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JP4777489B2 - Nitrosylation to inactivate apoptotic enzymes - Google Patents

Nitrosylation to inactivate apoptotic enzymes
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JP4777489B2
JP4777489B2JP54191598AJP54191598AJP4777489B2JP 4777489 B2JP4777489 B2JP 4777489B2JP 54191598 AJP54191598 AJP 54191598AJP 54191598 AJP54191598 AJP 54191598AJP 4777489 B2JP4777489 B2JP 4777489B2
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スチュアート エイ. リプトン
キャロル エム. トロイ
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本出願は、1997年3月31日に提出された仮出願第60/042,144号による利益を請求するものである。
発明の背景
本出願は、アポトーシスを特徴とする疾患の治療の一般的分野におけるものである。
アポトーシスは、自然発生においてのみならず、増殖因子欠乏および活性酸素種に対する曝露などの特定の傷害に伴う多くの組織の疾患においても生じるプログラム細胞死である。アポトーシスは、例えば筋萎縮性側索硬化症、ハンチントン病、アルツハイマー病およびAIDS痴呆などの慢性神経変性疾患のほか、急性焦点性脳梗塞の半影部(penumbra)において、および脊髄損傷もしくは他の形態の中枢神経系外傷後に関与する(シュワルツ(Schwartz)およびミリガン(Milligan)、Trends in Neurosci. 19:555〜562(1996))。
インターロイキン1β変換酵素(ICE)に関連するシステインプロテアーゼのファミリーは、一般にアポトーシスに不可欠であることが明らかになっている。パテール(Patel)ら、FASEB. J. 10:587〜797(1996)、シュワルツ(Schwartz)およびミリガン(Milligan)、Trends in Neurosci. 19:555〜562(1996)、トロイ(Troy)ら、Proc. Nat’l Acad. Sci.(USA)93:5635〜5640(1996)。現在、カスパーゼという用語は、一般にこのICEファミリーの酵素を指して用いられる(アルネムリ(Alnemri)ら、Cell 87:171(1996))。カスパーゼに特徴的である保存されたシステイン含有配列が、その活性に不可欠である(パテール(Patel)ら、FASEB. J. 10:587〜797(1996))。既知のすべてのカスパーゼ酵素に関して、この配列はQACRGである。パテール(Patel)ら、FASEB. J. 10:587〜797(1996)。神経細胞様細胞系(PC12細胞)を増殖因子欠乏または活性酸素種へ曝露することによって誘発されるアポトーシス様神経細胞死プロセスは、この重要配列を含む天然基質(IQACRG)の断片である偽カスパーゼ酵素(pseudo-caspase enzyme)によって改善させることが可能であり、天然基質と複合体を形成することによってそれをカスパーゼによる分解から保護すると考えられている(トロイ(Troy)ら、Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci.(USA)93:5635〜5640(1996))。
発明の概要
S-ニトロシル化(一酸化窒素[NO]種がカスパーゼの重要なシステインスルフヒドリル基[RS]と反応してRS-NOが生じる反応)は、カスパーゼ活性を阻害し、それによってアポトーシスを改善させる。この種の阻害は、神経および非神経組織の両方ならびに眼組織および非眼組織を問わず全身で起こる。したがって、本発明の1つの面は、カスパーゼ活性を低下させる有効な量でS-ニトロシル化化合物を患者に投与することによって、アポトーシスを特徴とする疾患を治療する方法を特徴とする。
本発明のもう1つの面は、神経学的、眼科学的およびその他のすべてのアポトーシス性適応症を治療するためのカスパーゼ偽酵素の使用を特徴とする。具体的には、軽度の興奮毒性損傷によって誘発される大脳皮質ニューロンのアポトーシス様神経細胞死は[Bonfocoら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(USA)92:7162〜7166(1995)を参照のこと]、偽カスパーゼ酵素−配列QACRGを含むペプチド、特にIQACRGを含むもの、および最も特定すればIQACRGそれ自体−によって改善されうる。これらのペプチドはアンテナペディア配列(参照として本明細書に組み入れられる前記のTroyらを参照のこと)と結合させてもよく、または血液脳関門を介した輸送および/もしくはニューロン内への移行を促進するためにリポソーム中に封入してもよい。
なお、アポトーシス性適応症の治療のためにこの2つのアプローチ(ニトロシル化療法および偽カスパーゼ療法)を組み合わせることもできる。
好ましい態様の説明
本発明に従って治療しうる非神経細胞性の医学的適応症には以下のものがある:リンパ球疾患を含む自己免疫疾患、全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)、慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の滑膜細胞、線維芽細胞(強皮症)、造血障害、アテローム性動脈硬化、肝胆汁性疾患を含む細胞死に伴う胃腸疾患、細胞媒介性細胞傷害、薬物および化学物質中毒、発癌、ウイルス性疾患、AIDSに伴うT細胞欠乏、酸化的ストレス、糸球体腎炎、嚢胞性腎疾患、尿細管損傷、心筋虚血または梗塞、糖尿病性腎症、シャーガス病、多発性嚢胞腎、低細胞性末期腎疾患、糖尿病に伴う腎疾患、シェーグレン症候群、劇症肝炎(B型およびC型肝炎)、赤血球障害、赤血球増加症、サラセミア、葉酸、ビタミンB12、鉄の欠乏症、グルコース-6-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼの異常、骨髄障害、脊髄形成異常および慢性炎症性疾患。
神経細胞性の医学的適応症には、パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、神経系の自己免疫性炎症、多発性硬化症、脱髄疾患、自己免疫性脳脊髄炎、てんかん重積持続状態およびその他の発作性疾患、神経性機械的外傷、低酸素症、低血糖症および虚血、視神経障害、緑内障、AIDS痴呆、脳卒中、神経障害性疼痛、ハンチントン病、代謝異常(ホモシスチン血症を含む)、トゥレット症候群、および薬物嗜癖、薬物耐性または薬物依存による離脱症状が含まれる。
本発明に係る治療を奏効させるために用いうるS-ニトロシル化療法には、アポトーシス性障害または損傷の抑制を目的として哺乳動物に投与されると十分な量のNO(NO+等価物またはNO-供与体などの関連した酸化還元分子種である可能性が最も高い)を生じるあらゆる化合物が含まれる。便宜上、本発明者は、上記のNO関連酸化還元分子種(例えば、RS-NO、NO+等価物、またはNO-)または生理的に許容しうるその塩を生成する化合物を含めるために、やや正確性が落ちる「NO生成性化合物」という用語も用いる。
特定の化合物がカスパーゼをニトロシル化する能力の確認は、以下に提供する実験によって達成しうる。
2つの好ましい化合物(ニトログリセリンおよびニトロプルシドナトリウム)には、ヒトに安全に投与しうるとの実績(すなわち、心血管疾患に対する治療に関して)が証明されているという利点がある。本発明の方法に用いうるその他のニトロソ化合物には以下のものが含まれる:硝酸イソソルビド(イソルジル)、S-ニトロソカプトプリル(SNOCAP)、一酸化窒素結合性血清アルブミン(「SA-NO」)、一酸化窒素結合性カテプシン(カテプシン-NO)、NO結合性組織プラスミノゲンアクチベーター(tPA-NO)、Fe2+-ニトロシル複合体を含むSIN-1(またはモルシドミン)陽イオン-ニトロシル複合体、ニコランジル、S-ニトロソグルタチオン、NOと結合したメナンチンなどのエナメル質誘導体(本明細書に参照として組み入れられる米国特許第5,614,650号を参照のこと)、S-ニトロソシステインを含むS-ニトロソチオール類、ピロロキノリンキノン(PQQ)、PQQのエステル誘導体、もしくはユビキノンを含むキノン類、シドノイミン類(sydnonimines)、または以下の式で表されるNONOエート(NONO ate):
X-[N(O)NO]-
(式中Xは、アミンならびにα-リポ酸(チオクト酸およびその光学異性体)ジヒドロリポ酸塩、グルタチオン、アスコルビン酸塩またはビタミンEなどのNOによって生じるものと類似した酸化カスケードを生じる試薬を含む任意の求核基)。または、NO供与体が、ピローティ酸、アンジェリ塩(Oxi-NO)またはsulfi-NOなどのニトロキシル(NO-)生成性物質(generator)であってもよい。一般的には、本明細書に参照として組み入れられるフェーリッシュ(Feelisch)およびスタムラー(Stamler)、一酸化窒素研究法(Methods in Nitric Oxide Research)、Wiley and Sons、Chichester、UK(1996)、pp71〜115の第7章に記載されたNO化合物の一覧を参照されたい。特定の理論に拘束されることを望むものではないが、種々の酸化還元形態のNO基は、カスパーゼの活性部位にある重要なシステインを置換するかそれと反応して酵素機能を抑制し、このためアポトーシスに対する保護をもたらす。
上記のいずれかのニトロソ化合物を、NOの生成および維持を促進する他の酸化還元化合物と結合させることもできる。例えば、直接的NO生成性物質をピロロキノリンキノン(PQQ)(米国特許第5,091,391号参照)またはPQQの誘導体エステル、またはユビキチンなどの他のキノン類と結合させることができる。
NOに細胞膜まで輸送されてそれを通過する能力があることが、本発明に係る治療を容易にする。
本発明者の以前の米国特許である米国特許第5,455,279号は、NO化合物の望ましくない心血管副作用(例えば低血圧)に対する耐性を、その望ましい保護作用を失うことなく形成しうることを開示している。それによれば、アポトーシスに対する保護能をもつニトロソ化合物を、患者の血圧を実質的に低下させない用量レベルから開始し、その後で抗アポトーシス効果を達成するために望ましいより高い用量レベルに徐々に増やすようにして、長期間にわたり徐々に用量を増やしながら連続投与することが可能である。この、後での用量レベルは、投薬経験のない患者の血圧を実質的に低下させる程度には十分に高いが、その患者ではすでに耐性が達成されているため、化合物の血圧低下作用は認容しうるレベルまで減少する。
ニトログリセリンなどのNO供与体の血圧低下作用を打ち消すための1つの代替的な方法は、フェニレフリン、ドーパミンまたはヨヒンビンなどの試薬であるNO供与性化合物を同時投与することである。例えばマー(Ma)ら、Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20:826〜836(1992)を参照のこと。これらの試薬は、薬物に応じて非経口的(例えばIV)に投与してもよく、経口的に投与してもよい。
ニトログリセリンを、上記に参照した本発明者の米国特許第5,455,279号で詳細に説明されているような経皮パッチによって投与することもできる。または、カスパーゼのニトロシル化に対する作用を保持したままで心血管耐性を誘導するために、通常は8〜12時間毎に投与される硝酸イソソルビドSR錠などの持効性硝酸製剤を、より高頻度(例えば4時間毎)に投与することもできる。また、NOとスーパーオキシドアニオン(O2-)との反応による過酸化亜硝酸塩の形成を抑えることによって毒性を制限するために、スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ(SOD)、カタラーゼ、またはその両方を投与することも有用である。
薬学的担体(例えば生理食塩水)を用いて、化合物を薬学的製剤中に含めることもできる。治療用混合物の厳密な製剤形態は投与経路によって決まる。好ましくは、化合物は経口または静脈注射により投与されるが、舌下により、鼻内噴霧により、経皮パッチにより、皮下に、心室内に(intraventricularly)、硝子体内に、または軟膏により投与することもできる。好ましい化合物であるニトログリセリンまたはその誘導体(例えば医科向け医薬品便覧(Physician’s Desk Reference)(1997)に冠血管拡張薬またはニトログリセリンもしくはニトログリセリン静脈注射剤として記載されているもの、ならびに一硝酸イソソルビド、硝酸イソソルビド、ニトログリセリン舌下錠、ミニトラン(Minitran)、NT-1、ニオトロコール(Niotrocor)、ニトロダーム(Nitroderm)、ニトロディスク(Nitrodisc)、ニトロ-ドゥール(Nitro-dur)、ニトロドゥールII(Nitro-Dur II)、ニトロフィルム(Nitrofilm)、ニトロガード(Nitrogard)、ニトログリン(Nitroglin)、ニトロペン(Nitropen)、トリジール(Tridil)および硝酸6-クロロ-2-ピリジルメチルを含む、市販されているそのようなすべての製剤を含む)は、0.01mg〜60mg/日で分割投与される。ニトロプルシドナトリウム−Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]-2H2O(Elkins-Sinn, Inc.、Cherry Hill NJ製)、ニプライド(Nipride)(Roche、Nutley、NJ製)またはその他の製剤−は0.5〜10μg/分で静脈内投与される。
本明細書に記載されるアッセイによって有効な保護剤(protective agent)であることが決定された化合物は、細胞障害を軽減するために適した用量で上記のように投与される。一般に、この種の化合物は0.01mg〜60mg/日の範囲の用量で、より好ましくは0.1〜5mg/日の用量で投与される。
当業者は、至適用量の決定に役立つその他の因子があることを理解するであろう。例えば、NO抱合型薬物については、非抱合型薬物に関して用いられる用量(例えば、tPAでは0.35〜1.08mg/kgおよび一般的には≦0.9mg/kgの用量)が有用なNO抱合薬の用量の予測値となる。投薬は分割してもよい。NOまたは関連した酸化還元分子種の脳内レベルを1nMから500μMまでに維持することが望ましい。治療は必要に応じて反復しうる。
神経細胞療法に関しては、中枢神経系(CNS)内への吸収性ならびにSODおよび/またはカタラーゼの有効性を高めるためにポリエチレングリコール(PEG)が用いられる。蛋白質結合型のカワラタケ(Coriolus versicolor)多糖QUELで「PS-K」と呼ばれるSOD擬似薬(mimic)も、特にCNS吸収を高めるためにPEGともに用いた場合には、経口的または非経口的投与経路により有効であると思われ、このような擬似薬は本発明のこの面におけるSODの代わりに用いうる。カリヤ(Kariya)ら、Mol. Biother. 4:40〜46(1992)およびリュウ(Liu)ら、(1989)Am. J. Physiol. 256:589〜593を参照のこと。
実施例
実施例1
本発明者らは、カスパーゼ[例えば、CPP32(カスパーゼ-3、Alnemriら)およびICE(カスパーゼ-1)]のS-ニトロシル化により、それらが基質PARP[ポリ(ADP-リボース)ポリメラーゼ]を切断する能力が阻害されることを示している。神経細胞およびその他の細胞培養物におけるカスパーゼ活性の蛍光発生アッセイにより、外因性または内因性のNO種によるS-ニトロシル化によって酵素活性が阻害され、このためアポトーシスが予防されることが判明した。
カスパーゼにおける重要なシステイン(ペプチドICARG中に存在する)のニトロシル化は、当業者に周知であるサビル反応(Saville reaction)によって証明しうる(フェーリッシュ(Feelish)およびスタムラー(Stamler)、上記に引用、第36章、p.527)。
本発明者らは細胞毒性実験で、内因性NOによってHEK-293-nNOS細胞におけるカスパーゼ誘発性アポトーシスが阻害されることを示した。nNOSを過剰発現するHEK-293細胞[Bredtら、Nature 351:714〜719(1991)]に対して、リン酸カルシウム沈殿法を用いてmICE-lacZ(カスパーゼ-1構築物[Miuraら、Cell 75:653〜660(1993)]を含む)または対照placZによる一時的トランスフェクションを行った。トランスフェクションの後、4-Br-A23187の非存在下(0μM)または6μMの存在下で、細胞を48時間インキュベートした。続いて細胞を透過化処理し、固定し、ヨウ化プロピジウムで染色した。12以上のフィールドでアポトーシス性の核を計数し、結果を核全体に占める比率として表現した。結果は図1に示している。値は、少なくとも2回の実験によるn≧3に関しての平均±SEMである。フィッシャーの保護最小有意差事後的検定(Fisher’s protected least significance difference post-hoc test)により、カスパーゼ-1トランスフェクションおよびCa2+を上昇させるための4-Br-A23187曝露の後にHEK-293-nNOS細胞のアポトーシスが有意に減少し、このことからnNOSがNOを生成するように活性化されたことが示された(P≦0.007)。
実施例2
図2は、偽カスパーゼ酵素IQACRG(「VICE」)が、興奮毒N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸(NMDA)およびグリシン(NMDA受容体共アゴニスト(co-agonist))によって誘発されるアポトーシスを明らかに抑制することを示す1つの特定の実験の結果を示している。アンテナペディアペプチド(細胞膜を介しての移行を可能にするシグナル配列)との結合により、VICEの細胞内への移行が促進されたことが注目される。また、NMDA受容体がグルタミン酸受容体のサブタイプであり、これは過度に興奮すると神経障害を引き起こすことにも留意されたい。200nM VICEによるNMDA誘発性(300μM NMDA/5μMグリシン)神経細胞アポトーシスの抑制は有意であった。
これらの所見は、カスパーゼのS-ニトロシル化によってアポトーシスが阻害されるという本発明者らの結論を裏づけるものである。カスパーゼの活性部位を含む偽酵素IQACRGもアポトーシスを妨げる。この2つの組み合わせは相乗的である。
配列表

Figure 0004777489
This application claims the benefit of provisional application 60 / 042,144 filed March 31, 1997.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This application is in the general field of treatment of diseases characterized by apoptosis.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that occurs not only in naturally occurring but also in many tissue diseases associated with certain injuries such as growth factor deficiency and exposure to reactive oxygen species. Apoptosis is a chronic neurodegenerative disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and AIDS dementia, as well as in the penumbra of acute focal cerebral infarction, and spinal cord injury or other forms Is involved after central nervous system trauma (Schwartz and Milligan, Trends in Neurosci. 19: 555-562 (1996)).
A family of cysteine proteases related to interleukin 1β converting enzyme (ICE) has been shown to be generally essential for apoptosis. Patel et al., FASEB. J. 10: 587-797 (1996), Schwartz and Milligan, Trends in Neurosci. 19: 555-562 (1996), Troy et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. (USA) 93: 5635-5640 (1996). Currently, the term caspase is generally used to refer to this ICE family of enzymes (Alnemri et al., Cell 87: 171 (1996)). A conserved cysteine-containing sequence characteristic of caspases is essential for its activity (Patel et al., FASEB. J. 10: 587-797 (1996)). For all known caspase enzymes, this sequence is QACRG. Patel et al., FASEB. J. 10: 587-797 (1996). The apoptotic neuronal death process induced by exposing neuronal cell-like cell lines (PC12 cells) to growth factor deficiency or reactive oxygen species is a pseudo-caspase enzyme that is a fragment of the natural substrate (IQACRG) containing this critical sequence (Pseudo-caspase enzyme) and is believed to protect it from caspase degradation by forming a complex with the natural substrate (Troy et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. (USA) 93: 5635-5640 (1996)).
Summary of the Invention
S-nitrosylation (a reaction in which nitric oxide [NO] species react with the key cysteine sulfhydryl group [RS] of caspase to produce RS-NO) inhibits caspase activity and thereby improves apoptosis. This type of inhibition occurs throughout the body regardless of both neural and non-neural tissues as well as ocular and non-ocular tissues. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention features a method of treating a disease characterized by apoptosis by administering to a patient an S-nitrosylated compound in an effective amount that reduces caspase activity.
Another aspect of the invention features the use of caspase pseudoenzymes to treat neurological, ophthalmological and all other apoptotic indications. Specifically, apoptotic neuronal death in cerebral cortical neurons induced by mild excitotoxic injury [see Bonfoco et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 92: 7162-7166 (1995) That can be improved by pseudo-caspase enzymes-peptides containing the sequence QACRG, in particular those containing IQACRG, and most particularly IQACRG itself. These peptides may be conjugated to the Antennapedia sequence (see above, Troy et al., Incorporated herein by reference) or promote transport through the blood brain barrier and / or translocation into neurons. For this purpose, it may be encapsulated in liposomes.
It is also possible to combine these two approaches (nitrosylation therapy and pseudo-caspase therapy) for the treatment of apoptotic indications.
Description of preferred embodiments Non-neuronal medical indications that can be treated according to the present invention include: autoimmune diseases including lymphocyte disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial cells, fibroblasts (scleroderma), hematopoietic disorders, atherosclerosis, gastrointestinal diseases associated with cell death including hepatobiliary disease, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, drug and chemical addiction, carcinogenesis , Viral disease, T cell deficiency associated with AIDS, oxidative stress, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, tubular injury, myocardial ischemia or infarction, diabetic nephropathy, Chagas disease, polycystic kidney disease, low cells End-stage renal disease, kidney disease associated with diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, fulminant hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), erythrocyte disorder, erythrocytosis, thalassemia, folic acid, vitamin B12, iron deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate Dehide Abnormalities Genaze, bone marrow disorders, myelodysplasia, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Neuronal medical indications include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, nervous system autoimmune inflammation, multiple sclerosis, demyelinating disease, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, epilepsy Intussusception and other seizure disorders, neurological mechanical trauma, hypoxia, hypoglycemia and ischemia, optic neuropathy, glaucoma, AIDS dementia, stroke, neuropathic pain, Huntington's disease, metabolic disorders (homomocystin ), Tourette syndrome, and withdrawal symptoms due to drug addiction, drug resistance or drug dependence.
The S-nitrosylation therapy that can be used to effect the treatment according to the present invention includes a sufficient amount of NO (NO+ equivalent or NO when administered to a mammal for the purpose of suppressing apoptotic disorders or damage. Any compound that produces the most likely related redox molecular species such as a donor) is included. For convenience, the inventor has somewhat to include a compound that produces the above NO-related redox molecular species (eg, RS-NO, NO+ equivalent, or NO ) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof. The term “NO-generating compound” that reduces accuracy is also used.
Confirmation of the ability of a particular compound to nitrosylate caspases can be accomplished by the experiments provided below.
The two preferred compounds (nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside) have the advantage of proven track record (ie for treatment against cardiovascular disease) that they can be safely administered to humans. Other nitroso compounds that can be used in the methods of the present invention include: isosorbide nitrate (isoludyl), S-nitrosocaptopril (SNOCAP), nitric oxide-binding serum albumin (“SA-NO”), mono Nitric oxide-binding cathepsin (cathepsin-NO), NO-binding tissue plasminogen activator (tPA-NO), SIN-1 (or molsidomine) cation-nitrosyl complex including Fe2+ -nitrosyl complex, nicorandil, S -Nitrosoglutathione, enamel derivatives such as menantine linked to NO (see US Pat. No. 5,614,650, incorporated herein by reference), S-nitrosothiols including S-nitrosocysteine, pyrroloquinoline quinone ( PQQ), ester derivatives of PQQ, quinones containing ubiquinone, sydnonimines, or NONO benzoate represented by the formula (NONO ate):
X- [N (O) NO]-
(Where X is an amine and any reagent that produces an oxidative cascade similar to that produced by NO, such as α-lipoic acid (thioctic acid and its optical isomers) dihydrolipoate, glutathione, ascorbate or vitamin E) Nucleophilic groups). Alternatively, the NO donor may be a nitroxyl (NO ) generator such as pyrotic acid, Angeli salt (Oxi-NO) or sulfi-NO. In general, Feelisch and Stamler, Methods in Nitric Oxide Research, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK (1996), pp71- See the list of NO compounds described in Chapter 7 of 115. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, various redox forms of the NO group replace or react with important cysteines in the active site of caspases, thereby inhibiting enzyme function. Provides protection against apoptosis.
Any of the above nitroso compounds can be combined with other redox compounds that promote the production and maintenance of NO. For example, a direct NO-generating substance can be conjugated with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) (see US Pat. No. 5,091,391) or a derivative ester of PQQ, or other quinones such as ubiquitin.
The ability of NO to be transported to and through the cell membrane facilitates treatment according to the present invention.
Our previous US patent, US Pat. No. 5,455,279, discloses that resistance to undesirable cardiovascular side effects (eg, hypotension) of NO compounds can be formed without losing its desirable protective effects. Yes. According to it, nitroso compounds with the ability to protect against apoptosis are started at dose levels that do not substantially reduce the patient's blood pressure and then gradually increased to higher dose levels desirable to achieve an anti-apoptotic effect. Therefore, it can be administered continuously while gradually increasing the dose over a long period of time. This later dose level is high enough to substantially reduce the blood pressure of a patient who has not taken medication, but tolerance has already been achieved in that patient, and the blood pressure lowering effect of the compound is acceptable. Decrease to a possible level.
One alternative method to counteract the blood pressure lowering effects of NO donors such as nitroglycerin is to co-administer NO donor compounds that are reagents such as phenylephrine, dopamine or yohimbine. See, for example, Ma et al., Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20: 826-836 (1992). Depending on the drug, these reagents may be administered parenterally (eg, IV) or may be administered orally.
Nitroglycerin can also be administered by a transdermal patch as described in detail in the above referenced US Pat. No. 5,455,279. Or, in order to induce cardiovascular resistance while maintaining the effect on nitrosylation of caspases, longer-acting nitric acid preparations such as isosorbide nitrate SR tablets, which are usually administered every 8-12 hours, are more frequently used ( For example, every 4 hours). Further, NO and superoxide anion (O2-) to limit the toxicity by suppressing the formation of peroxide nitrite by reaction with, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, or be administered both Useful.
The compound can also be included in a pharmaceutical formulation using a pharmaceutical carrier (eg, saline). The exact formulation of the therapeutic mixture will depend on the route of administration. Preferably, the compound is administered orally or intravenously, but may also be administered sublingually, by nasal spray, by transdermal patch, subcutaneously, intraventricularly, intravitreally, or by ointment. it can. Preferred compounds, such as nitroglycerin or its derivatives (such as those described as coronary vasodilators or nitroglycerin or nitroglycerin intravenous injections in the Physician's Desk Reference (1997)), as well as isosorbide mononitrate, nitric acid Isosorbide, Nitroglycerin Sublingual Tablet, Minitran, NT-1, Niotrocor, Nitroderm, Nitrodisc, Nitro-dur, Nitro-Dur II ), Nitrofilm, Nitrogard, Nitroglin, Nitropen, Tridil and all such commercially available 6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate (Including the formulation) is administered in divided doses from 0.01 mg to 60 mg / day. Sodium nitroprusside-Na 2 [Fe (CN) 5 NO] -2H 2 O (Elkins-Sinn, Inc., manufactured by Cherry Hill NJ), Nipuraido (Nipride) (Roche, Nutley, Ltd. NJ) or other formulations - 0.5 Intravenously administered at ˜10 μg / min.
Compounds that have been determined to be effective protective agents by the assays described herein are administered as described above at dosages suitable to alleviate cellular damage. In general, such compounds are administered at doses ranging from 0.01 mg to 60 mg / day, more preferably at doses from 0.1 to 5 mg / day.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that there are other factors that can help determine the optimal dose. For example, for NO-conjugated drugs, the doses used for non-conjugated drugs (eg, 0.35-1.08 mg / kg and generally <0.9 mg / kg for tPA) are useful doses of NO-conjugated drugs. Predicted value. Dosing may be divided. It is desirable to maintain brain levels of NO or related redox molecular species from 1 nM to 500 μM. Treatment can be repeated as needed.
For neuronal cell therapy, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used to enhance absorption into the central nervous system (CNS) and the effectiveness of SOD and / or catalase. The SOD mimetic (mimic) called "PS-K" in the protein-bound Kawariotake polysaccharide (Coriolus versicolor) polysaccharide QUEL is also used orally or parenterally, especially when used with PEG to enhance CNS absorption Such mimetics can be used in place of SOD in this aspect of the invention. See Kariya et al., Mol. Biother. 4: 40-46 (1992) and Liu et al. (1989) Am. J. Physiol. 256: 589-593.
Example
Example 1
We cleave the substrate PARP [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase] by S-nitrosylation of caspases [eg, CPP32 (caspase-3, Alnemri et al.) And ICE (caspase-1)]. It shows that ability is inhibited. Fluorogenic assays for caspase activity in neuronal cells and other cell cultures have shown that S-nitrosylation by exogenous or endogenous NO species inhibits enzyme activity, thus preventing apoptosis.
Nitrosylation of key cysteines (present in peptide ICARG) in caspases can be demonstrated by the Saville reaction well known to those skilled in the art (Feelish and Stamler, cited above, Chapter 36, p.527).
In a cytotoxicity experiment, the inventors have shown that endogenous NO inhibits caspase-induced apoptosis in HEK-293-nNOS cells. For HEK-293 cells overexpressing nNOS [Bredt et al., Nature 351: 714-719 (1991)], mICE-lacZ (caspase-1 construct [Miura et al., Cell 75: 653- 660 (1993)) or control placZ. Following transfection, cells were incubated for 48 hours in the absence of 4-Br-A23187 (0 μM) or in the presence of 6 μM. Cells were subsequently permeabilized, fixed and stained with propidium iodide. Apoptotic nuclei were counted in more than 12 fields and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total nuclei. The results are shown in FIG. Values are mean ± SEM for n ≧ 3 from at least 2 experiments. HEK-293-nNOS cells after caspase-1 transfection and 4-Br-A23187 exposure to increase Ca2+ by Fisher's protected least significance difference post-hoc test Apoptosis was significantly reduced, indicating that nNOS was activated to produce NO (P ≦ 0.007).
Example 2
Figure 2 demonstrates that the pseudo-caspase enzyme IQACRG (“VICE”) induces apoptosis induced by excitotoxins N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glycine (NMDA receptor co-agonist) The results of one particular experiment showing inhibition are shown. It is noted that the binding to Antennapedia peptide (a signal sequence that allows translocation across the cell membrane) facilitated translocation of VICE into the cell. It should also be noted that the NMDA receptor is a subtype of glutamate receptor, which causes neuropathy when overexcited. Inhibition of NMDA-induced (300 μM NMDA / 5 μM glycine) neuronal apoptosis by 200 nM VICE was significant.
These observations support our conclusion that caspase S-nitrosylation inhibits apoptosis. The pseudoenzyme IQACRG, which contains the active site of caspase, also prevents apoptosis. The combination of the two is synergistic.
Sequence listing
Figure 0004777489

Claims (2)

Translated fromJapanese
配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列(QACRG)または配列番号2に記載のアミノ酸配列(IQACRG)からなるペプチドからなり、硝子体内に投与されることを特徴とする、緑内障または視神経障害の治療用組成物。A composition for treatingglaucoma or optic neuropathy ,comprising a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence (QACRG) described in SEQ ID NO: 1 or the amino acid sequence (IQACRG) described in SEQ ID NO: 2, and administered into the vitreous .治療用組成物が、リポソームを含む、請求項1記載の治療用組成物。The therapeutic composition of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic composition comprises a liposome.
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