EP1729287A1 - Method and apparatus for adaptively suppressing noise - Google Patents

Abstract

An apparatus and method for suppressing noise is presented. The apparatus may utilize a filter bank of bandpass filters to split the input noisy speech-containing signal into separate frequency bands. The overall average noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of the input signal is estimated in the overall NSR estimator, which estimates the average noisy signal power in the input signal during speech activity and the average noise power during silence. Two indirect power measures are performed for each band, measuring a short-term power and a long-term power. The power estimation processes are adapted based on the signal activity indicated by the JVADAD. An NSR adapter adapts the NSR for each frequency band based on the long-term and short-term power measures, the overall NSR and the signal activity indicated by the JVADAD. The gain computer utilizes these NSR values to determine the gain factors for each frequency band.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/115,245, filed January 7, 1999.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to suppressing noise in telecommunications systems. In particular, the present invention relates to suppressing noise in single channel systems or single channels in multiple channel systems.
• Speech quality enhancement is an important feature in speech communication systems. Cellular telephones, for example, are often operated in the presence of high levels of environmental background noise present in moving vehicles. Background noise causes significant degradation of the speech quality at the far end receiver, making the speech barely intelligible. In such circumstances, speech enhancement techniques may be employed to improve the quality of the received speech, thereby increasing customer satisfaction and encouraging longer talk times.
• Past noise suppression systems typically utilized some variation of spectral subtraction. Figure 1 shows an example of anoise suppression system 100 that uses spectral subtraction. A spectral decomposition of the input noisy speech-containingsignal 102 is first performed using thefilter bank 104. Thefilter bank 104 may be a bank of bandpass filters such as, for example, the bandpass filters disclosed inR. J. McAulay and M. L. Malpass, "Speech Enhancement Using a Soft-Decision Noise Suppression Filter," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-28, no. 2, (Apr. 1980), pp.137-145. In this context, noise refers to any undesirable signal present in the speech signal including: 1) environmental background noise; 2) echo such as due to acoustic reflections or electrical reflections in hybrids; 3) mechanical and/or electrical noise added due to specific hardware such as tape hiss in a speech playback system; and 3) non-linearities due to, for example, signal clipping or quantization by speech compression.
• Thefilter bank 104 decomposes the signal into separate frequency bands. For each band, power measurements are performed and continuously updated over time in the noisy signal power &noise power estimator 106. These power measures are used to determine the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in each band. Thevoice activity detector 108 is used to distinguish periods of speech activity from periods of silence. The noise power in each frequency band is updated only during silence while the noisy signal power is tracked at all times. For each frequency band, a gain (attenuation) factor is computed in thegain computer 110 based on the SNR of the band to attenuate the signal in thegain multiplier 112. Thus, each frequency band of the noisy input speech signal is attenuated based on its SNR. In this context, speech signal refers to an audio signal that may contain speech, music or other information bearing audio signals (e.g., DTMF tones, silent pauses, and noise).
• A more sophisticated approach may also use an overall SNR level in addition to the individual SNR values to compute the gain factors for each band. The overall SNR is estimated in theoverall SNR estimator 114. The gain factor computations for each band are performed in thegain computer 110. The attenuation of the signals in different bands is accomplished by multiplying the signal in each band by the corresponding gain factor in the gain multiplier. Low SNR bands are attenuated more than the high SNR bands. The amount of attenuation is also greater if the overall SNR is low. The possible dynamic range of the SNR of the input signal is large. As such, the speech enhancement system must be capable of handling both very clean speech signals from wireline telephones as well as very noisy speech from cellular telephones. After the attenuation process, the signals in the different bands are recombined into a single,clean output signal 116. Theresulting output signal 116 will have an improved overall perceived quality.
• In this context, speech enhancement system refers to an apparatus or device that enhances the quality of a speech signal in terms of human perception or in terms of another criteria such as accuracy of recognition by a speech recognition device, by suppressing, masking, canceling or removing noise or otherwise reducing the adverse effects of noise. Speech enhancement systems include apparatuses or devices that modify an input signal in ways such as, for example: 1) generating a wider bandwidth speech signal from a narrow bandwidth speech signal; 2) separating an input signal into several output signals based on certain criteria, e.g., separation of speech from different speakers where a signal contains a combination of the speakers' speech signals; 3) and processing (for example by scaling) different "portions" of an input signal separately and/or differently, where a "portion" may be a portion of the input signal in time (e.g., in speaker phone systems) or may include particular frequency bands (e.g., in audio systems that boost the base), or both.
• The decomposition of the input noisy speech-containing signal can also be performed using Fourier transform techniques or wavelet transform techniques. Figure 2 shows the use of discrete Fourier transform techniques (shown as the Windowing & FFT block 202). Here a block of input samples is transformed to the frequency domain. The magnitude of the complex frequency domain elements are attenuated at theattenuation unit 208 based on the spectral subtraction principles described above. The phase of the complex frequency domain elements are left unchanged. The complex frequency domain elements are then transformed back to the time domain via an inverse discrete Fourier transform in theIFFT block 204, producing theoutput signal 206. Instead of Fourier transform techniques, wavelet transform techniques may be used to decompose the input signal.
• A voice activity detector may be used with noise suppression systems. Such a voice activity detector is presented in, for example,U.S. Patent No. 4,351,983 to Crouse et al. In such detectors, the power of the input signal is compared to a variable threshold level. Whenever the threshold is exceeded, the system assumes speech is present. Otherwise, the signal is assumed to contain only background noise.
• For most implementations of speech enhancement, it is desirable to minimize processing delay. As such, the use of Fourier or wavelet transform techniques for spectral decomposition is undesirable because these techniques introduce large delays when accumulating a block of samples for processing.
• Low computational complexity is also desirable as the network noise suppression system may process multiple independent voice channels simultaneously. Furthermore, limiting the types of computations to addition, subtraction and multiplication is preferred to facilitate a direct digital hardware implementation as well as to minimize processing in a fixed-point digital signal processor-based implementation. Division is computationally intensive in digital signal processors and is also cumbersome for direct digital hardware implementation. Finally, the memory storage requirements for each channel should be minimized due to the need to process multiple independent voice channels simultaneously.
• Speech enhancement techniques must also address information tones such as DTMF (dual-tone multi-frequency) tones. DTMF tones are typically generated by push-button/tone-dial telephones when any of the buttons are pressed. The extended touch-tone telephone keypad has 16 keys: (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,*,#,A,B,C,D). The keys are arranged in a four by four array. Pressing one of the keys causes an electronic circuit to generate two tones. As shown in Table 1, there is a low frequency tone for each row and a high frequency tone for each column. Thus, the row frequencies are referred to as the Low Group and the column frequencies, the High Group. In this way, sixteen unique combinations of tones can be generated using only eight unique tones. Table 1 shows the keys and the corresponding nominal frequencies. (Although discussed with respect to DTMF tones, the principles discussed with respect to the present invention are applicable to all inband signals. In this context, an inband signal refers to any kind of tonal signal within the bandwidth normally used for voice transmission such as, for example, facsimile tones, dial tones, busy signal tones, and DTMF tones).Table 1: Touch-tone keypad row (Low Group) and column (High Group) frequencies

  Low \ High (Hz)	1209	1336	1477	1633
  697	1	2	3	A
  770	4	5	6	B
  852	7	8	9	C
  941	*	0	#	D

• DTMF tones are typically less than 100 milliseconds (ms) in duration and can be as short as 45 ms. These tones may be transmitted during telephone calls to automated answering systems of various kinds. These tones are generated by a separate DTMF circuit whose output is added to the processed speech signal before transmission.
• In general, DTMF signals may be transmitted at a maximum rate of ten digits/second. At this maximum rate, for each 100 ms timeslot, the dual tone generator must generate touch-tone signals of duration at least 45 ms and not more than 55 ms, and then remain quiet during the remainder of the timeslot. When not transmitted at the maximum rate, a tone pair may last any length of time, but each tone pair must be separated from the next pair by at least 40 ms.
• In past speech enhancement systems, however, DTMF tones were often partially suppressed. Suppression of DTMF tones occurred because voice activity detectors and/or DTMF tone detectors require some delay before they were able to determine the presence of a signal. Once the presence of a signal was detected, there was still a lag time before the gain factors for the appropriate frequency bands reached their correct (high) values. This reaction time often caused the initial part of the tones to be heavily suppressed. Hence short-duration DTMF tones may be shortened even further by the speech enhancement system. Figure 7 shows aninput signal 702 containing a697Hz tone 704 of duration 45 ms (360 samples). Theoutput signal 706 is heavily suppressed initially, until the voice activity detector detects the signal presence. Then, thegain factor 708 gradually increases to prevent attenuation. Thus, the output is a shortened version of the input tone, which in this example, does not meet general minimum duration requirements for DTMF tones.
• As a result of the shortening of the DTMF tones, the receiver may not detect the DTMF tones correctly due to the tones failing to meet the minimum duration requirements. As can be seen in Figure 7 thegain factor 708 never reaches its maximum value of unity because it is dependent on the SNR of the band. This causes theoutput signal 706 to be always attenuated slightly, which may be sufficient to prevent the signal power from meeting the threshold of the receiver's DTMF detector. Furthermore, the gain factors for different frequency bands may be sufficiently different so as to increase the difference in the amplitudes of the dual tones. This further increases the likelihood that the receiver will not correctly detect the DTMF tones.
• The shortcomings discussed above were present in past noise suppression systems. The system disclosed in, for example, inU.S. Patent Nos. 4,628,529,4,630,304, and4,630,305 to Borth et al. was designed to operate in high background noise environments. However, operation under a wide range of SNR conditions is preferable. Furthermore, software division is used in Borth's methods. Computationally intensive division operations are also used inU.S. Patent No. 4,454,609 to Kates. The use of minimum mean-square error log-spectral amplitude estimators such as that disclosed inU.S. Patent No. 5,012,519 to Adlersberg et al. are also computationally intensive. Furthermore, the system disclosed in Adlersberg uses Fourier transforms for spectral decomposition that introduce undesirable delay. Moreover, although a DTMF tone generator is presented in Texas Instruments Application Report, "DTMF Tone Generation and Detection: An Implementation Using the TMS320C54x," 1997, pp. 5-12, 20, A-1, A-2, B-1, B-2, there are no systems that extend and/or regenerate suppressed DTMF tones.
• A need has long existed in the industry for a noise suppression system having low computational complexity. Moreover, a need has long existed in the industry for a noise suppression system capable of extending and/or regenerating partially suppressed DTMF tones.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved noise suppression apparatus and method.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a noise suppression apparatus and method having low computational complexity.
• It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a noise suppression apparatus and method capable of processing information tones such as DTMF tones.
• It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an accurate voice activity detector for use with a noise suppression apparatus and method.
• It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a noise suppression apparatus and method for extending partially suppressed DTMF tones.
• It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a noise suppression apparatus and method for regenerating partially suppressed DTMF tones.
• An apparatus according to the present invention may utilize a filter bank of bandpass filters to split the input noisy speech-containing signal into separate frequency bands. To determine whether the input signal contains speech, DTMF tones or silence, a joint voice activity & DTMF activity detector (JVADAD) may be used.
• The overall average noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of the input signal is estimated in the overall NSR estimator, which estimates the average noisy signal power in the input signal during speech activity and the average noise power during silence. From these estimates, the overall NSR is estimated.
• Instead of direct measurement of the noisy signal and noise power measures for each frequency band as is usually performed in noise suppression systems, two indirect power measures are performed for each band. These power measures are termed the long-term power and the short-term power. These measures are performed in the long-term & short-term power estimator. The long-term power is a scaled version of the noise power in the band. The short-term power is a scaled version of the noisy signal power in the band. These scaled power measures may be used to minimize the dynamic range necessary for a fixed-point implementation. This results in superior noise suppression performance that approaches that of a floating-point implementation. The power estimation processes are adapted based on the signal activity indicated by the JVADAD. The number of computations required for power measurement is significantly reduced by undersampling the signals in each frequency band prior to power measurement.
• The NSR adapter adapts the NSR for each frequency band based on the long-term and short-term power measures, the overall NSR and the signal activity indicated by the JVADAD. The NSR adaptation is performed without division using a prediction error computed as a function of the long-term, short-term and overall NSR measures. The gain computer utilizes these NSR values to determine the gain factors for each frequency band. The gain multiplier may then perform the attenuation of each frequency band. Finally, the processed signals in the separate frequency bands are summed up in the combiner to produce the clean output signal.
• The aforementioned method of adapting the NSR values during speech is different from that used in the presence of DTMF tones. For DTMF tones, the quick adjustment of the NSR values for the appropriate frequency bands containing the DTMF tones maximizes the amount of the DTMF tones that are passed through transparently. In the case of speech, the NSR values are preferably adapted more slowly to correspond to the nature of speech signals.
• In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a method for suppressing noise is presented.
• An alternative embodiment of the present invention includes a method and apparatus for extending DTMF tones. Yet another embodiment of the present invention includes regenerating DTMF tones.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Figure 1 presents a block diagram of a typical noise suppression system.
• Figure 2 presents a block diagram of another typical noise suppression system.
• Figure 3 presents a block diagram of a noise suppression apparatus according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 4 presents a block diagram of an apparatus for determining NSR according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 5 presents a flow chart depicting a method for extending DTMF tones according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 6 presents a flow chart depicting a method for regenerating DTMF tones according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 7 presents graphs illustrating the suppression of DTMF tones in speech enhancement systems.
• Figure 8 presents graphs illustrating the real-time extension of DTMF tones.
• Figure 9 presents a block diagram of a joint voice activity and DTMF activity detector according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Turning now to Figure 3, that Figure presents a block diagram of anoise suppression apparatus 300. Afilter bank 302,voice activity detector 304, ahangover counter 305, and an overall NSR (noise to signal ratio)estimator 306 are presented. Apower estimator 308,NSR adapter 310, gaincomputer 312, again multiplier 314 and acombiner 315 are also present. The embodiment illustrated in Figure 3 also presents an input signal x(n) 316 and output signalsx_k(n) 318, a joint voice activity detection and DTMFactivity detection signal 320. Figure 3 also presents aDTMF tone generator 321. The output from theoverall NSR estimator 306 is the overall NSR ("NSR_overall(n)") 322. The power estimates 323 are output from thepower estimator 308. The adapted NSR values 324 are output from theNSR adapter 310. The gain factors 326 are output from thegain computer 312. Theattenuated signals 328 are output from thegain multiplier 314. The regeneratedDTMF tones 329 are output from theDTMF tone generator 321. Figure 3 also illustrates that thepower estimator 308 may optionally include anundersampling circuit 330 and that thepower estimator 308 may optionally output the power estimates 323 to thegain computer 312.
• In the illustrated embodiment of Figure 3, thefilter bank 302 receives theinput signal 316. The sampling rate of the speech signal in, for example, telephony applications is normally 8 kHz with a Nyquist bandwidth of 4 kHz. Since the transmission channel typically has a 300-3400 Hz range, thefilter bank 302 may be designed to only pass signals in this range. As an example, thefilter bank 302 may utilize a bank of bandpass filters. A multirate or singlerate filter bank 302 may be used. One implementation of the singlerate filter bank 302 uses the frequency-sampling filter (FSF) structure. The preferred embodiment uses a resonator bank which consists of a series of low order infinite impulse response ("IIR") filters. This resonator bank can be considered a modified version of the FSF structure and has several advantages over the FSF structure. The resonator bank does not require the memory-intensive comb filter of the FSF structure and requires fewer computations as a result. The use of alternating signs in the FSF structure is also eliminated resulting in reduced computational complexity. The transfer function of thek^th resonator may be given by, for example:$$H_k\left(z\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="g\; k"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">g</figure-callout>}}_k\left[1-r_k\cos \left({\theta }_k\right)z^{-1}\right]}{\left[1-2r_k\cos \left({\theta }_k\right)z^{-1}+r^2{z}^{-2}\right]}$$

  
• In equation (1), the center frequency of each resonator is specified through θ_k. The bandwidth of the resonator is specified throughr_k. The value ofg_k is used to adjust the DC gain of each resonator. For a resonator bank consisting of 40 resonators approximately spanning the 300-3400Hz range, the following are suitable specifications for the resonator transfer functions withk = 3,4,...42 :$$r_k=0.965$$

  

  $${\theta }_k=\frac{2\pi k}{100}$$

  

  $$g_k=0.01$$

  

  The input to the resonator bank is denotedx(n) while the output of thek^th resonator is denotedx_k(n), wheren is the sample time.
• Thegain factor 326 for thek^th frequency band may be computed once everyT samples as$$G_k\left(n\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1-{\mathit{NSR}}_k\left(n\right)& ,n=0,T,2T,\mathrm{...}\\ G_k\left(n-1\right)& ,n=1,2,\mathrm{...},T-1,T+1,\mathrm{...},2T-1,\mathrm{...}\end{array}\right\}$$

  

  When thegain factor 326 for each frequency band is computed once everyT samples, the gain is "undersampled" since it is not computed for every sample. (As indicated by dashed lines in Figures 1-4, several different items of data, for example gain factors 326, may be output from the pertinent device. The several outputs preferably correspond to the several subbands into which theinput signal 316 is split. The gain factor will range between a small positive value, ε, and 1 because the NSR values are limited to lie in the range [0,1-ε]. Setting the lower limit of the gain to ε reduces the effects of "musical noise" and permits limited background signal transparency.
• The attenuation of the signalx_k(n) from thek^th frequency band is achieved by multiplyingx_k(n) by its corresponding gain factor,G_k(n), every sample. The sum of the resulting attenuated signals,y(n), is theclean output signal 328. The sum of theattenuated signals 328 may be expressed mathematically as:$$y\left(n\right)={\displaystyle \sum _k{G}_k\left(n\right)x_k\left(n\right)}$$

  

  Theattenuated signals 328 may also be scaled, for example boosted or amplified, for further transmission.
• The power,P(n) at samplen, of a discrete-time signalu(n), is estimated approximately by lowpass filtering the full-wave rectified signal. A first order IIR filter may be used for the lowpass filter, such as, for example:$$P\left(n\right)=\beta P\left(n-1\right)+\alpha \left|u\left(n\right)\right|$$

  

  This IIR filter has the following transfer function:$$H\left(z\right)=\frac{\alpha }{1-\beta z^{-1}}$$

  

  The DC gain of this filter is$\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}\left(1\right)=\frac{\alpha }{1-\beta }.$

  

  The coefficient, β, is referred to as a decay constant. The value of the decay constant determines how long it takes for the present (non-zero) value of the power to decay to a small fraction of the present value if the input is zero, i.e.u(n) = 0. If the decay constant, β, is close to unity, then it will take a relatively long time for the power value to decay. Ifβ is close to zero, then it will take a relatively short time for the power value to decay. Thus, the decay constant also represents how fast the old power value is forgotten and how quickly the power of the newer input samples is incorporated. Thus, larger values of β result in a longer effective averaging window. In this context, power estimates 323 using a relatively long effective averaging window are long-term power estimates, while power estimates using a relatively short effective averaging window are short-term power estimates.
• Depending on the signal of interest, a longer or shorter averaging may be appropriate for power estimation. Speech power, which has a rapidly changing profile, would be suitably estimated using a smaller β. Noise can be considered stationary for longer periods of time than speech. Noise power is therefore preferably accurately estimated by using a longer averaging window (large β).
• The preferred embodiment for power estimation significantly reduces computational complexity by undersampling the input signal for power estimation purposes. This means that only one sample out of everyT samples is used for updating the powerP(n). Between these updates, the power estimate is held constant. This procedure can be mathematically expressed as$$P\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\beta P\left(n-1\right)+\alpha \left|u\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

  

  This first order lowpass IIR filter is preferably used for estimation of the overall average background noise power, and a long-term and short-term power measure for each frequency band. It is also preferably used for power measurements in theVAD 304. Undersampling may be accomplished through the use of, for example, anundersampling circuit 330 connected to thepower estimator 308.
• The overall SNR ("SNR_overall(n") at samplen is defined as:$${\mathrm{SNR}}_{\mathrm{overall}}\left(n\right)=\frac{P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)}{P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)}$$

  

  whereP_SIG(n) andP_BN(n) are the average noisy signal power during speech and average background noise power during silence, respectively. The overall SNR is used to influence the amount of oversuppression of the signal in each frequency band. Oversuppression improves the perceived speech quality, especially under low overall SNR conditions. Oversuppression of the signal is achieved by using the overall SNR value to influence theNSR adapter 310. Furthermore, undersuppression in the case of high overall SNR conditions may be used to prevent unnecessary attenuation of the signal. This prevents distortion of the speech under high SNR conditions where the low-level noise is effectively masked by the speech. The details of the oversuppression and undersuppression are discussed below.
• The average noisy signal power is preferably estimated during speech activity, as indicated by theVAD 304, according to the formula:$$P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{\mathrm{SIG}}{P}_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

  

  
  wherex(n) is the noisy speech-containing input signal.
• The average background noise power is preferably estimated according to the formula:$$P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\max \left[{\beta }_{\mathrm{BN}}{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{BN}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,P_{\mathrm{BN},\max }\right],\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

  

  whereP_BN(n) is not allowed to exceedP_BN,max(n).
• During silence or DTMF tone activity as indicated by theVAD 304, the average noisy signal power measure is preferably maintained constant, i.e.:$$P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)=P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right).$$

  

  During speech or DTMF tone activity as indicated by the VAD, the average background noise power measure is preferably maintained constant, i.e.$$P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)=P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right)$$

  

  If the range of the input samples are normalized to ± 1, suitable values for the constant parameters used in the preferred embodiment are$$P_{\mathrm{BN},\max }=180/8159$$

  

  $${\alpha }_{\mathrm{SIG}}={\alpha }_{\mathrm{BN}}=T/16000$$

  

  $${\beta }_{\mathrm{SIG}}={\beta }_{\mathrm{BN}}=1-T/16000$$

  

  whereT =10 is one possible undersampling period.
• The average background noise power level is preferably limited toP_BN,max for two reasons. First,P_BN,max represents the typical worst-case cellular telephony noise scenario. Second,P_SIG(n) andP_BN(n) will be used in theNSR adapter 310 to influence the adjustment of the NSR for each frequency band. LimitingP_BN(n) provides a means to control the amount of influence the overall SNR has on the NSR value for each band.
• In the preferred embodiment, theoverall NSR 322 is computed instead of the overall SNR. Theoverall NSR 322 is more suitable for the adaptation of the individual frequency band NSR values. As a straightforward computation of theoverall NSR 322 involves a computationally intensive division ofP_BN(n) byP_SIG(n), the preferred embodiment uses an approach that provides a suitable approximation of theoverall NSR 322. Furthermore, the definition of the NSR is extended to be negative to indicate very highoverall NSR 322 levels as follows:$${\mathrm{NSR}}_{\mathrm{overall}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}{\upsilon }_1{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right),& P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)<{\kappa }_1{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\\ {\upsilon }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right),& P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\ge {\kappa }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\\ {\upsilon }_3\left[P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)-P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\right],& {\kappa }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)>P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\ge {\kappa }_3{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\end{array}$$

  
• One embodiment of the invention uses ν₁ = 2.9127, ν₂ = 1.45635, ν₃ = 0.128, κ₁ = 10, κ₂ =14 and κ₃ = 20. In this case, the range ofNSR_overall(n) 322 is:$$-0.128\le {\mathrm{NSR}}_{\mathrm{overall}}\left(n\right)\le \mathrm{0.064.}$$

  
• The upper limit onNSR_overall(n) 322 in this embodiment is caused by limitingP_BN(n) to be at mostP_BN,max (n). The lower limit arises from the fact thatP_BN(n)-P_SIG(n)≥-1. (Since it is assumed that the input signal range is normalized to ± 1, bothP_BN(n) andP_SIG(n) are always between 0 and 1.)
• The long-term power measure,$P_{LT}^k\left(n\right)$

  

  at samplen, for thek^th frequency band is proportional to the actual noise power level in that band. It is an amplified version of the actual noise power level. The amount of amplification is predetermined so as to prevent or minimize underflow in a fixed-point implementation of the IIR filter used for the power estimation. Underflow can occur because the dynamic range of the input signal in a frequency band during silence is low. The long-term power for thek^th frequency band is preferably estimated only during silence as indicated by theVAD 304 using the following first order lowpass IIR filter:$$P_{LT}^k\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{LT}{P}_{LT}^k\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{LT}\left|x_k\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{LT}^k\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

  
• In this case, the long-term power would not be updated during DTMF tone activity or speech activity. However, unlike voice, DTMF tone activity affects only a few frequency bands. Thus, in an alternative embodiment, the long-term power estimates corresponding to the frequency bands that do not contain the DTMF tones are updated during DTMF tone activity. In this embodiment, long-term power estimates for frequency bands containing the DTMF tones are maintained constant, i.e.:$$P_{LT}^k\left(n\right)=P_{LT}^k\left(n-1\right).$$

  
• Note that the long-term power measure is also preferably undersampled with a periodT. A suitable undersampling period isT = 10 samples. A suitable set of filter coefficients for equation (13) are:$${\alpha }_{LT}=T/160$$

  

  $${\beta }_{LT}=1-T/16000$$

  
• In this embodiment, the DC gain of the long-term power measure filter isH_LT(1) =100. This large DC gain provides the necessary boost to prevent or minimize the possibility of underflow of the long-term power measure.
• The short-term power estimate uses a shorter averaging window than the long-term power estimate. If the short-term power estimate was performed using an IIR filter with fixed coefficients as in equation (7), the power would likely vary rapidly to track the signal power variations during speech. During silence, the variations would be lesser but would still be more than that of the long-term power measure. Thus, the required dynamic range of this power measure would be high if fixed coefficients are used. However, by making the numerator coefficient of the IIR filter proportional to the NSR of the frequency band, the power measure is made to track the noise power level in the band instead. The possibility of overflow is reduced or eliminated, resulting in a more accurate power measure.
• The preferred embodiment uses an adaptive first order IIR filter to estimate the short-term power,$P_{ST}^k\left(n\right)$

  

  in thek^th frequency band, once everyT samples:$$P_{ST}^k\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{ST}{P}_{ST}^k\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{ST}{\mathrm{NSR}}_k\left(n\right)\left|x_k\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{ST}^k\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

  

  whereNSR_k(n) is the noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of thek^th frequency band at samplen. This IIR filter is adaptive since the numerator coefficient in the transfer function of this filter is proportional toNSR_k(n) which depends on time and is adapted in theNSR adapter 310. This power estimation is preferably performed at all times regardless of the signal activity indicated by theVAD 304.
• A suitable undersampling period for the power measure may be, for example,T =10 samples. Suitable filter coefficients may be, for example:$${\alpha }_{ST}=1$$

  

  $${\beta }_{ST}=1-T/128.$$

  

  In this embodiment, the DC gain of the IIR filter used for the short-term power estimation isH_ST(1) = 12.8.
• The method of adaptation of the NSR values when DTMF tones are absent will now be discussed. The NSR of a frequency band is preferably adapted based on the long-term power,P_LT(n), and the short-term power,P_ST(n), corresponding to that band as well as the overall NSR,NSR_overall(n) 322.
• Figure 4 illustrates the process of NSR adaptation for a single frequency band. Figure 4 presents thecompensation factor adapter 402, longterm power estimator 308a, shortterm power estimator 308b, andpower compensator 404. Thecompensation factor 406, longterm power estimate 323a, and shortterm power estimate 323b are also shown. Theprediction error 408 is also shown.
• Theoverall NSR estimator 306 is common to all frequency bands. In the preferred embodiment, thecompensation factor adapter 402 is also common to all frequency bands for computational efficiency. However, in general, thecompensation factor adapter 402 may be designed to be different for different frequency bands. During silence, the short-term power estimate 323b in a frequency band is a measure of the noise power level. During speech, the short-term power 323b predicts the noise power level. Because background noise is almost stationary during short periods of time, the long-term power 323a, which is held constant during speech bursts, provides a good estimate of the true noise power preferably after compensation by a scalar. The scalar compensation is beneficial because the long-term power 323a is an amplified version of the actual noise power level. Thus, the difference between the short-term power 323b and the compensated long-term power provides a means to adjust the NSR. This difference is termed theprediction error 408. The sign of theprediction error 408 can be used to increase or decrease the NSR without performing a division.
• The NSR adaptation for thek^th frequency band can be performed in theNSR adapter 310 as follows during speech and silence (but preferably not during DTMF tone activity):$${\mathrm{NSR}}_k\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="max"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">max</figure-callout>}\left[0,{\mathrm{NSR}}_k\left(n-1\right)-\Delta \right],\hfill & P_{ST}\left(n\right)-C\left(n\right)P_{LT}\left(n\right)>0\hfill \\ \mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="min"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">min</figure-callout>}\left[1-\epsilon ,{\mathrm{NSR}}_k\left(n-1\right)+\Delta \right],\hfill & \mathrm{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

  

  
  where the compensation factor (which is adapted in the compensation factor adapter) for the long-term power is given by:$$C\left(n\right)=\frac{H_{ST}\left(1\right)}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="H\; L\; T"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_{LT}\left(1\right)}+{\mathrm{NSR}}_{\mathrm{overall}}\left(n\right)$$

  
• In equation (18), the sign of theprediction error 408,P_ST(n)- C(n)P_LT(n), is used to determine the direction of adjustment ofNSR_k(n). In this embodiment, the amount of adjustment is determined based on the signal activity indicated by the VAD. The preferred embodiment uses a large Δ during speech and a small Δ during silence. Speech power varies rapidly and a larger Δ is suitable for tracking the variations quickly. During silence, the background noise is usually slowly varying and thus a small value of Δ is sufficient. Furthermore, the use of a small Δ value prevents sudden short-duration noise spikes from causing the NSR to increase too much, which would allow the noise spike to leak through the noise suppression system.
• A suitable set of parameters for use in equation (18) whenT = 10 is given below:$$\epsilon =0.05$$

  

  $$\mathrm{\Delta }=\{\begin{array}{ll}0.025\hfill & \mathrm{during\; speech}\hfill \\ 0.00625\hfill & \mathrm{during\; silence}\hfill \end{array}$$

  
• In the preferred embodiment, the NSR adapter adapts the NSR according to the VAD state and the difference between the noise and signal power. Although this preferred embodiment uses only the sign of the difference between noise and signal power, the magnitude of this difference can also be used to vary the NSR. Moreover, the NSR adapter may vary the NSR according to one or more of the following: 1) the VAD state (e.g., a VAD flag indicating speech or noise); 2) the difference between the noise power and the signal power; 3) a ratio of the noise to signal power (instantaneous NSR); and 4) the difference between the instantaneous NSR and a previous NSR. For example, Δ may vary based on one or more of these four factors. By adapting Δ based on the instantaneous NSR, a "smoothing" or "averaging" effect is provided to the adapted NSR estimate. In one embodiment, Δ may be varied according to the following table (Table 1.1):Table 1.1 Look-up Table for possible values of Δ used to vary the adapted NSR

  	Magnitude of difference between a previous NSR and an instantaneous NSR during speech	△
  During speech	|difference| < 0.025	0
  	0.025 < |difference| ≤ 0.3	0.025
  	|difference| > 0.3	0.05
  During silence	|difference| < 0.00625	0
  	0.00625 < |difference| ≤ 0.3	0.00625
  	|difference| > 0.3	0.01

• The overall NSR,NSR_overall(n) 322, also may be a factor in the adaptation of the NSR through the compensation factorC(n) 406, given by equation (19). A larger overall NSR level results in the overemphasis of the long-term power 323a for all frequency bands. This causes all the NSR values to be adapted toward higher levels. Accordingly, this would cause thegain factor 326 to be lower for higher overall NSR levels. The perceived quality of speech is improved by this oversuppression under higher background noise levels.
• When theNSR_overall(n) 322 is negative, which happens under very high overall SNR conditions, the NSR value for each frequency band in this embodiment is adapted toward zero. Thus, undersuppression of very low levels of noise is achieved because such low levels of noise are effectively masked by speech. The relationship between theoverall NSR 322 and the adaptedNSR 324 in the several frequency bands can be described as a proportional relationship because as theoverall NSR 322 increases, the adaptedNSR 324 for each band increases.
• In the preferred embodiment,H_LT(1)=100 andH_ST(1)=12.8, so thatH_ST(1)/H_LT(1)=0.128 in equation (19). Since-0.128≤NSR_overall(n)≤0.064, the range of the compensation factor is:$$0\le C\left(n\right)\le 0.192$$

  
• Thus, in this embodiment, the long-term power is overemphasized by at most 1.5 times its actual value under low SNR conditions. Under high SNR conditions, the long-term power is de-emphasized wheneverC(n) ≤ 0.128.
• During DTMF tone activity as indicated by theVAD 304, the process of adapting the NSR values using equations (18) and (19) for the frequency bands containing the tones is not appropriate. For the bands that do not contain the active DTMF tones, (18) and (19) are preferably continued to be used during DTMF tone activity.
• As soon as DTMF activity is detected, the NSR values for the frequency bands containing DTMF tones are preferably set to zero until the DTMF activity is no longer detected. After the end of DTMF activity, the NSR values may be allowed to adapt as described above.
• The voice activity detector ("VAD") 304 determines whether the input signal contains either speech or silence. Preferably, theVAD 304 is a joint voice activity and DTMF activity detector ("JVADAD"). The voice activity and DTMF activity detection may proceed independently and the decisions of the two detectors are then combined to form a final decision. For example, as shown in Figure 9, theJVADAD 304 may include avoice activity detector 304a, aDTMF activity detector 304b, and a determiningcircuit 304c. In one embodiment, theVAD 304a outputs avoice detection signal 902 to the determiningcircuit 304c and the DTMF activity detector outputs aDTMF detection signal 904 to the determiningcircuit 304c. The determiningcircuit 304c then determines, based upon thevoice detection signal 902 andDTMF detection signal 904, whether voice, DTMF activity or silence is present in theinput signal 316. The determiningcircuit 304c may determine the content of theinput signal 316, for example, based on the logic presented in Table 2 (below). In this context, silence refers to the absence of speech or DTMF activity, and may include noise.
• The voice activity detector may output a single flag,VAD 320, which is set, for example, to one if speech is considered active and zero otherwise. The DTMF activity detector sets a flag, for example DTMF=1, if DTMF activity is detected and sets DTMF=0 otherwise. The following table (Table 2) presents the logic that may be used to determine whether DTMF activity or speech activity is present:Table 2: Logic for use with JVADAD

  DTMF	VAD	Decision
  0	0	Silence
  0	1	Speech
  1	0	DTMF activity present
  1	1	DTMF activity present

• When a tone-dial telephone button is pressed, a pair of tones are generated. One of the tones will belong to the following set of frequencies: {697, 770, 852, 941} in Hz and one will be from the set {1209, 1336, 1477, 1633} in Hz, as indicated above in Table 1. These sets of frequencies are termed the low group and the high group frequencies, respectively. Thus, sixteen possible tone pairs are possible corresponding to 16 keys of an extended telephone keypad. The tones are required to be received within ± 2% of these nominal values. Note that these frequencies were carefully selected so as to minimize the amount of harmonic interaction. Furthermore, for proper detection of a pair of tones, the difference in amplitude between the tones (called 'twist') must be within 6dB.
• A suitable DTMF detection algorithm for detection of DTMF tones in theJVADAD 304 is a modified version of the Goertzel algorithm. The Goertzel algorithm is a recursive method of performing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and is more efficient than the DFT or FFT for small numbers of tones. The detection of DTMF tones and the regeneration and extension of DTMF tones will be discussed in more detail below.
• Voice activity detection is preferably performed using the power measures in the first formant region of the input signalx(n). In the context of the telephony speech signal, the first formant region is defined to be the range of approximately 300-850Hz. A long-term and short-term power measure in the first formant region are used with difference equations given by:$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left(n\right)={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="S\; T\; P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">S</figure-callout>}T}{P}_{}{}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left(n-1\right)<figure-callout\; label="+\; \alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">+</figure-callout>{\alpha }_{}{}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left|{\displaystyle \sum _{k\in F}{x}_{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="k\; n\; P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">k</figure-callout>}}\left(n\right)},\right|$$

  

  $$P_{}$$$${}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,1}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n-1\right)<figure-callout\; label="+\; \alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">+</figure-callout>{\alpha }_{}{}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,1}\left|{\displaystyle \sum _{k\in F}{x}_k\left(n\right)}\right|,\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hspace{0.17em}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n\right)<{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left(n\right)\hfill \\ {\beta }_{1\mathrm{st},LT,2}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n-1\right)<figure-callout\; label="+\; \alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">+</figure-callout>{\alpha }_{}{}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,2}\left|{\displaystyle \sum _{k\in F}{x}_k\left(n\right)}\right|,\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hspace{0.17em}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n\right)\ge {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left(n\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

  

  
  whereF represents the set of frequency bands within the first formant region. The first formant region is preferred because it contains a large proportion of the speech energy and provides a suitable means for early detection of the beginning of a speech burst.
• The long-term power measure tracks the background noise level in the first formant of the signal. The short-term power measure tracks the speech signal level in first formant of the signal. Suitable parameters for the long-term and short-term first formant power measures are:$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,1}=1/16000$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,1}=1-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,1}$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,2}=1/256$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,2}=1-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT,2}$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}=1/128$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}=1-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha "\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}$$

  

  TheVAD 304 also may utilize a hangover counter,h_VAD 305. Thehangover counter 305 is used to hold the state of theVAD output 320 steady during short periods when the power in the first formant drops to low levels. The first formant power can drop to low levels during short stoppages and also during consonant sounds in speech. TheVAD output 320 is held steady to prevent speech from being inadvertently suppressed. Thehangover counter 305 may be updated as follows:$$h_{\mathrm{VAD}}=\{\begin{array}{ll}{h}_{\mathrm{VAD},\max }\hfill & \mathrm{if}\hspace{0.17em}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},ST}\left(n\right)>\mu {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{1\mathrm{st},LT}\left(n\right)+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_0\hfill \\ \mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="max"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">max</figure-callout>}\left[0,{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{VAD}}-1\right]\hfill & \mathrm{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

  

  
  where suitable values for the parameters (when the range of x(n) is normalized to ± 1) are, for example:$$\mu =1.75$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_0=16/8159$$

  

  The value ofh_VAD,max preferably corresponds to about 150-250 ms, i.e.h_VAD,max ∈ [1200,2000].
  Speech is considered active (VAD=1) whenever the following condition is satisfied:$$h_{\mathrm{VAD}}>0$$

  

  Otherwise, speech is considered to be not present in the input signal (VAD=0).
• The preferred apparatus and method for detection of DTMF tones, in the JVADAD for example, will now be discussed. Although the preferred embodiment uses an apparatus and method for detecting DTMF tones, the principles discussed with respect to DTMF tones are applicable to all inband signals. In this context, an inband signal is any kind of tonal signal within the bandwidth normally used for voice transmission. Exemplary inband signals include facsimile tones, DTMF tones, dial tones, and busy signal tones.
• Given a block ofN samples (whereN is chosen appropriately) of the input signal,u(n), n = 0,1,2,...N-1, the apparatus can test for the presence of a tone close to a particular frequency, ω₀, by correlation of the input samples with a pair of tones in quadrature at the test frequency ω₀. The correlation results can be used to estimate the power of theinput signal 316 around the test frequency. This procedure can be expressed by the following equations:$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="R\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_{{\omega }_{}}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{n=0}^{N-1}u\left(n\right)\cos {\omega }_{0}n}$$

  

  $$I_{{\omega }_0}={\displaystyle {\sum }_{n=0}^{N-1}u\left(n\right)\sin {\omega }_0\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="n\; P\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">n</figure-callout>}}$$

  

  $$P_{{\omega }_{}}$$$${{}_0}_{}={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="R\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_{{\omega }_{}}^{{}_0}+I_{{\omega }_0}^2$$

  

  Equation (3) provides the estimate of the power,${\mathit{<figure-callout\; label="P\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{{\mathrm{\omega }}_{}}$

  

  , around the test frequency ω₀. The computational complexity of the procedure stated in (29)-(31) can be reduced by about half by using a modified Goertzel algorithm. This is given below:$$w\left(n\right)=2\cos {\omega }_{0}w\left(n-1\right)-w\left(n-2\right)+u\left(n\right),\hspace{0.17em}n=0,1,2,\dots N-1$$

  

  $$w\left(N\right)=2\cos {\omega }_{0}w\left(N-1\right)-w\left(N-2\right)$$

  

  $${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="P\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_{{\omega }_{}}=w^2\left(N\right)+w^2\left(n-1\right)-2\cos {\omega }_{0}w\left(N\right)w\left(N-1\right)$$

  

  Note that the initial conditions for the recursion in (32) arew(-1) =w(-2) = 0.
  The above procedure in equations (32)-(34) is preferably performed for each of the eight DTMF frequencies and their second harmonics for a given block ofN samples. The second harmonics are the frequencies that are twice the values of the DTMF frequencies.
  These frequencies are tested to ensure that voiced speech signals (which have a harmonic structure) are not mistaken for DTMF tones. The Goertzel algorithm preferably analyzes blocks of lengthN = 102 samples. At a preferred sampling rate of 8 kHz, each block contains signals of 12.75 ms duration. The following validity tests are preferably conducted to detect the presence of a valid DTMF tone pair in a block of N samples:
1. (1) The power of the strongest Low Group frequency and the strongest High Group frequency must both be above certain thresholds.
2. (2) The power of the strongest frequency in the Low Group must be higher than the other three power values in the Low Group by a certain threshold ratio.
3. (3) The power of the strongest frequency in the High Group must be higher than the other three power values in the High Group by a certain threshold ratio.
4. (4) The ratio of the power of the strongest Low Group frequency and the power of the strongest High Group frequency must be within certain upper and lower bounds.
5. (5) The ratio of the power values of the strongest Low Group frequency and its second harmonic must exceed a certain threshold ratio.
6. (6) The ratio of the power values of the strongest High Group frequency and its second harmonic must exceed a certain threshold ratio.
• If the above validity tests are passed, a further confirmation test may be performed to ensure that the detected DTMF tone pair is stable for a sufficient length of time. To confirm the presence of a DTMF tone pair, the same DTMF tone pair must be detected to confirm that a valid DTMF tone pair is present for a sufficient duration of time following a block of silence according to the specifications used, for example, for three consecutive blocks (of approximately 12.75 ms).
• To provide improved detection of DTMF tones, a modified Goertzel detection algorithm is preferably used. This is achieved by taking advantage of thefilter bank 302 in thenoise suppression apparatus 300 which already has the input signal split into separate frequency bands. When the Goertzel algorithm is used to estimate the power near a test frequency, ω₀, it suffers from poor rejection of the power outside the vicinity of ω₀. In theimproved apparatus 300, in order to estimate the power near a test frequency ω₀, theapparatus 300 uses the output of the bandpass filter whose passband contains ω₀. By applying the Goertzel algorithm to the bandpassed signals, excellent rejection of power in frequencies outside the vicinity of ω₀ is achieved.
• Note that theapparatus 300 preferably uses the validity tests as described above in, for example, theJVADAD 304. Theapparatus 300 may or may not use the confirmation test as described above. In the preferred embodiment, a more sophisticated method (than the confirmation test) suitable for the purpose of DTMF tone extension or regeneration is used. The validity tests are preferably conducted in the DTMF Activity Detection portion of the Joint Voice Activity &DTMF Activity Detector 304.
• A method and apparatus for real-time extension of DTMF tones will now be discussed in connection with Figures 5 and 8. Although the preferred embodiment uses an apparatus and method for extending DTMF tones, the principles discussed with respect to DTMF tones are applicable to all inband signals. In this context, an inband signal is any kind of tonal signal within the bandwidth normally used for voice transmission. Exemplary inband signals include facsimile tones, DTMF tones, dial tones, and busy signal tones.
• Referring to Figure 8, which illustrates the concept of extending a tone in real time, theinput signal 802 tone starts at aroundsample 100 and ends at around sample 460, lasting about 45 ms. Thetone activity flag 804, shown in the middle graph, indicates whether a tone was detected in the last block of, for example,N =102 samples. This flag is zero until sample 250 at which point it rises to one. This means that the block from sample 149 to sample 250 was tested and found to contain tone activity. Note that the previous block from sample 47 to sample 148 was tested and found not to contain tone activity although part of the block contained the input tone (the percentage of a block that must contain a DTMF tone for the tone activity flag to detect a tone may be set to a predetermined threshold, for example). This block is considered to contain a pause. The next two blocks of samples were also found to contain tone activity at the same frequency. Thus, three consecutive blocks of samples contain tone activity following a pause which confirms the presence of a tone of the frequency that is being tested for. (Note that, in the preferred embodiment, the presence of a low group tone and a high group tone must be simultaneously confirmed to confirm the DTMF activity).
• Theoutput signal 806 shows how the input tone is extended even after the input tone dies off at about sample 460. This extension of the tone is performed in real-time and the extended tone preferably has the same phase, frequency and amplitude as the original input tone.
• The preferred method extends a tone in a phase-continuous manner as discussed below. In the preferred embodiment, the extended tone will continue to maintain the amplitude of the input tone. The preferred method takes advantage of the information obtained when the Goertzel algorithm is used for DTMF tone detection. For example, given an input tone:$$u\left(n\right)=A_0\sin \left({\omega }_{0}i+\varphi \right)$$

  

  Equations (32) and (33) of the Goertzel algorithm can be used to obtain the two statesw(N - 1) andw(N). For sufficiently large values ofN, it can be shown that the following approximations hold:$$w\left(N-1\right)={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="B"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}_0\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="sin\; N\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">sin</figure-callout>}\left(N{\omega }_{}\right)\left({}_0+\varphi -\pi /2\right)$$

  

  $$w\left(N\right)={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="B"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}_0\sin \left(\left(N+1\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\omega </figure-callout>}}_0+\varphi -\pi /2\right)$$

  

  where$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="B"\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}_0=\frac{A_0}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="sin\; \omega "\; filenames="imgf0006.png,imgf0007.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">sin</figure-callout>}{\omega }_{}{}_0}{\displaystyle {\sum }_{i=0}^{N-1}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="sin"\; filenames="imgf0005.png,imgf0006.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">sin</figure-callout>}}^2\left({\omega }_{0}i\right)}$$

  

  It is seen thatw(N-1) andw(N) contain two consecutive samples of a sinusoid with frequency ω₀. The phase and amplitude of this sinusoid preferably possess a deterministic relationship to the phase and amplitude of the input sinusoidu(n). Thus, theDTMF tone generator 321 can generate a sinusoid using a recursive oscillator that matches the phase and amplitude of the input sinusoidu(n) for sample times greater thanN using the following procedure:
• (a) Compute the next consecutive sample of the sinusoid with amplitudeB₀ :$$w\left(N+1\right)=\left(2\cos {\omega }_0\right)w\left(N\right)-w\left(N-1\right)$$
  
• (b) Generate two consecutive samples of a sinusoid,w'(n), with amplitudeA₀ and phase φ usingw(N - 1),w(N) andw(N +1):$$w^{\prime }\left(N+1\right)=\frac{\cos {\omega }_0}{\sin {\omega }_0}w\left(N\right)-\frac{1}{\sin {\omega }_0}w\left(N-1\right)$$
  
  $$w^{\prime }\left(N+2\right)=\frac{\cos {\omega }_0}{\sin {\omega }_0}w\left(N+1\right)-\frac{1}{\sin {\omega }_0}w\left(N\right)$$
  
• (c) Use a recursive oscillator to generate all consecutive samples of the sinusoid forj = 3,4,5,... :$$w^{\prime }\left(N+j\right)=\left(2\cos {\omega }_0\right)w^{\prime }\left(N+j-1\right)-w^{\prime }\left(N+j-2\right)$$
  
  The sequencew'(N +j),j = 1,2,3,4,5,... can be used to extend the input sinusoidu(n) beyond the sampleN.
• As soon as the two DTMF tone frequencies are determined by the DTMF activity detector, for example, the procedure in equations (39)-(42) can be used to extend each of the two tones. The extension of the tones will be performed by a weighted combination of the input signal with the generated tones. A weighted combination is preferably used to prevent abrupt changes in the amplitude of the signal due to slight amplitude and/or frequency mismatch between the input tones and the generated tones which produces impulsive noise. The weighted combination is preferably performed as follows:$$y\left(n\right)=\left[1-\rho \left(n\right)\right]u\left(n\right)+\rho \left(n\right)\left[{w^{\prime }}_L\left(n\right)+{w^{\prime }}_H\left(n\right)\right],\hspace{0.17em}n=N+1,N+2,N+3,\dots$$

  

  whereu(n) is the input signal,w'_L (n) is the low group generated tone,w'_H(n) is the high group generated tone, and ρ(n) is a gain parameter that increases linearly from 0 to 1 over a short period of time, preferably 5 ms or less.
• In the noise suppression system,x(n) is the input sample at timen to theresonator bank 302. Theresonator bank 302 splits this signal into a set of bandpass signals {x_k(n)}. Recalling equation (4) from above:$$y\left(n\right)={\displaystyle {\sum }_k{G}_k\left(n\right)x_k\left(n\right)}$$

  

  As discussed above,G_k (n) andx_k(n) are the gain factor and bandpass signal from thek^th frequency band, respectively, andy(n) is the output of thenoise suppression apparatus 300. The set of bandpass signals {x_k(n)} collectively may be referred to as the input signal to the DTMF tone extension method.
• Note that there is no block delay introduced by thenoise suppression apparatus 300 when DTMF tone extension is used because the current input sample to thenoise suppression apparatus 300 is processed and output as soon as it is received. Since the DTMF detection method works on blocks ofN samples, we will define the current block ofN samples as the lastN samples received, i.e., samples {x(n -N),x(n -N + 1),...,x(n - 1)}. The previous block will consist of the samples {x(n - 2N),x(n - 2N + 1),...,x(n -N - 1)}.
• Turning now to Figure 5, that Figure presents anexemplary method 500 for extending DTMF tones. To determine whether DTMF tones are present, the validity tests of the DTMF detection method are preferably applied to each block. If a valid DTMF tone pair is detected, the corresponding digit is decoded based on Table 1. In the preferred embodiment, the decoded digits that are output from the DTMF activity detector (for example the JVADAD) for the current and three previous output blocks are used. In this context, the ith output of DTMF activity detector is Di, with larger i corresponding to a more recent output. Thus, the four output blocks will be referred to as Di (i.e., D1, D2, D3 and D4). In the preferred embodiment, each output block can have seventeen possible values: the sixteen possible values from the extended keypad and a value indicating that no DTMF tone is present. The output blocks Di may be transmitted to theDTMF tone generator 321 in the voice activity detection and DTMFactivity detection signal 320. The following decision Table (Table 3) is preferably used to implement the DTMF tone extension method 500:Table 3: Extension of DTMF Tones

  Condition	Action
  (D3 = D2 = D1) and (D3, D2, D1 valid) and ((D4 not valid) or (D4 ≠ D3))	Suppress next 3 consecutive blocks
  (D4 valid) and (D3, D2, D1 not valid and/or not equal)	SetGL(n) = 1 andGH(n)= 1
  (D4=D3) and (D4, D3 valid) and (D3 ≠ D2) and (D2, D1 not valid and/or not equal)	Replace next block gradually with generated DTMF tones using equation (46)
  (D4 = D3 = D2)	Generate DTMF tones to replace the transmitted tones
  All other cases	All gain factors allowed to vary as determined by noise suppression apparatus

• When the first block containing a valid DTMF tone pair is detected, two gain factors of the noise suppression system,G_L(n) andG_H(n) corresponding to theL^th andH^th frequency bands containing the low group and high group tones, respectively, are set to one, for example, in equation (4), i.e.$$y\left(n\right)={\displaystyle {\sum }_k{G}_k\left(n\right)x_k\left(n\right)},\hspace{0.17em}{G}_L\left(n\right)=1,\hspace{0.17em}{\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{H}}\left(n\right)=1$$

  

  This corresponds tosteps 504 and 506 of Figure 5. Setting these gain factors to one ensures that thenoise suppression apparatus 300 does not suppress the DTMF tones after this point. After this block, if the next one or two blocks do not result in the same decoded digit, the gain factors are allowed to vary again as determined by the noise suppression system, as indicated bystep 508 of Figure 5.
• When the first two consecutive blocks containing identical valid digits are decoded following a block that does not contain DTMF tones, the appropriate pair of tones corresponding to the digit are generated, for example by using equations (39)-(42), and are used to gradually substitute the input tones. This corresponds tosteps 510 and 512 of figure 5. The DTMF tones 329 are preferably generated in theDTMF tone generator 321. The substitution is preferably performed by reducing the contribution of the input signal,x(n), and increasing the contribution of the generated tones,w'_L(n) andw'_H(n), to the output signal,y(n), over the nextM samples (j = 1,2,3,..M) as follows:$$y\left(n+j\right)=\left[1-\rho \left(n+j\right)\right]{\displaystyle {\sum }_k{G}_k\left(n\right)x_k\left(n\right)}+\rho \left(n+j\right)\left[{w^{\prime }}_L\left(n\right)+{w^{\prime }}_H\left(n\right)\right]$$

  

  $$\rho \left(n+j\right)=j/M$$

  

  Note that no division is necessary in equation (47). Beginning with ρ(n) = 0, the relation ρ(n +j + 1) =ρ(n +j) + 1/M can be used to update the gain value each sample. An exemplary value ofM is 40.
• Thus, in a preferred embodiment, after receiving the first two consecutive blocks with identical valid digits, the firstM samples of the next block are gradually replaced with generatedDTMF tones 329 so that after theM samples, the outputy(n) =w'_L (n) +w'_H (n). After M samples, the generated tones are maintained until a DTMF tone pair is no longer detected in a block. In such a case, the delay in detecting the DTMF tone signal (due to, e.g., the block length) is offset by the delay in detecting the end of a DTMF tone signal. As a result, the DTMF tone is extended through the use of generated DTMF tones 329.
• In an alternative embodiment, the generated tones continue after a DTMF tone is no longer detected for example for approximately one-half block after a DTMF tone pair is not detected in a block. In this embodiment, since the JVADAD may take approximately one block to detect a DTMF tone pair, the DTMF tone generator extends the DTMF tone approximately one block beyond the actual DTMF tone pair. Thus, in the unlikely event that a DTMF tone pair is the minimum detectable length, the DTMF tone output should be at least the length of the minimum input tone. Whatever embodiment is utilized, the length of time it takes for the DTMF tone pair to be detected can vary based on the JVADAD's detection method and the block length used. Accordingly, the proper extension period may vary as well.
• When three or more consecutive blocks contain valid digits, theDTMF tone generator 321 generates DTMF tones 329 to replace the input DTMF tones. This corresponds tosteps 513 and 514 of Figure 5. Once the DTMF tone generator has extended the DTMF tone pair, the input signal is attenuated for a suitable time, for example for approximately three consecutive 12.75 ms blocks, to ensure that there is a sufficient pause following the output DTMF signal. This corresponds tosteps 515 and 516 of Figure 5. During the period of attenuation, the output is given by$$y\left(n\right)=\rho \left(n\right){\displaystyle {\sum }_k{G}_k\left(n\right)x_k\left(n\right)}$$

  

  where ρ(n) = 0.02 is a suitable choice. After the three blocks, ρ(n) = 1, and the noise suppression apparatus is allowed to determine the gain factors until DTMF activity is detected again (as indicated bystep 508 of Figure 5).
• Note that it is possible for the current block to contain DTMF activity although the current block is scheduled to be suppressed as in equation (48). This can happen, for instance, when DTMF tone pairs are spaced apart by the minimum allowed time period. If theinput signal 316 contains legitimate DTMF tones, then the digits will normally be spaced apart by at least three consecutive blocks of silence. Thus, only the first block of samples in a valid DTMF tone pair will generally suffer suppression. This will, however, be compensated for by the DTMF tone extension.
• Turning now to Figure 6, that figure presents a method for regenerating DTMF tones 329. DTMF tone regeneration is an alternative to DTMF tone extension. Although the preferred embodiment uses an apparatus and regenerating DTMF tones, the principles discussed with respect to DTMF tones are applicable to all inband signals. In this context, an inband signal is any kind of tonal signal within the bandwidth normally used for voice transmission. Exemplary inband signals include facsimile tones, DTMF tones, dial tones, and busy signal tones.
• DTMF tone regeneration may be performed, for example, in theDTMF tone generator 321. The extension method introduces very little delay (approximately one block in the illustrated embodiment) but is slightly more complicated because the phases of the tones are matched for proper detection of the DTMF tones. The regeneration method introduces a larger delay (a few blocks in the illustrated embodiment) but is simpler since it does not require the generated tones to match the phase of the input tones. The delay introduced in either case is temporary and happens only for DTMF tones. The delay causes a small amount of the signal following DTMF tones to be suppressed to ensure sufficient pauses following a DTMF tone pair. DTMF regeneration may also cause a single block of speech signal following within a second of a DTMF tone pair to be suppressed. Since this is a highly improbable event and only the first N samples of speech suffer the suppression, however, no loss of useful information is likely.
• As when performing DTMF extension, however, the set of signals {x_k(n)} may be referred to collectively as the input to the DTMF Regeneration method. When DTMF tones 329 are generated, the output signal of thecombiner 315 is:$$y\left(n\right)={\rho }_1\left(n\right){\displaystyle {\sum }_k{G}_k{x}_k\left(n\right)}+{\rho }_2\left(n\right)\left[{w^{\prime }}_L\left(n\right)+{w^{\prime }}_H\left(n\right)\right]$$

  

  where Σ_kG_kx_k(n) is the output of the gain multiplier,w'_L(n) andw'_H(n) are the generated low and high group tones (if any), and ρ₁(n) and ρ₂(n) are additional gain factors. When no DTMF signals are present in the input signal, ρ₁(n) = 1 and ρ₂(n) = 0. During the regeneration of a DTMF tone pair, ρ₂(n) =1. If the input signal is to be suppressed (either to ensure silence following the end of a regenerated DTMF tone pair or during the regeneration of the DTMF tone pair), then ρ₁(n) is set to a small value, e.g., ρ₁(n) = 0.02. Preferably tworecursive oscillators 332 are used to regenerate the appropriate low and high group tones corresponding to the decoded digit.
• With continued reference to Figure 6, in an exemplary embodiment, regeneration of the DTMF tones uses the current and five previous output blocks from the DTMF tone activity detector (e.g., in the JVADAD), two flags, and two counters. The previous five and the current output blocks can be referred to as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6, respectively. The flags, the SUPPRESS flag and the GENTONES flag are described below in connection with the action they cause theDTMF tone generator 321,combiner 315, and/or thegain multiplier 314 to undertake:

  SUPPRESS	Action
  1	Suppress the output of the noise suppression apparatus by setting ρ1(n) to a small value, e.g., ρ1(n) = 0.02 in equation (49)
  0	Set ρ1(n) = 1

  GENTONES	Action
  1	Generate DTMF tones and output them by setting ρ2(n) =1
  0	Stop generating DTMF tones and set ρ2(n) = 0

  Counter	Purpose
  wait_count	Counts down the number of blocks to be suppressed from the point where a DTMF tone pair was first detected
  sup_count	counts down the number of blocks to be suppressed from the end of a DTMF tone pair regeneration

• At initialization, all flags and counters are preferably set to zero. The following Table (Table 4) illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the DTMF tone regeneration method 600:Table 4: DTMF Tone Regeneration

  Condition	Action
  (D6 valid) and (D5, D4, D3, D2, D1 are not valid and/or not equal)	SUPPRESS = 1
  	wait_count = 40
  (D6 = D5 = D4) and (D6, D5, D4 valid) and (D3, D2,D 1 not valid and/or not equal)	GENTONES = 1
  (D3 = D2 = D1) and (D3, D2, D1 valid) and (D6, D5, D4 not valid and/or not equal)	GENTONES = 0
  	sup_count = 4
  (VAD = 1) and (sup_count = 0)	SUPPRESS = 0
  	wait_count = 0
  (GENTONES = 0) and (wait_count = 0)	SUPPRESS = 0
  (GENTONES = 0) and (wait_count > 0)	Decrementwait_count
  sup_count > 0	Decrementsup_count

• Note that the conditions in Table 4 are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, each condition is checked in the order presented in Table 4 at the end of a block (with the exception of conditions 1-3, which are mutually exclusive). The corresponding action is then taken for the next block if the condition is true. Therefore, multiple actions may be taken at the beginning of a block. As with DTMF tone extension, preferablyN =102 is used for DTMF tone detection for use with the DTMF tone regeneration apparatus and method.
• A description of the preferred tone regeneration method will now be presented. When a valid DTMF pair is first detected in a block ofN samples, the output of the noise suppression system is suppressed by setting ρ₁(n) to a small value, e.g., ρ₁(n) = 0.02. This is indicated by the first condition in Table 4 being satisfied and the SUPPRESS flag being set to a value of 1, and corresponds tosteps 602 and 604 of Figure 6. After three consecutive blocks are found to contain the same valid digit, the DTMF tones,w'_L(n) andw'_H(n), corresponding to the received digit are generated and are fed to the output, i.e. ρ₁(n) = 0.02 and ρ₂(n) = 1. This corresponds to the second condition of Table 4 being satisfied and the GENTONES flag being set to 1, and steps 606 and 608 of Figure 6. The DTMF tone regeneration preferably continues until after the input DTMF pair is not detected in the current block. The generatedDTMF tones 329 may be continuously output for a sufficient time (after the DTMF pair is no longer detected in the current block), for example for a further three or four blocks (to ensure that a sufficient duration of the DTMF tones are sent).
• As with the DTMF tone extension method, the DTMF tone regeneration may take place for an extra period of time, for example one-half of a block or one block ofN samples, to ensure that the DTMF tones meet minimum duration standards. In the embodiment illustrated in Table 4, the DTMF tones 329 are generated for 3 blocks after the DTMF tones are no longer detected. This corresponds tocondition 3 of Table 4 being satisfied, and steps 610 and 612 of Figure 6. Note that althoughsup-count is set to 4 when 3 consecutive non-DTMF blocks follow 3 consecutive valid, identical DTMF blocks,sup-count is decremented insteps 614 and 616 before any blocks are suppressed (thus 3 blocks are suppressed, not 4). After this, a silent period of sufficient duration is transmitted, i.e., ρ₁(n) = 0.02 and ρ₂(n) = 0. This may be, for example, four 12.75 ms blocks long.
• Meanwhile, the DTMF activity detector (preferably as part of the JVADAD) continues to operate during the transmission of the regenerated tones and the silence. If a valid digit is received while the last block of the regeneratedDTMF tones 329 and/or the silence is being transmitted, the appropriate DTMF tones corresponding to this digit are generated and transmitted after the completion of the silent period. If no valid digits are received during this period, the output continues to be suppressed during a waiting period. During this waiting period, if either of the flags of the JVADAD are one, i.e. VAD=1 or DTMF=1, then the waiting period is immediately terminated. If the waiting period is terminated due to speech activity (VAD=1), the output is determined by the noise suppression system with ρ₁(n) = 1 and ρ₂(n) = 0, for example by setting the SUPPRESS flag equal to 0 (as indicated ifcondition 4 of Table 4 is satisfied). If the waiting period is terminated by DTMF activity (DTMF=1), then suppression of the input signal continues, for example by setting the SUPPRESS flag equal to 1 (as indicated ifcondition 1 of Table 4 is satisfied). A condition of VAD = 1 corresponds tosteps 618 and 620 of Figure 6 while a condition of DTMF = 1 corresponds tosteps 602 and 604 of Figure 6. Exemplary waiting periods are from about half a second to a second (about 40 to 80 blocks). The waiting period is used to prevent the leakage of short amounts of DTMF tones from the input signal. The use ofwait_count facilitates counting down the number of blocks to be suppressed from the point where a DTMF tone pair is first detected. This corresponds tosteps 622 and 624 of Figure 6.
• When no DTMF signals are present, ρ₁(n) = 1 and ρ₂(n) = 0. In the current embodiment, whenever a DTMF tone pair is detected in a block, the output of the noise suppression system is suppressed, for example by setting ρ₁(n) to a small value, e.g.,ρ₁(n) = 0.02. In the embodiment disclosed in Table 4, ρ₁(n) is set to a small value by setting SUPPRESS equal to 1. At the end of each block ofN samples, if SUPPRESS is equal to 1, then for the nextN samples,ρ₁(n) = 0.02. At the end of each block, if it is determined that the DTMF tones should be regenerated during the next block (for example if GENTONES = 1), then ρ₂(n) = 1. Thetone generator 321 useswait_count and the flags from the JVADAD to determine whether to continue suppression of the input signal during the waiting period. If neither a voice nor a DTMF tone is detected during the waiting period, thenwait_count is eventually decremented to 0, then the default condition of ρ₁(n) = 1 and ρ₂(n)= 0 is preferably set (corresponding tosteps 626 and 628 of Figure 6).
• The DTMF tone extension and DTMF tone regeneration methods are described separately. However, it is possible to combine DTMF tone extension and DTMF tone regeneration into one method and/or apparatus.
• Although the DTMF tone extension and regeneration methods disclosed here are with a noise suppression system, these methods may also be used with other speech enhancement systems such as adaptive gain control systems, echo cancellation, and echo suppression systems. Moreover, the DTMF tone extension and regeneration described are especially useful when delay cannot be tolerated. However, if delay is tolerable, e.g., if a 20 ms delay is tolerable in a speech enhancement system (which may be the case if the speech enhancement system operates in conjunction with a speech compression device), then the extension and/or regeneration of tones may not be necessary. However, a speech enhancement system that does not have a DTMF detector may scale the tones inappropriately. With a DTMF detector present, the noise suppression apparatus and method can detect the presence of the tones and set the scaling factors for the appropriate subbands to unity.
• Referring generally to Figures 3 and 4, thefilter bank 302,JVADAD 304,hangover counter 305,NSR estimator 306,power estimator 308,NSR adapter 310, gaincomputer 312,gain multiplier 314,compensation factor adapter 402, longterm power estimator 308a, shortterm power estimator 308b,power compensator 404,DTMF tone generator 321,oscillators 332,undersampling circuit 330, andcombiner 315 may be implemented using combinatorial and sequential logic, an ASIC, through software implemented by a CPU, a DSP chip, or the like. The foregoing hardware elements may be part of hardware that is used to perform other operational functions. The input signals, frequency bands, power measures and estimates, gain factors, NSRs and adapted NSRs, flags, prediction error, compensator factors, counters, and constants may be stored in registers, RAM, ROM, or the like, and may be generated through software, through a data structure located in a memory device such as RAM or ROM, and so forth.
• While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teaching.

Claims (33)

1. An apparatus for suppressing noise in a communications system, the apparatus comprising:

   a filter bank connected to an input signal and including multiple subband outputs;

   a voice activity detector connected to said input signal and including a voice detection signal output;

   a power estimator connected to said voice detection signal and multiple subband outputs and including multiple short-term power estimate outputs representative of noisy signal power, and including multiple long-term power estimate outputs representative of noise power;

   a noise to signal ratio (NSR) adapter connected to said multiple long-term power estimate outputs, said multiple short-term power estimate outputs, and said voice detection signal output, said adapter including multiple adapted NSR outputs;

   a gain computation circuit connected to said multiple adapted NSR outputs, and including multiple gain factor outputs;

   a gain multiplier connected to said multiple gain factor outputs and said multiple subband outputs, said gain multiplier including multiple scaled signal outputs; and

   a combiner connected to at least said multiple scaled signal outputs, said combiner including a combined signal output.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an overall NSR estimator connected to said input signal and said voice detection signal output and including an overall NSR output, and wherein said NSR adapter is connected to said overall NSR output, and said multiple adapted NSR outputs are responsive to said overall NSR output.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said overall NSR estimator includes circuitry that determines a noisy signal power estimate responsive to said voice detection signal output and a noise power estimate responsive to said voice detection signal output.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said circuitry determines said noisy signal power estimate responsive to undersampling said input signal.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said circuitry determines said noise power estimate responsive to undersampling said input signal.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said noisy signal power estimate is determined by the formula:$$P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{\mathrm{SIG}}{P}_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

   

   where T represents an undersampling period, α_SIG and β_SIG are predetermined constants, and x(n) represents said input signal at sample n.
7. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said noise power estimate is determined by the formula:$$P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\max \left[{\beta }_{\mathrm{BN}}{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{BN}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,P_{\mathrm{BN},\max }\right],\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

   

   where T represents an undersampling period, α_BN and β_BN are predetermined constants, x(n) represents said input signal at sample n, and P_BN,max represents a maximum background noise power.
8. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said overall NSR output represents the difference between said noisy signal power estimate and said noise power estimate multiplied by a predetermined constant.
9. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said NSR output is determined by the formula:$${\mathrm{NSR}}_{\mathrm{overall}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}{\upsilon }_1{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right),& P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)<{\kappa }_1{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\\ {\upsilon }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right),& P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\ge {\kappa }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\\ {\upsilon }_3\left[P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)-P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\right],& {\kappa }_2{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)>P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)\ge {\kappa }_3{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)\end{array}$$

   

   where ν_1-3 and κ_1-3 are predetermined constants, P_BN(n) represents said noise power estimate and P_SIG(n) represents said noisy signal power estimate.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said power estimator includes said multiple short-term power estimate outputs responsive to undersampled multiple subband outputs.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said power estimator includes said multiple long-term power estimate outputs responsive to undersampled multiple subband outputs.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said NSR adapter includes said multiple adapted NSR outputs responsive to scaled long-term power estimate outputs and scaled short-term power estimate outputs.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said power estimator includes said multiple short-term power estimate outputs responsive to scaled multiple subband outputs, thereby attempting to avoid overflow or underflow.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said power estimator includes multiple long-term power estimate outputs responsive to scaled multiple subband outputs, thereby attempting to avoid overflow or underflow.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said voice detection signal output is responsive to power measured between approximately 300 Hz and approximately 850 Hz of said input signal.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said multiple long-term power estimate outputs are constant during non-silence.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said filter bank comprises a resonator bank of k resonators, and said long-term power estimate output corresponding to the kth resonator is responsive to the formula:$$P_{LT}^k\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{LT}{P}_{LT}^k\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{LT}\left|x_k\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{LT}^k\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

    

    where T represents an undersampling period, α_LT and β_LT are predetermined constants, and x_k(n) represents the kth subband of a multiple subband signal.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said filter bank comprises a resonator bank of k resonators, and said short-term power estimate corresponding to the kth resonator is responsive to the formula:$$P_{ST}^k\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{ST}{P}_{ST}^k\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{ST}{\mathrm{NSR}}_k\left(n\right)\left|x_k\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{ST}^k\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

    

    where T represents an undersampling period, α_LT and β_LT are predetermined constants,x_k(n) represents the kth subband of a multiple subband signal, and NSR_k(n) represents the NSR of the kth subband at sample n.
19. A method for suppressing noise in a communications system, the method comprising:

    accepting an input signal comprising a plurality of subbands;

    detecting whether speech is present in said input signal including measuring power in said input signal to form a speech detection signal;

    estimating power in said plurality of subbands to form a plurality of long-term power estimates and a plurality of short-term power estimates;

    forming at least one adapted NSR in at least one of said plurality of subbands responsive to said voice detection signal, said plurality of long-term power estimates and said plurality of short-term power estimates;

    forming a gain factor signal in at least one of said plurality of subbands responsive to said at least one adapted NSR;

    scaling at least one of said plurality of subbands responsive to said at least one gain factor signal to form at least one scaled subband; and

    forming an output signal responsive to said at least one scaled subband.
20. The method of claim 19 further comprising forming an overall NSR and wherein said adapted NSR forming step comprises forming said adapted NSR signal responsive to said overall NSR.
21. The method of claim 19 further comprising forming a long-term first formant power estimate and a short-term first formant power estimate and wherein said detecting step comprises detecting whether speech is present in said input signal responsive to said long-term and short-term estimates.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein said step of forming at least one of the long-term power estimates comprises:

    providing a full-rate filtered input signal;

    undersampling at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal to form an undersampled signal;

    scaling the undersampled signal to avoid overflow or underflow; and

    responsively determining a scaled power measure of at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein said step of forming at least one of the short-term power estimates comprises:

    providing a full-rate filtered input signal;

    undersampling at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal to form an undersampled signal;

    scaling the undersampled signal to avoid overflow or underflow; and

    responsively determining a scaled power measure of at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal.
24. The method of claim 19 wherein said step of forming an adapted NSR comprises forming adapted NSRs for substantially all of a plurality of predetermined subbands within a predetennined frequency range.
25. The method of claim 19 wherein said step of forming a gain factor signal comprises forming gain factor signals for substantially all of a plurality of predetermined subbands within a predetermined frequency range.
26. The method of claim 19 wherein said estimating step comprises:

    providing a full-rate filtered input signal;

    undersampling at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal to form an undersampled signal;

    scaling the undersampled signal to avoid overflow or underflow; and

    responsively determining a scaled power measure of at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal,

    to form at least one of the long-term power estimates.
27. The method of claim 19 wherein said estimating step comprises:

    providing a full-rate filtered input signal;

    undersampling at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal to form an undersampled signal;

    scaling the undersampled signal to avoid overflow or underflow; and

    responsively determining a scaled power measure of at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal,

    to form at least one of the short-term power estimates.
28. A method for measuring power comprising:

    providing a full-rate filtered input signal;

    undersampling at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal to form an undersampled signal;

    scaling the undersampled signal to avoid overflow or underflow; and

    responsively determining a scaled power measure of at least a portion of the full-rate filtered input signal.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the step of determining a scaled power measure comprises determining a scaled power measure according to at least one of the formulas:$$P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{\mathrm{SIG}}{P}_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{SIG}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

    

    and$$P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\max \left[{\beta }_{\mathrm{BN}}{P}_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right)+{\alpha }_{\mathrm{BN}}\left|x\left(n\right)\right|,P_{\mathrm{BN},\max }\right],\hfill & n=0,2T,3T,\dots \hfill \\ P_{\mathrm{BN}}\left(n-1\right),\hfill & n=1,2,\dots T-1,T+1,\dots 2T-1,\dots \hfill \end{array}$$

    

    where T represents an undersampling period, α_SIG,β_SIG,α_BN and β_BN are predetermined constants, and x(n) represents said input signal at sample n.
30. A NSR adaptation apparatus comprising:

    noise power measuring circuitry connected to an input signal and including a noise power measurement output;

    signal power measuring circuitry connected to the input signal and including a noisy signal power measurement output;

    a voice activity detector connected to the input signal and including a voice detection signal output; and

    a NSR adapter connected to the noise power measurement output, the noisy signal power measurement output, and the voice detection signal output, said NSR adapter including an adapted NSR output responsive to one or more of said voice detection signal output, the difference between a noise power measurement and a noisy signal power measurement, the sign of the difference between a noise power measurement and a noisy signal power measurement, an instantaneous noise to signal power ratio, and the difference between the instantaneous noise to signal power ratio and a previous noise to signal power ratio.
31. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said NSR adapter includes said adapted NSR output responsive to said voice detection signal output and the difference between a noise power measurement and a noisy signal power measurement.
32. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said NSR adapter includes said adapted NSR output responsive to said voice detection signal output.
33. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said NSR adapter modifies an NSR by an NSR change amount, wherein the NSR change amount is responsive to the voice detection signal output.

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