EP0019488B1

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Info

Publication number: EP0019488B1
Application number: EP19800301657
Authority: EP
Inventors: Leonard John Feathers
Original assignee: Chubb Panorama Ltd
Current assignee: Chubb Panorama Ltd
Priority date: 1979-05-21
Filing date: 1980-05-20
Publication date: 1983-12-07
Also published as: GB2051313B; ES8103329A1; ES491628A0; CA1147630A; EP0019488A1; PT71254A; GB2051313A; DE3065813D1

Description

The present invention relates to tilt valves. By a "tilt valve" is meant a valve of the kind in which there is a chamber having an inlet port and an outlet port, a valve head within the chamber adapted to seat over one of the ports to close that port to fluid flow, and a stem extending from the valve head whereby tilting of the stem tilts the head away from its seating so as to open the valved port to fluid flow.
Tilt valves can be utilized in breathing apparatus as disclosed for example in United Kingdom patent specifications 775314 and 969280, United States patent specification 3357447 and German patent specifications 1131998, 1139387 and 1185065, for regulating the supply of breathing gas to a user in accordance with his breathing demands. In such cases the valve is used in conjunction with a flexible diaphragm that responds to inhalation by the person using the apparatus to tilt the stem of the valve transitorily and thereby allow enough breathing gas to be supplied via the valve to satisfy the breathing need. In each of the tilt valves disclosed in United Kingdom patent specifications 775314 and 969280, United States patent specification 3357447 and German patent specifications 1139387 and 1185065 the valve head is located to seat over the outlet port of a chamber provided in a hollow spigot which provides, at its inlet end, a union for connection to the supply of breathing gas. The spigot opens at its outlet end into a casing that contains the diaphragm, and the stem of the valve extends from the head through the outlet port (with clearance) to respond to deflection of the diaphragm upon each inhalation. The arrangement in German patent specification 1131998 is generally similar except that in this case the valve head is spring-urged within the chamber so as to seat over the inlet port rather than over the outlet port. A rather different kind of valve provided for the same purpose is disclosed in French patent specification 1565483. In this case a valve head is provided on the inside of a hollow conical shroud which fits over the end of an inlet pipe connected to a supply of breathing gas; the usual flexible diaphragm is provided adjacent to the rim of the shroud and tilts the shroud and valve head on the end of the inlet pipe in response to inhalation by the person using the apparatus.
Tilt valves such as those discussed above operate in general quite successfully, but have certain practical disadvantages. In particular, with a tilt valve such as disclosed in United Kingdom patent specification 775314 the valve head is free for a small degree of lateral movement across the width of the valve chamber; such freedom is inherent in the necessity to maintain a gap of a sufficient size between the periphery of the valve head and the surrounding wall of the chamber to pass gas through the chamber from its inlet port to its outlet port at the required rate when the valve is opened. Accordingly a fixed and consistent seating of the head over the valve port cannot be assured and multiple ringing (grooving) of the face of the head - caused by the different impressions of the seating made in the face under different lateral positionings of the head over the port - is likely to occur. Such multiple ringing leads to undesirable leakage through the valve. The same problem arises in relation to the valve of French patent specification 1565483, where the valve head and shroud are free for a small degree of lateral movement upon the inlet pipe owing to the necessity of providing a gas flow space between the inside surface of the shroud and the exterior of the inlet pipe.
In order to reduce the incidence of leakage from ringing of the valve head in a tilt valve for use in high pressure systems, United Kingdom patent specifications 949222 teaches the use of a valve spring arranged to exert a centering action on the valve head and to press the head against its seating in the same lateral position after each tilting of the head. However, a spring can provide only a resilient restraint and, being necessarily normally light in its action (particularly in the case where the valve is incorporated in a demand regulator for breathing apparatus), cannot in general overcome the problem entirely satisfactorily. Furthermore the provision of a spring is desirably to be avoided in the interests of simplicity.
The problem of multiple ringing of the valve head in a valve such as disclosed in United Kingdom patent specification 775314 could be overcome if the valve head was provided as a close fit in the chamber but such conflicts with the need to provide a gas pathway of sufficient size around the periphery of the head. United States patent specification 3357447 and German patent specifications 1131998, 1139387 and 1185065 each disclose a form of tilt valve in which the head fits closely within its chamber but has notches in its periphery to provide for gas flow past the head when the valve is opened. With valves of this form, however, problems arise in providing notches of a sufficient size to pass adequate gas flows and the manufacture of the head is inevitably complicated. In practice uncontrollable pressure losses are experienced with such valves due to the abrupt changes in flow direction and available flow area encountered by the gas as it passes the head.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide a form of construction for a tilt valve which can be utilized to reduce the above-discussed problems.
Accordingly, in a first aspect the invention resides in a valve comprising a chamber having an inlet port and outlet port; a valve head within the chamber adapted to seat over one of the ports to close that port to fluid flow the valve head being closely surrounded at its periphery by the wall of the chamber so as to maintain a consistent seated position of the head over said one port; and a stem extending from the valve head whereby tilting of the stem tilts the head away from its seating so as to open said one port to fluid flow; characterised in that the other of the ports opens to the chamber at a location to the same side of the valve head as said one port, so that when the stem is tilted fluid can flow through the chamber from the inlet port to the outlet port without passing around the periphery of the head.
By providing a flow path for the fluid which avoids passage around the periphery of the head in a tilt valve according to the invention, the head of the valve can be as close a fit within the chamber as desired, consistent with its tilting motion, to ensure that lateral movement of the head with the chamber is positively limited so as to maintain it in a substantially consistent seating over the valve port. The problem of multiple ringing of the head thereby can be avoided and at the same time the avoidance of a flow path which involves passage around the periphery of the head can lead to an improvement in the flow characteristics of the valve in comparison with the prior art forms of tilt valve which approach the problem of multiple ringing by providing a notched head within a chamber with the inlet and outlet ports on opposite sides thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of a tilt valve in accordance with the invention the valve head is adapted to seat over the outlet port of the chamber. This form has the advantage that if the fluid pressure which is applied to the inlet port of the chamber is transmitted to a space within the chamber to the opposite side of the valve head to the location of the ports such pressure can maintain the head upon its seating when the valve is closed, without the use of a valve spring. Such pressure transmission can be achieved by providing only a small gap between the periphery of the head and the surrounding wall of the chamber - this gap being much smaller than that which would be required to pass the full flow of fluid through the valve and permitting no substantial lateral movement of the head.
A valve as defined above may be constructed with a housing having a cylindrical bore closed at one end, an insert located in the bore and having a frusto-conical projection directed axially towards said closed end, the aforesaid chamber being defined within the bore of the housing between said insert and closed end, the insert having an axial bore opening through the apex of its said projection to define said outlet port over which the valve head is adapted to seat, and the inlet port opening through the wall of said cylindrical bore at a location between the base and apex of said projection.
It is also within the scope of the invention for the valve head to be arranged to seat over the inlet port rather than over the outlet port of the chamber, in such case a valve spring being required to maintain the head upon its seating when the valve is closed.
The tilt valve of the invention is especially useful as part of a demand regulator for breathing apparatus and in a second aspect the invention resides in such a regulator comprising a valve according to the first-defined aspect of the invention of which the outlet port leads to a second chamber for communication with a face mask, mouthpiece or other breathing interface means; and comprising means responsive to the difference between the pressure within the second chamber and the ambient pressure, said pressure-responsive means being adapted to react, in use, to inhalation by the user of the apparatus to tilt the stem of the valve and thereby permit the flow of breathing gas through the valve to the user.
The invention also resides, in a third aspect, in breathing apparatus comprising a source of pressurised breathing gas, a demand regulator according to the second-defined aspect of the invention of which the inlet port is communicable with said gas source, and breathing interface means for communication with said second chamber of the demand regulator. The invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a front elevation of a demand regulator for use in breathing apparatus and which includes a tilt valve in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional side elevation of the regulator of Figure 1; and
Figure 3 is a sectional plan view of a second demand regulator including a tilt valve in accordance with the invention, designed particularly for underwater use.

Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the demand regulator illustrated therein has a plastics casing 1 that is of cup shape and opens at its base into a standardtubular connector 2 for coupling the device into the mask of a breathing apparatus. Adiaphragm 3 of synthetic rubber extends across the mouth of the cup-shape casing 1 and is sandwiched around its peripheral margin between the rim of the casing 1 and the rim of a plastics cover 4. Anencircling clamping ring 5 urges the cover 4 onto the casing 1 so as to establish and maintain a peripheral gas-seal between thediaphragm 3 and the casing 1. The cover 4 is perforated, having in particular a largecentral aperture 6, so that thediaphragm 3 is exposed within the cover 4 to ambient atmospheric pressure. Reduction of pressure within the casing 1 accompanying each inhalation by the mask wearer during breathing, will accordingly deflect thediaphragm 3 inwardly of the casing 1.
Deflection of thediaphragm 3 inwardly of the casing 1 acts via a tilt valve 7 to regulate admission of breathing gas to the case 1 and thence through theconnector 2 into the mask. The gas, normally an air-oxygen mixture, is supplied from a source, normally a high-pressure bottle, that is coupled to the regulator via a hollow threadedspigot 8. Thespigot 8 extends sideways from acylindrical metal housing 9 of the tilt valve 7 that is coupled into the wall of the casing 1 via a rotatable gas-tight joint 10.
Thespigot 8 opens within thehousing 9 through an inlet port 11 into acylindrical bore 12 that is closed at its end remote from the casing 1 by ascrew plug 13. Ametal insert 14, which is a gas-tight push-fit in the opposite end of thebore 12, has a hollow frusto-conical projection 15 that projects past the port 11 in thebore 12 to provide a seating for thehead 16 of the tilt valve 7. Thehead 16 seats on the top rim of theprojection 15 over the opening 17 of a frusto-conical bore 18 that extends through theinsert 14. The progressively-widening outlet passageway provided from the outlet opening 17 by thebore 18 is continued from the bottom of thebore 12 in a frusto-conical bore 19 of thehousing 9 that opens into the casing 1.
Ametal stem 20 of thevalve head 16 extends from thehead 16 through theopening 17 and into the casing 1 to lie adjacent to the central region of thediaphragm 3. The pressure of gas supplied via the inlet port 11 to the closed valve chamber in thebore 12 urges thehead 16 firmly onto its seating to block the outlet opening 17 while there is no deflection of thediaphragm 3. However each deflection of thediaphragm 3 inwardly of the casing 1 in response to inhalation within the mask tilts thestem 20. This tilts thehead 16 away from the rim of theprojection 15 allowing passage of gas from the valve-chamber through the outlet opening 17 into the casing 1 to meet the breathing needs of the mask wearer.
Thehead 16 of the tilt valve 7 is a close fit within thebore 12 and hasrounded edges 21 to enable it to be tilted easily against the wall of the bore in regulating flow through the outlet opening 17. The inlet port 11 is located to the same side of thehead 16 as the opening 17 so gas admitted into the valve chamber provided by thebore 12 is not required to pass between the periphery of thehead 16 and the surrounding wall of the valve chamber in order to reach the outlet opening 17. Thehead 16 can therefore be as close a fit in thebore 12 as desirable to ensure that it remains with the same seating throughout operation it being required to provide a clearance between these components sufficient only to permit the transmission of the inlet gas pressure to the closedspace 22 on the opposite side of the head 16 (rather than admitting the full flow of gas which passes through the valve), to keep the valve head seated when thediaphragm 3 is undeflected. Thehead 16 is preferably a moulding of poly- tetrafluorethylene (but may be of nylon) to provide for self-lubricating, and therefore low- friction, rubbing on the wall of thebore 12 and also reduction in the likelihood of sticking of the valve under conditions of icing; thestem 20 of the valve may in these circumstances be simply a metal rod forced into the head-moulding and retained frictionally.
The demand regulator described may be coupled to a high-pressure gas bottle without the necessity for an intermediate (first stage) pressure-reducing valve upstream of the regulator. In this respect the divergent outlet passageway defined by the aligned frusto-conical bores 18 and 19 provides for a gradual expansion of the gas as it enters into the casing 1.
Thecentral aperture 6 in the cover 4 is large enough to enable the mask wearer to insert a finger and push thediaphragm 3 inwardly for the purpose of opening the tilt valve 7 by way of testing or admission of extra volume of gas.
Turning now to Figure 3, the regulator illustrated therein is designed particularly for use with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus and comprises acasing 31 having alateral limb 32 to which is coupled atilt valve 33 of identical construction to the valve 7 described above in relation to Figures 1 and 2. Description of the tilt valve will accordingly not be repeated in this respect. In the embodiment of Figure 3 thecentral limb 34 of thecasing 31 is coupled to amoulded mouthpiece 35 through which breathing gas passed from the tilt valve can be supplied to a diver and through which exhaled gas can be received back from the diver. Thediaphragm 36 in this case is laterally offset from the centre-line of the casing and is sandwiched around its peripheral margin between the casing and aperforate cover 37. The diaphragm responds to the difference between the ambient water pressure withincover 37 and the gas pressure withincasing 31 when the diver inhales, by deflecting and tilting thestem 38 andhead 39 of thevalve 33 to supply breathing gas in accordance with the needs of the diver, in the same manner as described above in relation to Figures 1 and 2. The diaphragm also incorporates an exhalation valve comprising aperforate plate 40 and an elastomeric flap 41 secured centrally together by afastener 42, which opens to vent exhaled gas to the surrounding environment when the pressure produced within thecasing 31 upon exhalation exceeds the ambient pressure by a predetermined value.

Claims

1. A valve comprising a chamber (12) having an inlet port (11) and an outlet port (17); a valve head (16; 39) within the chamber adapted to seat over one of the ports (17) to close that port to fluid flow, the valve head being closely surrounded at its periphery by the wall of the chamber so as to maintain a consistent seated position of the head over said one port; and a stem (20; 38) extending from the valve head whereby tilting of the stem tilts the head away from its seating so as to open said one port to fluid flow; characterised in that the other of the ports (11) opens to the chamber (12) at a location to the same side of the valve head (16; 39) as said one port (17), so that when the stem (20; 38) is tilted fluid can flow through the chamber from the inlet port (11) to the outlet port (17) without passing around the periphery of the head.

2. A valve according to claim 1 wherein the valve head (16; 39) is adapted to seat over the outlet port (17) of the chamber (12).

3. A valve according to claim 2 wherein the stem (20; 38) extends from the valve head (16; 39) through said outlet port (17), with clearance.

4. A valve according to claim 2 or claim 3 wherein, in use, fluid pressure applied to said inlet port (11) can be transmitted to a space (22) within the chamber (12) to the opposite side of the valve head (16; 39), thereby tending to maintain the valve head upon its seating.

5. A valve according to any one of claims 2 to 4 comprising a housing (9) having a cylindrical bore (12) closed at one end (13), an insert (14) located in the bore and having a frusto-conical projection (15) directed axially towards said closed end, the aforesaid chamber being defined within the bore of the housing between said insert and closed end, the insert having an axial bore (18) opening through the apex of its said projection to define said outlet port (17) over which the valve head (16; 39) is adapted to seat, and the inlet port (11) opening through the wall of said cylindrical bore (12) at a location between the base and apex of said projection.

6. A valve according to claim 1 wherein the valve head is adapted to seat over the inlet port of the chamber, and comprising spring means tending to maintain the valve head upon its seating.

7. A demand regulator for breathing apparatus comprising a valve (7; 33), a chamber (1; 31) for communication with breathing interface means (35), means (3; 36) responsive to the difference between the pressure within that chamber and the ambient pressure, said pressure-responsive means (3; 36) being adapted to react, in use, to inhalation by the user of the apparatus to tilt a stem (20; 38) of the valve (7; 33) and thereby permit the flow of breathing gas through the valve to the user; characterised in that the valve (7; 33) is in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. A demand regulator according to claim 7 further comprising an exhalation valve (40; 41) adapted to permit the flow of gas from said chamber (1; 31) to the surrounding environment when the pressure within the chamber (1; 31) exceeds the ambient pressure by a predetermined value.

9. Breathing apparatus comprising a source of pressurised breathing gas, a demand regulator having an inlet port (11) communicable with the gas source, and breathing interface means (35) communicable with a chamber (1; 31) of the demand regulator; characterised in that the demand regulator is in accordance with claim 7 or claim 8.