(54) IMPROVEMENTS IN THE INJECTION MOULDING OFLENSES(71) I, HERMANN PAUL WEBER, aCanadian dtisen of 5506 Beckford Avenue, Tarzan, California 91356, United States ofAmerica, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The invention relates to the molding of lenses.
There have been several attempts, in the prior art, to mold ophthalmic lenses. One such method and apparatus is shown in U.S. LettersPatent 2,473,588. In accordance with the teachings of this patent, blanks are first proW duced by cutting or grinding. Following the fabrication of the blanks, the blanks are then compression molded to the desired optical shape. In other prior art teachings, blanks are formed by injection molding techniques, and then through compression molding formed into their final shape. In one instance a prow tective coating is placed on the blanks, prior to compression molding to their final shape.
(See U.S. Letters Patent 3,862,261, Columns 9 and 10).
One problem inherent in injection molding a minus or negative lens is a single injection molding operation is that the plastics flow within the cavity defining the lens tends to first flow to the thicker, outer portion of the cavity, and then finally flow through the thinner center portion. At the seam where the flow from the outer portion of the cavity meets, a knit line often occurs making the resultant lens unusable, or requiring substantial polishing or compression molding. This problem is particularly acute for lenses whichare thinner in their center, such as a concavelens used to correct myopia (minus lenses).
This conventional plastics flow, and the resultant knit line, will be discussed in more detailin conjunction with Figures 3a through 3d.
A similar knit line problem associated withplus-lenses occurs.
Another problem associated with the formation of a lens in a single injection moldingoperation is that during the curing of the plastics, shrinkage occurs which results in an uneven and wavy exterior surface on the finished lens blank and bubbles and other imperfections in the interior of the lens cauF ing optical distortions and aberrations unacceptable for prescription lenses and instru- ment lenses.
Ideally, a lens should be produced in a single injection molding operation and as will be seen the presently invented method and apparatus provides for the injection molding of an optical lens which results in a finished lens blank. The finished blank may be thin (approxiTnately one millimeter) at its center so as to result in an optically correct, light weight and aesthetically pleasing eyeglass lens which is shatter proof.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for forming an optical lens blank in an injection moulding apparatus, the method comprising injecting into a shallow cavity, by way of its edge, a molten plastics until the plastics has filed the cavity and reducing the size of the cavity to that corresponding to the dimensions of the lens blank, to cause a portion of the molten plastics to flow from the cavity.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for m- jection moulding a lens, the apparatus cotnprising a housing, a pair of dies disposed within the housing, the housing and the dies defining a cavity and the dies being mounted for movement relative to each other within the housing such that the volume of the cavity is variable, inlet means for injecting the plastics into the cavity, the inlet means com- municating with the cavity, at least one overflow of plastics from the cavity, the overflow pocket or pockets communicating with the cavity, and compression means coupled to at least one of the dies for sequentially reducing the volume of the cavity and for applying pressure to the plastics in the cavity after the plastics is injected into the cavity to transferplastics from the cavity into the overflow pocket or pockets.
This apparatus and method eliminates the knit line associated with conventional plastics flow, and furthermore compensates for the shrinkage associated with the curing of the blank. The resultant blank is an optically precise configuration. The process and apparatus is suitable for both plus and minus lenses.
A particular form of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a perspective view of a finished blank produced in accordance with the present invention with a cut-away section used to illustrate the thinner center of the blank.
Figure 2 illustrates the finished blank d Figure 1 hung on a hanger which hanger is formed concurrently with the molding of the finished blank.
Figures 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d illustrate conventional plastics flow, and the formation of a knit line associated with such flow. These figures are used to discuss the prior art poob- lems associated with the fabrication of a finished blank in a single injection molding operation.
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an injection molding apparatus built in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 5 is a plan view illustrating the cavity defined by the dies or optical inserts of the apparatus of Figure 4 taken through section line 5-5 of Figure 4.
Figure 6 is an additional cross-sectional view of the apparatus of Figure 4 taken through the angled section line 6-6 of Figure 5. This view is utilized to particularly illu strata one of the transfer or overflow pockets.
Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of the apparatus of Figure 1 taken through the angled section line 7-7 of Figure 5, and particularly illustrates the ejection pins.
The illustrated apparatus ms for fabricating a finished optical blank which blank may be utilized for eyeglasses, or the like. The resultant finished blank requires little, or no, polishing and the blank may be readily cut or edged to any desired peripheral shape such that the lens may engage an eyeglass frame, instrument, or the like.
Before describing the illustrated embodi- ment, the problems associated with injection molding a lens will be described in order that the present invention be more readily understood. Referring first to Figure 3a a cavity 29 of an injection molding apparatus is illustrated which includes an inlet 28. The injected molten plastics 35 is illustrated as the plastics first enters the cavity 29. Assume for sake of discussion that the lens being fabricated within cavity 29 has a thinner center 33, such center being thinner than the outer edge of the lens. As the plastics 35 enters the cavity 29 it tends to flow to the outer perimeter of the cavity 29, since the cavity is thicker in this region. In Figure 3b the plastics 35 is again illustrated as it continues to fill the cavity 29. As may be seen in this figure, the plastics 35 does not immediately flow into the thinner center 33 of the cavity 29 but rather continues to advance about the outer rim of the cavity. In Figure 3c the continued flow od the plastics 35 is illustrated, however, in this figure as may be seen, the plastics has flowed through the thinner center of the lens. As the plastics meets within the thinner center of the cavity a knit line 31 develops at the seam along which the flow meets. In Figure 3d the cavity is illustrated completely filled with the plastics 35, and the knit line 31 which is inherent in conventional plastics flow (for any cavity having a thin center) is illustrated. This knit line prevents the use of the resultant blank as an optical lens without additional treatment, such as compression molding or polishing.
As will be seen the illustrated embodiment through the use of overflow pockets, and through the use of movable optical insertsprevents the formation of this knit line, particularly for lenses which are thinner in their center.
Before describing the apparatus a brief description of the finished blank 10 of Figure 1, will be given since it will be helpful in understanding the apparatus. The finished blank 10 includes a lens area 11 which is edged to any appropriate shape, such as a shape required to fit an eyeglass frame. Disposed about the exterior of the lens area 11 is the annular rim 12 which is used to eject the blanks. The inlet runner or sprue 23 shows the flow of the molten plastics as it enters the cavity defining the blank 10. In the presently preferred embodiment a tip 25 is defined by the cavity, this tip allows the plus curved lens to be placed on a flat surface without scratching the bottom surface of the blank 10. Also defined by the cavity is a hanger 20. This hanger allows the finished product to be hung from a pin 21, shown inFigure 2, or other device during subsequent processing of the finished blank 10. A pair of overflow sprues 16 illustrate the effects of compresslng the molten plastics after the plastics has entered the cavity. As will be explained once the cavity is filled, the dies are compressed forcing or squeezing predetermined amounts of molten plastics into pockets which define the overflow sprues 16.
Referring to Figures 4, 6 and 7, the presently preferred embodiment of the apparatus employs a compression molding apparatus disposed within a conventional injection molding machine. The conventional injection molding machine includes an upper block 41 and a lower block 42 which meet at a mating surface 89. Disposed within these blocks is an injection nozzle 35 for injecting molten plastics. A plurality of heating rods 46 are disposed within these blocks (and also below the cavity 86) for heating the entire injection apparatus, including the optical inserts 59 and 60. The nozzle 35 communicates with cavity 89 through passageways 38 and 39.
The blocks 41 and 42 are secured together through a hydraulic system, exerting, by way of example, a hundred tons of force.
The illustrated apparatus includes an upper interior block 54 and a lower interior block 55. Within these generally cylindrical blocks is disposed a hydraulic cylinder 48. A piston 49 which terminates in a flange 64 cooperatively engages the cylinder 48 for exerting pressure upon the plastics within cavity 86.
A spacer 52 is disposed between the flange 64 and an upper optical insert or die 59. At the lower end of cavity 86 a spacer 57, sup ported from platform 45, is disposed directly below, and in contact with, the lower optical insert or die 60. Thus, the cavity 86 is substantially defined by the adjacent surfaces od the upper and lower dies 59 and 60. Passageway 39 passes through the blocks 54 and 55 in order that the nozzle 35 communicates with the cavity 86.
An hydraulic inlet line 50 is coupled to the cylinder 48 for providing hydraulic fluid to the cylinder when the plastics contained within cavity 86 is to be compressed. The travel of the piston 49 is shown by dimension 88 of Figure 4; this travel is limited by the distance between the flange 64 and the annulus 62 defined by the upper block 54. However, in the presently preferred embodiment, the travel od piston 49 (and die 59) is determined by the period of time during which pressure is applied to the plastics within cavity 86 and by other means as will be discussed.
The surface of the dies 59 and 60 defining the cavity 86 are fabricated from a suitably hard metal or glass, which typically is highly polished with a precise, compensated, curve configuration in order that the finished blank has an optically clear, distortion free surface.
Such optical inserts or dies are known in the prior art. Moreover, the curved surfaces of these inserts may be varied, by changing the dies 59 and 60 to obtain desired lens shapes or powers.
A plurality of ejector pins 68 are disposed about the circumference of the cavity 86 and contact the rim 12 of the finished blank to urge the blank from the cavity once the blank has been properly curved and the dies have been separated. These pins are coupled to the movable ejection platform 44. Standard known injection devices may be used for this application.
Referring to Figures 5 and 6, in the presently preferred embodiment, two transfer or overflow pockets 70 are defined within the block 42. These pockets communicate with the cavity 86 through the passageways 72.
The passageways 72 are disposed generally facing the inlet passageway 23. While in the presently preferred embodiment two pockets 70 are illustrated, a single pocket (or several pockets) may nonetheless be used, and in an embodiment where a single pocket is used the passageway communicating with this single pocket is disposed directly opposite the inlet passageway. A piston 76 is disposed for movement within the pocket 70. The lower end of the piston 76 is urged upward by a spring 74 mounted between the lower end ob piston 76 and the ejection platform 44. The upper surface of the piston 76 includes a notch 77, the purpose of which will be explained later in this application. An adjustment 66 is disposed at the lower ends of the piston to limit the travel of the pistons 76. These adjustments 66 in part determine the final volume of the cavity 86. When the blank is ejected, the pistons urge the sprues 16 from the pockets. Gates 84 may be disposed within the passageways 72 as a means of limiting the flow into the pocktes 70 from the cavity 86.
The inlet passageway 39 as is best illustrated in Figure 5 communicates with the cavity 86 through a right angle bend 23. This right angle (which is known in the prior art) is used to diffuse the inlet flow of molten plastics.
Also illustrated in Figure 5 is a hanger cavity or void 82 which defines the blank hanger 20 illustrated and discussed in conjunction with Figures 1 and 2.
The entire apparatus shown in Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 may be readily fabricated utilizing known technology.
Assume a lens is to be fabricated on the apparatus shown in Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 and that the desired dies 59 and 60 have been placed with the apparatus. In the presently preferred embodiment a polycarbonate or other thermoplastics material is metered into the nozzle 35 at a temperature of ap proximately 520F-5600F. Also, through use of the heating rods 46, the cavity is heated to a temperature of approximately 2600F--275"F. Prior to the injection of the molten plastics into the cavity 86 from a vessel (not shown) the outer blocks 41 and 42 are held secured against one another at the mating surface 89 with a force in the order of magnitude of one-hundred tons.
When the plastics is injected into the cavity 86 via passageways 38 and 39, the force of the molten plastics against the die 59 causes the die to rise, thereby increasing the volume of cavity 86 and its thickness. During this period of time, little, or no, force is exerted on die 59 through the piston 49. Since the cavity increases in volume, and particularly since the center of the cavity has a greater thickness because of the movement of die 59, the knit line described in conjunction withFigure 3 is not formed. In the presently preferred emgbodiment the injection of the molten plastics into the cavity 86 takes ap proximately ten seconds.
Following the injection of the molten plastics into the cavity 86, hydraulic fluid is applied to the cylinder 48, through line 50, causing the upper die 59 to compress the molten plastics within cavity 86. By way of example, such pressure is exerted for a period of approximately thirty seconds with a total force of approximately twenty tons. During this period of time molten plastics is forced from the cavity 86 through the passageways 72 into the pockets 70. Referring briefly toFigure 6 the notch 77 allows the plastics flowing into pocket 70 to exert an axial force against the piston 76 such that the piston 76 is forced downward against the force of spring 74. It is during this period of time that the overflow sprues 16 of Figure 1 are formed. The pressure on the die 59 causes the volume and thickness of cavity 86 to decrease, and particularly decreases the center thickness of the cavity. In this way, a lens of a desired thickness may be fabricated; including bifocal lenses.
In the presently preferred embodiment, the travel of die 59 is controlled by the length of time elapsing after molten plastics enters cavity 86 and pressure is applied to the die 59 through piston 49. Also the final volume of cavity 86 is controlled by the length of time that pressure is applied to the die 59 by piston 49. Thus, if a thinner lens is desired, a shorter period of time is allowed to lapse between the injection and application of pressure, and the pressure is maintained for a longer period of time. If a thicker lens is desired, a longer period of time is allowed to run before pressure is applied and the pressure is maintained for a shorter period of time. The amount of flow from cavity 86 niay also be controlled by the force exerted on the piston 76 by the spring 74, through the use of the gates 84 shown in Figure 5 and through use of the adjustments 66. While positive stops are not employed on piston 49 in the presently preferred embodiment, such stops may be alternately employed.
Following the period of rime during which the overflow or transfer occurs, the pressure is relieved from the cylinder 48 allowing a release of the pressure applied to the plastics within cavity 86. Typically, the pressure is released for two to three seconds. During this period of time the overflow into the pockets 70 ceases, since the molten plastics begins to solidify. For some applications this release of pressure may not be necessary before solidi fication begins.
Following this two or three second period of time, a force (of approximately twenty tons) is again applied to the die 59. This force continues for a period of approximately two minutes, during which time the plastics within the cavity solidifies. The pressure apw plied to the die during this period of time assures that the surface of the blank remains smooth and optically correct, since as the plastics solidifies it tends to shrink and pull away from the die surfaces. However, since the die is being urged against the blank, a smooth surface matching the compensated optical inserts is maintained during this soli deification period. The resultant blank is dis portion free.
If the cavity 86 is sufficiently thick during the period of time that the plastics is injected into the cavity, the knit line associated with the prior art injection techniques is, to a large extent, eliminated. Also, during the period of time that the overflow occurs into the overflow pockets, any knit line that may be present, to some extent, is flushed from the cavity. For this reason in the presently pre fereed embodiment, the outlet ports leading to the overflow cavities are disposed opposite the inlet port.
While m the disclosed embodiment the upper die 59 moves relative to the fixed lower die 60, it will be appreciated that the lower die may be moved towards a fixed upper die, or that both dies may move. Moreover, while in the disclosed embodiment electric heating rods 46 are shown, other heating means, such as fluid heating means may be utilized to heat the apparatus. Also a vacuum exhaust may be applied to the cavity 86 prior to the time that flow begins into nozzle 35.
Conventional vacuum exhaust may be used for this purpose. Cooling fluids may also be used to cool the cavity 86 during solidification.
It will be appreciated that the times, temperature and forces set forth in the above example may be varied.
Also, in the presently preferred embodiment, the pressure exerted against the upper die 59 by the injected molten plastics is used to raise this die, thus increasing the volume of cavity 86. However, the die may be raised mechanically prior to the time that plastic is injected into the cavity with the same result.
When the finished blank is removed from the cavity 86 by the pins 68 its appearance is that of the finished blank 10 illustrated inFigures 1 and 2. This blank may then be coated with a scratch resistant coating, in a manner known in the prior art. Other known operations such as cutting, coloring, cleaning, etc. may be performed on the finished blank.
A problem similar to rhe knit line problem discussed in conjunction with Figure 3 occurs for lenses which are thinner at their outer edges than at their centers, such as large plus lenses with approximately one millimeter edge thickness. The disclosed method and apparatus may be used to solve this problem.
Thus, an apparatus and method for injection molding a lens has been disclosed. The lens is fabricated in a single injection molding operation, and unlike prior art methods, a pre-formed blank is not required. With the disclosed apparatus many high quality ophthalmic and instrument lenses may be produced from a single injection molding apparatus, at substantially lower costs than is possible with prior art techniques and apparatuses.
WHAT I CLAIM IS:1. A method for forming an optical lens blank in an injection moulding apparatus, the method comprising injecting into a shallow cavity by way of its edge a molten plastics until the plastics has filled the cavity and reducing the size of the cavity to that corresponding to the dimension of the lens blank to cause a portion of the molten plastics to flow from the cavity.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the portion of the plastics flows from the cavity at a point or points at its edge.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the point or points is or are approximately opposite to the point at which the molten plastics is injected into the cavity.
4. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 in which the cavity is allowed to Cx- pand to a limited extent during the injection of the plastics due to the pressure exerted by the plastics.
5. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the plastics is allowed or caused to solidify in the cavity after the flow of molten plastics from the cavity has ceased.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 in which the plastics is compressed during solidification.
7. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the molten plastics comprises polycarbonate.
8. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which the cavity is heated prior to injecting the molten plastics into the cavity.
9. Apparatus for injection moulding a lens comprising a housing, a pair of dies disposed within the housing, the housing and the dies defining a cavity and the dies being mounted for movement relative to each other within the 'housing such that the volume of the cavity is variable, inlet means for injecting the plastics into the cavity by way of its edge, the inlet means communicating with the cavity, at least one overflow pocket for receiving an overflow of plastics from the cavity, the overflow pocket or pockets communicating with the cavity, and compression means coupled to at least one of the dies for sequentially reducing the volume of the cavity and for applying pressure to the plastics in the cavity after the plastics is injected into the cavity to transfer plastics from the cavity into the overflow pocket or pockets.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 in which one of the dies is fixed and the other is movable.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10 in which one of the dies is mounted in such a way that when the plastics is injected into the cavity, the die moves to a limited extent due to the pressure of the plastics to increase the size of the cavity.
12. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 9 tu 11 in which the overflow pocket or pockets communicate with the cavity approximately opposite from the inlet means.
13. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 9 to 12 in which the or each overflow pocket includes an elongated chamber having a piston disposed in the chamber such that molten plastics from the cavity displaces the piston as the plastics is forced by the compression means into the chamber.
14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 including adjustment means for limiting the travel of the piston.
15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 or claim 14 in which the or each pocket includes a gate for controlling the flow from the cavity.
16. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 9 to 15 in which the cavity defines a hanger at its periphery such that the lens blank includes a hanger.
17. An optical lens made in accordance with the method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8.
18. An injecting mould apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the accompanying drawings and substantially as illustrated therein.
19. A method of making an optical lens substantially as described with reference toFigures 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the accompanying drawings.
20. A moulded product substantially as des cribed with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings and substantially as illustrated therein.
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