| US1767058A              (en)* |  | 1930-06-24 |  | Poration | 
| US2125949A              (en)* | 1934-11-08 | 1938-08-09 | Smoot Engineering Corp | Regulator | 
| US2239267A              (en)* | 1939-03-13 | 1941-04-22 | M L Jeffrey Corp | Electromagnet | 
| US2436354A              (en)* | 1943-10-11 | 1948-02-17 | Morgan Maree Jr A | Electromagnet with armature | 
| US2877390A              (en)* | 1953-04-02 | 1959-03-10 | Trombetta Panfilo | Electromagnet | 
| US3102553A              (en)* | 1959-02-16 | 1963-09-03 | Gen Dynamics Corp | Apparatus for controlling pressure energy | 
| US3557107A              (en)* | 1967-05-01 | 1971-01-19 | Shulton Inc | Phenylpiperazinylalkyl alkoxy anthranilates | 
| US3524155A              (en)* | 1968-01-02 | 1970-08-11 | Honeywell Inc | Slotted-pole solenoid | 
| US3609609A              (en)* | 1968-03-05 | 1971-09-28 | Gen Electric Information Syste | High-speed electromagnet | 
| US3791408A              (en)* | 1972-05-31 | 1974-02-12 | Yuken Kogyo Co Ltd | Electromagnetic pressure-telecontrolling valve | 
| GB1391955A              (en)* | 1972-07-12 | 1975-04-23 | British Leyland Austin Morris | Actuating internal combustion engine poppet valves | 
| US3959759A              (en)* | 1974-02-02 | 1976-05-25 | Elmeg Elektro-Mechanik Gmbh | Contact drive for electro-magnetic relays | 
| US4022174A              (en)* | 1974-03-19 | 1977-05-10 | Holec, N.V. | Electromagnetically actuated pumps | 
| GB1591421A              (en)* | 1977-01-12 | 1981-06-24 | Lucas Industries Ltd | Valve operating mechanism | 
| JPS606566Y2              (en)* | 1979-07-03 | 1985-03-02 | 日産自動車株式会社 | valve shock absorber | 
| US4515343A              (en)* | 1983-03-28 | 1985-05-07 | Fev Forschungsgesellschaft fur Energietechnik und ver Brennungsmotoren mbH | Arrangement for electromagnetically operated actuators | 
| EP0160121B1              (en)* | 1984-03-31 | 1990-01-10 | Square D Company (Deutschland) Gmbh | Electromagnet for electrical switching devices, particularly for contactors | 
| DE3513105A1              (en)* | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-16 | Fleck, Andreas, 2000 Hamburg | ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR GAS EXCHANGE VALVES | 
| DE3513107A1              (en)* | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-16 | Fleck, Andreas, 2000 Hamburg | ELECTROMAGNETIC OPERATING DEVICE | 
| US5016790A              (en)* | 1985-08-23 | 1991-05-21 | Ecolab Inc. | Apparatus and method for dispensing a detergent solution | 
| US4634303A              (en)* | 1985-08-26 | 1987-01-06 | Dataproducts, Inc. | Actuator for dot matrix printhead | 
| DE3616540A1              (en)* | 1986-05-16 | 1987-11-19 | Porsche Ag | DEVICE FOR ACTUATING A GAS EXCHANGE VALVE OF A PISTON PISTON COMBUSTION ENGINE | 
| DE3704929A1              (en)* | 1987-02-17 | 1988-08-25 | Daimler Benz Ag | CUPS WITH HYDRAULIC COMPENSATION | 
| US4794890A              (en)* | 1987-03-03 | 1989-01-03 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Electromagnetic valve actuator | 
| US4779582A              (en)* | 1987-08-12 | 1988-10-25 | General Motors Corporation | Bistable electromechanical valve actuator | 
| US4829947A              (en)* | 1987-08-12 | 1989-05-16 | General Motors Corporation | Variable lift operation of bistable electromechanical poppet valve actuator | 
| US4831973A              (en)* | 1988-02-08 | 1989-05-23 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Repulsion actuated potential energy driven valve mechanism | 
| DE3920976A1              (en)* | 1989-06-27 | 1991-01-03 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg | ELECTROMAGNETIC OPERATING DEVICE | 
| EP0433497B1              (en)* | 1989-12-18 | 1994-03-30 | MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft | Matrix print head and particularly serial matrix wire print head | 
| US5099884A              (en)* | 1991-05-24 | 1992-03-31 | Ntn Technical Center (U.S.A.), Inc. | Electrorheological fluid plate valve | 
| US5139224A              (en)* | 1991-09-26 | 1992-08-18 | Siemens Automotive L.P. | Solenoid armature bounce eliminator | 
| US5216987A              (en)* | 1992-06-01 | 1993-06-08 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing breathing utilizing unit valve actuation | 
| US5548263A              (en)* | 1992-10-05 | 1996-08-20 | Aura Systems, Inc. | Electromagnetically actuated valve | 
| CH689171A5              (en)* | 1994-05-09 | 1998-11-13 | Balzers Hochvakuum | Vacuum valve. | 
| US5636601A              (en)* | 1994-06-15 | 1997-06-10 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Energization control method, and electromagnetic control system in electromagnetic driving device | 
| DE4427943A1              (en)* | 1994-08-06 | 1996-02-08 | Schaeffler Waelzlager Kg | Hydraulic lash adjuster for valve control of internal combustion engines | 
| DE69517335T2              (en)* | 1994-11-09 | 2001-01-04 | Aura Systems Inc., El Segundo | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY STEERED VALVE WITH STEERED ARMATURE | 
| JP3106890B2              (en)* | 1995-01-11 | 2000-11-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Valve drive for internal combustion engine | 
| US5638781A              (en)* | 1995-05-17 | 1997-06-17 | Sturman; Oded E. | Hydraulic actuator for an internal combustion engine | 
| US5617067A              (en)* | 1995-12-07 | 1997-04-01 | Eaton Corporation | Electromagnetic actuator having a low aspect ratio stator | 
| DE19607019A1              (en)* | 1996-02-24 | 1997-08-28 | Daimler Benz Ag | Electromagnetic operating device for IC engine gas changing valve | 
| DE29604946U1              (en)* | 1996-03-16 | 1997-07-17 | FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, 52078 Aachen | Electromagnetic actuator for a gas exchange valve with valve clearance compensation | 
| DE19615435A1              (en)* | 1996-04-19 | 1997-10-23 | Daimler Benz Ag | Device for the electromagnetic actuation of a gas exchange valve for internal combustion engines | 
| DE19628860B4              (en)* | 1996-07-17 | 2008-07-31 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Electromagnetic actuator for an internal combustion engine globe valve | 
| JP3605476B2              (en)* | 1996-08-08 | 2004-12-22 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Valve train for internal combustion engine | 
| DE19647305C1              (en)* | 1996-11-15 | 1998-02-05 | Daimler Benz Ag | Electromagnetic operating device e.g. for IC engine gas-exchange valve | 
| US5961097A              (en)* | 1996-12-17 | 1999-10-05 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electromagnetically actuated valve with thermal compensation | 
| US5878704A              (en)* | 1997-01-04 | 1999-03-09 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Electromagnetic actuator, including sound muffling means, for operating a cylinder valve | 
| DE29703584U1              (en)* | 1997-02-28 | 1998-06-25 | FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, 52078 Aachen | Electromagnetic actuator with fluid impact damping | 
| EP0970298B1              (en)* | 1997-03-24 | 2002-06-19 | LSP Innovative Automotive Systems GmbH | Electromagnetic valve drive mechanism | 
| DE59800892D1              (en)* | 1997-03-24 | 2001-07-26 | Lsp Innovative Automotive Sys | ELECTROMAGNETIC DRIVE | 
| DE19712062A1              (en)* | 1997-03-24 | 1998-10-01 | Braunewell Markus | Electromagnetic control device | 
| JP3831104B2              (en)* | 1997-05-13 | 2006-10-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Intake / exhaust valve electromagnetic drive | 
| DE19723792C1              (en)* | 1997-06-06 | 1998-07-30 | Daimler Benz Ag | Electromagnetic actuator adjuster e.g. for piston engine gas-exchange valve | 
| DE19728479C2              (en)* | 1997-07-05 | 2001-08-30 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Device for actuating a gas exchange valve with an electromagnetic actuator | 
| DE19733186A1              (en)* | 1997-07-31 | 1999-02-04 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg | Gas exchange valve apparatus for piston engine | 
| JP3518294B2              (en)* | 1997-08-08 | 2004-04-12 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Solenoid driven valve | 
| DE19750228C1              (en)* | 1997-11-13 | 1998-12-03 | Daimler Benz Ag | Device for actuating a gas changeover valve with an electromagnetic actuator for an internal combustion engine | 
| US6049264A              (en)* | 1997-12-09 | 2000-04-11 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Electromagnetic actuator with composite core assembly | 
| DE19804225C1              (en)* | 1998-02-04 | 1999-05-06 | Telefunken Microelectron | Electromagnetic actuator for gas changeover valve of internal combustion engine | 
| US6116570A              (en)* | 1998-03-30 | 2000-09-12 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Electromagnetic actuator with internal oil system and improved hydraulic lash adjuster | 
| JPH11336519A              (en)* | 1998-04-07 | 1999-12-07 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh & Co Kg | Electromagnetic actuator for gas exchange valve with integrated valve gap correcting device | 
| DE19820569A1              (en)* | 1998-05-08 | 1999-11-11 | Schenck Ag Carl | Valve based on electrorheological or magnetorheological liquids | 
| DE19826832A1              (en)* | 1998-06-16 | 1999-12-23 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh | Electromagnetic actuator for operating gas exchange valve on IC piston engine | 
| DE19837837C1              (en)* | 1998-08-20 | 2000-01-05 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | I.c. engine gas changing valve operating device with electromagnetic actuator | 
| WO2000012895A2              (en)* | 1998-08-26 | 2000-03-09 | Diesel Engine Retarders, Inc. | Valve seating control device with variable area orifice | 
| GB9819821D0              (en)* | 1998-09-12 | 1998-11-04 | Secr Defence | Improvements relating to micro-machining | 
| FR2784712B1              (en)* | 1998-10-15 | 2001-09-14 | Sagem | ELECTROMAGNETIC VALVE OPERATION METHOD AND DEVICE | 
| US6267351B1              (en)* | 1998-10-27 | 2001-07-31 | Aura Systems, Inc. | Electromagnetic valve actuator with mechanical end position clamp or latch | 
| DE19947848A1              (en)* | 1998-10-28 | 2000-05-04 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh | Actuator for operating gas exchange valve in internal combustion engine has length compensated coupling element between control elements | 
| JP4073584B2              (en)* | 1998-11-04 | 2008-04-09 | 株式会社ミクニ | Valve drive device | 
| DE19852655B4              (en)* | 1998-11-16 | 2005-05-19 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Method for operating an electromagnetic actuator for actuating a gas exchange valve | 
| EP1131540B1              (en)* | 1998-11-16 | 2003-03-19 | Heinz Leiber | Electromagnetic drive | 
| US6354253B1              (en)* | 1998-11-20 | 2002-03-12 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Solenoid valve device | 
| JP2000179316A              (en)* | 1998-12-17 | 2000-06-27 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Electromagnetic drive valve for internal combustion engine | 
| DE19905176A1              (en)* | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-10 | Fev Motorentech Gmbh | Electromagnetic solenoid actuator with air-damper, locates damping cylinder at pole piece and piston just below armature, such that piston enters cylinder just before armature hits pole | 
| US6359435B1              (en)* | 1999-03-25 | 2002-03-19 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Method for determining magnetic characteristics of an electronically controlled solenoid | 
| FR2792679B1              (en)* | 1999-04-23 | 2001-07-27 | Sagem | ADJUSTABLE VALVE CONTROL DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADJUSTING SUCH A DEVICE | 
| JP3872230B2              (en)* | 1999-05-07 | 2007-01-24 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Intake / exhaust valve electromagnetic drive | 
| DE19922427A1              (en)* | 1999-05-14 | 2000-11-30 | Siemens Ag | Electromagnetic multiple actuator | 
| IT1310488B1              (en)* | 1999-09-23 | 2002-02-18 | Magneti Marelli Spa | ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR THE CONTROL OF THE VALVES OF AN ASCO MOTOR. | 
| IT1310502B1              (en)* | 1999-09-30 | 2002-02-18 | Magneti Marelli Spa | ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR OF THE PERFECT TYPE FOR THE VALVE CONTROL OF A COMBUSTION ENGINE. | 
| IT1311131B1              (en)* | 1999-11-05 | 2002-03-04 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD FOR THE CONTROL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS FOR THE ACTIVATION OF INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES IN A-MOTORS | 
| JP2002038912A              (en)* | 1999-12-09 | 2002-02-06 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Valve opening and closing mechanism for internal combustion engine | 
| IT1311376B1              (en)* | 1999-12-23 | 2002-03-12 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE END OF STROKE POSITIONS OF MOBILE BODIES ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS FOR THE OPERATION OF INTAKE VALVES | 
| DE10005247C1              (en)* | 2000-02-05 | 2001-02-15 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Arrangement for actuating gas replacement valve for internal combustion engine has play compensation element set to minimal valve play during installation by mechanical control element | 
| ITBO20000127A1              (en)* | 2000-03-09 | 2001-09-09 | Magneti Marelli Spa | ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR TO ACTIVATE THE VALVES OF A COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH RECOVERY OF MECHANICAL CLEARANCES. | 
| IT1321161B1              (en)* | 2000-03-24 | 2003-12-30 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD FOR THE ADJUSTMENT OF CURRENTS DURING STATIONING PHASES ELECTROMAGNETIC INACTORS FOR THE ACTIVATION OF VALVES OF | 
| US6308667B1              (en)* | 2000-04-27 | 2001-10-30 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Actuator for engine valve with tooth and socket armature and core for providing position output and/or improved force profile | 
| IT1321181B1              (en)* | 2000-05-04 | 2003-12-30 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ESTIMATING THE POSITION OF A BODY ACTUATOR IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR THE CONTROL OF A | 
| IT1321182B1              (en)* | 2000-05-04 | 2003-12-30 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE MAGNETIC FLOW IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC DRIVE FOR THE CONTROL OF A MOTOR VALVE | 
| ITBO20000293A1              (en)* | 2000-05-16 | 2001-11-16 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD FOR THE PROTECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS FROM OVERHEATING FOR INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES IN MOTORS | 
| DE10053596A1              (en)* | 2000-10-28 | 2002-05-02 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Electromagnetic actuator for gas exchange valve of IC engine, comprises armature with laminations having apertures forming duct for medium transport | 
| ITBO20000678A1              (en)* | 2000-11-21 | 2002-05-21 | Magneti Marelli Spa | METHOD OF CONTROL OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR THE CONTROL OF A MOTOR VALVE | 
| DE10120401A1              (en)* | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-31 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Device for actuating a gas exchange valve | 
| ITBO20010569A1              (en)* | 2001-09-20 | 2003-03-20 | Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa | METHOD OF PILOTING ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS FOR THE CONTROL OF A PLURALITY OF MOTOR VALVES | 
| ITBO20010570A1              (en)* | 2001-09-20 | 2003-03-20 | Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa | ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF THE VALVES OF A MOTOR | 
| ITBO20010760A1              (en)* | 2001-12-14 | 2003-06-16 | Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa | METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE POSITION AND SPEED OF AN ACTUATOR BODY IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR THE CONTROL OF A VALVE | 
| JP2003232464A              (en)* | 2002-02-06 | 2003-08-22 | Komatsu Ltd | Solenoid driven valve | 
| US20030177989A1              (en)* | 2002-02-21 | 2003-09-25 | Baker Mark S. | Electromagnetic valve actuator for an internal combustion engine | 
| DE10221015A1              (en)* | 2002-05-11 | 2003-11-27 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | IC engine has intake valve drives with first and second setting grades, associated with common cylinder, for throttle-free load regulation | 
| US20040149944A1              (en)* | 2003-01-28 | 2004-08-05 | Hopper Mark L. | Electromechanical valve actuator |