形成する。更に、各基板３の各表
示電極４が設けられていない面に偏光板９１．９２を隣
接させる。こうして液晶素子ｌＯが形成される。As shown in FIG. 2, -I n2o with a thickness of 500 to 100 μm is coated on opposing surfaces of a pair of substrates 30 such as glass or plastic.
A display electrode 4 made of a, 8n02, a mixture thereof, etc. is provided, and an organic resin (for example, a polyimideindolindoquinazolinedione film) having a thickness of 100 to 100 OA, an orientation control material 5 of 5i02, etc. is provided as necessary. established,
The ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 6 is sandwiched between the substrates 3 with a gap (approximately 10 μm) between 73 and 93C. In this example, the ferroelectric liquid crystal is ρ-decyloxybendi'noden-p'-amino-2-methylbutylcy/namate (commonly known as DOBAMBC).
). 7 is a sealant for sealing the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 10, and 8 is an AC power source. At this time, the alignment control film 5 is formed so that the helical axis 2 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules is approximately parallel to each substrate 3. Further, polarizing plates 91 and 92 are placed adjacent to the surface of each substrate 3 where each display electrode 4 is not provided. In this way, liquid crystal element IO is formed.
このとき、第３図に示す様に偏向板９１の偏光軸方向９
１１と偏向板９２の偏向軸方向９２１とを略直交させ、
さらに一方の偏光板の偏光軸方向を、強誘電性液晶のし
きい値鑞界ＩＶｃ１以上の電界を印加したときの強誘電
性液晶分子１の配向方向と略一致させる。第３図では、
偏光板９１の偏光軸方向９１１を、紙面の手前から紙面
を貫く方向に電界を印加したときの螺旋軸２の方向と一
致させている。伺、以後、この方向の電界を負の符号を
つけて−Ｖと表わし、更に、第２図に示す構造の液晶菓
子を例にとって説明するが、本発明はこれに限定される
ものではない。例えば、第２図に於いて、偏光板９２の
代わりに反射板を基板３に隣接させ、強誘電性液晶層６
に二色性色素を混入したものを使用した場合にも適用で
きる。この場合、螺旋軸２に対する強誘電性液晶分子１
の角度θは４５度が最適となる。At this time, as shown in FIG.
11 and the deflection axis direction 921 of the deflection plate 92 are made substantially orthogonal,
Further, the direction of the polarization axis of one of the polarizing plates is made to substantially match the orientation direction of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules 1 when an electric field equal to or higher than the threshold field IVc1 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal is applied. In Figure 3,
The polarization axis direction 911 of the polarizing plate 91 is made to match the direction of the helical axis 2 when an electric field is applied from the front of the page to the direction penetrating the page. Hereinafter, the electric field in this direction will be expressed as -V with a negative sign, and further explanation will be given using a liquid crystal confectionery having the structure shown in FIG. 2 as an example, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, in FIG. 2, a reflective plate is placed adjacent to the substrate 3 instead of the polarizing plate 92, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 6
It can also be applied when using a mixture of dichroic dyes. In this case, the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecule 1 with respect to the helical axis 2
The optimum angle θ is 45 degrees.
第３図（ａ）は−■の電界を印加した場合を示しており
、このとき紙面手前から入射した光（自然光）は、上側
偏光板９１により偏光軸方向９１１に偏光され、強誘電
性液晶分子１の長軸方向にのみ振動成分をもつ直線偏光
となり、長軸方向の屈折率ｎ７に従って直線偏光のまま
強誘電性液晶層６を通過する。FIG. 3(a) shows the case where an electric field of -■ is applied, and at this time, light (natural light) incident from the front of the paper is polarized in the polarization axis direction 911 by the upper polarizing plate 91, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal The light becomes linearly polarized light having a vibrational component only in the long axis direction of the molecule 1, and passes through the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 6 as linearly polarized light according to the refractive index n7 in the long axis direction.
その後、下側偏光板９２に入射するが、この偏光板９２
の偏光軸方向９２１と偏光板１３１の偏光軸方向３１は
垂直であるから、光は遮断され、表示素子では暗く見え
る。After that, it enters the lower polarizing plate 92, but this polarizing plate 92
Since the polarization axis direction 921 of the polarizing plate 131 is perpendicular to the polarization axis direction 31 of the polarizing plate 131, the light is blocked and the image appears dark on the display element.
なお、第３図（ｂ）は＋Ｖを印加した場合を示しておシ
、このとき強誘電性液晶分子１の長軸は、上下の偏光板
９１．９２の偏光軸方向９１１，９２１のどちらとも一
致しない方向を向いている。この場合、上側偏光板９１
によシ直線偏光となった光のうち、強誘電性液晶分子１
の長軸方向の成分は、長軸方向の屈折率ｎ／、短軸方向
の成分は短軸方向の屈折率ｎ□に従って強誘電性液晶層
６を透過するので、強誘電性液晶層６を出た光は、だ円
偏光となる。従って、下側偏光板９２を透過する光成分
を有するため、表示素子では明るく見える。Note that FIG. 3(b) shows the case where +V is applied, and in this case, the long axis of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecule 1 is not aligned with either of the polarization axis directions 911 and 921 of the upper and lower polarizing plates 91 and 92. facing in a direction that does not match. In this case, the upper polarizing plate 91
Among the linearly polarized light, ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules 1
The component in the major axis direction is transmitted through the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 6 according to the refractive index n/ in the major axis direction, and the component in the minor axis direction is transmitted through the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 6 according to the refractive index n□ in the minor axis direction. The emitted light becomes elliptical polarized light. Therefore, since it has a light component that passes through the lower polarizing plate 92, it appears bright on the display element.
このようにして、−４−ｖ、−ｖの印加により明暗４の
切換えができ、表示素子、光シャッタ、偏光素子として
機能し得る。なお電界が印加されない場合は、両者のほ
ぼ中間の明るさになっている。In this way, by applying -4-v and -v, it is possible to switch between bright and dark 4, and it can function as a display element, a light shutter, and a polarizing element. Note that when no electric field is applied, the brightness is approximately intermediate between the two.
また本現象をここでは、強誘電性液晶の電気光学効果と
呼ぶことにする。Further, this phenomenon will be referred to herein as the electro-optic effect of ferroelectric liquid crystal.
この電気光学効果を詳しく調べた結果、第４図に示すよ
うな特性を持つことが明らかになった。As a result of a detailed investigation of this electro-optic effect, it was revealed that it has the characteristics shown in Figure 4.
すなわち、強誘電性液晶に加わる印加電圧ＶＬＣを零か
ら上昇させると光強度（透過型素子なら透過光強度、反
射型素子なら反射光強度。以下同じ。）■は増加して行
き、しきい値電圧＋ＶＣを越えると光強度■は一定［直
になる。同様にして印加電圧Ｖ’ＬＣを負の方向に増加
すると、光強度工は減少し、しきい１直電圧−Ｖｃを越
えると飽和する。印加電圧がＸの場合は光強度はＩｘと
なシ、印加電圧がＹの場合は光強度がＩｒとなる。交流
印加でけ印加電圧はＸとＹとの間を往復することになる
から素子から出る光強度はＩｘとＩｙとが平均化されて
Ｉｚとなる。ＩｚＦｉ印加電圧が零の場合の光強度と等
しい。従って何の手段も講じなければ耐圧印加時と電圧
無印加時とでは光強度（明るさ）が区別できずコントラ
ストがとれない。That is, when the applied voltage VLC applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal is increased from zero, the light intensity (transmitted light intensity for a transmissive element, reflected light intensity for a reflective element; the same applies hereinafter) increases, and the threshold value increases. When the voltage exceeds +VC, the light intensity becomes constant. Similarly, when the applied voltage V'LC is increased in the negative direction, the light intensity decreases and becomes saturated when the threshold 1 direct voltage -Vc is exceeded. When the applied voltage is X, the light intensity is Ix, and when the applied voltage is Y, the light intensity is Ir. Since alternating current is applied, the applied voltage goes back and forth between X and Y, so the light intensity output from the element is Iz, which is the average of Ix and Iy. IzFi is equal to the light intensity when the applied voltage is zero. Therefore, if no measures are taken, the light intensity (brightness) cannot be distinguished between when a breakdown voltage is applied and when no voltage is applied, and no contrast can be obtained.
次に、パルス電圧Ｖｐに対する応答を調べるため、第５
図（ａ）に示すようなしきい値電圧Ｖｃより大きな波高
値を持つ正の電圧パルスＶＰを強誘電性液晶に印加した
ところ、同図に示した通り、パルス電圧ｖｐ印加にした
がい急激に光強度工が増加し、立上り時間１１が短いが
、パルス電圧ｖｐ印加後の復帰時間ｔ２け図示したよう
に長いことがわかった。Next, in order to examine the response to the pulse voltage Vp, the fifth
When a positive voltage pulse VP having a peak value larger than the threshold voltage Vc as shown in Figure (a) is applied to a ferroelectric liquid crystal, as shown in the figure, the light intensity suddenly increases as the pulse voltage VP is applied. Although the rise time 11 is short, the recovery time t2 after application of the pulse voltage vp is longer as shown in the figure.
例えば本発明等が波高咳がしきい１直電圧（５〜１’０
Ｖ）ｊり大きいパルス電圧ＶＰ（パルス幅ｔｏ＝５００
μｓ）を強誘電性液晶に印加したところ、ｔｌ＝１２０
μＳ＋ｊｚ＝８ｍｓであることを確認した。For example, the present invention etc. can be applied to the threshold of 1 direct voltage (5 to 1'0
V) j larger pulse voltage VP (pulse width to = 500
μs) was applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal, tl=120
It was confirmed that μS+jz=8ms.
また負のパルス電圧−Ｖｐに対する応答も第５図（ｂ）
に示したように、パルス電圧印加による応答に比べ電圧
除去時の応答は遅く、復帰時間が長いことがわかった。The response to the negative pulse voltage -Vp is also shown in Figure 5(b).
As shown in Figure 2, it was found that the response when the voltage was removed was slower and the recovery time was longer than the response when the pulsed voltage was applied.
また、第６図に示すようなパルス電圧列を印加するとき
、同図（，０のような正のパルス電圧列、同図（ｂ）の
ような負のパルス電圧列により、平均的な明るさに大き
な差異が生じ、明暗の三直の光透過。In addition, when applying a pulse voltage train as shown in Figure 6, the average brightness is There is a big difference in the bright and dark light transmission.
状態の設定が可能である。It is possible to set the state.
このような、方法によシ良好な表示を得るには、表示の
チラッキ（フリッカ）をなくするため強誘電性液晶に印
加するパルス電圧のくシ返し周期を少なくとも３０ｍ５
以下にしなければならない。In order to obtain a good display using this method, the repetition period of the pulse voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal should be at least 30 m5 in order to eliminate flicker in the display.
Must be as follows.
しかしながら、このような駆動方法では、表示部７＞ｊ
明るい表示時間と暗い表示時間が等しくないかぎシ、強
誘電性液晶に印加される電圧ｖｔ、ｃに直流成分が存在
する。However, in such a driving method, the display section 7>j
When the bright display time and the dark display time are not equal, a DC component exists in the voltages vt and c applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal.
極端な例では、常に明るい表示状態のセグメントでは常
に正の直流成分が印加され、常に暗い表示状態のセグメ
ントは常に負の直流成分が印加されていることになる。In an extreme example, a positive DC component is always applied to a segment in a bright display state, and a negative DC component is always applied to a segment in a dark display state.
液晶素、子では、駆動中に直流成分が印加されると電気
化学反応によシ素子の劣化が促進され寿命低下をきたす
ことがよく知られており、第６図に示した方法は劣化の
点で重大な欠点を持っている。It is well known that when a DC component is applied to a liquid crystal device while driving, the deterioration of the device is accelerated due to an electrochemical reaction, resulting in a shortened life span. It has some serious drawbacks.
第７図は本発明の第１の実施例を示す駆動波形であり、
第６図に示したパルス電圧Ｖｐ直前に、逆極性、同じパ
ルス幅、波高値を持つパルス電圧−ｖｐを印加する。FIG. 7 is a drive waveform showing the first embodiment of the present invention,
Immediately before the pulse voltage Vp shown in FIG. 6, a pulse voltage -vp having the opposite polarity, same pulse width, and peak value is applied.
第７図（ａ）は、入射光が透過する状態すなわち表示素
子では明るい表示をする場合の強誘電性液晶に印加する
電圧ＶＬＣと、第２図に示す液晶素子の光透過状態（光
強度■）との関係を示す図であり、第７図（ｂ）は、入
射光が遮断される状態すなわち表示素子では暗い表示を
する場合の印加電圧ｖＬｃと光強度工との関係を示す図
である。Figure 7(a) shows the voltage VLC applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal when the incident light is transmitted, that is, when the display element produces a bright display, and the light transmission state of the liquid crystal element shown in Figure 2 (light intensity ), and FIG. 7(b) is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied voltage vLc and the light intensity when the incident light is blocked, that is, when the display element displays a dark display. .
第７図（ａ）に於いて、時刻ｔ。で波高値−Ｖｐ（５ｖ
〜２０ｖ）、パルス幅Ｔ！ （５００μｓ〜１００μｓ
）の負のパルス電圧が印加されると、一旦暗くなるが、
時刻１ｔで波高値Ｖｐ、パルス幅Ｔ、の正のパルス電圧
が印加されると、急激に明るくなシ、時刻ｔ２で印加電
圧が零になると、明るさが徐々に低下する。との動作を
７リツカが生じないような所定周期Ｔ（１ｍｓ〜３０ｍ
５）で繰シ返すことにより、平均的な明るさを十分大き
くすることができる。In FIG. 7(a), time t. The peak value -Vp (5v
~20v), pulse width T! (500μs~100μs
) when a negative pulse voltage is applied, it becomes dark once, but
When a positive pulse voltage of peak value Vp and pulse width T is applied at time 1t, the brightness suddenly becomes bright, and when the applied voltage becomes zero at time t2, the brightness gradually decreases. A predetermined period T (1 ms to 30 m
By repeating step 5), the average brightness can be made sufficiently large.
このとき、光透過状態を定めるパルス電圧Ｖｐとは、逆
極性でかつ絶対値が等しいパルス電圧を所定周期内Ｔに
強誘電性液晶に印加するので、強誘電性液晶に印加され
る電圧の平均値は零となり直流成分が全く存在せず、前
述の電気化学反応に起因する強誘電性液晶の劣化は生じ
ない。At this time, the pulse voltage Vp that determines the light transmission state is a pulse voltage with opposite polarity and equal absolute value that is applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal within a predetermined period T, so the average voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal is The value becomes zero, there is no DC component at all, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal does not deteriorate due to the electrochemical reaction described above.
さらに、本実施例に於いては、光透過状態を定めるパル
ス成圧ｖＰを印加する直前に、パルス幅及び波高値の絶
対値が等しくかつ逆極性のパルス電圧−ｖｐを印加する
ので、第７図（ｂ）に示す様にパルス電圧の極性を反転
させるだけで、入射光が遮断される状態が得られる。Furthermore, in this embodiment, immediately before applying the pulse voltage vP that determines the light transmission state, a pulse voltage -vp having equal absolute values of pulse width and peak value and opposite polarity is applied. As shown in Figure (b), simply by reversing the polarity of the pulse voltage, a state in which the incident light is blocked can be obtained.
第８図は第７図に示す様な駆動波形を実現する具体的な
回路の一例である。FIG. 8 is an example of a specific circuit that realizes the drive waveform shown in FIG. 7.
第８図に於いて、１１は排他的オアゲート、１２はイン
バータ、１３．１４はアンドゲート、Ｑ＋ 、Ｑ２．Ｑ
’ｓ 、Ｑ４はスイッチング用トランジスタ、Ｒ，１，
Ｒ，２，Ｒ３け抵抗、１．５，１６゜１７は入力端子、
１８は出力端子であシ、Ａ、Ｂ。In FIG. 8, 11 is an exclusive OR gate, 12 is an inverter, 13.14 is an AND gate, Q+, Q2 . Q
's, Q4 is a switching transistor, R,1,
R, 2, R3 resistors, 1.5, 16゜17 are input terminals,
18 is the output terminal A, B.
Ｃは観察用にパルスを測定する箇所である。１゜は出力
端子に接続される液晶素子である。C is a point where pulses are measured for observation. 1° is a liquid crystal element connected to the output terminal.
第８図の回路の各信号のタイミングは、第２表に示す通
りであシ、それぞれの信号波形を第９図に示す。The timing of each signal in the circuit of FIG. 8 is as shown in Table 2, and the waveform of each signal is shown in FIG.
〔１５〕は入力端子１５がら入るパルス幅を定める信号
、、［１６〕は入力端子１６から入るパルス電圧を出す
タイミングを定める信号、〔１７〕は入力端子１７がら
入り出カ区圧〔１８〕の位相を定める信号で、〔１７〕
を制御することによって、光透過状態っまシ明暗の切り
替えを定めることができる。第９図の〔工８〕がαに至
るまでは明状態、αを過ぎると暗状態となる。[15] is a signal that determines the pulse width input from the input terminal 15, [16] is a signal that determines the timing of outputting the pulse voltage input from the input terminal 16, [17] is the input/output voltage from the input terminal 17 [18] A signal that determines the phase of [17]
By controlling the light transmitting state, it is possible to determine whether the light transmission state is bright or dark. [Step 8] in FIG. 9 is in a bright state until it reaches α, and when it passes α, it is in a dark state.
第 ２ 表第１０図は本発明の第２の実施例を示す駆動波形であシ
、第１０図（ａ）が明るい表示をする場合、第１０図（
ｂ）が暗い表示をする場合をそれぞれ示す。10 of Table 2 shows the driving waveforms showing the second embodiment of the present invention. When FIG. 10(a) displays a bright display,
b) shows the case where the display is dark.
第７図の第１の実施例と異なることは、強誘電性液晶に
印加される電圧の直流成分を零にするために新たに設け
た逆方向パルス電圧のパルス高ＶＰＩをしきい値畦圧Ｖ
ｃより小さくシ、その分だけパルス幅を広げたものであ
る。このとき、式（１）に示す様に直流成分を零にする
ためには正パルスと負パルスの直流成分Ｓ＋ 、８２
とは、互いに極性が反対で絶対ｒ直を等しくする。The difference from the first embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is that the pulse height VPI of the reverse direction pulse voltage is newly provided to zero the DC component of the voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal. V
The pulse width is smaller than c, and the pulse width is widened by that amount. At this time, as shown in equation (1), in order to make the DC component zero, the DC component S+ of the positive pulse and the negative pulse is 82
and have opposite polarities and equal absolute r directivity.
Ｓ＋ −” ８２ ・・・・・・・
・・（１）本実施例に於いても、強誘電性液晶に印加さ
れる電圧の平均筐は零となり、直流成分が全く存在しな
いので、強誘電性液晶の劣化が生じなく、かつ所望の光
透過状態を高速で得ることができる。S+-” 82 ・・・・・・・・・
(1) In this example as well, the average voltage applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal is zero, and there is no DC component at all, so the ferroelectric liquid crystal does not deteriorate and the desired result is achieved. A light transmitting state can be obtained at high speed.
さらに、本実施例に於いては、直流成分を零にするため
のパルス電圧の波高値が、強誘電性液晶のしきい呟電圧
Ｖｃより小さいので、第１の実施例に比して、コントラ
スト比が大きくなる。Furthermore, in this embodiment, since the peak value of the pulse voltage for reducing the DC component to zero is smaller than the threshold voltage Vc of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, the contrast is lower than in the first embodiment. The ratio becomes larger.
第１１図は本発明の第３の実施例を示す駆動波形であわ
、第１１図（ａ）が明るい表示をする場合、第１１図（
ｂ）が暗い表示をする場合をそれぞれ示す。FIG. 11 shows driving waveforms showing the third embodiment of the present invention.
b) shows the case where the display is dark.
第１１図に於いても、液晶素子の光透過状態を定めるパ
ルス成圧の直流成分Ｓ、と、他の電圧信号の直流成分（
８２＋ＳＲ＋８４ ）との関係は、式（２）に示す様
に、互いに極性が反対で、絶対唾は等しくなっている。In FIG. 11, the DC component S of the pulse pressure forming that determines the light transmission state of the liquid crystal element, and the DC component (
82+SR+84), as shown in equation (2), the polarities are opposite to each other and the absolute salivary values are equal.
８ｒ＝ （Ｓ２＋８３＋８４） ・・・・・・・
・・（２）第１２図は本発明の第４の実施例を示す駆動
波形であり、第１２図（ａ）が明るい表示をする場合、
第１２図（ｂ）が暗い表示をする場合をそれぞれ示す。8r= (S2+83+84) ・・・・・
...(2) FIG. 12 is a drive waveform showing the fourth embodiment of the present invention, and when FIG. 12(a) displays a bright display,
FIG. 12(b) shows the case of dark display.
第１２図に於いても、液晶素子の光透過状態を定めるパ
ルス電圧の直流成分Ｓ＋ と、他の電圧信号の直流成分
（Ｓ２＋８３＋８４＋８５＋８６）との関係は、式（３
）に示す櫟に、互いに極性が反対で、絶対値は等しくな
っている。Also in FIG. 12, the relationship between the DC component S+ of the pulse voltage that determines the light transmission state of the liquid crystal element and the DC component (S2+83+84+85+86) of the other voltage signal is expressed by equation (3).
), the polarities are opposite to each other and the absolute values are equal.
Ｓｌ＝ （Ｓ２＋８３＋８４＋８５＋８６ ）
・・・・・・・・・（３）第１３図は本発明の第５の実
施例を示す駆動波形であシ、第１３図（ａ）が明るい表
示をする場合、第１３図（ｂ）が暗い表示をする場合を
それぞれ示す。Sl= (S2+83+84+85+86)
(3) Fig. 13 shows the driving waveform of the fifth embodiment of the present invention. When Fig. 13(a) displays a bright display, Fig. 13(b) ) shows the cases where the display is dark.
第１３図に於いても、液晶素子の光透過状態を定めるパ
ルス電圧の直流成分Ｓ１と、他の電圧信号の直流成分Ｓ
２との関係は、式（１）に示す様に、互いに極性が反対
で、絶対値は等しくなっている。Also in FIG. 13, the DC component S1 of the pulse voltage that determines the light transmission state of the liquid crystal element and the DC component S of the other voltage signal are shown.
2, as shown in equation (1), the polarities are opposite to each other and the absolute values are equal.
本実施例に於いても、前述の実施例と同様な効果が得ら
れ、さらに、光透過状態を定めるパルス直圧が印加され
る期間ｔＤが、直流成分を零にするためのパルス電圧が
印加される期間ｔｃより充分長いので、コントラスト比
が犬きくなる。In this embodiment, the same effect as in the above-mentioned embodiment is obtained, and furthermore, the period tD during which the pulsed direct voltage that determines the light transmission state is applied is changed to the period tD during which the pulsed voltage is applied to make the direct current component zero. Since the period tc is sufficiently longer than the period tc, the contrast ratio becomes sharper.
以上述べた本発明の第１〜弔５の実施例に於いては、第
３図に示す様に、偏光板９１の偏光軸方向９１１を、電
界−Ｖを印加したときの強誘電性液晶分子の螺旋軸２の
方向と一致させたが、電界Ｖを印加したときの強誘電性
液晶分子の螺旋軸２の方向と一致させても良く、この場
合、第１−第５の実施例に於いて、明るい表示と暗い表
示が逆′に彦る。In the first to fifth embodiments of the present invention described above, as shown in FIG. Although the direction of the helical axis 2 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules is made to coincide with the direction of the helical axis 2 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules when the electric field V is applied, it is also possible to make the direction of the helical axis 2 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules coincide with the direction of the helical axis 2 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules. The bright and dark displays are reversed.
更に、第１〜第５の実施例に於いては、液晶素子の光透
過状態を定めるパルス醒圧が印加される直前及び直後に
、直流成分を零にする電圧信号を印加したが、これに限
定されず、光透過状態を定めるパルス電圧が印加される
周期内であれば、いつでも良い。Furthermore, in the first to fifth embodiments, a voltage signal that makes the DC component zero was applied immediately before and after the pulse awakening pressure that determines the light transmission state of the liquid crystal element was applied. It is not limited, and may be applied at any time within the period in which the pulse voltage that determines the light transmission state is applied.
第１４図は本発明の第１方式の代表的な実施例（第６図
の実施例）を示す。FIG. 14 shows a typical embodiment (the embodiment shown in FIG. 6) of the first method of the present invention.
液晶素子１０の構成は第２図の通りである。配向制御膜
５はポリイミド−イン−インドロキナゾリンジオン膜で
６Ｄ、電極４け酸化インジウム透明電極である。また基
板３けガラス製であシ、配向制御膜５を形成後一定方向
にラビングしである。The structure of the liquid crystal element 10 is shown in FIG. The alignment control film 5 is a 6D polyimide-in-indoroquinazolinedione film, and the electrode 4 is a transparent indium oxide electrode. Further, the substrate 3 is made of glass, and after the alignment control film 5 is formed, it is rubbed in a certain direction.
そして２枚の基板３がラビング方向を反平行方向とする
ように直径６μｍのガラスファイバーをスペーサとする
封止剤７を介して、岨み合わせられている。強誘電性液
晶材料はＤＯＢＡＮＢＣであり、液晶素子中に真空封入
されている。封入後、一旦等方性液体温度まで加熱後液
晶相になるまで徐冷しくｌｒ／−ｍの速度で冷却）、一
様に配列した素子を得た。この液晶素子１０に偏光板９
１．９２を貼りつける。本実施例では偏光板としてポラ
ロイドＨＮ−３８を用いた。The two substrates 3 are fitted together with a sealing agent 7 having a glass fiber spacer having a diameter of 6 μm so that the rubbing direction is antiparallel. The ferroelectric liquid crystal material is DOBANBC, which is vacuum sealed in the liquid crystal element. After encapsulation, the mixture was heated to an isotropic liquid temperature and then slowly cooled at a rate of lr/-m until it became a liquid crystal phase, yielding uniformly arranged elements. This liquid crystal element 10 has a polarizing plate 9
Paste 1.92. In this example, Polaroid HN-38 was used as a polarizing plate.
液晶の螺旋軸を基板面に平行なある優先方位に揃える手
段としては強磁場中で等方性液体の状態から液晶相に相
転移するまで徐冷する方法、機械的な剪断を与える方法
も可能であるが、実用的ではない。有機或いは無機の薄
膜を形成し、一定な方向に布等で、ラビングする方法は
実用的であシ、ネマチック液晶を一様に配列する手段と
して広く用いられている。但し、強誘電性を示す液晶化
合物の場合、一般にネマチック液晶の場合より一様配列
が得られに＜＜、ネマチック液晶の場合に有効な全ての
膜が適用できるわけではない。しかし、現時点でもポリ
イミド系の有機族に一様配向が得られるものが見つかっ
ている。ラビングによる場合には２枚の基板のラビング
方向が反平行方向となるようにする。As a means of aligning the helical axis of the liquid crystal to a certain preferential orientation parallel to the substrate surface, it is also possible to slowly cool the liquid crystal in a strong magnetic field until it undergoes a phase transition from an isotropic liquid state to a liquid crystal phase, or to apply mechanical shearing. However, it is not practical. A method of forming an organic or inorganic thin film and rubbing it in a certain direction with a cloth or the like is practical and widely used as a means of uniformly arranging nematic liquid crystals. However, in the case of a liquid crystal compound exhibiting ferroelectricity, a more uniform alignment is generally obtained than in the case of a nematic liquid crystal, so not all films that are effective in the case of a nematic liquid crystal can be applied. However, at present, polyimide-based organic groups that can achieve uniform orientation have been found. In the case of rubbing, the rubbing directions of the two substrates should be antiparallel.
液晶素子１０と光源１９との間にはチョッパ２０を設け
る。本実施例においてはチョッパ２０として透光部２１
を等間隔に８ケ有する回転円板を用いた。透光部２１の
直径と透光部２１間隔とは等距離である。チョッパ２０
の駆動はパルスモータ２２によシ行う。２３はパルスモ
ータ２２の駆動装置であシ２４はパルス発振器である。A chopper 20 is provided between the liquid crystal element 10 and the light source 19. In this embodiment, the light-transmitting part 21 is used as the chopper 20.
A rotating disk having 8 equally spaced disks was used. The diameter of the transparent portion 21 and the interval between the transparent portions 21 are equidistant. chopper 20
is driven by a pulse motor 22. 23 is a drive device for the pulse motor 22, and 24 is a pulse oscillator.
パルス発振器２４から発振されたクロックパルスＣＲけ
駆動装置２３と７リツプ７０ツブ回路２５に入る。２６
は制御装置であり、クロックパルスＣＰｓを発振し、フ
リップフロップ回路２５から出るクロックパルスＣＰ２
と制御装置２６から出るクロックパルスＣＰ ｓとは排
他的オアゲート１１に入る。排他的オアゲート１１から
出たクロックパルスＣＰ４け液晶素子用層、動装置２７
に入り、クロックパルスＣＰ５として液晶素子１０に至
る。A clock pulse generated from a pulse oscillator 24 enters a CR drive device 23 and a 7-lip 70-tub circuit 25. 26
is a control device which oscillates clock pulses CPs and outputs clock pulses CP2 from the flip-flop circuit 25.
and the clock pulse CP_s coming from the control device 26 enter the exclusive-OR gate 11. Clock pulse CP4 output from exclusive OR gate 11, liquid crystal element layer, dynamic device 27
and reaches the liquid crystal element 10 as a clock pulse CP5.
ＣＰＩ、Ｃ２０、ＣＰｓの関係は第１５図の通りであり
、図中（ａ）はＣＰＩ を、（ｂ）はチョッパを通過す
る光を、（Ｃ）はＣ２０を夫々示す。また（ｄ）はＣＰ
ｓによるｏｎ（光透過）状態を、（ｅ）はＣＦ２による
ｏｆｆ（光遮蔽）状態を示す。更にＣＰ２〜ｃＰ５と透
過光との関係を次表第３表に示す。このようにしてチョ
ッパ２０け光源１９からの光を折続させて液晶素子１０
に入射させる。The relationship between CPI, C20, and CPs is as shown in FIG. 15, where (a) shows CPI, (b) shows light passing through the chopper, and (C) shows C20. Also, (d) is CP
(e) shows the on (light transmission) state due to s, and the off (light shielding) state due to CF2. Furthermore, the relationship between CP2 to cP5 and transmitted light is shown in Table 3 below. In this way, the chopper 20 folds the light from the light source 19 and displays the liquid crystal element 10.
Inject it into the
（ａ）のような交流矩形波を印加した時、この液晶素子
１０に入射した強度一定の光は第１６図（ｂ）のように
変調される。一方策１４図におけるチョッパ２０は一定
の強度の光を第１７図のように断続させる１動きを持っ
ている。ここで、第１４図のようにチョッパ２０と液晶
素子１０を配置し、光源１９から一定の強度１ｏの光が
チョッパ２０、液晶素子１０を透過してどのように変調
されるかを第１８図に示す。（１）はＯＮ状態つまり透
過状態を示し、（２）はＯＦＦ’状態つまりＳ蔽状態を
示す。また（ａ）はチョッパを透過した光の強度を示し
、（ｂ）は液晶素子に印加する電圧波形を示し、（Ｃ）
は最終的に得られる光の強度工を示す。When an alternating current rectangular wave as shown in FIG. 16(a) is applied, the light having a constant intensity incident on the liquid crystal element 10 is modulated as shown in FIG. 16(b). On the other hand, the chopper 20 in FIG. 14 has one movement of intermittent light of a constant intensity as shown in FIG. 17. Here, the chopper 20 and the liquid crystal element 10 are arranged as shown in FIG. 14, and FIG. Shown below. (1) indicates an ON state, that is, a transmission state, and (2) indicates an OFF' state, that is, an S-shielding state. Also, (a) shows the intensity of light transmitted through the chopper, (b) shows the voltage waveform applied to the liquid crystal element, and (C) shows the voltage waveform applied to the liquid crystal element.
indicates the final light intensity.
（（１）に示したように、ちょうど光がチョッパ８を通
過する時に正の電界（ここでは液晶素子を透過する光量
が大きくなる方を正に取ることにした）を、遮蔽した時
に負の電界を印加するようにすると、最終的に透過する
光強度Ｉは（Ｃ）左図のようになる。これとは逆に（２
）に示したように電界の符号を反転させると最終的な光
強度■は（Ｃ）右図のようになる。両者を比較すると明
らかに明暗のコントラストがついておシ、光スィッチと
しての機能を有していることが判る。すなわち、第１４
図の構成にすることによって第１８図（ｂ）に示したよ
うな交流により強誘電性を有する液晶を用いた液晶素子
１０を駆動し、光をスイッチすることができるようにな
った。(As shown in (1), when the light passes through the chopper 8, the positive electric field (here, the positive electric field is taken to be the one that increases the amount of light that passes through the liquid crystal element), but when the light is blocked, the negative electric field When an electric field is applied, the final transmitted light intensity I becomes as shown in the left figure (C).On the contrary, (2
) When the sign of the electric field is reversed as shown in (C), the final light intensity ■ becomes as shown in the right figure (C). Comparing the two, it can be seen that there is a clear contrast between light and dark, and that they function as a light switch. That is, the fourteenth
By adopting the configuration shown in the figure, it has become possible to drive the liquid crystal element 10 using a ferroelectric liquid crystal using alternating current as shown in FIG. 18(b) and switch light.
上記液晶が強誘電性を示す７５Ｃで透過する光の波形を
観測した。観測した特性曲線を第１９図に示した。この
時のｏｎ、ｏｆｆのコントラストとして４．８：１が得
られた。The waveform of light transmitted through the liquid crystal at 75C, which exhibits ferroelectricity, was observed. The observed characteristic curve is shown in FIG. At this time, an on/off contrast of 4.8:1 was obtained.
第２０図は本発明の第７の実施例であり、前記第６の実
施例と異なる点は（１）液晶層中に二色性色素を含有せ
しめた点、（２）偏光板を素子の片側のみに設けた点の
２点にある。二色性色素は１，４−ジアミノ−２−（［
）−ｍ−ブチルフェノキシカルボニル）アントラキノン
であり、液晶（ＢＯＢＡＮＢＣＩには３ｗｔ％混合させ
た。偏光板の偏差軸はラビング方向から約２０°ずらし
た。他の構成、製法は第６の実施例に準する。FIG. 20 shows a seventh embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the sixth embodiment in that (1) a dichroic dye is contained in the liquid crystal layer, (2) a polarizing plate is used as an element. There are two points provided only on one side. Dichroic dyes are 1,4-diamino-2-([
)-m-butylphenoxycarbonyl) anthraquinone, and was mixed at 3 wt% in the liquid crystal (BOBANBCI).The deviation axis of the polarizing plate was shifted by about 20 degrees from the rubbing direction.Other configurations and manufacturing methods are described in the sixth example. comply.
第６の実施例に準じて７５ｔＴでの透過光測定を行った
ところ、第２１図に示した透過光の波形を得た。この場
合のコントラスト比は２６：１であ二色性を持たせる為
には通常上記のような化合物に少量の（数％程度）二色
性色素を添加する手法を用いる。二色性色素は液晶ディ
スプレイ用として数多くの物質が合成されている。アゾ
系、アゾメチン系、アントラキノン系、キノフタレイン
系等の二色性色素が有シ、一種あるいは二種以上混合し
て用いる。When the transmitted light was measured at 75 tT according to the sixth embodiment, the waveform of the transmitted light shown in FIG. 21 was obtained. The contrast ratio in this case is 26:1, and in order to impart dichroism, a method is usually used in which a small amount (about several percent) of dichroic dye is added to the above-mentioned compound. Many dichroic dyes have been synthesized for use in liquid crystal displays. Dichroic dyes such as azo, azomethine, anthraquinone, and quinophthalein can be used singly or in combination.
第２２図は本発明の第８の実施例を示す。本実施例では
第２図或いは第２０図の液晶素子１０を２つ作成し、ラ
ビング方向が平行になるように重ね合わせた。本実施例
はプリンタ用の光スィッチとして有効ならしめるように
クロックパルスＣＰ２を用いて明暗状態を切り替えるよ
うにしている。FIG. 22 shows an eighth embodiment of the invention. In this example, two liquid crystal elements 10 shown in FIG. 2 or 20 were produced and stacked one on top of the other so that the rubbing directions were parallel to each other. In this embodiment, a clock pulse CP2 is used to switch between bright and dark states so as to make it effective as an optical switch for a printer.
２８は制御用の信号発生器であり、２９は電子スイッチ
である。一方、電子スイッチ２９には入力側に２つの端
子ａ、ｂが設けられており、いずれもパルス発信器２４
と接続されている。パルス発信器２４はクロックパルス
ＣＰ、を発生する。クロックパルスＣＰ ！け直接端子
ａに入るようになっているが、端子すには反転回路のイ
ンバータ２５を介して入るようになっている。従って反
転回路のインバータ２５を経て端子すに入るクロックパ
ルスはＣＰＩでちる。ＣＰｔ とＣＦ２ との関係は第
２３図の通りである。第２３図において（ａ）はＣＰＩ
を、（ｂ）はＣＰＩ を示す。28 is a control signal generator, and 29 is an electronic switch. On the other hand, the electronic switch 29 is provided with two terminals a and b on the input side, both of which are connected to the pulse generator 24.
is connected to. A pulse generator 24 generates a clock pulse CP. Clock pulse CP! It is designed to directly enter terminal a, but it is designed to enter terminal A via an inverter 25 of an inverting circuit. Therefore, the clock pulse entering the terminal via the inverter 25 of the inverting circuit is equal to CPI. The relationship between CPt and CF2 is shown in FIG. In Figure 23, (a) is CPI
, (b) shows CPI.
２つの液晶素子１０を、堅勤させ、ＯＮ状態、ＯＦ’Ｆ
状態それぞれの透過した光の波形を第６の実施例と同じ
条件で測定した結果を第２３図に示す。ＯＮ状態とＯＦ
’Ｆ状態はＣＦ２により電子スイッチ２９の接続を切り
替えることにより実現される。第４表はスイッチの切り
替えによる透過光状態をまとめたものである。The two liquid crystal elements 10 are kept in the ON state and OFF'F.
FIG. 23 shows the results of measuring the waveform of the transmitted light in each state under the same conditions as in the sixth embodiment. ON state and OF
The 'F state is realized by switching the connection of the electronic switch 29 using CF2. Table 4 summarizes the state of transmitted light depending on the switching of the switch.
電子スイッチ２９がａに接続している場合には２つの液
晶素子１０に電界ＣＰ、が印加され、この時透過した光
の波形は第２４固在図（ＯＮ状態）のようになる。一方
、スイッチ２９の接続がｂの場合には一方の液晶素子１
０には上界ＣＰ、が、もう一方の液晶素子１０には電界
ＣＰ、が印加され、この時には第２４固有図（ＯＦ’Ｆ
状態）のような透過光となる。第２４図は電界ＣＰＩ
として１００Ｈｚ、１５Ｖの交流矩形波を用いた時の透
過光を示したもので、この時コントラスト比２．５：１
が得られた。伺、２つの液晶素子１０を使用する場合に
は、原理から判るように４枚の偏光板は必ずしも必要で
なく、３枚で十分である。When the electronic switch 29 is connected to a, an electric field CP is applied to the two liquid crystal elements 10, and the waveform of the transmitted light at this time becomes as shown in the 24th solid diagram (ON state). On the other hand, if the connection of the switch 29 is b, one of the liquid crystal elements 1
0, an upper field CP is applied to the other liquid crystal element 10, and an electric field CP is applied to the other liquid crystal element 10. At this time, the 24th eigenfigure (OF'F
state). Figure 24 shows electric field CPI
This shows the transmitted light when using a 100Hz, 15V AC square wave, and the contrast ratio is 2.5:1.
was gotten. However, when two liquid crystal elements 10 are used, as can be seen from the principle, four polarizing plates are not necessarily necessary, and three are sufficient.
本実施例のように液晶素子を二重にした構造によれば液
晶素子自体が非常例薄いものであるから円板を回転させ
るタイプのチョッパを用いる場合に比べて小型かつ薄型
の光スィッチが得られる。According to the structure in which the liquid crystal element is doubled as in this embodiment, the liquid crystal element itself is extremely thin, so a smaller and thinner optical switch can be obtained compared to the case where a chopper of the type that rotates a disk is used. It will be done.
伺、光スィッチの場合は表示素子に比べ、特に７リツカ
（チラッキ）の防止を考慮する必要性は少ない。In the case of optical switches, compared to display elements, there is less need to particularly consider preventing flickering.
第２５図は第６〜８の実施例を階調表示に利用した応用
例（第９の実施例）の説明図である。図中（１）〜（Ｖ
）は夫々チョッパ駆動のパターンを示しており、（１）
はチョッパの透光のタイミングと正電荷Ｖｏのタイミン
グとを一致させた場合を、Ｍけチョッパの透光のタイミ
ングと負電荷−Ｖｏのタイミングとを一致させた場合を
示す。そして（１１）〜（Ｖ）け１と■の中間に段階的
に位置して夫々チョッパの透光のタイミングと正電荷Ｖ
。のタイミングとを一部重複させた場合を示す、（ａ）
け印加電圧を示し、（＋））は透光のタイミングを示し
、（ｂ）中、実線部が光路遮断を、断線部が透光時機を
示す。また各（Ｃ）はチョッパを出た光の強度を示す。FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of an application example (ninth embodiment) in which the sixth to eighth embodiments are used for gradation display. In the figure (1) to (V
) respectively indicate chopper drive patterns, (1)
1 shows a case where the timing of the light transmission of the chopper and the timing of the positive charge Vo are made to match, and a case where the timing of the light transmission of the M-type chopper and the timing of the negative charge -Vo are made to match. Then, (11) to (V) are located stepwise between ke 1 and
. (a) shows a case where the timing of
(+) indicates the timing of light transmission; in (b), the solid line portion indicates the optical path interruption, and the disconnected portion indicates the timing of light transmission. Further, each (C) indicates the intensity of light exiting the chopper.
図から明らかなようにパターンが（１）からＭに移るに
従って明暗状態が段階的に暗い方向へ向かう。このよう
に本発明によれば階調表示も可能である。As is clear from the figure, as the pattern moves from (1) to M, the bright and dark state gradually becomes darker. As described above, according to the present invention, gradation display is also possible.
以上説明したように本発明によれば、光学素子から出る
光の強度が光機能材に印加する外場の極性の反転に伴っ
て強弱逆転する特性を有するにもかかわらず、交流駆動
によって高コントラストが得られるという効果がある。As explained above, according to the present invention, even though the intensity of light emitted from an optical element has a characteristic that its intensity is reversed with the reversal of the polarity of the external field applied to the optical functional material, AC driving provides high contrast. This has the effect that it can be obtained.
第１図は強誘電性液晶の印加電界に対する状態を示す図
、第２図、第２０図は本発明が適用できる液晶素子の実
施例を示す断面図、第３図は強誘電性液晶分子の螺旋軸
方向と背光板の偏光軸方向との関係を示す説明図、第４
図、第１６図は強誘電性液晶の光透過特性図、第５図は
本発明が適用できる強誘電性液晶のパルス電圧Ｖｐに対
する光透過状態の応答を示す特性図、第６図はパルス電
圧列に対する光透過状態の応答を示す特性図、第７図、
第１０図、第１１図、第１２図、第１３図。第１９図、第２１図、第２４図は夫々本発明の光学装置
の実施例の駆動波形図、第８図は第７図に示す駆動波形
を実現する回路図、第９図は第８図の回路の各信号のタ
イミング説明図、第１４図。第２２図は本発明の光学装置の実施クリの構成を示す模
式図、第１５図は第１４図の実施例で用いるパルス電圧
の説明図、第１７図は第１４図の実施例のチョッパの特
性図、第１８図は第１４図の実施例の駆動原理説明図、
第２３図は第２２図の実施例で用いるパルス電圧の説明
図、第２５図は本発明の光学装置の実施例で階調表示を
行う際の駆動波形図である。１・・・強誘電性液晶分子、２・・・螺旋軸、３・・・
基板、４・・・表示電極、５・・・配向制御膜、６・・
・強誘電性液晶層、８・・・交流電源、９１．９２・・
・偏光板、１０・・・液晶素子、１９・・・光源、２０
・・・チョッパ、２１・・・透光部、２３．２７・・・
駆動装置、２４・・・パルス発信器、２９・・・電子ス
イッチ、■・・・光強度、Ｖ Ｌ、Ｃ・・・・印加電圧
。代理人 弁理士 高橋明夫禎 ｌ 図（εし） （ｂ）
（Ｃ）第 ２ 図第３図（ａ）
（ｂ）第 ｌＪ−図〔ｐ刃口ｔｉＶｔ−ｃ嬉 ５ 図（ζう（ｂ）第 ６ 図（１））第 ７ 図第８図第 ７０ 図り９ ｌノ 図第 １２ 図拓１３図第 １４ 図第 １５ 図第 ２０ 図Ｓ第 ２１ 図第 ２２ 図０第 ２３ 図FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the state of a ferroelectric liquid crystal with respect to an applied electric field, FIGS. 2 and 20 are cross-sectional views showing an example of a liquid crystal element to which the present invention can be applied, and FIG. Explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the helical axis direction and the polarization axis direction of the back plate, No. 4
16 is a light transmission characteristic diagram of a ferroelectric liquid crystal, FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing the response of a light transmission state to a pulse voltage Vp of a ferroelectric liquid crystal to which the present invention can be applied, and FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a response of a light transmission state to a pulse voltage Vp. A characteristic diagram showing the response of the light transmission state to the column, FIG.
10, 11, 12, and 13. 19, 21, and 24 are drive waveform diagrams of an embodiment of the optical device of the present invention, FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram realizing the drive waveform shown in FIG. 7, and FIG. 9 is a diagram of the drive waveform shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 14 is a timing explanatory diagram of each signal of the circuit. 22 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the optical device according to the present invention, FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram of the pulse voltage used in the embodiment of FIG. 14, and FIG. 17 is a diagram of the chopper of the embodiment of FIG. 14. Characteristic diagram, FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram of the driving principle of the embodiment shown in FIG. 14,
FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram of pulse voltages used in the embodiment of FIG. 22, and FIG. 25 is a drive waveform diagram when performing gradation display in the embodiment of the optical device of the present invention. 1... Ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules, 2... Helical axis, 3...
Substrate, 4... Display electrode, 5... Orientation control film, 6...
・Ferroelectric liquid crystal layer, 8... AC power supply, 91.92...
・Polarizing plate, 10... Liquid crystal element, 19... Light source, 20
...Chopper, 21...Transparent part, 23.27...
Drive device, 24...Pulse transmitter, 29...Electronic switch, ■...Light intensity, VL, C...Applied voltage. Agent Patent Attorney Akio Takahashi Figure (εshi) (b)
(C) Figure 2 Figure 3 (a)
(b) Fig. 1J-Fig. 5 (ζU (b) Fig. 6 (1)) Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 20 Figure S Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 0 Figure 23
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| EP84103810AEP0123181B1 (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1984-04-06 | Electrooptical device |
| KR1019840001808AKR890005338B1 (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1984-04-06 | Optic devices |
| US06/597,746US4634226A (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1984-04-06 | Optical apparatus using ferroelectric liquid crystal and switching unit for emitted light |
| DE8484103810TDE3484827D1 (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1984-04-06 | ELECTROOPTICAL DEVICE. |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58060826AJPS59187324A (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1983-04-08 | Optical device |
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| JPS59187324Atrue JPS59187324A (en) | 1984-10-24 |
| JPH0585886B2 JPH0585886B2 (en) | 1993-12-09 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| JP58060826AGrantedJPS59187324A (en) | 1983-04-08 | 1983-04-08 | Optical device |
| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US4634226A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0123181B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59187324A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR890005338B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3484827D1 (en) |
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