Gegenstandder Patentanmeldung sind ein optisches Verfahren und eine Vorrichtungmit dem die Entfernung zu einem oder mehreren beleuchteten streuendenObjektpunkten mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden kann. SolcheVerfahren sind wichtig fürdie automatisierte Vermessung von Objektoberflächen (Form-Messung). Das Verfahrenund die Vorrichtung könnenaber auch eingesetzt werden, um Volumenstreuer zu vermessen, wennLicht in das zu vermessende Objekt eindringen kann. Dies ist z.B.in der medizinischen Gewebediagnostik wichtig.objectThe patent application is an optical method and apparatuswith the distance to one or more illuminated scatteringObject points can be determined with high accuracy. SuchProcedures are important forthe automated measurement of object surfaces (shape measurement). The procedureand the device canbut also used to measure volume spreaders, thoughLight can penetrate into the object to be measured. This is e.g.important in medical tissue diagnostics.
Essind in der Literatur viele Abstandssensoren beschrieben (z. B.zusammefassend bei T. Strand, "Opticsfor Machine Vision",Proc. SPIE 456 (1984). Die meisten beruhen auf Triangulation mit strukturierterBeleuchtung, entweder inkohärentoder kohärent.Diese Methoden haben den Nachteil, daß abgeschattete Bereiche auftreten,durch den Triangulationswinkel. Von kohärenten Verfahren ist bekannt,daß dieTiefengenauigkeit durch die Beobachtungsapertur begrenzt ist (G.Häusler, „PhysicalLimits of 3D-Sensing" Proc.SPIE 1822 (1992)). Es sind auch einige Verfahren bekannt, die dieseBeschränkungnicht haben (A. Fercher, et al "Roughsurface interferometry with a tow-wavelength heterodyne speckleinterferometer" Appl.Opt. 24 (1985) p. 2181, T. Dresel, G. Häusler, "Three- dimensional sensing of roughsurfaces by coherence radar„, Appl. Opt. 31 (1992)p. 919).Many distance sensors are described in the literature (for example, T. Strand, "Optics for Machine Vision," Proc. SPIE 456 (1984).) Most are based on triangulation with structured illumination, either incoherent or coherent have the disadvantage that shaded areas occur due to the triangulation angle. "Coherent methods are known to limit the depth accuracy by the observation aperture (G. Häusler," Physical Limits of 3D Sensing "Proc. SPIE 1822 (1992)) Several methods are also known which do not have this limitation (A. Fercher, et al., "Rough surface interferometry with a tow-wavelength heterodyne speckle interferometer" Appl. Opt. 24 (1985) p.2181, T. Dresel, G. Häusler , "Three-dimensional sensing of rough surfaces by coherence radar" , Appl. Opt. 31 (1992) p. 919).
Einemedizinische Anwendung zur Gewebediagnostik im Volumen wurde beschriebenvon D. Huang et al, "Micronresolution ranging of cornea Anterior chamber by optical reflectometry" Lasers in Surgeryand medicine Vol 11, (1991) p. 419. Diese Methoden arbeiten nichtmit kohärentemLicht, erfordern aber komplizierte Heterodyn-Technologie oder mechanischeBewegung, um das Objekt in der Tiefe abzutasten.Amedical application for tissue diagnostics in volume has been describedby D. Huang et al, "Micronresolution ranging of cornea Anterior chamber by optical reflectometry "Lasers in surgeryand medicine Vol 11, (1991) p. 419. These methods do not workwith coherentLight, but require complicated heterodyne technology or mechanicalMovement to scan the object in depth.
Gegenstandder Anmeldung ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung, das ohne mechanischeAbtastung und ohne Heterodyn-Technologie auskommt. Es beruht aufder Weißlichtinterferometrie,wie in der Deutschen Patentschrift von G. Häusler "Verfahren und Einrichtung zur berührungslosenErfassung der Oberflächengestaltvon diffus streuenden Objekten" 4108944(1991) beschrieben. Die Anordnung ist ein Interferometer. Zur Erklärung wirdein Michelson-Interferometer benutzt, aber auch andere Interferometersind geeignet. Die Anordnung ist in
DasObjekt
Ausdem Spektrum läßt sichnun die Entfernung eines oder mehrerer streuender Punkte ermitteln.Es läßt sichsogar die Intensitätsverteilungder Rückstreuungin einem Volumenstreuer ermitteln. Hierzu werden die sog. Müller'schen Streifen ausgewertet.Outthe spectrum can benow determine the distance of one or more scattering points.It can beeven the intensity distributionthe backscatterin a volume spreader. For this purpose, the so-called Müller stripes are evaluated.
Zunächst wirddie Auswertung füreinen Objektpunkt, der in der Entfernung z gegenüber der Referenzebene
DasSpektrum fürBliesen Punkt hat eine Intensitätsverteilung
Dabeiist k die Wellenzahl im Spektrum, φ ist eine Zufallsphase, diedarauf beruht, daß man Specklebeobachtet. φ hängt abernur schwach von k ab und kann deshalb hier vernachlässigt werden.therek is the wavenumber in the spectrum, φ is a random phase, thebased on that one speckleobserved. φ hangs butonly weakly from k and therefore can be neglected here.
DasSpektrum ist also mit der Ortsfrequenz "z„ moduliert. Die entstehendenhellen und dunklen Streifen bezeichnet man als Müller'sche Streifen. Man braucht also nurdie Ortsfrequenz zu bestimmen, um die Entfernung des streuendenPunktes zu bestimmen. Dies ist aber bei rauhen Objekten nur möglich, wennbestimmte Bedingungen eingehalten werden, die in der Deutschen Patentschrift4108944 von G. Häuslerbeschrieben werden: es handelt sich hier nicht um ein konventionellesInterferometer mit spiegelnden Oberflächen, sondern in einem Armbefindet sich ein diffus streuendes Objekt. Daraus folgt: die Lichtquellemuß räumlich sokohärentsein, daß imrückgestreutenLicht Speckle entstehen. Denn nur dann ist Interferenz möglich. Dennnur innerhalb eines Speckles ist die Phase annähernd konstant. Weiterhin darfjede Photodiode des Empfängerarrays nichtgrößer alsder Speckledurchmesser sein, da sonst kein oder nur geringer Interferenzkontrast sichtbarist.The spectrum is thus modulated with the spatial frequency"z". The resulting light and dark stripes are called Muller's stripes. So you need to determine only the spatial frequency to determine the distance of the scattering point. That applies to rough objects only possible if certain conditions are met, which are described in the German patent specification 4108944 by G. Häusler: it is not a conventional interferometer with reflective surfaces, but in one arm there is a diffuse scattering object The light source must be so coherent in space that speckles are formed in the backscattered light, because only within a speckle the phase is approximately constant low interference contrast is visible.
DieErmittlung der Frequenz "z" der Müller-Streifenerfolgt zweckmäßig durchFourier-Transformation des Farbspektrums nach der Variablen k. Aberes ist auch eine direkte Bestimmung der Periodenlänge im Photodiodensignalmöglich.Dies ist einfacher und schneller, wenn nur wenige Objektpunkte streuen.The determination of the frequency "z" of the Müller stripes is expediently carried out by Fourier transformation of the color spectrum according to the variable k. But it is also a direct determination of the period length in the photodiode signal possible. This is easier and faster if only a few object points sprinkle.
Einenormer Vorteil des Verfahrens ist, daß die Genauigkeit der Ab standsbestimmungunabhängigvon der Beobachtungsapertur ist. Dies ist nicht der Fall, bei reinkohärentenMethoden und bei fast allen kommerziellen Sensoren.OneThe enormous advantage of the method is that the accuracy of the Ab determinationindependentlyfrom the observation aperture. This is not the case when purecoherentMethods and in almost all commercial sensors.
DasVerfahren kann auch die Entfernung vieler im Volumen liegender Punkte,in verschiedenen Abständenz, bestimmen, die jeweils mit der Intensität i(z) streuen. Auf der Photodiodenzeilein der Spektralebene überlagernsich die Signale aus der gesamten Tiefe. Deshalb sieht die Zeiledas Signal
Die„1„ imIntegranden belastet die Dynamik des Empfängers, ist jedoch für die Messungunwesentlich. Im wesentlichen ist das Spektrum I(k) die Fouriertransformiertevon i(z). Durch Fourier-Rück-Transformationdes Signals nach k läßt sichi(z) rückgewinnen.Damit ist diese Methode eine echte tomographische Methode.The" 1" in the integrand stresses the dynamics of the receiver, but is immaterial to the measurement. Essentially, the spectrum I (k) is the Fourier transform of i (z). By Fourier-back transformation of the signal to k, i (z) can be recovered. This makes this method a true tomographic method.
DasSignal-Rausch-Verhältnisist günstig, weildas gesamte Signal der Photodiodenzeile nur nach einzelenen Frequenzendurchsucht wird, mit der Fourier-Transformation. Es sind keine mechanischbewegten Teile nötig.Die Belichtungszeit kann kurz sein und damit biologische Aktivität oder Bewegungausblenden.TheSignal-to-noise ratiois cheap, becausethe entire signal of the photodiode array only to individual frequenciesis searched with the Fourier transform. They are not mechanicalmoving parts needed.The exposure time can be short and thus biological activity or movementhide.
Sieist anwendbar auf industrielle Objekte, z. B. Blick in durch scheindeKeramik, ebenso wie fürbiologische Objekte, z. B. Untersuchung auf subkutane Hautveränderungen,Brusttumore, etc.sheis applicable to industrial objects, eg. B. Look in throughCeramics, as well as forbiological objects, e.g. B. Examination for subcutaneous lesions,Breast tumors, etc.
DasVerfahren ist auch erweiterbar, durch "Lichtquellen„ inanderen Spektralbereichen, die das zu untersuchende Material durchdringenkönnen.Z. B. Röntgenquellen,UV-Quellen, Infrarotquellen, Ultraschallquellen.The method can also be extended by "light sources" in other spectral regions that can penetrate the material under investigation, eg X-ray sources, UV sources, infrared sources, ultrasound sources.
DasVerfahren läßt sichsich nicht nur entlang einer Achse
Eineweitere Modifikation ist in
DieDispersion bewirkt, daß dasInterferometer nur füreine be stimmte Wellenzaha kO abgeglichenist, nämlichfür dieWellenzahl, bei der die optische Weglänge im Referenzarm und im Objektarm gleichist. Das Spektrum I(k) hat folgenden Verlauf:
DerVerlauf des Spektrums I(k,kO) ist in
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title | 
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19934309056DE4309056B4 (en) | 1993-03-20 | 1993-03-20 | Method and device for determining the distance and scattering intensity of scattering points | 
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title | 
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19934309056DE4309056B4 (en) | 1993-03-20 | 1993-03-20 | Method and device for determining the distance and scattering intensity of scattering points | 
| Publication Number | Publication Date | 
|---|---|
| DE4309056A1 DE4309056A1 (en) | 1994-09-22 | 
| DE4309056B4true DE4309056B4 (en) | 2006-05-24 | 
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date | 
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19934309056Expired - LifetimeDE4309056B4 (en) | 1993-03-20 | 1993-03-20 | Method and device for determining the distance and scattering intensity of scattering points | 
| Country | Link | 
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE4309056B4 (en) | 
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| Date | Code | Title | Description | 
|---|---|---|---|
| 8122 | Nonbinding interest in granting licences declared | ||
| 8141 | Disposal/no request for examination | ||
| 8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
| 8170 | Reinstatement of the former position | ||
| 8363 | Opposition against the patent | ||
| 8327 | Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner | Owner name:CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG, 07745 JENA, DE | |
| 8381 | Inventor (new situation) | Inventor name:HERRMANN, JUERGEN, 91522 ANSBACH, DE Inventor name:NEUMANN, JOCHEN, 90768 FUERTH, DE Inventor name:H?USLER, GERD,PROF.DR., 91056 ERLANGEN, DE | |
| R071 | Expiry of right | ||
| R071 | Expiry of right |