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EP0895146A1 - Operating point control device of an electrical energy generator, especially of a solar generator - Google Patents

Operating point control device of an electrical energy generator, especially of a solar generator
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Publication number
EP0895146A1
EP0895146A1EP98401903AEP98401903AEP0895146A1EP 0895146 A1EP0895146 A1EP 0895146A1EP 98401903 AEP98401903 AEP 98401903AEP 98401903 AEP98401903 AEP 98401903AEP 0895146 A1EP0895146 A1EP 0895146A1
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Prior art keywords
generator
signal
transformer
primary winding
operating point
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0895146B1 (en
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Alphonse Barnaba
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Centre National dEtudes Spatiales CNES
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Centre National dEtudes Spatiales CNES
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Abstract

The control system includes a load with a transformer (3), having primary (5) and secondary (6) windings. The primary winding (5) is fed from the solar energy electricity generator (GS) through a switch (7). The secondary winding (6) is connected in series with a diode (8) and the load (1,2). The system includes a sensor (11) which detects the average intensity of the current (Ip) circulating in the primary winding (5) of the transformer (3), and delivers a signal (Vdet) that represents this current (Ip). A control unit (12,13), which is sensitive to the signal (Vdet), controls operation of the switch (7) so as to establish in the primary winding (5) of the transformer (3) an average current (I-p) corresponding to a pre-determined operating regime for the generator (GS). The control unit (12,13) is designed to set the current (Ip) to a value which corresponds to the maximum power (Pmax) of the power delivered by the generator (GS).

Description

Translated fromFrench

La présente invention est relative à un dispositifde commande du point de fonctionnement d'un générateurd'énergie électrique, notamment d'un générateur solairealimentant une charge et, plus particulièrement, à un teldispositif conçu pour faire fonctionner le générateur àsa puissance maximale.The present invention relates to a devicegenerator operating point controlelectrical energy, including a solar generatorsupplying a load and, more particularly, to such adevice designed to operate the generator atits maximum power.

On connaít un tel dispositif du brevet français n°2 626 689 au nom de la demanderesse. Le dispositif décritcomprend un convertisseur à modulation de largeurd'impulsions couplé à un générateur de courant, desmoyens délivrant des signaux représentatifs de la tensionet du courant délivré par ledit générateur auditconvertisseur, des moyens alimentés par lesdits signauxpour signaler l'existence ou non d'un état de décrochagedu convertisseur, une boucle de régulation de la largeurd'impulsions comprenant elle-même des moyens de mesure dela tension délivrée par le convertisseur à une charge, unamplificateur différentiel, un inverseur, un intégrateuret des moyens de modulation de largeur d'impulsionscommandant ledit convertisseur.We know such a device from French patent no.2,626,689 in the name of the plaintiff. The device describedincludes a width modulation converterof pulses coupled to a current generator,means delivering signals representative of the voltageand of the current delivered by said generator to saidconverter, means supplied by said signalsto signal the existence or not of a state of dropping outof the converter, a width regulation looppulse itself comprising means for measuringthe voltage delivered by the converter to a load, adifferential amplifier, inverter, integratorand pulse width modulation meanscontrolling said converter.

Le dispositif décrit permet bien de supprimer lephénomène de décrochage que l'on observe quand lapuissance appelée par la charge devient supérieure à lapuissance maximale que peut fournir le générateur. Ilpermet aussi de réguler le point de fonctionnement del'alimentation de la charge en une position correspondantà la puissance maximale que peut délivrer cette alimentationcomme en tout autre point de la caractéristiquecourant/tension du générateur. Il est cependantrelativement complexe, comprenant entre autres deuxcapteurs pour l'intensité et la tension du courantdélivré par le générateur, et donc coûteux.The device described makes it possible to eliminate thedropout phenomenon that is observed when thepower called by the load becomes greater than themaximum power that the generator can provide. healso allows to regulate the operating point offeeding the load to a corresponding positionat the maximum power that this supply can deliveras in any other point of the characteristicgenerator current / voltage. It is howeverrelatively complex, including twosensors for current intensity and voltagedelivered by the generator, and therefore expensive.

Or, il existe actuellement un besoin pour un systèmed'alimentation de divers consommateurs d'énergie électriqueinstallés dans des véhicules spatiaux tels que dessatellites voués à des missions dites "économiques",dispositifs capable de réguler le fonctionnement del'alimentation à sa puissance maximale ou à d'autresniveaux de puissance, et ceci tout en étant deréalisation aussi peu coûteuse que possible.However, there is currently a need for a systemsupply of various consumers of electrical energyinstalled in space vehicles such assatellites dedicated to so-called "economic" missions,devices capable of regulating the operation ofpower at its maximum power or to otherspower levels, and this while beingas inexpensive as possible.

A cet égard, on connaít de la publication intitulée"A minimum component photovoltaic array maximum powerpoint tracker" par M.J. Case et J.J. Schoeman, présentéeà la Conférence dite "European Space Power Conference"qui s'est tenue à Graz, en Autriche, du 23 au 27 août1993, un dispositif de poursuite du point de puissancemaximale d'un générateur solaire, relativement simple,constitué d'un générateur d'impulsions, d'un circuitéchantillonneur/bloqueur, d'un modulateur de largeurd'impulsions, d'un transistor de puissance à effet dechamp et d'une inductance. Cependant, ce dispositif exigela détermination et l'utilisation d'un rapport entre latension délivrée à la puissance maximale et la tensiondélivrée en circuit ouvert, rapport qui peut être fausséen cas de mauvais fonctionnement de certaines cellulesd'un générateur solaire, du fait de salissures ou dedétériorations, par exemple. En outre, ce dispositifn'est utilisable que lorsque le générateur solairefonctionne en générateur de courant, alors qu'un telgénérateur peut aussi, du fait de la forme sensiblementrectangulaire de sa caractéristique IGS= f (VGS) représentéeà la figure 1 du dessin annexé, fonctionner en générateurde tension.In this regard, we know of the publication entitled "A minimum component photovoltaic array maximum power point tracker" by MJ Case and JJ Schoeman, presented at the conference called "European Space Power Conference" held in Graz, Austria, from 23 to 27 August 1993, a relatively simple device for tracking the maximum power point of a solar generator, consisting of a pulse generator, a sampler / blocker circuit, a width modulator pulses, a field effect power transistor and an inductor. However, this device requires the determination and the use of a ratio between the voltage delivered at the maximum power and the voltage delivered in open circuit, relationship which can be distorted in the event of malfunction of certain cells of a solar generator, due to dirt or damage, for example. In addition, this device can only be used when the solar generator operates as a current generator, whereas such a generator can also, because of the substantially rectangular shape of its characteristic IGS = f (VGS ) shown in the Figure 1 of the accompanying drawing, operate as a voltage generator.

La présente invention a donc pour but de réaliser undispositif de commande du point de fonctionnement d'ungénérateur solaire qui ne présente pas les inconvénientsévoqués ci-dessus des dispositifs de la technique antérieure et qui soit donc simple et de réalisation peucoûteuse, permettant de fixer et réguler avec souplessela position du point de fonctionnement du générateur, entout point de la caractéristique courant/tension decelui-ci, et notamment au point correspondant à lafourniture d'une puissance électrique maximale par leditgénérateur.The present invention therefore aims to achieve aoperating point control device of asolar generator which does not have the disadvantagesmentioned above devices of the techniquewhich is therefore simple and of little realizationexpensive, allowing flexible fixing and regulationthe position of the generator operating point,any point of the current / voltage characteristic ofthis one, and in particular at the point corresponding to thesupply of maximum electrical power by saidgenerator.

On atteint ce but de l'invention, ainsi que d'autresqui apparaítront à la lecture de la description qui vasuivre, avec un dispositif de commande du point defonctionnement d'un générateur d'énergie électriquealimentant une charge, ce dispositif étant remarquable ence qu'il comprend a) un transformateur à accumulationd'énergie, à enroulements primaire et secondaire de sensinverses, l'enroulement primaire étant alimenté par legénérateur sous la commande d'un interrupteur, l'enroulementsecondaire étant connecté en série avec une diode et avecla charge, b) un détecteur sensible à l'intensité ducourant moyen circulant dans l'enroulement primaire dutranformateur pour délivrer un signal représentatif decette intensité, et c) des moyens de commande de lacommutation de l'interrupteur, sensible audit signal pourétablir dans l'enroulement primaire du transformateur uncourant moyen correspondant à un point de fonctionnementprédéterminé du générateur.This object of the invention is achieved, as well as otherwhich will appear on reading the description which willtrack, with a point of control deviceoperation of an electric power generatorsupplying a load, this device being remarkable inwhat it includes a) a storage transformerof energy, with primary and secondary sense windingsreverse, the primary winding being supplied by thegenerator under the control of a switch, windingsecondary being connected in series with a diode and withthe load, b) a detector sensitive to the intensity of theaverage current flowing in the primary winding of thetransformer to deliver a signal representative ofthis intensity, and c) means for controlling theswitch switching, sensitive to said signal forestablish a primary winding in the transformeraverage current corresponding to an operating pointpredetermined generator.

Comme on le verra plus loin, ce dispositif destructure simple, à un seul détecteur, est donc économique,et cependant de fonctionnement très souple.As will be seen below, this device forsimple structure, with a single detector, is therefore economical,and yet very flexible to operate.

Suivant une caractéristique du dispositif selonl'invention, ce détecteur est constitué par un deuxièmetransformateur à accumulation d'énergie comprenant desenroulements primaire et secondaire de sens inverses,l'enroulement primaire étant traversé par le courantcirculant dans l'enroulement primaire du premiertransformateur, l'enroulement secondaire étant placé en série avec une diode et une charge, le signal délivré parle détecteur étant prélevé aux bornes de ladite charge.According to a characteristic of the device according tothe invention, this detector is constituted by a secondenergy storage transformer comprisingprimary and secondary windings in opposite directions,the primary winding being traversed by the currentflowing in the primary winding of the firsttransformer, the secondary winding being placed inseries with a diode and a load, the signal delivered bythe detector being sampled at the terminals of said load.

Suivant une autre caractéristique du dispositifsuivant l'invention, les moyens de commande de celui-cicomprennent un microcontrôleur alimenté par le signaldélivré par le détecteur et représentatif du courantmoyen circulant dans l'enroulement primaire du premiertransformateur à accumulation d'énergie électrique et unconvertisseur amplitude-durée alimenté par un signal deconsigne élaboré par le microcontrôleur, pour commanderla commutation de l'interrupteur avec un signal àmodulation de largeur d'impulsions.According to another characteristic of the deviceaccording to the invention, the control means thereofinclude a signal-powered microcontrollerdelivered by the detector and representative of the currentmeans circulating in the primary winding of the firstelectric storage transformer and aamplitude-duration converter supplied by a signalsetpoint developed by the microcontroller, to controlswitching the switch with a signal topulse width modulation.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de laprésente invention apparaítront à la lecture de ladescription qui va suivre et à l'examen du dessin annexédans lequel :

  • les figures 1 et 4 représentent des graphes utilesà la compréhension du fonctionnement du dispositifsuivant l'invention,
  • la figure 2 est un schéma fonctionnel dudispositif suivant l'invention, et
  • les figures 3 et 5 sont des schémas fonctionnelsdu détecteur et du convertisseur amplitude-durée,respectivement, formant partie du dispositif suivantl'invention.
Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the description which follows and on examining the appended drawing in which:
  • FIGS. 1 and 4 represent graphs useful for understanding the operation of the device according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is a functional diagram of the device according to the invention, and
  • Figures 3 and 5 are block diagrams of the detector and the amplitude-duration converter, respectively, forming part of the device according to the invention.

On se réfère à la figure 1 du dessin annexé où l'ona représenté en trait plein la caractéristiquecourant/tension IGS = f(VGS) d'un générateur solaired'énergie électrique typique. Le graphe de cettecaractéristique présente, comme représenté, une alluregénéralement rectangulaire comportant une partiesensiblement parallèle à l'axe des tensions et une autrepartie sensiblement parallèle à l'axe des intensités, cesdeux parties étant raccordées par une partie arrondie.Dans un satellite, par exemple, un générateur solaire débite ordinairement dans une batterie d'accumulateurs etdans divers consommateurs d'énergie électrique constituéspar des équipements du satellite. Le point defonctionnement du générateur est alors situé àl'intersection de sa caractéristique courant/tension avecune droite de charge passant l'origine des coordonnées.Ce point peut ainsi se situer sur diverses parties de lacaractéristique, par exemple à son intersection avec ladroite de charge D1, sur la partie de cettecaractéristique où le courant reste sensiblementconstant, soit quand le générateur fonctionne en"générateur de courant". Il pourrait de même se situersur la partie de la caractéristique où la tension estsensiblement constante, si l'on recherche un fonctionnementen "générateur de tension".Reference is made to FIG. 1 of the appended drawing in which the current / voltage characteristic IGS = f (VGS ) of a typical solar electric energy generator has been shown in solid lines. The graph of this characteristic has, as shown, a generally rectangular shape comprising a part substantially parallel to the axis of the voltages and another part substantially parallel to the axis of the intensities, these two parts being connected by a rounded part. In a satellite, for example, a solar generator ordinarily feeds into a storage battery and into various consumers of electrical energy constituted by satellite equipment. The generator operating point is then located at the intersection of its current / voltage characteristic with a load line passing the origin of the coordinates. This point can thus be located on various parts of the characteristic, for example at its intersection with the load line D1 , on the part of this characteristic where the current remains substantially constant, ie when the generator operates as a "current generator" . It could likewise be located on the part of the characteristic where the voltage is substantially constant, if we are looking for operation as a "voltage generator".

Sur la figure 1, on a aussi représenté en traitinterrompu le graphe de la puissance PGS délivrée par legénérateur en fonction de la tension VGS qu'il délivre. Dufait quePGS = IGS x VGS, on comprend que PGS présente unmaximum là où la surface du rectangle de diagonale OF àcôtés parallèles aux coordonnées, est maximale, soitquand la droite de charge D coupe la caractéristique enFm, dans la partie arrondie de la caractéristiquecourant/tension du générateur.In FIG. 1, the graph of the power PGS delivered by the generator as a function of the voltage VGS which it delivers is also shown in broken lines. Because P GS = I GS x V GS , we understand that PGS has a maximum where the area of the rectangle of diagonal OF with sides parallel to the coordinates, is maximum, that is when the load line D intersects the characteristic in Fm , in the rounded part of the current characteristic / generator voltage.

Pour utiliser au mieux l'énergie délivrée par legénérateur solaire, notamment dans le cadre de missions"économiques" évoquées dans le préambule de la présentedescription, il convient de disposer de moyens permettantd'ajuster constamment le point de fonctionnement dugénérateur de manière que celui-ci corresponde auxconditions de fourniture de la puissance maximale decelui-ci. La caractéristique du générateur solaire étantfortement variable, tout en conservant la même alluregénérale, en fonction de l'éclairement et de l'état despanneaux solaires du générateur, il convient de disposer de moyens permettant de réguler en permanence la positionde ce point de fonctionnement de manière à tirer dugénérateur solaire la puissance maximale disponible. Lesprincipes exposés ci-dessus aident à comprendre lefonctionnement du dispositif de commande suivantl'invention, dont on va maintenant décrire la structureen liaison avec la figure 2.To make the best use of the energy delivered by thesolar generator, particularly in the context of missions"economic" mentioned in the preamble to thisdescription, means should be available toto constantly adjust the operating point of thegenerator so that it matchesconditions for supplying the maximum power ofthis one. The characteristic of the solar generator beinghighly variable, while maintaining the same appearancegeneral, depending on the lighting and the state ofgenerator solar panels, it should havemeans for continuously regulating the positionfrom this operating point so as to draw fromsolar generator the maximum power available. Theprinciples outlined above help to understand theoperation of the following control devicethe invention, the structure of which will now be describedin conjunction with Figure 2.

Sur cette figure, on a représenté le générateursolaire GS débitant sur une charge représentée par unebatterie d' accumulateurs 1 et une résistance 2 symbolisantdivers consommateurs d'énergie électrique embarqués dansun satellite par exemple.This figure shows the generatorsolar GS discharging on a load represented by astorage battery 1 and aresistor 2 symbolizingvarious consumers of electrical energy on boarda satellite for example.

Suivant une caractéristique de la présente invention,le générateur GS débite sur cette charge à travers untransformateur 3 à accumulation d'énergie, dont lesenroulements primaire 5 et secondaire 6 sont de sensinverses comme indiqué par les points placés sur cesenroulements. L'enroulement primaire 5 est alimenté parle générateur, sous la commande d'un interrupteur 7,avantageusement électronique, placé en série avec cetenroulement entre une borne de celui-ci et la masse.According to a characteristic of the present invention,the GS generator delivers on this load through aenergy storage transformer 3, theprimary 5 and secondary 6 windings are meaninglessinverses as indicated by the points placed on thesewindings. The primary winding 5 is supplied bythe generator, under the control of a switch 7,advantageously electronic, placed in series with thiswinding between a terminal thereof and ground.

Au secondaire, le transformateur 3 est associé à unediode 8 disposée en série avec l'enroulement 6 et uncondensateur 9 monté entre les bornes de l'enroulement,en parallèle avec la charge 1,2.In secondary school,transformer 3 is associated with adiode 8 arranged in series with the winding 6 and acapacitor 9 mounted between the terminals of the winding,in parallel with the load 1.2.

Un autre condensateur 10 est monté entre la sortiedu générateur GS et la masse. Vu du transformateur 3, cecondensateur fait apparaítre, en régime dynamique, legénérateur GS code un générateur de tension.Anothercapacitor 10 is mounted between the outputof the GS generator and the mass. Seen fromtransformer 3, thiscapacitor shows up, in dynamic regime, thegenerator GS codes a voltage generator.

On reconnaít dans le montage décrit ci-dessus unealimentation à découpage du type "fly-back". On sait quelorsque l'interrupteur 7 est fermé, l'enroulement 5 secharge alors que la diode 8 bloque toute décharge del'enroulement 6. C'est alors la capacité 9 qui alimentela charge, avec la batterie d'accumulateurs 1. Quand l'interrupteur 7 s'ouvre, l'énergie accumulée dansl'enroulement 6 est débitée dans la charge et lecondensateur 9.We recognize in the assembly described above aswitching power supply of the "fly-back" type. We know thatwhen the switch 7 is closed, the winding 5 ischarge while thediode 8 blocks any discharge ofwinding 6. It is thencapacity 9 which suppliescharging, withstorage battery 1. Whenswitch 7 opens, the energy accumulated inwinding 6 is charged to the load and thecapacitor 9.

Grâce à la présence d'une telle alimentation "àdécoupage" et à transformateur à accumulation d'énergiedans le dispositif suivant l'invention, celui-cibénéficie de l'isolation galvanique apportée par laprésence de ce transformateur entre le générateur et lacharge. En outre, comme on le verra plus loin, cettealimentation donne au dispositif suivant l'invention unegrande souplesse, permettant de fixer le point defonctionnement du générateur solaire en tout point de sacaractéristique courant/tension et notamment au pointcorrespondant à la fourniture d'une puissance maximalepar ce générateur.Thanks to the presence of such a supply "toswitching "and with energy storage transformerin the device according to the invention, this onebenefits from the galvanic isolation provided by thepresence of this transformer between the generator and thecharge. Furthermore, as will be seen later, thispower supply gives the device according to the invention agreat flexibility, allowing to fix the point ofoperation of the solar generator at any point in itscurrent / voltage characteristic and in particular at the pointcorresponding to the provision of maximum powerby this generator.

Pour assurer cette commande du point de fonctionnementdu générateur solaire, le dispositif suivant l'inventioncomprend en outre un détecteur 11 sensible au courantmoyen Ip circulant dans l'enroulement primaire dutransformateur 3 pour délivrer un signal de tension Vdetreprésentatif de l'intensité de ce courant. Ce signal estdélivré à des moyens de commande constitués par unmicrocontrôleur 12, par exemple, ce microcontrôleur étantdûment programmé pour former, à partir du signal Vdet unsignal de consigne Vcons délivré à un convertisseuramplitude-durée 13 commandant l'interrupteur 7. Lesmoyens 11,12,13 constituent ainsi une boucle derégulation du courant moyen passant dans l'enroulementprimaire 5 du transformateur 3, la régulation de cecourant moyen à une valeur prédéterminée permettant defixer le point de fonctionnement du générateur solaire,comme on l'expliquera plus loin.To ensure this control of the operating point of the solar generator, the device according to the invention further comprises adetector 11 sensitive to the average current Ip flowing in the primary winding of thetransformer 3 to deliver a voltage signal Vdet representative of the intensity of this current. This signal is delivered to control means constituted by amicrocontroller 12, for example, this microcontroller being duly programmed to form, from the signal Vdet a reference signal Vcons delivered to an amplitude-duration converter 13 controlling the switch 7. Themeans 11, 12, 13 thus constitute a loop for regulating the average current passing through the primary winding 5 of thetransformer 3, the regulation of this average current at a predetermined value making it possible to fix the operating point of the solar generator, as will be explained later.

Le détecteur 11 est représenté en plus de détails àla figure 3. Sur cette figure, il apparaít que cedétecteur est constitué par un deuxième transformateur 14 à accumulation d'énergie, fonctionnant en mode "lourd"dont l'enroulement primaire 15 est alimenté par lecourant Ip délivré par le générateur à l'enroulementprimaire du premier transformateur 3, et dontl'enroulement secondaire 16 est monté en série avec unediode 17. La tension Vdet est prélevée entre les bornesd'une charge constituée par une résistance 18 et uncondensateur 19 montés en parallèle entre la diode 7 etune borne de l'enroulement secondaire 16.Thedetector 11 is shown in more detail in Figure 3. In this figure, it appears that this detector is constituted by asecond transformer 14 with energy accumulation, operating in "heavy" mode whoseprimary winding 15 is supplied by the current Ip delivered by the generator to the primary winding of thefirst transformer 3, and whosesecondary winding 16 is connected in series with adiode 17. The voltage Vdet is taken between the terminals of a load constituted by aresistor 18 and acapacitor 19 mounted in parallel between the diode 7 and a terminal of thesecondary winding 16.

On démontre par le calcul qu'en régime statique latension Vdet mesurée aux bornes de l'enroulementsecondaire 16 est proportionnelle au courant moyenpassant dans l'enroulement primaire 4, ce courant moyenétant alors constitué par le courant IGS délivré par legénérateur solaire. On démontre aussi qu'en tout point defonctionnement du générateur solaire, le graphe de Vdet enfonction de VGS présente la même allure que celui de lapuissance PGS en fonction de VGS. On a représenté ces deuxgraphes sur la figure 4 où il apparaít qu'ils présententtous les deux un maximum pour la même valeur de VGS. Cecipeut se comprendre si l'on considère que le courant moyenIp porte toute l'énergie délivrée par le générateursolaire et doit donc être maximal quand le générateursolaire délivre sa puissance maximale.It is shown by calculation that in static mode the voltage Vdet measured at the terminals of thesecondary winding 16 is proportional to the average current passing through the primary winding 4, this average current then being constituted by the current IGS delivered by the solar generator. We also demonstrate that at any point of operation of the solar generator, the graph of Vdet as a function of VGS has the same shape as that of the power PGS as a function of VGS . These two graphs are shown in Figure 4 where it appears that they both have a maximum for the same value of VGS . This can be understood if we consider that the average current Ip carries all the energy delivered by the solar generator and must therefore be maximum when the solar generator delivers its maximum power.

Suivant l'invention, on tire parti de cettecaractéristique du graphe de Vdet en fonction de VGS pourextraire du générateur solaire sa puissance maximale, etceci à l'aide d'un seul détecteur, le détecteur 11 ducourant moyen passant dans l'enroulement primaire dutransformateur 14, solution particulièrement avantageuseaussi bien du point de vue économique que du point de vuefiabilité. Pour ce faire, on utilise une programmationadéquate du microcontrôleur 12 propre à permettre lecalcul de la valeur d'un signal de consigne Vcons délivré au convertisseur amplitude-durée 13, représenté en plusde détails à la figure 5.According to the invention, this characteristic of the graph of Vdet as a function of VGS is used to extract from the solar generator its maximum power, and this using a single detector, thedetector 11 of the mean current passing through the primary winding of thetransformer 14, a particularly advantageous solution both from the economic point of view and from the reliability point of view. To do this, adequate programming of themicrocontroller 12 is used which is suitable for calculating the value of a reference signal Vcons delivered to the amplitude-duration converter 13, shown in more detail in FIG. 5.

Celui-ci comprend essentiellement un comparateur 20dont une entrée 21 reçoit le signal Vcons (ou un signalproportionnel à celui-ci) et dont une autre entrée 22 estalimentée classiquement par un signal en dents de scieS1, de période fixe T. La sortie du comparateur 20 faitcommuter l'un ou l'autre de deux transistors 23, 24 detype opposé, dont les circuits émetteur/collecteur sontmontés en série entre une ligne à la tension Vdd et lamasse de manière à produire un signal S2 de même période queS1, et dont le rapport cyclique t/T est fonction de Vcons.This essentially comprises acomparator 20, aninput 21 of which receives the signal Vcons (or a signal proportional to it) and of which anotherinput 22 is conventionally supplied by a sawtooth signal S1 , of fixed period T The output ofcomparator 20 switches one or the other of twotransistors 23, 24 of opposite type, whose emitter / collector circuits are connected in series between a line at voltage Vdd and ground so as to produce a signal S2 of the same period as S1 , and whose duty cycle t / T is a function of Vcons .

Ce signal S2, à modulation de largeur d'impulsions ousignal "PWM", commande la commutation de l'interrupteurélectronique 7, comme cela est représenté à la figure 2.Cet interrupteur peut être constitué par un transistordont le circuit émetteur/collecteur est placé en sérieavec l'enroulement primaire 5 du transformateur 3 et dontla base est commandée par le signal S2.This signal S2 , with pulse width modulation or “PWM” signal, controls the switching of the electronic switch 7, as shown in FIG. 2. This switch can be constituted by a transistor whose emitter circuit / collector is placed in series with the primary winding 5 of thetransformer 3 and whose base is controlled by the signal S2 .

On comprend qu'en commandant convenablement lemicrocontrôleur 12 pour qu'il délivre une valeur de Vconscorrespondant à un point de fonctionnement prédéterminédu générateur solaire, on peut réguler la position de cepoint de fonctionnement en tout point choisi de lacaractéristique courant/tension du générateur solaire, demanière à commander la puissance électrique PGS délivréepar le générateur GS.It is understood that by properly controlling themicrocontroller 12 so that it delivers a value of Vcons corresponding to a predetermined operating point of the solar generator, it is possible to regulate the position of this operating point at any chosen point of the current characteristic / voltage of the solar generator, so as to control the electrical power PGS delivered by the generator GS.

En particulier, c'est ainsi que le microcontrôleur12 peut être programmé pour rechercher, à partir de laconnaissance du graphe de Vdet (voir figure 4), la valeurde Vcons a délivrer au convertisseur amplitude-durée 13pour que le générateur solaire fonctionne à sa puissancemaximale, compte tenu du niveau de l'éclairement actueldes cellules solaires du générateur. Diverses stratégies connues de recherche du maximum d'une grandeur sontutilisables à cet effet. Le microcontrôleur peut, parexemple, commander des variations de la valeur deconsigne Vcons, d'excursion Vac, les évolutions des mesuresx1,x2,x3, ... de Vdet fournies par le détecteur 11 lors decette excursion, et notamment le sens des variations deces mesures, permettant de localiser la position x2 dusommet du graphe et donc la valeur Vcons correspondant àce sommet.In particular, this is how themicrocontroller 12 can be programmed to search, from knowledge of the graph of Vdet (see FIG. 4), the value of Vcons to be delivered to the amplitude-duration converter 13 so that the generator solar works at its maximum power, taking into account the level of current illumination of the generator solar cells. Various known strategies for finding the maximum of a quantity can be used for this purpose. The microcontroller can, for example, control variations of the set value Vcons , of excursion Vac , the changes in the measurements x1 , x2 , x3 , ... of Vdet provided by thedetector 11 during this excursion, and in particular the direction of the variations of these measurements, making it possible to locate the position x2 of the vertex of the graph and therefore the value Vcons corresponding to this vertex.

Les variations de Vcons commandées par le microcontrôleurs'opèrent classiquement par pas. On peut facilement fairevarier le pas en fonction, par exemple, de la position dupoint de fonctionnement du générateur solaire. Si l'onconsidère que le fonctionnement dynamique du dispositifsuivant l'invention est très différent suivant qu'ilfonctionne en générateur de courant ou en générateur detension, cette possibilité de variation du pas de lacommande est avantageuse car elle permet d'adapter celle-ciau fonctionnement dynamique qui résulte du point defonctionnement choisi, par exemple à droite ou à gauchedu point correspondant à la fourniture de la puissancemaximale.The variations in Vcons controlled by the microcontroller conventionally operate in steps. The pitch can easily be varied depending, for example, on the position of the operating point of the solar generator. If we consider that the dynamic operation of the device according to the invention is very different depending on whether it operates as a current generator or as a voltage generator, this possibility of variation of the pitch of the control is advantageous because it makes it possible to adapt this dynamic operation resulting from the selected operating point, for example to the right or left of the point corresponding to the supply of maximum power.

Il apparait maintenant que l'invention permet biend'atteindre les buts fixes, à savoir fournir undispositif de commande du point de fonctionnement d'ungénérateur solaire d'énergie électrique, permettant defaire fonctionner ce générateur à sa puissance maximaleaussi bien qu'à toute autre puissance plus faible, ce quiest avantageux notamment pour adapter cette puissance auxvariations de consommation des consommateurs alimentés,notamment lorsque ceux-ci comptent une batteried'accumulateurs qui atteint sa charge maximale. Ledispositif est en outre simple, et donc de réalisationéconomique, et souple, grâce à l'utilisation d'un microcontrôleur, qui permet une gestion automatique dudispositif, sans entretien ou recalibrage.It now appears that the invention allowsachieve the set goals of providing aoperating point control device of asolar generator of electrical energy, allowingoperate this generator at maximum poweras well as any other weaker power, whichis particularly advantageous for adapting this power tochanges in consumption by consumers fed,especially when these have a batteryaccumulators which reaches its maximum charge. Thedevice is also simple, and therefore of realizationeconomical and flexible, thanks to the use of amicrocontroller, which allows automatic management of thedevice, without maintenance or recalibration.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée au modede réalisation décrit et représenté qui n'a été donnéqu'à titre d'exemple. C'est ainsi que le dispositifsuivant l'invention peut s'adapter à des générateursd'énergie électrique autres que du type à cellulessolaires, en particulier quand la caractéristiquecourant/tension de ce générateur présente une allure quise rapproche de celle d'un générateur solaire.Of course, the invention is not limited to the modedescribed and depictedas an example. This is how the deviceaccording to the invention can be adapted to generatorselectric power other than cell typesolar, especially when the characteristiccurrent / voltage of this generator has a shape whichis close to that of a solar generator.

Claims (9)

Translated fromFrench
Dispositif de commande du point de fonctionnementd'un générateur d'énergie électrique (GS) alimentant unecharge comprenant a) un transformateur (3) à accumulationd'énergie, à enroulements primaire (5) et secondaire (6)de sens inverses, l'enroulement primaire (5) étantalimenté par le générateur (GS) sous la commande d'uninterrupteur (7), l'enroulement secondaire (6) étantconnecté en série avec une diode (8) et avec la charge(1,2), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend b) un détecteur(11) sensible à l'intensité du courant moyen (Ip)circulant dans l'enroulement primaire (5) dutransformateur (3) pour délivrer un signal (Vdét)représentatif de cette intensité, et c) des moyens decommande (12,13) de la commutation de l'interrupteur (7),sensibles audit signal (Vdét) pour établir dansl'enroulement primaire (5) du transformateur (3) uncourant moyen (Ip) correspondant à un point defonctionnement prédéterminé du générateur (GS).Device for controlling the operating point of an electrical energy generator (GS) supplying a load comprising a) a transformer (3) with energy accumulation, with primary (5) and secondary (6) windings in opposite directions, the primary winding (5) being supplied by the generator (GS) under the control of a switch (7), the secondary winding (6) being connected in series with a diode (8) and with the load (1, 2), characterized in that it comprises b) a detector (11) sensitive to the intensity of the average current (Ip ) flowing in the primary winding (5) of the transformer (3) to deliver a signal (Vdet ) representative of this intensity, and c) control means (12, 13) for switching the switch (7), sensitive to said signal (Vdet ) to establish in the primary winding (5) of the transformer (3 ) an average current (Ip ) corresponding to a predetermined operating point of the generator (GS).Dispositif conforme à la revendication 1,caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de commande (12,13)sont conçus pour établir ledit courant moyen (Ip) à unevaleur correspondant au maximum (Pmax) de la puissancedélivrée par ledit générateur (GS).Device according to claim 1, characterized in that said control means (12, 13) are designed to establish said average current (Ip ) at a value corresponding to the maximum (Pmax ) of the power delivered by said generator (GS ).Dispositif conforme à l'une quelconque desrevendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que leditdétecteur (11) comprend un transformateur (14) àaccumulation d'énergie comprenant des enroulementsprimaire (15) et secondaire (16) de sens inverses,l'enroulement primaire (15) étant traversé par le courant(Ip) circulant dans l'enroulement primaire (5) dutransformateur (3), l'enroulement secondaire étant placéen série avec une diode (8) et une charge (18,19), lesignal (Vdet) étant prélevé aux bornes de la charge (18,19).Device according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the said detector (11) comprises a transformer (14) with energy accumulation comprising primary (15) and secondary (16) windings in opposite directions, l 'primary winding (15) being traversed by the current (Ip ) flowing in the primary winding (5) of the transformer (3), the secondary winding being placed in series with a diode (8) and a load (18, 19), the signal (Vdet ) being taken from the terminals of the load (18,19).Dispositif conforme à l'une quelconque desrevendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que lesditsmoyens de commande comprennent un microcontrôleur (12)alimenté par ledit signal (Vdet) représentatif du courantmoyen (Ip) circulant dans l'enroulement primaire (5) dutransformateur (3) à accumulation d'énergie électrique,et un convertisseur amplitude-durée (13) alimenté par unsignal de consigne (Vcons) élaboré par le microcontrôleur,pour commander la commutation de l'interrupteur (7) avecun signal (S2) à modulation de largeur d'impulsions.Device according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the said control means comprise a microcontroller (12) supplied by the said signal (Vdet ) representative of the mean current (Ip ) flowing in the primary winding ( 5) of the transformer (3) with accumulation of electrical energy, and an amplitude-duration converter (13) supplied by a setpoint signal (Vcons ) produced by the microcontroller, to control the switching of the switch (7) with a pulse width modulation signal (S2 ).Dispositif conforme à la revendication 4, caractériséen ce que ledit microcontrôleur est programmé pourdélivrer un signal de consigne (Vcons) propre à réguler laposition du point de fonctionnement du générateur (GS) demanière à assurer la fourniture par celui-ci d'unepuissance électrique prédéterminée.Device according to claim 4, characterized in that said microcontroller is programmed to deliver a setpoint signal (Vcons ) suitable for regulating the position of the generator operating point (GS) so as to ensure the supply thereof '' a predetermined electrical power.Dispositif conforme à la revendication 5, caractériséen ce que le pas des variations du signal de consigne(Vcons) est fonction de la position du point defonctionnement choisi.Device according to claim 5, characterized in that the pitch of the variations of the setpoint signal (Vcons ) is a function of the position of the selected operating point.Dispositif conforme à l'une quelconque desrevendications 5 et 6, caractérisé en ce que lemicrocontrôleur (12) est programmé pour rechercher lepoint de fonctionnement correspondant à la puissancemaximale du générateur (GS) par l'observation des sens devariations du signal (Vdet) délivré par le détecteur (11)lors d'une excursion (Vac) du signal de consigne (Vcons).Device according to either of Claims 5 and 6, characterized in that the microcontroller (12) is programmed to search for the operating point corresponding to the maximum power of the generator (GS) by observing the directions of variation of the signal (Vdet ) delivered by the detector (11) during an excursion (Vac ) of the set signal (Vcons ).Dispositif conforme à l'une quelconque desrevendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il estassocié à un générateur solaire d'énergie électrique.Device according to any ofprevious claims, characterized in that it isassociated with a solar electric energy generator.Véhicule spatial équipé d'un dispositif conformeà l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8.Space vehicle equipped with a compliant deviceto any of claims 1 to 8.
EP98401903A1997-07-281998-07-27Operating point control device of an electrical energy generator, especially of a solar generatorExpired - LifetimeEP0895146B1 (en)

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FR9709583AFR2766589B1 (en)1997-07-281997-07-28 DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE OPERATION POINT OF AN ELECTRIC POWER GENERATOR, PARTICULARLY A SOLAR GENERATOR
FR97095831997-07-28

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EP0895146B1 (en)2003-01-15
FR2766589A1 (en)1999-01-29
FR2766589B1 (en)1999-09-24
DE69810716D1 (en)2003-02-20
ATE231252T1 (en)2003-02-15
DE69810716T2 (en)2003-10-23

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