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JPH0820648B2 - EC device with extraction electrodes on the end face - Google Patents

EC device with extraction electrodes on the end face

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Publication number
JPH0820648B2
JPH0820648B2JP61183860AJP18386086AJPH0820648B2JP H0820648 B2JPH0820648 B2JP H0820648B2JP 61183860 AJP61183860 AJP 61183860AJP 18386086 AJP18386086 AJP 18386086AJP H0820648 B2JPH0820648 B2JP H0820648B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
layer
substrate
face
electrode
extraction electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP61183860A
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Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS6338923A (en
Inventor
達雄 丹羽
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nikon Corp
Original Assignee
Nikon Corp
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Publication of JPS6338923ApublicationCriticalpatent/JPS6338923A/en
Publication of JPH0820648B2publicationCriticalpatent/JPH0820648B2/en
Anticipated expirationlegal-statusCritical
Expired - Lifetimelegal-statusCriticalCurrent

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Description

Translated fromJapanese

【発明の詳細な説明】 (産業上の利用分野) 本発明は、エレクトロクロミック素子の改良に関す
る。
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to improvements in electrochromic devices.

(従来の技術) 電圧を印加すると可逆的に電解酸化または還元反応が
起こり可逆的に着色する現象をエレクトロクロミズムと
言う。このような現象を示すエレクトロクロミック(以
下、ECと略称する)物質を用いて、電圧操作により着消
色するEC素子(以下、ECDと略す)を作り、このECDを光
量制御素子(例えば、防眩ミラー)や7セグメントを利
用した数字表示素子に利用しようとする試みは、20年以
上前から行なわれている。例えば、ガラス基板の上に透
明電極膜(陰極)、三酸化タングステン薄膜、二酸化ケ
イ素のような絶縁膜、電極膜(陽極)を順次積層してな
るECD(特公昭52-46098参照)が全固体型ECDとして知ら
れている。このECDに電圧を印加すると三酸化タングス
テン(WO3)薄膜が青色に着色する。その後、このECDに
逆の電圧を印加すると、WO3薄膜の青色が消えて無色に
なる。この着色・消色する機構は詳しくは解明されてい
ないが、WO3薄膜および絶縁膜(イオン導電層)中に含
まれる少量の水分がWO3の着色・消色を支配していると
理解されている。着色の反応式は下記のように推定され
ている。
(Prior Art) A phenomenon in which electrolytic oxidation or reduction reaction reversibly occurs when a voltage is applied to cause reversible coloring is called electrochromism. By using an electrochromic (hereinafter abbreviated as EC) substance that exhibits such a phenomenon, an EC element (hereinafter abbreviated as ECD) that is colored and decolored by voltage operation is made, and this ECD is used as a light amount control element (for example, a protective element). Attempts have been made for more than 20 years to use it for a numerical display device using a dazzling mirror) or 7 segments. For example, an ECD (see Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 52-46098), which is formed by sequentially laminating a transparent electrode film (cathode), a tungsten trioxide thin film, an insulating film such as silicon dioxide, and an electrode film (anode) on a glass substrate, is all solid. Known as type ECD. When a voltage is applied to this ECD, the tungsten trioxide (WO3 ) thin film is colored blue. Then, when a reverse voltage is applied to this ECD, the blue color of the WO3 thin film disappears and becomes colorless. Although the mechanism of coloring and decoloring is not clarified in detail, it is understood that a small amount of water contained in the WO3 thin film and the insulating film (ion conductive layer) controls coloring and decoloring of WO3. ing. The coloring reaction equation is estimated as follows.

H2O→H++OH- (WO3膜=陰極側)WO3+nH++ne-→HnWO3 無色透明 青色ところで、EC層を直接又は間接的に挾む一対の電極層
は、EC層の着消色を外部に見せるために、少なくとも一
方は透明でなければならない。特に透過型のECDの場合
には両方とも透明でなければならない。透明な電極材料
としては、現在のところSnO2,In2O3,ITO(SnO2とIn2O3
との混合物),ZnOなどが知られているが、これらの材料
は比較的透明度が悪いために薄くせねばならなず、この
理由及びその他の理由からECDは基板例えばガラス板や
プラスチック板の上に形成するのが普通であり、このよ
うなECDの構造の一例を第2図に示す。
H 2 O → H + + OH - (WO 3 film =cathode) WO 3 + nH + + ne - → HnWO 3 colorless blue By the way, at least one of the pair of electrode layers sandwiching the EC layer directly or indirectly must be transparent in order to show the color of the EC layer to the outside. Both must be transparent, especially for transmissive ECDs. Currently, SnO2 , In2 O3 and ITO (SnO2 and In2 O3
, And ZnO, etc., but these materials have to be thin due to their relatively poor transparency, and for this and other reasons, ECDs are used on substrates such as glass or plastic plates. It is common to form the structure in such a manner that an example of such an ECD structure is shown in FIG.

第2図に於いて、(A)は上部透明電極、(B)は下
部透明電極、(C)は還元着色性EC層(例えばWO3)、
(D)はイオン導電層、(E)は可逆的電解酸化層(例
えば酸化又は水酸化イリジウム)をそれぞれ示し、基本
的にはこの(A)〜(B)の積層構造だけでECDが構成
されるが、前述のとおり、これらのECDは基板(S)上
に形成される。(R)はECDの封止材例えばエポキシ樹
脂であり、(G)は保護用の封止基板である。
In FIG. 2, (A) is an upper transparent electrode, (B) is a lower transparent electrode, (C) is a reduction coloring EC layer (eg WO3 ),
(D) shows an ionic conductive layer, (E) shows a reversible electrolytic oxidation layer (for example, oxidation or iridium hydroxide), and basically, the ECD is composed only of the laminated structure of (A) to (B). However, as described above, these ECDs are formed on the substrate (S). (R) is an ECD sealing material such as an epoxy resin, and (G) is a protective sealing substrate.

このようなECDの電極(A),(B)に外部電源を供
給するために、各々取出し電極部が必要であり、これま
で各取出し電極部は、第2図に示すように基板(S)の
上面に設けられ、ここに外部配線(LA),(LB)がそれ
ぞれ接続されていた。
In order to supply an external power source to the electrodes (A) and (B) of such an ECD, each extraction electrode portion is required. Until now, each extraction electrode portion has a substrate (S) as shown in FIG. The external wiring (LA ) and (LB ) were connected to the upper surface of the.

そのため下記の如き欠点〜があった。 Therefore, there were the following drawbacks.

表示面積が大きく取れないこと(取出し電極部の分
だけ表示面積が小さくなってしまう)。
A large display area cannot be obtained (the display area will be reduced by the amount of the extraction electrode portion).

基板(S)と封止基板(G)との大きさが異ならざ
るを得ないため、封止するときに封止基板(G)の位置
決めが難しくなり、手間がかかること。
Since the size of the substrate (S) and the size of the sealing substrate (G) must be different, positioning of the sealing substrate (G) becomes difficult and time-consuming when sealing.

取出し電極部の上を封止材(R)が覆い易く、外部
配線(LA),(LB)を接続するときに手間がかかるこ
と。
Easily overlies the extraction electrode portion sealing material (R), the external wiring (LA), can take time when connecting the (LB).

そこで本発明者は先に他の発明者と共にこれらの欠点
を解決すべく研究した結果、取出し電極部を基板の上面
ではなく端面(側面)に設けることを発明し、特許出願
した(特開昭61-270735号)。この出願はまだ公開され
ていないので、以下「先願」と引用する。
Therefore, the present inventor has previously studied together with other inventors to solve these drawbacks, and as a result, invented that the extraction electrode portion is provided not on the upper surface of the substrate but on the end surface (side surface), and applied for a patent. 61-270735). Since this application has not been published yet, it is referred to as “first application” hereinafter.

(発明が解決しようとする問題点) しかしながら、先願の明細書に開示された取出し電極
部は、透明電極材料(ITO)で作られており、この材料
は電気抵抗が比較的高いため、これに外部配線をハンダ
付けその他の手段により接続し、この外部配線を通して
取出し電極部に電荷又は電子の供給・取出しを行なう
と、取出し電極部の近くから着消色が起こり、見苦しい
という問題点があった。
(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) However, the extraction electrode portion disclosed in the specification of the prior application is made of a transparent electrode material (ITO), and this material has a relatively high electric resistance. If an external wire is connected to by soldering or other means, and if charges or electrons are supplied to or taken out from the take-out electrode section through this external wire, there is a problem in that coloration or fading occurs near the take-out electrode section, which is unsightly. It was

また、透明電極材料への外部配線の接続が難しいとい
う問題点があった。
Further, there is a problem that it is difficult to connect external wiring to the transparent electrode material.

本発明の目的は、これらの問題点の解決にある。 The object of the present invention is to solve these problems.

(問題点を解決するための手段) 本発明の特徴は、基板表面から基板端面にかけて成膜
した透明電極層のうち、基板端面の透明電極層上に該基
板端面に沿って帯状に成膜した低抵抗材料層を取り出し
電極部として設けたことにある。
(Means for Solving the Problems) The feature of the present invention is that, among the transparent electrode layers formed from the substrate surface to the substrate end face, the film is formed in a strip shape on the transparent electrode layer on the substrate end face along the substrate end face. The low resistance material layer is provided as the extraction electrode portion.

(作用) 本発明で使用される低抵抗材料としては、例えば金,
銀,アルミニウム,クロム,スズ,亜鉛,ニッケル,ル
テニウム,ロジウムなどが挙げられ、例えば、(イ)厚
膜法例えば常温又は加熱硬化型の導電ペーストを塗布し
(加熱)乾燥硬化させる方法,(ロ)プラズマ溶射法,
(ハ)薄膜法例えば真空蒸着,スパッタリング,イオン
プレーティングなどにより取出し電極部が形成される。
(Function) Examples of the low resistance material used in the present invention include gold,
Examples thereof include silver, aluminum, chromium, tin, zinc, nickel, ruthenium, and rhodium. For example, (a) a thick film method, for example, a method of applying (heating) and drying and curing a conductive paste of normal temperature or heat curing type, (roth) ) Plasma spraying,
(C) The extraction electrode portion is formed by a thin film method such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, or ion plating.

取出し電極部を端面に設ける場合、基板上面から端面
へと連続した電極層を形成する必要があるが、上面と端
面との境界に相当する角(エッヂ)を面取りしておくこ
とが好ましい。面取りしておくと、(イ)端面にある取
出し電極部から上面にある電極層本体への電気抵抗が低
くなるので好ましい。また(ロ)真空薄膜形成技術例え
ば真空蒸着により基板上面に電極層を形成するとき、回
り込み現象を利用して端面にまでも電極層、つまり取出
し電極部を形成することができるので好ましい。そのほ
か(ハ)取扱い中に角を破損して上面にある電極層本体
と端面にある取出し電極部との断線を来たす危険がなく
なるので好ましい。
When the extraction electrode portion is provided on the end surface, it is necessary to form a continuous electrode layer from the upper surface of the substrate to the end surface, but it is preferable to chamfer the corner (edge) corresponding to the boundary between the upper surface and the end surface. Chamfering is preferable because (a) the electrical resistance from the extraction electrode portion on the end face to the electrode layer body on the upper face is lowered. (B) Vacuum thin film forming technique, for example, when forming an electrode layer on the upper surface of the substrate by vacuum vapor deposition, it is preferable that the electrode layer, that is, the extraction electrode portion can be formed even on the end face by utilizing the wraparound phenomenon. In addition, (c) it is preferable because there is no risk of breaking the corners during handling and causing a disconnection between the electrode layer body on the upper surface and the extraction electrode portion on the end surface.

本発明に於けるECDの積層構造は、特にどれと限定さ
れるものではないが、固体型ECDの構造としては、例え
ば電極層/EC層/イオン導電層/電極層のような4層
構造、電極層/還元着色型EC層/イオン導電層/可逆
的電解酸化層/電極層のような5層構造があげられる。
The laminated structure of the ECD in the present invention is not particularly limited, but as the structure of the solid ECD, for example, a four-layer structure such as an electrode layer / EC layer / ion conductive layer / electrode layer, A five-layer structure such as an electrode layer / reduction coloring type EC layer / ion conductive layer / reversible electrolytic oxidation layer / electrode layer can be mentioned.

透明電極の材料としては、例えば、SnO2,In2O3,ITOな
どが使用される。このような電極層は、一般には真空蒸
着,イオンプレーティング,スパッタリングなどの真空
薄膜形成技術で形成される。(還元着色性)EC層として
は一般にWO3,MoO3などが使用される。
As the material of the transparent electrode, for example, SnO2 , In2 O3 , ITO or the like is used. Such an electrode layer is generally formed by a vacuum thin film forming technique such as vacuum deposition, ion plating or sputtering. (Reducing colorability) As the EC layer, WO3 , MoO3 or the like is generally used.

イオン導電層としては、例えば酸化ケイ素,酸化タン
タル,酸化チタン,酸化アルミニウム,酸化ニオブ,酸
化ジルコニウム,酸化ハフニウム,酸化ランタン,フッ
化マグネシウムなどが使用される。これらの物質薄膜は
製造方法により電子に対して絶縁体であるが、プロトン
(H+)およびヒドロキシイオン(OH-)に対しては良導
体となる。EC層の着色消色反応にはカチオンが必要とさ
れ、H+イオンやLi+イオンをEC層その他に含有させる必
要がある。H+イオンは初めからイオンである必要はな
く、電圧が印加されたときにH+イオンが生じればよく、
従ってH+イオンの代わりに水を含有させてもよい。この
水は非常に少なくて十分であり、しばしば、大気中から
自然に浸入する水分でも着消色する。
As the ion conductive layer, for example, silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, lanthanum oxide, magnesium fluoride or the like is used. These material thin film is an insulator for electrons by the production method, a proton (H+) and hydroxy ions- a good conductor for (OH). Cations are required for the color-erasing reaction of the EC layer, and H+ ions and Li+ ions must be contained in the EC layer and others. The H+ ion does not have to be an ion from the beginning, and it suffices if the H+ ion is generated when a voltage is applied,
Therefore, water may be contained instead of H+ ions. This water is very small and sufficient, and often even water that naturally infiltrates from the atmosphere fades.

EC層とイオン導電層とは、どちらを上にしても下にし
てもよい。さらにEC層に対して間にイオン導電層を挾ん
で(場合により酸化着色性EC層ともなる)可逆的電解酸
化層ないし触媒層を配設してもよい。このような層とし
ては、例えば酸化ないし水酸化イリジウム,同じくニッ
ケル,同じくクロム,同じくバナジウム,同じくルテニ
ウム,同じくロジウムなどがあげられる。これらの物質
は、イオン導電層又は透明電極中に分散されていても良
いし、それらを分散していてもよい。不透明な電極層
は、反射層と兼用していてもよく、例えば金,銀,アル
ミニウム,クロム,スズ,亜鉛,ニッケル,ルテニウ
ム,ロジウム,ステンレスなどの金属が使用される。
Either of the EC layer and the ion conductive layer may be on the upper side or the lower side. Further, a reversible electrolytic oxidation layer or a catalyst layer may be arranged with an ion conductive layer sandwiched between the EC layer (which also serves as an oxidation coloring EC layer in some cases). Examples of such a layer include iridium oxide or hydroxide, nickel, chromium, vanadium, ruthenium and rhodium. These substances may be dispersed in the ion conductive layer or the transparent electrode, or may be dispersed therein. The opaque electrode layer may also be used as the reflective layer, and for example, a metal such as gold, silver, aluminum, chromium, tin, zinc, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium or stainless steel is used.

以下、第1図を引用して本発明を実施例により詳細に
説明する。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 1 by way of examples.

(実施例) まず上面と端面との角を面取りした150mm×80mm×3mm
のガラス基板(S)と同一寸法のガラス製封止基板
(G)を用意した。
(Example) First, the corner between the upper surface and the end surface is chamfered 150 mm × 80 mm × 3 mm
A glass-made sealing substrate (G) having the same dimensions as the glass substrate (S) of 1. was prepared.

次に前記ガラス基板(S)の上面に真空蒸着によりIT
O電極層を形成した。このとき、回り込み現象により電
極層は上面から続いて端面にも形成された。
Next, IT is formed on the upper surface of the glass substrate (S) by vacuum deposition.
An O electrode layer was formed. At this time, due to the wraparound phenomenon, the electrode layer was continuously formed from the upper surface to the end surface.

そして、端面に形成されたITO取出し電極部の上に、
ほゞ全体にプラズマ溶射法によりアルミニウムを50μの
厚さに、その後、銅を100μの厚さに形成することによ
り3層構造の取出し電極部を形成した。なお、銅/アル
ミニウムの2層膜の電気抵抗は無視し得るほどに小さか
った。
Then, on the ITO extraction electrode part formed on the end surface,
Aluminum was formed to a thickness of 50 .mu.m on the entire surface by plasma spraying, and then copper was formed to a thickness of 100 .mu.m to form a three-layered extraction electrode portion. The electric resistance of the copper / aluminum two-layer film was so small that it could be ignored.

従って、この金属電極層に外部配線を接続すれば、外
部配線から供給された電荷又は電子は素速く金属電極層
全体に行きわたり、それから面(例えば、帯状の面)接
触しているITO電極に流れるので、ITO電極への電荷又は
電子の供給速度が局部的に片寄ることがない。
Therefore, if external wiring is connected to this metal electrode layer, the charges or electrons supplied from the external wiring will quickly spread to the entire metal electrode layer, and then to the ITO electrode that is in surface (for example, strip-shaped surface) contact. Since they flow, the supply speed of charges or electrons to the ITO electrode does not locally deviate.

端面から上面にまで形成されたITO電極層は、次にホ
トエッチングにより、上部電極(A)用の取出し電極部
と下部電極(B)とに分離した。
The ITO electrode layer formed from the end face to the upper face was then separated by photoetching into an extraction electrode portion for the upper electrode (A) and a lower electrode (B).

その後、酸化イリジウム(酸化スズとの混合物の形
で)層(E),酸化タンタル層(D)及びWO3層(C)
を順に形成した。
Then an iridium oxide (in the form of a mixture with tin oxide) layer (E), a tantalum oxide layer (D) and a WO3 layer (C)
Were sequentially formed.

最後に上部電極(A)としてAlを蒸着し、このとき、
Alは既に基板(S)上に形成された取出し電極部と一端
が接触するようにする(第1図参照)。
Finally, Al is vapor-deposited as the upper electrode (A). At this time,
Al makes one end contact with the extraction electrode part already formed on the substrate (S) (see FIG. 1).

エポキシ樹脂封止材(R)で上面を封止すると共に封
止基板(G)を接着して封止を完了し、本実施例のECD
を作製した。この場合、封止基板(G)は基板(S)と
同一寸法であるために位置決めが極めて容易であり、ま
た封止材が取出し電極部を覆ってしまうこともなかっ
た。
The upper surface is sealed with the epoxy resin sealing material (R) and the sealing substrate (G) is adhered to complete the sealing.
Was produced. In this case, since the sealing substrate (G) has the same size as the substrate (S), positioning was extremely easy, and the sealing material did not cover the extraction electrode portion.

端面に形成された両取出し電極部(面状、低抵抗)に
それぞれ外部配線(LA),(LB)をハンダ付けして、駆
動電源(Su)から着色電圧(+1.35V)を印加すると、
基板(S)側から入射させて波長633nmの光(L)に対
し反射率が15%に減少し(10秒後)、この反射率は電圧
印加を止めても、しばらく保たれた。今度は消色電圧
(−1.35V)を印加すると、同じく反射率は65%に回復
した(10秒後)。
Both extraction electrode portion formed on the end face (planar, low resistance) applied to the respective external wires (LA), and soldered (LB), coloring voltage from the drive power source (Su) a (+ 1.35V) Then,
The reflectance was reduced to 15% with respect to the light (L) having a wavelength of 633 nm upon incidence from the substrate (S) side (after 10 seconds), and this reflectance was maintained for a while even when the voltage application was stopped. When a decoloring voltage (-1.35 V) was applied this time, the reflectance also recovered to 65% (after 10 seconds).

(発明の効果) 以上の通り、本発明によれば、基板表面から基板端面
にかけて成膜した透明電極層のうち、基板端面の透明電
極層上に該基板端面に沿って帯状に成膜した低抵抗材料
層を取り出し電極部として設けたので、表示面積を大
きくとることができ、封止材が取り出し電極部を覆い
にくくなり、基板と同一寸法の封止基板を使用できる
ようになり、そのため封止基板の位置決め作用が容易に
なり、取り出し電極部近くから着消色が起こることが
なくなって均一に着消色し、外部配線の接続が容易に
なる。
(Effects of the Invention) As described above, according to the present invention, of the transparent electrode layers formed from the substrate surface to the substrate end face, a low-strength film is formed on the transparent electrode layer on the substrate end face along the substrate end face. Since the resistance material layer is provided as the extraction electrode portion, a large display area can be obtained, the sealing material does not easily cover the extraction electrode portion, and the sealing substrate having the same size as the substrate can be used. The positioning action of the stop substrate is facilitated, coloration and decoloration does not occur near the extraction electrode portion, and coloration and decoloration are uniformly performed, and the connection of external wiring is facilitated.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

第1図は本発明の一実施例にかかるECDの概略垂直断面
図である。 第2図は従来のECDの概略垂直断面図である。 〔主要部分の符号の説明〕 S……基板 A……上部電極 B……下部電極 C……還元着色性EC層又はWO3層 LA,LB……外部配線 FA,FB……取出し電極部
FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view of an ECD according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic vertical sectional view of a conventional ECD. [Explanation of Signs of Main Parts] S ... Substrate A ... Upper electrode B ... Lower electrode C ... Reduction coloring EC layer or WO3 layer LA , LB ...... External wiring FA , FB ...... Extraction electrode part

Claims (1)

Translated fromJapanese
【特許請求の範囲】[Claims]【請求項1】少なくとも、基板表面から基板端面にかけ
て成膜した透明電極層及び基板上に成膜したエレクトロ
クロミック層を有するエレクトロクロミック素子に於い
て、 前記基板端面に成膜した透明電極層上に該基板端面に沿
って帯状に成膜した低抵抗材料層を取り出し電極部とし
て設けたことを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック素子。
1. An electrochromic device having at least a transparent electrode layer formed from the surface of a substrate to an end face of the substrate and an electrochromic layer formed on the substrate, wherein the transparent electrode layer is formed on the end face of the substrate. An electrochromic device comprising a low-resistance material layer formed in a strip shape along the end face of the substrate as an extraction electrode portion.
JP61183860A1986-08-041986-08-04 EC device with extraction electrodes on the end faceExpired - LifetimeJPH0820648B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application NumberPriority DateFiling DateTitle
JP61183860AJPH0820648B2 (en)1986-08-041986-08-04 EC device with extraction electrodes on the end face

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application NumberPriority DateFiling DateTitle
JP61183860AJPH0820648B2 (en)1986-08-041986-08-04 EC device with extraction electrodes on the end face

Publications (2)

Publication NumberPublication Date
JPS6338923A JPS6338923A (en)1988-02-19
JPH0820648B2true JPH0820648B2 (en)1996-03-04

Family

ID=16143088

Family Applications (1)

Application NumberTitlePriority DateFiling Date
JP61183860AExpired - LifetimeJPH0820648B2 (en)1986-08-041986-08-04 EC device with extraction electrodes on the end face

Country Status (1)

CountryLink
JP (1)JPH0820648B2 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
JP2567786Y2 (en)*1989-07-041998-04-02株式会社ニコン Electrochromic device
JP2505006Y2 (en)*1989-07-031996-07-24株式会社ニコン Electrochromic device
US5187607A (en)*1989-03-131993-02-16Nikon CorporationElectrochromic device with low resistance electrical connections
EP1333316A4 (en)*2000-11-102004-04-07Murakami CorpSolid state electrochromic element and mirror device and crt display comprising it

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
JPS60173923U (en)*1984-04-271985-11-18日産自動車株式会社 electrochromic device
JPS6150120A (en)*1984-08-181986-03-12Nippon Kogaku Kk <Nikon>Production of dazzle preventing mirror

Also Published As

Publication numberPublication date
JPS6338923A (en)1988-02-19

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