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DE3038445A1 - Pressure wave generator for diagnosis and therapy - has spark gap in inflatable balloon at end of catheter - Google Patents

Pressure wave generator for diagnosis and therapy - has spark gap in inflatable balloon at end of catheter

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Publication number
DE3038445A1
DE3038445A1DE19803038445DE3038445ADE3038445A1DE 3038445 A1DE3038445 A1DE 3038445A1DE 19803038445DE19803038445DE 19803038445DE 3038445 ADE3038445 ADE 3038445ADE 3038445 A1DE3038445 A1DE 3038445A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
spark gap
catheter
wave generator
balloon
pressure wave
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DE19803038445
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German (de)
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DE3038445C2 (en
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Rainer 7778 Markdorf Willneff
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Dornier GmbH
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Dornier GmbH
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Priority to DE19803038445priorityCriticalpatent/DE3038445A1/en
Publication of DE3038445A1publicationCriticalpatent/DE3038445A1/en
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Publication of DE3038445C2publicationCriticalpatent/DE3038445C2/de
Grantedlegal-statusCriticalCurrent

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Abstract

The pressure wave generator employs a spark gap at the end of a catheter which may be introduced into the oesophagus of a reclining patient to stimulate the heart or into the urinary tract in order to break up kidney stones. At the front end of a catheter (12) is an inflatable balloon (18) which contains a spark gap (16). Fluid from a reservoir (14) is circulated by a pump (28) to inflate the balloon when in situ and to remove gases from the spark gap.

Description

Translated fromGerman

Stoßwellengenerator für medizinische AnwendungsfälleShock wave generator for medical applications

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Stoßwellengenerator für medizinischeAnwendungsfälle mit einer Funkenstrecke, die sich innerhalb eines Gehäuses befindet.The invention relates to a shock wave generator for medical useApplications with a spark gap that is located within a housing.

Aus der DE-PS 21 51 247 ist eine Einrichtung zum Zertrümmern von imKörper eines Lebewesens befindlichen Konkrementen mit einer Fokussierungskammerbekannt, wobei die Fokussierungskammer ein Teil eines Rotationsellipsoids ist undin deren einem Brennpunkt Stoßwellen durch Funkenentladung erzeugbar sind. Die Fokussierungskammerist mittels einer elastischen Membran verschlossen und die Membran wird luftspaltlosam Körper in der Weise angelegt, daß sich das zu zertrümmernde Konkrement im zweitenBrennpunkt befindet. Die Einrichtung dient beispielsweise der Zerstörung von Nierensteinenohne jeglichen operativen Eingriff. Der Nierenstein wird mittels eine Röntgenbildesin seiner Grösse und seiner Lage im Körper des Patienten lokalisiert. Dann wirdder Stein mittels dosierbarer und fokussierter Stoßwellen beaufschlagt, so daß erzu einem feinen Grieß zerfällt, der leicht auf natürlicheWeiseherausgeschwemmt wird. Der Einrichtung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, daß Stoßwellenan Material mit geringer Zugfestigkeit immer dann einen Abplatz- oder Zerstörungseffektverursachen, wenn ein Übergang von einem Medium mit hohem zu einem Medium mit niedrigemSchallwellenwiderstand vorliegt.From DE-PS 21 51 247 a device for smashing imConcrements located in the body of a living being with a focusing chamberknown, wherein the focusing chamber is part of an ellipsoid of revolution andat one focal point shock waves can be generated by spark discharge. The focusing chamberis closed by means of an elastic membrane and the membrane has no air gapapplied to the body in such a way that the stone to be smashed is in the secondFocal point. The facility is used, for example, to destroy kidney stoneswithout any surgical intervention. The kidney stone is determined by means of an X-raylocalized in its size and its position in the patient's body. Then it will bethe stone is acted upon by means of adjustable and focused shock waves, so that itdisintegrates into a fine semolina that is easily naturalwayis washed out. The device is based on the knowledge that shock waveson material with low tensile strength there is always a chipping or destructive effectcause when a transition from a medium with high to a medium with lowThere is acoustic wave resistance.

Es war nun herausgefunden worden, daß der Schallwellenwiderstand desmenschlichen oder tierischen Gewebes ungefähr dem Schallwellenwiderstand des Wassersentspricht und sich der Schallwellenwiderstand der Konkremente davon erheblich unterscheidet.Es konnte auch nachgewiesen werden, daß Stoßwellen andere Körperteile des menschlichenKörpers nicht in Mitleidenschaft ziehen und daß die Knochen des menschlichen Körperswegen ihrer hohen Zugfestigkeit und der Kürze des Impulses nicht beschädigt werden.Die Zerstörung von Konkrementen ist dabei abhängig von der Flankensteilheit desDruckanstieges der Stoßwellen. Die Grösse der abplatzenden Teile hingegen wird vonder Dauer des Stoßwellenimpulses bestimmt. Um ein grosses Konkrement zu zerstören,kann es vorteilhaft sein, einen ersten Impuls längerer Dauer einzusetzen, damitdas Konkrement in grössere Stücke zerbricht. Anschließend kann mit sehr kurzzeitigenImpulsen die Zerkleinerung in Bruchstücke erfolgen, die auf natürlichem Wege durchdie Harnleiter ausgespült werden können.It had now been found that the acoustic wave resistance of thehuman or animal tissue approximately equal to the acoustic wave resistance of the waterand the acoustic wave resistance of the calculus differs significantly from it.It has also been shown that shock waves affect other parts of the human bodyBody does not affect and that the bones of the human bodycannot be damaged because of their high tensile strength and the shortness of the impulse.The destruction of calculus depends on the steepness of the flankIncrease in pressure of the shock waves. The size of the flaking parts, on the other hand, is determined bythe duration of the shock wave pulse is determined. To destroy a large stoneit can be advantageous to use a first pulse of longer duration so thatthe concrement breaks into larger pieces. It can then be used for very short periods of timePulses the crushing into fragments take place naturally throughthe ureters can be flushed out.

Aus der DE-PS 24 18 631 ist ein von außen anwendbarer Herzstimulatorbekannt, der aus einem in Längsschnitt ellipsenförmigen Koppelgerät besteht, lasauf die Oberfläche des Körperseines Patienten im Herzbereich luftspaltlosaufsetzbar ist und bei dem in einem Brennpunkt des Koppelgeräts ein punktförmigerDruckwellengenerator in Form einer Funkenstrecke vorhanden ist.From DE-PS 24 18 631 an externally applicable cardiac stimulator isknown, which consists of a coupling device elliptical in longitudinal section, readon the surface of the bodyof a patient in the heart area without air gapscan be placed and in which a point-shaped in a focal point of the coupling devicePressure wave generator is present in the form of a spark gap.

Dieser Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Gerät zur Herz stimulationvon aussen auf unblutigem Wege durch den Brustkorb hindurch zu schaffen, das insbesonderein der Notfallmedizin verwendbar ist. Angeregt werden soll die elektrisch und mechanischstillstehende oder zu langsam schlagende Herzkammer (sogenannte Asystolie). Dievom Druckwellengenerator ausgehenden Druckwellen üben bei diesem Gerät mechanischeReize auf die Kammerwand des Herzens aus, die zu einer Herzstimulation führen. Mittelsdes Druckwellengenerators können Impulse ohne Gefahr für Patienten und Personalperiodisch erzeugt werden, bis entweder die Herztätigkeit spontan aufrechterhaltenwird oder die Maßnahmen zur Stimulation mit einem künstlichen Schrittmacher ergriffenwerden können.This invention is based on the object of a device for heart stimulationto create from the outside in a bloodless way through the chest, in particularcan be used in emergency medicine. The should be stimulated electrically and mechanicallyThe heart chamber is stationary or beating too slowly (so-called asystole). thePressure waves emanating from the pressure wave generator practice mechanical with this deviceStimulate the ventricular wall of the heart, which leads to cardiac stimulation. Meansof the pressure wave generator can generate impulses without endangering patients and staffgenerated periodically until either the heart is spontaneously sustainedor the stimulation measures with an artificial pacemaker are takencan be.

Bekannt ist weiter aus der DE-PS 12 18 112 eine Vorrichtung zum Entfernenvon Konkrementen aus Harnwegen mittels einer einführbaren, elektrodentragenden undmit einer elektrischen Energiequelle verbundenen elastischen Sonde. Stoßwellenkatheterdieser Art sind prinzipiell funktionstüchtig, haben aber den schwerwiegenden Fehlerder offenen Funkenstrecke, wodurch es häufig zu mechanischen Zerstörungen und Verbrennungender Blaseninnenschichten kam.Also known from DE-PS 12 18 112 is a device for removingof concretions from urinary tract by means of an insertable, electrode-carrying andelastic probe connected to a source of electrical energy. Shock wave catheterof this type are basically functional, but have a fatal errorthe open spark gap, which often leads to mechanical damage and burnsthe bladder inner layers came.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Stoßwellengeneratorfür diagnostische oder therapeutische Anwendungsfälle zu schaffen, der durch Körperöffnungeneinführbar ist und in Nähe des mit Stoßwellen zu beaufschlagenden Körperteils oderKonkrements bringbar ist und gleichwohl die Funkenstrecke das Körpergewebe nichtberührt und auch von diesem elektrisch isolierbar ist.The invention is based on the object of a shock wave generatorfor diagnostic or therapeutic applications to create through body orificesis insertable and in the vicinity of the body part to be acted upon by shock waves orConcrements can be brought about and, nevertheless, the spark gap does not affect the body tissuetouched and can also be electrically isolated from this.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß sich die Funkenstreckein einem Ballon befindet, der am Ende eines Katheters angeordnet ist und der Katheterin Körperhöhlen einführbar ist, wobei der Ballon am Ort der Applikation von Stoßwellenmittels einer Flüssigkeit aufgeweitet wird.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the spark gaplocated in a balloon which is arranged at the end of a catheter and the cathetercan be introduced into body cavities, the balloon at the point of application of shock wavesis expanded by means of a liquid.

Erfindungsgemäß ist es weiter vorteilhaft, wenn die Funkenstreckesich in einem Reflektor innerhalb des Ballons befindet und der Reflektor zentrierbarist.According to the invention, it is also advantageous if the spark gapis located in a reflector inside the balloon and the reflector can be centeredis.

Bei einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung istdie Innenseite und/oder die Außenseite des Ballons zumindest teilweise elektrischleitend beschichtet und mit der Abschirmung des Katheters verbunden.In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention isthe inside and / or the outside of the balloon at least partially electricallyConductively coated and connected to the shield of the catheter.

Wie bereits erwähnt kam es bei den bisher verwendeten Stoßwellenkathetern,die prinzipiell funktionstüchtig sind, wegen der offenen, unzentrierten Funkenstreckehäufig zu mechanischen Zerstörungen oder Verbrennungen des Gewebes, Dieser Nachteilwird beim Gegenstand der Erfindung durch die Zentrierung der Funkenstrecke innerhalbdes aufgeweiteten Ballonvermieden. Um elektrische Auswirkungender Entladung der Funkenstrecke des Stoßwellengenerators zu vermeiden, ist die Innenseitedes Ballons elektrisch leitend und mit der Abschirmung des Katheters verbunden.As already mentioned, the shock wave catheters used up to nowwhich are basically functional because of the open, uncentered spark gapoften to mechanical destruction or burns of the tissue, this disadvantageis in the subject matter of the invention by centering the spark gap withinof the inflated balloonavoided. About electrical effectsTo avoid the discharge of the spark gap of the shock wave generator is the insideof the balloon electrically conductive and connected to the shield of the catheter.

Eine weitere Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Stoßwellengeneratorsist die Verwendung als Herzstimulator zur temporären Versorgung bei Ausfall desnatürlichen oder eines künstlichen Schrittmachers dar. Der Stoßwellengenerator wirdzur Stimulation des Herzens an der Spitze eines Katheters in die Speiseröhre eingeführt.Die gerichteten, in natürlicher Schlagfrequenz abgegebenen Stoßwellenpulse erreichenvon der Speiseröhre aus unmittelbar das Herz und lösen Herzaktionen aus.Another application of the shock wave generator according to the inventionis the use as a heart stimulator for temporary supply in the event of failure of thenatural or artificial pacemaker. The shock wave generator isinserted into the esophagus at the tip of a catheter to stimulate the heart.Reach the directed shock wave pulses emitted at the natural beat frequencyfrom the esophagus directly the heart and trigger cardiac actions.

Die bekannte Anwendung der transthorakalen elektrischen Stimulationdes Herzens hat eine geringe Effizienz und eine Reihe bekannter Nebenwirkungen,z.B. schmerzhafte Brustwandmuskelkontraktionen.The well-known application of transthoracic electrical stimulationof the heart is poorly efficient and has a number of known side effects,e.g. painful chest wall muscle contractions.

Die ebenfalls bekannte Stimulation mittels eines Elektrokatheters,das transvenös nach perkutaner Punktion zur-rechten Kammer vorgeschoben wird unddort intraventrikulär Systolen auslöst, eine Tachykardie oder Kammerflimmern unterbricht,funktioniert zuverlässig, erfordert zur Kontrolle der Positionierung der Katheterspitzejedoch ein Röntgengerät und ist dadurch für eine Notfallsituation wenig geeignet.The well-known stimulation by means of an electrocatheter,which is advanced transvenously after percutaneous puncture to the right ventricle andtriggers intraventricular systoles there, interrupts tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation,works reliably, requires to control the positioning of the catheter tiphowever, an X-ray machine and is therefore not very suitable for an emergency situation.

Die bekannte Stimulation durch Einstichelektroden kann zwar schnelleHilfe bringen, ist aber mit einer Reihe von Komplikationsmöglichkeiten behaftet,z.B. die Verletzung des Peri-, Epi- und Myokards.The well-known stimulation by puncture electrodes can be fastBringing help, but is fraught with a number of complications,e.g. injury to the peri-, epi- and myocardium.

Die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung, die an der Spitze eines Kathetersin die Speiseröhre eingeführt wird, stimuliert das Herz unmittelbar durch nach vorngerichtete Pulse. Eine Rückenlage des Patienten trägt zur guten mechanischen Ankoppelungbei, da sich das Herz in dieser Position der Speiseröhre nähert Die Stimulationdurch die präkardialen Strukturen erfordert Pulsenergien von 0,04 - 1,5 Joule.The device according to the invention, which is at the tip of a catheteris inserted into the esophagus, stimulates the heart immediately by moving forwarddirected pulses. A supine position of the patient contributes to the good mechanical couplingat, as the heart approaches the esophagus in this position The stimulationDue to the precardial structures, pulse energies of 0.04 - 1.5 joules are required.

Die unmittelbare Nähe von Herz und Speiseröhre erlaubt eine beträchtlicheReduktion der Pulsenergie, so daß die Gefahr eines traumatischen Geschehens vermiedenwird. Die sichere Ankoppelung des Stoßwellengenerators an die Speiseröhre wird erfindungsgemäßdurch einen Ballon an der Spitze des Katheters erzielt, in dessen Zentrum sich dieFunkenstrecke befindet.The close proximity of the heart and esophagus allows a considerableReduction of the pulse energy so that the risk of a traumatic event is avoidedwill. The secure coupling of the shock wave generator to the esophagus is according to the inventionachieved by a balloon at the tip of the catheter, in the center of which theSpark gap is located.

Der Ballon wird nach dem Einführen und Positionieeren des Kathetersdurch eine Flüssigkeit aufgeweitet und zur Anlage gebracht. Eine elektrische Entladungüber die Funkenstrecke erzeugt in der Flüssigkeit eine Stoßwelle, die ditr Wandungdes Ballons und der Speiseröhre durchläuft und direkt auf das Herz trifft, wodurchz.B. bei Herzstillstand eine Herzaktion ausgelöst wird.The balloon is after inserting and positioning the catheterexpanded by a liquid and brought to bear. An electrical dischargeA shock wave, the ditr wall, is generated in the liquid via the spark gapof the balloon and esophagus and hits the heart directly, causingE.g. a cardiac action is triggered in the event of cardiac arrest.

Die Stimulation, die zur Erzielung der gewünschten Schlagfrequenzerforderlich ist, kann entsprechend der Situationdes Patientenüber den Vorhof oder die Herzkammer erfolgen.The stimulation necessary to achieve the desired beat frequencymay be required according to the situationof the patienttake place via the atrium or the ventricle.

Sie kann sowohl festfrequent wie nach dem "Demand"-Prinzip arbeiten.It can work both at a fixed frequency and according to the "demand" principle.

Die möglichen Indikationen zur mechanischen Herz stimulation sindnach 1. Kardiale Notfälle - Adams-Stokes-Syndrom - Reanimation - Tachykardien 2.Prophylaktische Anwendung - Schrittmacherwechsel - Bradykardien nach Elektrokardioversion3. Hämodynamische Untersuchungen - Koronare Herzkrankheit - Ididpathische hypertrophischeSubaortenstenose 4. Elektrolphysiologische Untersuchungen - Initiierung und Terminierungvon Tachykardien - Bestimmung der Sinusknotenerholungszeit - Erkennung von Patientenmit Gefahr des plötzlichen Herztodes - Erkennung einer latenten Überdigitalisierung.The possible indications for mechanical heart stimulation areafter 1. Cardiac emergencies - Adams-Stokes syndrome - resuscitation - tachycardias 2.Prophylactic use - pacemaker change - bradycardias after electrocardioversion3. Hemodynamic examinations - coronary artery disease - ididpathetic hypertrophicSubaortic stenosis 4. Electrophysiological examinations - initiation and terminationof tachycardias - determination of sinus node recovery time - detection of patientswith the risk of sudden cardiac death - detection of latent overdigitization.

Weitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Erfindungergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibungeines Ausführungsbeispiels.Further advantages, features and possible uses of the inventionresult from the following descriptionof an embodiment.

Fig. 1 zeigt die prinzipielle Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßenKatheters und Fig. 2 und 3 Schnittansichten einer fokussierenden und nichtfokussierendenFunkenstrecke.Fig. 1 shows the basic representation of an inventiveCatheter and FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views of a focusing and a non-focusingSpark gap.

Der Katheter 2 besteht aus einer Kupplung 4, einer koaxialen, flexiblenStromzuführung 6, um die Schläuche 8 und 10 herumgelegt sind und einer glatten,elastischen Hülle 12, welche zur Orientierung Längs- und Quermarkierungen (nichtgezeigt) trägt. Eine Flüssigkeitsversorgung 14 dient gleichzeitig der Entgasungeiner Funkenstrecke 16 und zur Aufweitung eines Ballons 18. Die mechanische Verbindung20 von Katheterspitze 22 und Ballon 18 bildet die Zentrierung der Funkenstrecke16. Ein Flüssigkeitsvorrat befindet sich in einem dichten Gefäß 24, das ein druckgesteuertesGaspolster 26 enthält. Eine Umlaufpumpe 28 fördert die Flüssigkeit in den Zuleitungsschlauch8 zur Funkenkammer 16 und transportiert die Flüssigkeit über den Rücklauf 10 indas Gefäß 24. Im Rücklauf befindet sich ein Gasabscheider 30, in dem die bei derEntladung entstehenden Gase aus dem Kreislauf entfernt werden.The catheter 2 consists of a coupling 4, a coaxial, flexible onePower supply 6, around which the hoses 8 and 10 are laid and a smooth,elastic cover 12, which for orientation longitudinal and transverse markings (notshown). A liquid supply 14 also serves for degassinga spark gap 16 and for expanding a balloon 18. The mechanical connection20 of the catheter tip 22 and balloon 18 forms the centering of the spark gap16. A liquid supply is located in a tight vessel 24, which is a pressure-controlledIncludes gas cushion 26. A circulation pump 28 conveys the liquid into the supply hose8 to the spark chamber 16 and transports the liquid via the return line 10 inthe vessel 24. In the return there is a gas separator 30 in which theDischarge evolving gases are removed from the circuit.

Die elektrische Versorgung der Funkenstrecke 16 erfolgt mittel derStromzuführung 6. Die Stimulationsfrequenz und die Triggerung derFunkenstrecke 16wird von Geräten bekannter Bauart gesteuert.The electrical supply of the spark gap 16 takes place by means of thePower supply 6. The stimulation frequency and the triggering of the spark gap 16is controlled by devices of known design.

Der Ballon 18 besteht aus einem hochflexiblen Material (z. B.The balloon 18 consists of a highly flexible material (e.g.

Polyurethan), seine Wandstärke ist kleiner als ein Millimeter undsein Durchmesser beträgt einige Millimeter.Polyurethane), its wall thickness is less than one millimeter andits diameter is a few millimeters.

Fig. 2 zeigt eine Funkenstrecke 16 in Draufsicht, wobei die Stoß-oder Druckwellen von einer Wandung 34 in der Weise reflektiert werden, daß sie außerhalbdes Ballons 18 in einem Brennpunkt 36 zusammentreffen. Durch entsprechende Drehungder Hülle 12 kann somit eine fokussierte Stoßwelle an jeden gewünschten Punkt gebrachtwerden.Fig. 2 shows a spark gap 16 in plan view, the impactor pressure waves are reflected from a wall 34 in such a way that they are outsideof the balloon 18 meet at a focal point 36. By turning it accordinglythe shell 12 can thus bring a focused shock wave to any desired pointwill.

Beim Gegenstand von Fig. 3 findet keine Zentrierung statt; hier trittdie Stoß- oder Druckwelle frei durch ein Fenster 38 aus.In the subject of FIG. 3, there is no centering; here occursthe shock or pressure wave freely through a window 38.

Claims (3)

Translated fromGerman
Patentansprüche: Stoßwellengnerator für medizinische Anwendungsfällemit einer Funkenstrecke, die sich innerhalb eines Gehäuses befindet, dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß das Gehäuse ein Ballon (18) ist, der sich am Ende eines Katheters (2) befindet,der in Körperhöhlen einführbar ist, und daß der in eine Körperhöhle eingeführteBallon (18) mittels einer Flüssigkeit aufweitbar ist. Claims: Shock wave generator for medical applicationswith a spark gap which is located within a housing, characterized in that,that the housing is a balloon (18) which is located at the end of a catheter (2),which is insertable into body cavities, and that which is inserted into a body cavityThe balloon (18) can be expanded by means of a liquid. 2. Stoßwellengenerator nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daßdie Funkenstrecke (16) sich in einemReflektor innerhalb des Ballons (18) befindetund zentrierbar ist. 2. Shock wave generator according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe spark gap (16) is in a reflector within the balloon (18)and can be centered. 3. Stoßwellengenerator nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß die Innenseite und/oder Außenseite des Ballons (18) zumindest teilweise elektrischleitend beschichtet ist und mit der Abschirmung des Katheters in Verbindung steht. 3. Shock wave generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in thatthat the inside and / or outside of the balloon (18) is at least partially electricalis conductively coated and is connected to the shield of the catheter.
DE198030384451980-10-111980-10-11Pressure wave generator for diagnosis and therapy - has spark gap in inflatable balloon at end of catheterGrantedDE3038445A1 (en)

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DE19803038445DE3038445A1 (en)1980-10-111980-10-11Pressure wave generator for diagnosis and therapy - has spark gap in inflatable balloon at end of catheter

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DE3038445A1true DE3038445A1 (en)1982-05-27
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