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DE4309056B4 - Method and device for determining the distance and scattering intensity of scattering points - Google Patents

Method and device for determining the distance and scattering intensity of scattering points
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DE4309056B4
DE4309056B4DE19934309056DE4309056ADE4309056B4DE 4309056 B4DE4309056 B4DE 4309056B4DE 19934309056DE19934309056DE 19934309056DE 4309056 ADE4309056 ADE 4309056ADE 4309056 B4DE4309056 B4DE 4309056B4
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scattering
points
spectrum
distance
interferometer
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Gerd Haeusler
Juergen Herrmann
Jochen Neumann
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Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
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Gegenstandder Patentanmeldung sind ein optisches Verfahren und eine Vorrichtungmit dem die Entfernung zu einem oder mehreren beleuchteten streuendenObjektpunkten mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden kann. SolcheVerfahren sind wichtig fürdie automatisierte Vermessung von Objektoberflächen (Form-Messung). Das Verfahrenund die Vorrichtung könnenaber auch eingesetzt werden, um Volumenstreuer zu vermessen, wennLicht in das zu vermessende Objekt eindringen kann. Dies ist z.B.in der medizinischen Gewebediagnostik wichtig.objectThe patent application is an optical method and apparatuswith the distance to one or more illuminated scatteringObject points can be determined with high accuracy. SuchProcedures are important forthe automated measurement of object surfaces (shape measurement). The procedureand the device canbut also used to measure volume spreaders, thoughLight can penetrate into the object to be measured. This is e.g.important in medical tissue diagnostics.

Essind in der Literatur viele Abstandssensoren beschrieben (z. B.zusammefassend bei T. Strand, "Opticsfor Machine Vision",Proc. SPIE 456 (1984). Die meisten beruhen auf Triangulation mit strukturierterBeleuchtung, entweder inkohärentoder kohärent.Diese Methoden haben den Nachteil, daß abgeschattete Bereiche auftreten,durch den Triangulationswinkel. Von kohärenten Verfahren ist bekannt,daß dieTiefengenauigkeit durch die Beobachtungsapertur begrenzt ist (G.Häusler, „PhysicalLimits of 3D-Sensing" Proc.SPIE 1822 (1992)). Es sind auch einige Verfahren bekannt, die dieseBeschränkungnicht haben (A. Fercher, et al "Roughsurface interferometry with a tow-wavelength heterodyne speckleinterferometer" Appl.Opt. 24 (1985) p. 2181, T. Dresel, G. Häusler, "Three- dimensional sensing of roughsurfaces by coherence radar, Appl. Opt. 31 (1992)p. 919).Many distance sensors are described in the literature (for example, T. Strand, "Optics for Machine Vision," Proc. SPIE 456 (1984).) Most are based on triangulation with structured illumination, either incoherent or coherent have the disadvantage that shaded areas occur due to the triangulation angle. "Coherent methods are known to limit the depth accuracy by the observation aperture (G. Häusler," Physical Limits of 3D Sensing "Proc. SPIE 1822 (1992)) Several methods are also known which do not have this limitation (A. Fercher, et al., "Rough surface interferometry with a tow-wavelength heterodyne speckle interferometer" Appl. Opt. 24 (1985) p.2181, T. Dresel, G. Häusler , "Three-dimensional sensing of rough surfaces by coherence radar" , Appl. Opt. 31 (1992) p. 919).

Einemedizinische Anwendung zur Gewebediagnostik im Volumen wurde beschriebenvon D. Huang et al, "Micronresolution ranging of cornea Anterior chamber by optical reflectometry" Lasers in Surgeryand medicine Vol 11, (1991) p. 419. Diese Methoden arbeiten nichtmit kohärentemLicht, erfordern aber komplizierte Heterodyn-Technologie oder mechanischeBewegung, um das Objekt in der Tiefe abzutasten.Amedical application for tissue diagnostics in volume has been describedby D. Huang et al, "Micronresolution ranging of cornea Anterior chamber by optical reflectometry "Lasers in surgeryand medicine Vol 11, (1991) p. 419. These methods do not workwith coherentLight, but require complicated heterodyne technology or mechanicalMovement to scan the object in depth.

Gegenstandder Anmeldung ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung, das ohne mechanischeAbtastung und ohne Heterodyn-Technologie auskommt. Es beruht aufder Weißlichtinterferometrie,wie in der Deutschen Patentschrift von G. Häusler "Verfahren und Einrichtung zur berührungslosenErfassung der Oberflächengestaltvon diffus streuenden Objekten" 4108944(1991) beschrieben. Die Anordnung ist ein Interferometer. Zur Erklärung wirdein Michelson-Interferometer benutzt, aber auch andere Interferometersind geeignet. Die Anordnung ist in1 skizziert.The subject of the application is a method and a device which manages without mechanical scanning and without heterodyne technology. It is based on white light interferometry, as described in the German patent specification by G. Häusler "Method and device for non-contact detection of the surface shape of diffuse scattering objects" 4108944 (1991). The arrangement is an interferometer. For explanation, a Michelson interferometer is used, but other interferometers are suitable. The arrangement is in 1 outlined.

DasObjekt1 steht in einem Interferometerarm. Es wird über denTeilerspiegel2 und Linsen7,8 mit einerbreitbandigen Lichtquelle3, z. B. einer Glühlampe odereiner Superlumineszenzdiode beleuchtet. Gleichzeitig wird der Referenzarm4 über denTeilerspiegel2 beleuchtet. Über den Referenzspiegel5 undden Teilerspiegel2 kommt das Referenzlicht zurück und vereinigtsich mit dem vom Objekt1 rückgestreuten Licht am Ausgang6 desInterferometers. Dort wird das Licht mit Hilfe eines Spektralapparates9,10 inFarben zerlegt. Das Spektrum wird mit Hilfe eines ortsempfindlichenPhotoempfängers11,z. B. einer Photodiodenzeile aufgefangen und in einer Auswerteeinheit12,z. B. einem Computer, ausgewertet.The object 1 is in an interferometer arm. It gets over the splitter mirror 2 and lenses 7 . 8th with a broadband light source 3 , z. B. lit a light bulb or a super-luminescent diode. At the same time, the reference arm 4 over the splitter mirror 2 illuminated. About the reference mirror 5 and the splitter mirror 2 the reference light comes back and unites with that of the object 1 backscattered light at the exit 6 of the interferometer. There is the light with the help of a spectral apparatus 9 . 10 disassembled into colors. The spectrum is determined using a location-sensitive photoreceiver 11 , z. B. a photodiode array and in an evaluation 12 , z. As a computer evaluated.

Ausdem Spektrum läßt sichnun die Entfernung eines oder mehrerer streuender Punkte ermitteln.Es läßt sichsogar die Intensitätsverteilungder Rückstreuungin einem Volumenstreuer ermitteln. Hierzu werden die sog. Müller'schen Streifen ausgewertet.Outthe spectrum can benow determine the distance of one or more scattering points.It can beeven the intensity distributionthe backscatterin a volume spreader. For this purpose, the so-called Müller stripes are evaluated.

Zunächst wirddie Auswertung füreinen Objektpunkt, der in der Entfernung z gegenüber der Referenzebene13,mit einer Intensitäti(z) streut, erklärt.First, the evaluation for an object point that is at the distance z from the reference plane 13 , with an intensity i (z) scatters, explains.

DasSpektrum fürBliesen Punkt hat eine IntensitätsverteilungI(k,z) = 1 + i(z)cos(2kz + φ).The spectrum for Bliesen Punkt has an intensity distribution I (k, z) = 1 + i (z) cos (2kz + φ).

Dabeiist k die Wellenzahl im Spektrum, φ ist eine Zufallsphase, diedarauf beruht, daß man Specklebeobachtet. φ hängt abernur schwach von k ab und kann deshalb hier vernachlässigt werden.therek is the wavenumber in the spectrum, φ is a random phase, thebased on that one speckleobserved. φ hangs butonly weakly from k and therefore can be neglected here.

DasSpektrum ist also mit der Ortsfrequenz "z moduliert. Die entstehendenhellen und dunklen Streifen bezeichnet man als Müller'sche Streifen. Man braucht also nurdie Ortsfrequenz zu bestimmen, um die Entfernung des streuendenPunktes zu bestimmen. Dies ist aber bei rauhen Objekten nur möglich, wennbestimmte Bedingungen eingehalten werden, die in der Deutschen Patentschrift4108944 von G. Häuslerbeschrieben werden: es handelt sich hier nicht um ein konventionellesInterferometer mit spiegelnden Oberflächen, sondern in einem Armbefindet sich ein diffus streuendes Objekt. Daraus folgt: die Lichtquellemuß räumlich sokohärentsein, daß imrückgestreutenLicht Speckle entstehen. Denn nur dann ist Interferenz möglich. Dennnur innerhalb eines Speckles ist die Phase annähernd konstant. Weiterhin darfjede Photodiode des Empfängerarrays nichtgrößer alsder Speckledurchmesser sein, da sonst kein oder nur geringer Interferenzkontrast sichtbarist.The spectrum is thus modulated with the spatial frequency"z". The resulting light and dark stripes are called Muller's stripes. So you need to determine only the spatial frequency to determine the distance of the scattering point. That applies to rough objects only possible if certain conditions are met, which are described in the German patent specification 4108944 by G. Häusler: it is not a conventional interferometer with reflective surfaces, but in one arm there is a diffuse scattering object The light source must be so coherent in space that speckles are formed in the backscattered light, because only within a speckle the phase is approximately constant low interference contrast is visible.

DieErmittlung der Frequenz "z" der Müller-Streifenerfolgt zweckmäßig durchFourier-Transformation des Farbspektrums nach der Variablen k. Aberes ist auch eine direkte Bestimmung der Periodenlänge im Photodiodensignalmöglich.Dies ist einfacher und schneller, wenn nur wenige Objektpunkte streuen.The determination of the frequency "z" of the Müller stripes is expediently carried out by Fourier transformation of the color spectrum according to the variable k. But it is also a direct determination of the period length in the photodiode signal possible. This is easier and faster if only a few object points sprinkle.

Einenormer Vorteil des Verfahrens ist, daß die Genauigkeit der Ab standsbestimmungunabhängigvon der Beobachtungsapertur ist. Dies ist nicht der Fall, bei reinkohärentenMethoden und bei fast allen kommerziellen Sensoren.OneThe enormous advantage of the method is that the accuracy of the Ab determinationindependentlyfrom the observation aperture. This is not the case when purecoherentMethods and in almost all commercial sensors.

DasVerfahren kann auch die Entfernung vieler im Volumen liegender Punkte,in verschiedenen Abständenz, bestimmen, die jeweils mit der Intensität i(z) streuen. Auf der Photodiodenzeilein der Spektralebene überlagernsich die Signale aus der gesamten Tiefe. Deshalb sieht die Zeiledas SignalI(k) = ∫(1 + i(z) cos(2kz))dzThe method may also determine the distance of many points lying in the volume, at different distances z, each scattering with the intensity i (z). On the photodiode line in the spectral plane, the signals are superimposed on the entire depth. That's why the line sees the signal I (k) = ∫ (1 + i (z) cos (2kz)) dz

Die1 imIntegranden belastet die Dynamik des Empfängers, ist jedoch für die Messungunwesentlich. Im wesentlichen ist das Spektrum I(k) die Fouriertransformiertevon i(z). Durch Fourier-Rück-Transformationdes Signals nach k läßt sichi(z) rückgewinnen.Damit ist diese Methode eine echte tomographische Methode.The" 1" in the integrand stresses the dynamics of the receiver, but is immaterial to the measurement. Essentially, the spectrum I (k) is the Fourier transform of i (z). By Fourier-back transformation of the signal to k, i (z) can be recovered. This makes this method a true tomographic method.

DasSignal-Rausch-Verhältnisist günstig, weildas gesamte Signal der Photodiodenzeile nur nach einzelenen Frequenzendurchsucht wird, mit der Fourier-Transformation. Es sind keine mechanischbewegten Teile nötig.Die Belichtungszeit kann kurz sein und damit biologische Aktivität oder Bewegungausblenden.TheSignal-to-noise ratiois cheap, becausethe entire signal of the photodiode array only to individual frequenciesis searched with the Fourier transform. They are not mechanicalmoving parts needed.The exposure time can be short and thus biological activity or movementhide.

Sieist anwendbar auf industrielle Objekte, z. B. Blick in durch scheindeKeramik, ebenso wie fürbiologische Objekte, z. B. Untersuchung auf subkutane Hautveränderungen,Brusttumore, etc.sheis applicable to industrial objects, eg. B. Look in throughCeramics, as well as forbiological objects, e.g. B. Examination for subcutaneous lesions,Breast tumors, etc.

DasVerfahren ist auch erweiterbar, durch "Lichtquellen inanderen Spektralbereichen, die das zu untersuchende Material durchdringenkönnen.Z. B. Röntgenquellen,UV-Quellen, Infrarotquellen, Ultraschallquellen.The method can also be extended by "light sources" in other spectral regions that can penetrate the material under investigation, eg X-ray sources, UV sources, infrared sources, ultrasound sources.

DasVerfahren läßt sichsich nicht nur entlang einer Achse14 anwenden, sondernman kann auch einen Schnitt senkrecht zur Zeichenebene und der Achse14 der1 parallelvermessen. Dazu ist nur notwendig, nicht nur einen Punkt des Objekteszu beleuchten, sondern gleichzeitig eine Linie senkrecht zur Zeichenebene.Dann muß alsEmpfängerstatt eines linienhaften Photodiodenarrays ein flächenhaftes Arrayverwendet werden.The method can not be just along an axis 14 but you can also make a section perpendicular to the drawing plane and the axis 14 of the 1 measured in parallel. For this purpose, it is only necessary to illuminate not only one point of the object, but at the same time a line perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. Then, instead of a line-type photodiode array, a planar array must be used as the receiver.

Eineweitere Modifikation ist in2 beschrieben.Die2 ist ähnlichwie1. Aber es ist zusätzlich in einem Interferometerarm(hier als Beispiel der Referenzarm) ein Dispersion einfahrendesElement, hier beispielsweise eine Planplatte15, eingefügt. DiesePlatte15 bewirkt, daß dasSpektrum am Ausgang des Interferometers eine charakteristische Intensitätsverteilungerhält,die vom Abstand z des Streupunktes abhängt. Die Auswertung der Intensitätsverteilungergibt mit hoher Genauigkeit den Abstand.Another modification is in 2 described. The 2 is similar to 1 , But it is also in a Interferometerarm (here as an example of the reference) a dispersion einfahrendes element, here for example a plane plate 15 , inserted. This plate 15 causes the spectrum at the output of the interferometer receives a characteristic intensity distribution, which depends on the distance z of the scattering point. The evaluation of the intensity distribution gives the distance with high accuracy.

DieDispersion bewirkt, daß dasInterferometer nur füreine be stimmte Wellenzaha kO abgeglichenist, nämlichfür dieWellenzahl, bei der die optische Weglänge im Referenzarm und im Objektarm gleichist. Das Spektrum I(k) hat folgenden Verlauf:I(k,kO) = 1 + cos(2da(k2 – k × kO)).The dispersion causes the interferometer to be adjusted only for a certain wavenc hawkO , namely for the wave number at which the optical path length in the reference arm and in the object arm is the same. The spectrum I (k) has the following course: I (k, k O ) = 1 + cos (2da (k 2 - k × k O )).

DerVerlauf des Spektrums I(k,kO) ist in3 wiedergegeben.Die Wellenzahl, zu der das Spektrum symmetrisch ist, hängt vomAbstand z des Streupunktes ab. Die Symmetrie kann auf einfache Weise,z. B. durch Korrelation mit der gespiegelten Funktion, ermitteltwerden.The course of the spectrum I (k, kO ) is in 3 played. The wavenumber to which the spectrum is symmetric depends on the distance z of the scattering point. The symmetry can easily, z. As determined by correlation with the mirrored function.

Claims (8)

Translated fromGerman
Interferometrisches Verfahren mit: Beleuchtenvon in einem Arm eines Interferometers angeordneten Objektpunktenmit Licht aus einer breitbandigen Quelle, Zerlegen des Lichtsam Ausgang des Interferometers in ein Spektrum und Ermittelnvon Information überdie Entfernung der Objektpunkte aus der Helligkeitsverteilung imSpektrum,dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Objektpunktestreuende Punkte sind und mit räumlichkohärentemLicht beleuchtet werden und aus der Helligkeitsverteilung im SpektrumInformation überdie Entfernung der streuenden Punkte und über die Streuintensität der streuendenPunkte ermittelt wird.Interferometric method comprising: illuminating object points arranged in one arm of an interferometer with light from a broadband source, decomposing the light at the output of the interferometer into a spectrum, and determining information about the distance of the object points from the brightness distribution in the spectrum,characterized in that Object points are scattering points and are illuminated with spatially coherent light and from the brightness distribution in the spectrum information about the distance of the scattering points and on the scattering intensity of the scattering points is determined.Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass die Ermittlung der Entfernung und der lokalen Streuintensität durchFourier-Tansformation des Spektrums nach der Wellenlänge erfolgt.Method according to claim 1, characterized in thatthat the determination of the distance and the local scattering intensity byFourier transformation of the spectrum according to the wavelength.Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass in einem der beiden Interferometerarme zusätzlich ein dispersionerzeugendes Elementeingefügtist.Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterizedthat in one of the two interferometer arms additionally a dispersion-generating elementaddedis.Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass die Ermittlung der Entfernung eines Streupunktes dadurch erfolgt,dass die Symmetrieachse des Spektrums bestimmt wird.Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterizedthat the determination of the removal of a scattering point thereby takes placethat the symmetry axis of the spectrum is determined.Vorrichtung zur interferometrischen Bestimmung vonEntfernung und Streuintensitäteines oder mehrer streuender Punkte (1), mit: einemInterferometer (2,4,5,6),in dessen einem Arm der eine oder die mehreren streuenden Punkte angeordnetsind, einer Einrichtung mit einer Lichtquelle (3,7,8),die ausgebildet ist, den einen oder die mehreren streuenden Punkte(1) mit räumlichkohärentenLicht zu beleuchten, einem Spektralapparat (9,10)zur Zerlegung des Lichts von dem Interferometerausgäng (6), einemortsempfindlichen Photoempfänger(11), einer Auswerteeinheit (12), die ausgebildetist, aus der vom Photoempfänger(11) erfassten Helligkeitsverteilung die Streuintensität des einenoder der mehreren streuenden Punkte und die Entfernung des einenoder der mehreren streuenden Punkte auf der Grundlage einer odermehrerer Ortsfrequenzen zu bestimmen.Device for the interferometric determination of the distance and scattering intensity of one or more scattering points ( 1 ), with: an interferometer ( 2 . 4 . 5 . 6 ), in one arm of which one or more scattering points arranged, a device with a light source ( 3 . 7 . 8th ) which is adapted to the one or more scattering points ( 1 ) with spatially coherent light, a spectral apparatus ( 9 . 10 ) for decomposing the light from the interferometer output ( 6 ), a location-sensitive photoreceiver ( 11 ), an evaluation unit ( 12 ), which is formed from the photoreceiver ( 11 ) determine the scattering intensity of the one or more scattering points and the distance of the one or more scattering points based on one or more spatial frequencies.Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass die Auswerteeinheit ausgebildet ist, die lokale Streuintensität des einenoder der mehreren streuenden Punkte durch Fourier-Transformationdes Spektrums nach der Wellenlängezu ermitteln.Device according to claim 5, characterized in thatthat the evaluation unit is designed, the local scattering intensity of the oneor the multiple scattering points through Fourier transformationof the spectrum on the wavelengthto investigate.Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass in einem der beiden Interferometerarme zusätzlich ein Dispersion erzeugendesElement eingefügtist.Device according to one of claims 5 or 6, characterizedthat in one of the two interferometer arms additionally a dispersion-generatingElement insertedis.Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass die Auswerteeinheit ausgebildet ist, die Entfernung des einenoder der mehreren streuenden Punkte durch Bestimmung der Symmetrieachsedes Spektrums zu ermitteln.Device according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterizedthat the evaluation unit is formed, the removal of the oneor the multiple scattering points by determining the axis of symmetryof the spectrum.
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