EP1184930A1 - Frequency selective surface waveguide filter - Google Patents
Frequency selective surface waveguide filterDownload PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1184930A1 EP1184930A1EP00118658AEP00118658AEP1184930A1EP 1184930 A1EP1184930 A1EP 1184930A1EP 00118658 AEP00118658 AEP 00118658AEP 00118658 AEP00118658 AEP 00118658AEP 1184930 A1EP1184930 A1EP 1184930A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- waveguide
- waveguide filter
- elements
- frequency selective
- filter according
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/207—Hollow waveguide filters
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
- H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
- H01P5/107—Hollow-waveguide/strip-line transitions
Definitions
- This inventionrelates generally to the separation of different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. More specifically, the invention relates to the separation of electromagnetic waves utilizing a two-dimensional frequency selective surface.
- Microwave energycan be propagated in a number of different modes, and in a number of physical structures.
- waveguidesare commonly employed for the transmission of electromagnetic energy. Waveguides offer very low loss to the passage of such waves, and further, confine the energy within the waveguide.
- the microwave energy propagated through a waveguidecan exist at any arbitrary frequency or spectrum of frequencies. In general, only specific frequencies from the spectrum are utilized. Therefore, waveguide filters are commonly placed in the waveguide to separate the broad spectrum of microwave frequencies into specific frequencies.
- Waveguide filtersare commonly constructed using microstrip circuits.
- the microstrip circuitsconsist of a thin-film circuit deposited on a substrate. It is frequently necessary to provide a transition between electromagnetic waves existing on a microstrip substrate, typically in the transverse electromagnetic mode, and electromagnetic waves in a waveguide. In practical transitions, it is commonly necessary to select specific frequencies, and to separate these from a broad spectrum of microwave frequencies.
- Various types of filtersare used to accomplish this separation.
- Such filterscan be in the form of waveguide filters, located within the waveguide, or can be in the form of microstrip structures, located on the microstrip substrate, external to the waveguide.
- Waveguide filtersas previously referenced, are physically large, and their use is restricted to those applications where small size is not a required parameter.
- microstrip filtersconsist of planar conductive elements, which simulate inductors, capacitors, and resonant elements. These require a considerable area of the microstrip substrate. Further, a problem can arise when said microstrip filters are employed to filter electromagnetic energy entering the microstrip substrate from the waveguide. Microwave energy outside of the frequency band of interest can propagate in the microstrip circuitry, and cause unwanted effects.
- It is an object of this inventionis to provide a means for separating defined frequencies of electromagnetic energy, by means of a two-dimensional film located transversely in a waveguide structure.
- the waveguide filter of this inventionconsists of a frequency selective surface having an array of conductor elements.
- the array of conductor elementsis formed by a repeating geometric pattern.
- the repeating geometric patternmay be a multiplicity of open loop, crosses or grids.
- the arrangement of the repeating geometric patternresults in the formation of a number of inductive and capacitive elements.
- the interaction of these elementsoffers little opposition to certain frequencies while blocking or attenuating other frequencies.
- the determination of the frequenciesare allowed to pass through the filter and those that are opposed is a result of the width and spacing of the inductive and capacitive elements within the repeating geometric pattern.
- the waveguide and thus the waveguide filtermay have any cross-sectional shape including square, rectangular and circular.
- the waveguide signalenters the waveguide at one end, in a transverse mode known as the TE 1,0 mode.
- the signalis propagated at low loss in a longitudinal direction within the waveguide.
- Transversely located within the waveguideis a thin metallic foil which contains the filter elements in the form of discrete open loops. These elements consist of mathematically defined shapes, which represent filter elements realized in a two-dimensional form. Electromagnetic waves of specified frequencies pass through this foil unimpeded, whereas others are reflected by the filter elements. The waves which are selected and transmitted through the film continue to be propagated longitudinally along the waveguide.
- An alternate embodimentutilizes a waveguide having a circular cross-section.
- the frequency selective surfacesare in the form of concentric circles, and the frequency determining elements on the frequency selective surface may be in the form of concentric circular sections.
- multiple waveguide filtersare employed, longitudinally deployed along a waveguide. The separation between such surfaces is determined by the wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum to be transmitted or reflected.
- the waveguide filteris combined with a planar stub for the purpose of providing efficient coupling between said frequency selective surface and external microstrip circuitry.
- a section of a rectangular waveguide 10is shown having a waveguide filter 11 inserted within.
- the waveguide filter 11may have any arbitrary pattern, so chosen as to perform the desired filtering action.
- the frequency selective surfaceconsists of a two-dimensional pattern produced on a metallic film where specific portions 24 of the metallic film have been removed.
- the two-dimensional pattern produced on the metallic filmconsists of an array of outer conductor elements 14 and inner conductor elements 16 .
- the outer and inner conductors elements 14 and 16 respectively,are formed from an electrically conductive metal.
- the conductive metalmay be copper, gold, platinum or any material capable of conducting electricity.
- the outer conductor elements 14 and inner conductor elements 16may be formed by the selective etching of a thin metallic foil.
- the outer conductive elements 14each consist of a discrete open center loops.
- each outer conductive element 14begins and terminates on the inner surface of the waveguide 10 .
- the outer conductive elements 14are arranged such that the inner walls of the waveguide 10 act as reflective surfaces for the electromagnetic energy impinging on these walls.
- the outer conductive elements 14form a symmetric, repeating pattern that may be repeated any number of replications required to perform a specific application.
- the inner conductive elements 16are arranged in a periodic array.
- the portions 18 of the inner conductive elements 16 that are parallel to the electric field component within the waveguideacts as an inductive element (the direction of the electric field component is indicated by arrow A of Fig. 1 ).
- the inductive elements created within the waveguideis functionally similar to inductor 27 (L1), in the discrete element equivalent circuit 26 .
- This capacitive elementis functionally similar to capacitor 30 (C), as shown in Fig. 3 .
- the portions of the outer conductive elements 14 that are parallel to the electric field component within the waveguideare functionally similar to inductor 28 (L2), also shown in Fig. 3 .
- an alternate embodiment of the waveguide filter of this inventionis depicted as having a circular frequency selective surface.
- the frequency selective surfaceis formed by the selective etching of a thin metallic foil yielding conductor elements 36 and 38 .
- the resulting circular waveguide filter 34is utilized within a cylindrical waveguide 32 .
- multiple waveguide filters 42, 44 and 46is shown deployed in a section of waveguide 40 , where the waveguide has a rectangular cross-section.
- the use of multiple circular waveguide filtersmay also be deployed within a cylindrical waveguide.
- a waveguide filter 50has been combined with a waveguide 48 to microstrip (not shown) transition.
- the integrated waveguide filter 50 and microstrip to waveguide 48 transitioncan be seen to consist of a rectangular waveguide 48 into which a waveguide filter 50 is transversally inserted.
- An exit port 54is located in the wall of the waveguide 48 to enable a coupling stub 52 to be coupled to external microstrip circuitry.
- the waveguide filter 50consists of a frequency selective surface formed from a dielectric substrate coated with an electrically conductive metallic film. Specific portions of the metallic film have been removed to form the circuit elements.
- the residual metallic filmconsists of an array of frequency selective surface filtering elements 34 and a coupling stub 32 .
- the filtering elements 34consist of a multiplicity of discrete open center square loops. The sizes of these loops are mathematically determined from the frequencies to be reflected or transmitted. While this invention is not limited to any one pattern, a specific pattern is shown in order to explain the functioning of the invention.
- the microstrip to waveguide transitionis accomplished by means of a stub 32 , which is centrally located with respect to the long dimension of the planar circuit 31 .
- the dimensions of the stub 32are determined by the impedance of the connecting microstrip circuit external to the waveguide 30 , and the dimensions of the waveguide 30 .
- the dimensions of the stub 32can be varied, or impedance matching circuitry can be employed on the external microstrip circuit.
- the planar circuit 31is located one-quarter of one electrical wavelength away from the short-circuited end 35 of the waveguide 30 . This ensures that the stub 32 is located at a point of maximum electric field strength.
- the performance of the integrated microstrip to waveguide transition and filtercan be seen to consist of a pass-band, in which efficient and symmetrical transmission exists between the waveguide 48 and the external microstrip circuit. Also, the filtering action is demonstrated by the attenuation at either extremity of the band pass portion.
- This inventionshall not be limited to the filtering and coupling characteristics illustrated in Fig. 7. Said characteristics are illustrative of one chosen implementation only, to illustrate by means of example, the results obtainable by means of this invention.
- the waveguide used throughout this inventionmay be of any desired cross-sectional design according to the knowledge of those skilled in the art and operate in conventional fashion to achieve the intended result. Furthermore, the waveguide will have a design corresponding to the cross-section design of the waveguide.
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Abstract
Description
- This invention relates generally to the separation ofdifferent wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. Morespecifically, the invention relates to the separation ofelectromagnetic waves utilizing a two-dimensional frequencyselective surface.
- Microwave energy can be propagated in a number ofdifferent modes, and in a number of physical structures. Athigher microwave frequencies, waveguides are commonly employedfor the transmission of electromagnetic energy. Waveguidesoffer very low loss to the passage of such waves, and further,confine the energy within the waveguide.
- The microwave energy propagated through a waveguide canexist at any arbitrary frequency or spectrum of frequencies.In general, only specific frequencies from the spectrum areutilized. Therefore, waveguide filters are commonly placed inthe waveguide to separate the broad spectrum of microwavefrequencies into specific frequencies.
- Conventional waveguide filters for separating differentfrequencies or wavelengths generally rely on three-dimensional structures that simulate, in electromagnetic wave form, thewell-known filter elements encountered at lower frequencies,such as inductors, capacitors, and combinations of same to formresonant and anti-resonant circuits. These filter elementsmay consist of posts, irises, and other physical shapes locatedboth transversely and longitudinally along the waveguide.Along the longitudinal axis, the transversal elements areseparated by defined fractions of electromagnetic wavelengths.These wavelengths are defined by the frequency of the band ofelectromagnetic energy being transmitted and the dimensions ofthe waveguide. Devices utilizing these methods are relativelylong thereby proving disadvantageous in those applicationswhere small physical size is essential.
- Waveguide filters are commonly constructed usingmicrostrip circuits. The microstrip circuits consist of athin-film circuit deposited on a substrate. It is frequentlynecessary to provide a transition between electromagnetic wavesexisting on a microstrip substrate, typically in the transverseelectromagnetic mode, and electromagnetic waves in a waveguide.In practical transitions, it is commonly necessary to selectspecific frequencies, and to separate these from a broadspectrum of microwave frequencies. Various types of filtersare used to accomplish this separation. Such filters can bein the form of waveguide filters, located within the waveguide,or can be in the form of microstrip structures, located on themicrostrip substrate, external to the waveguide.
- Waveguide filters, as previously referenced, arephysically large, and their use is restricted to thoseapplications where small size is not a required parameter.
- Conventional microstrip filters, on the other hand,consist of planar conductive elements, which simulateinductors, capacitors, and resonant elements. These require aconsiderable area of the microstrip substrate. Further, aproblem can arise when said microstrip filters are employed tofilter electromagnetic energy entering the microstrip substratefrom the waveguide. Microwave energy outside of the frequencyband of interest can propagate in the microstrip circuitry,and cause unwanted effects.
- It is an object of this invention is to provide a meansfor separating defined frequencies of electromagnetic energy,by means of a two-dimensional film located transversely in awaveguide structure.
- It is a further object of this invention to provide adevice capable of separating defined frequencies ofelectromagnetic energy, and providing a coupling means forelectromagnetic energy between a microstrip substrate and awaveguide structure.
- These and other objects of the invention are provided in anew and improved waveguide filter for use in a waveguide. Ingeneral, the waveguide filter of this invention consists of afrequency selective surface having an array of conductorelements. The array of conductor elements is formed by arepeating geometric pattern. The repeating geometric patternmay be a multiplicity of open loop, crosses or grids. Thearrangement of the repeating geometric pattern results in theformation of a number of inductive and capacitive elements.The interaction of these elements offers little opposition tocertain frequencies while blocking or attenuating otherfrequencies. The determination of the frequencies are allowedto pass through the filter and those that are opposed is aresult of the width and spacing of the inductive and capacitiveelements within the repeating geometric pattern.
- The waveguide and thus the waveguide filter may have anycross-sectional shape including square, rectangular andcircular.
- In an embodiment having a waveguide with rectangularcross-section and a rectangular waveguide filter, in operation,the waveguide signal enters the waveguide at one end, in atransverse mode known as the TE1,0 mode. The signal ispropagated at low loss in a longitudinal direction within the waveguide. Transversely located within the waveguide is a thinmetallic foil which contains the filter elements in the form ofdiscrete open loops. These elements consist of mathematicallydefined shapes, which represent filter elements realized in atwo-dimensional form. Electromagnetic waves of specifiedfrequencies pass through this foil unimpeded, whereas othersare reflected by the filter elements. The waves which areselected and transmitted through the film continue to bepropagated longitudinally along the waveguide.
- An alternate embodiment utilizes a waveguide having acircular cross-section. In this embodiment, the frequencyselective surfaces are in the form of concentric circles, andthe frequency determining elements on the frequency selectivesurface may be in the form of concentric circular sections.
- In still a further embodiment, multiple waveguide filtersare employed, longitudinally deployed along a waveguide. Theseparation between such surfaces is determined by thewavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum to be transmitted orreflected.
- In still a further embodiment, the waveguide filter iscombined with a planar stub for the purpose of providingefficient coupling between said frequency selective surface andexternal microstrip circuitry.
- Many objects and advantages of the present invention willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art when thisspecification is read in conjunction with the attached drawingswherein like reference numerals are applied to like elementsand wherein:
- Fig. 1 is a cut-away view of a section of a rectangularwaveguide incorporating a waveguide filter;
- Fig. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of thewaveguide filter of this invention;
- Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram performing an equivalentfunction to the embodiment of the waveguide filter depicted inFig. 2;
- Fig. 4 is a cut-away view of a section of a cylindricalwaveguide incorporating a circular waveguide filter;
- Fig. 5 is a cut-away view of a section of a rectangularwaveguide revealing the deployment of a plurality of waveguidefilters;
- Fig. 6 is a cut-away view of a section of a rectangularwaveguide depicting a waveguide to microstrip transition: and
- Fig. 7 is a graph illustrating the coupling and filteringperformance of the embodiment of the waveguide filter ofFig.6.
- Referring toFig. 1, a section of a
rectangular waveguide 10 is shown having a waveguide filter11 inserted within. Thewaveguide filter11 may have any arbitrary pattern, so chosenas to perform the desired filtering action. - Referring toFig. 2, an embodiment of the waveguide filter11 is shown having a frequency selective surface. Thefrequency selective surface consists of a two-dimensionalpattern produced on a metallic film where specific portions24of the metallic film have been removed. The two-dimensionalpattern produced on the metallic film consists of an array of
outer conductor elements 14 andinner conductor elements 16.The outer andinner conductors elements outer conductorelements 14 andinner conductor elements 16 may be formed bythe selective etching of a thin metallic foil. The outerconductive elements 14 each consist of a discrete open center loops. The loop of each outerconductive element 14 begins andterminates on the inner surface of thewaveguide 10. The outerconductive elements 14 are arranged such that the inner wallsof thewaveguide 10 act as reflective surfaces for theelectromagnetic energy impinging on these walls. The outerconductive elements 14 form a symmetric, repeating pattern thatmay be repeated any number of replications required to performa specific application. - The inner
conductive elements 16 are arranged in aperiodic array. Theportions 18 of the innerconductiveelements 16 that are parallel to the electric field componentwithin the waveguide acts as an inductive element (thedirection of the electric field component is indicated by arrowA ofFig. 1). - Referring toFig. 3, the inductive elements created withinthe waveguide is functionally similar to inductor27 (L1), inthe discrete element
equivalent circuit 26. Theedges 20 ofthe innerconductive element 18 that are perpendicular to theelectric field component within the waveguide, in conjunctionwith theedges 22 of the outerconductive elements 14, that areperpendicular to the electric field component within thewaveguide, act as a capacitive element. This capacitiveelement is functionally similar to capacitor30 (C), as showninFig. 3. The portions of the outerconductive elements 14 that are parallel to the electric field component within thewaveguide are functionally similar to inductor28 (L2), alsoshown inFig. 3. - Referring toFig. 4, an alternate embodiment of thewaveguide filter of this invention is depicted as having acircular frequency selective surface. The frequency selectivesurface is formed by the selective etching of a thin metallicfoil yielding
conductor elements circular waveguide filter 34 is utilized within acylindricalwaveguide 32. - Referring toFig. 5, the use of multiple waveguide filters42, 44 and46 is shown deployed in a section of
waveguide 40,where the waveguide has a rectangular cross-section. The useof multiple circular waveguide filters may also be deployedwithin a cylindrical waveguide. - Referring toFig. 6, in a further alternate embodiment, a
waveguide filter 50 has been combined with awaveguide 48 tomicrostrip (not shown) transition. Theintegrated waveguidefilter 50 and microstrip to waveguide48 transition can be seento consist of arectangular waveguide 48 into which awaveguidefilter 50 is transversally inserted. Anexit port 54 islocated in the wall of thewaveguide 48 to enable acouplingstub 52 to be coupled to external microstrip circuitry. - The
waveguide filter 50 consists of a frequency selectivesurface formed from a dielectric substrate coated with anelectrically conductive metallic film. Specific portions ofthe metallic film have been removed to form the circuitelements. The residual metallic film consists of an array offrequency selectivesurface filtering elements 34 and acoupling stub 32. Thefiltering elements 34 consist of amultiplicity of discrete open center square loops. The sizesof these loops are mathematically determined from thefrequencies to be reflected or transmitted. While thisinvention is not limited to any one pattern, a specific patternis shown in order to explain the functioning of the invention. - Again with reference toFigure 6, the microstrip towaveguide transition is accomplished by means of a
stub 32,which is centrally located with respect to the long dimensionof the planar circuit31. The dimensions of thestub 32 aredetermined by the impedance of the connecting microstripcircuit external to thewaveguide 30, and the dimensions of thewaveguide 30. In order to obtain an efficient coupling betweenthewaveguide 30 and the external microstrip circuit, eitherthe dimensions of thestub 32 can be varied, or impedancematching circuitry can be employed on the external microstripcircuit. - The planar circuit31 is located one-quarter of oneelectrical wavelength away from the short-circuited
end 35 ofthewaveguide 30. This ensures that thestub 32 is located ata point of maximum electric field strength. - With reference toFig. 7, the performance of theintegrated microstrip to waveguide transition and filter can beseen to consist of a pass-band, in which efficient andsymmetrical transmission exists between the
waveguide 48 andthe external microstrip circuit. Also, the filtering action isdemonstrated by the attenuation at either extremity of the bandpass portion. This invention shall not be limited to thefiltering and coupling characteristics illustrated inFig. 7.Said characteristics are illustrative of one chosenimplementation only, to illustrate by means of example, theresults obtainable by means of this invention. - It will be understood that the waveguide used throughoutthis invention may be of any desired cross-sectional designaccording to the knowledge of those skilled in the art andoperate in conventional fashion to achieve the intended result.Furthermore, the waveguide will have a design corresponding tothe cross-section design of the waveguide.
- The above-described embodiments should be regarded asillustrative rather than restrictive, and it should beappreciated that variations may be made other than those discussed, by workers of ordinary skill in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention as defined bythe following claims.
Claims (14)
- A waveguide filter apparatus for use in a waveguide,comprising:wherein said plurality of conductive elements areseparated by said plurality of channels to form a two-dimensionalpattern on said electrically conductivesubstrate.(a) an electrically conductive substrate having asurface plane oriented orthogonally to walls ofsaid waveguide;(b) a plurality of conductive elements lying in saidsurface plane of said electrically conductivesubstrate; and(c) a plurality of channels through said electricallyconductive substrate;
- The waveguide filter according to claim 1, wherein saidelectrically conductive substrate is an electricallyconductive film.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 2, wherein saidconductive elements include a plurality of inductiveelements and a plurality of capacitive elements.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 2, wherein saidelectrically conductive substrate is selectively etched toform said plurality of conductive elements.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 2, wherein saidelectrically conductive film is a copper film.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 2, wherein saidwaveguide has a rectangular cross-section and said surfaceplane of said waveguide filter is rectangular in shape.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 2, wherein saidwaveguide has a circular cross-section and said surfaceplane of said waveguide filter is circular in shape.
- A waveguide filter apparatus for use in a waveguide,comprising:wherein said frequency selective surface is patternedwith an array of conductive elements.a frequency selective surface having a surface planeoriented orthogonally to walls of said waveguide
- The waveguide filter according to claim 7, wherein saidfrequency selective surface is an electrically conductivefilm.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 8, wherein saidarray of conductive elements includes a plurality ofinductive elements and a plurality of capacitive elements.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 8, wherein saidarray of conductive elements are formed by selectivelyetching said electrically conductive film.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 8, wherein saidelectrically conductive film is a copper film.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 8, wherein saidwaveguide has a rectangular cross-section and saidfrequency selective surface of said waveguide filter isrectangular in shape.
- The waveguide filter according to claim 8, wherein saidwaveguide has a circular cross-section and said frequencyselective surface of said waveguide filter is circular inshape.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT00118658TATE379852T1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | WAVE GUIDE FILTER WITH FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE |
| ES00118658TES2296589T3 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | WAVE GUIDE FILTER WITH A SELECTIVE FREQUENCY SURFACE. |
| DE60037247TDE60037247T2 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Waveguide filter with frequency-selective surface |
| EP00118658AEP1184930B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Frequency selective surface waveguide filter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00118658AEP1184930B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Frequency selective surface waveguide filter |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1184930A1true EP1184930A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
| EP1184930B1 EP1184930B1 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
Family
ID=8169681
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00118658AExpired - LifetimeEP1184930B1 (en) | 2000-08-28 | 2000-08-28 | Frequency selective surface waveguide filter |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1184930B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE379852T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60037247T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2296589T3 (en) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1184930B1 (en) | 2007-11-28 |
| ATE379852T1 (en) | 2007-12-15 |
| DE60037247D1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
| DE60037247T2 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
| ES2296589T3 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
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