技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及激光雷达技术领域，具体涉及一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统及设计方法。The present invention relates to the technical field of laser radar, and in particular to a coherent wind measurement laser radar echo signal calibration system and a design method.
背景技术Background technique
相干多普勒激光雷达通过探测运动目标（如大气气溶胶、云、硬目标等）回波信号的多普勒频移，能够在高时间和空间分辨率下提供精确的大气运动速度探测。目前已被广泛用于航空安全保障、风力发电、大气污染监测预报等领域。Coherent Doppler lidar can provide accurate atmospheric motion velocity detection at high temporal and spatial resolution by detecting the Doppler frequency shift of the echo signal of moving targets (such as atmospheric aerosols, clouds, hard targets, etc.). It has been widely used in aviation safety, wind power generation, atmospheric pollution monitoring and forecasting, and other fields.
相干多普勒激光雷达采用气溶胶作为风速探测的示踪物，因此其回波信号可用于反演气溶胶光学参数。为了准确反演气溶胶光学参数，需要对相干多普勒激光雷达的相干效率进行精确标定。相干效率本质上是本振光和后向散射光模式场的匹配程度，与激光光束、口径等系统参数有关，因此是距离的函数。目前，多数理论分析解析表达式都基于理想的高斯光束，而这并不总是适用的。有研究者通过一些间接方法来获取相干效率曲线，例如利用相干激光雷达在不同距离处对同一目标的回波、基于气溶胶水平均匀分布假设的水平探测数据反演、与其他气溶胶激光雷达回波曲线的对比等。这些方法都基于一定的假设，不是对相干效率的直接测量，而且忽略了大气湍流对相干效率的影响，结果的精度较低。Coherent Doppler lidar uses aerosol as a tracer for wind speed detection, so its echo signal can be used to invert aerosol optical parameters. In order to accurately invert aerosol optical parameters, the coherence efficiency of the coherent Doppler lidar needs to be accurately calibrated. Coherence efficiency is essentially the degree of matching between the local oscillator light and the backscattered light mode field, which is related to system parameters such as laser beam and aperture, and is therefore a function of distance. At present, most theoretical analysis and analytical expressions are based on ideal Gaussian beams, which are not always applicable. Some researchers have used some indirect methods to obtain coherence efficiency curves, such as using the echo of the same target at different distances from the coherent lidar, inverting horizontal detection data based on the assumption of uniform distribution of aerosol levels, and comparing with other aerosol lidar echo curves. These methods are based on certain assumptions, are not direct measurements of coherence efficiency, and ignore the impact of atmospheric turbulence on coherence efficiency, so the accuracy of the results is low.
发明内容Summary of the invention
发明目的：本发明的目的是提供一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统及设计方法通过对相干多普勒测风激光雷达相干效率曲线的直接测量，将有助于更准确地反演气溶胶光学参数，并研究分析大气湍流和系统口径、焦距等参数对其的影响。Purpose of the invention: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a coherent wind lidar echo signal calibration system and design method. Through the direct measurement of the coherent efficiency curve of the coherent Doppler wind lidar, it will help to more accurately invert the aerosol optical parameters, and study and analyze the influence of atmospheric turbulence and system parameters such as aperture and focal length on it.
技术方案：本发明所述的一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统，包括：种子激光器、声光调制器、光纤放大器、光学收发望远镜、分束器、单模光纤耦合器、多模光纤耦合器、第一滤波器、第二滤波器、第一探测器、第二探测器、第一采集卡、第二采集卡；Technical solution: A coherent wind laser radar echo signal calibration system according to the present invention comprises: a seed laser, an acousto-optic modulator, an optical fiber amplifier, an optical transceiver telescope, a beam splitter, a single-mode optical fiber coupler, a multi-mode optical fiber coupler, a first filter, a second filter, a first detector, a second detector, a first acquisition card, and a second acquisition card;
所述种子激光器的输出端与声光调制器的输入端连接，声光调制器的输出端与光纤放大器的输入端连接，光纤放大器的输出端与光学收发望远镜的发射端连接，光学收发望远镜的接收端与分束器的输入端连接，分束器的输出端A与单模光纤耦合器连接，单模光纤耦合器的输出端与第一滤波器连接，第一滤波器与第一探测器连接，第一探测器与第一采集卡连接；分束器的输出端B、多模光纤耦合器、第二滤波器、第二探测器、第二采集卡依次连接。The output end of the seed laser is connected to the input end of the acousto-optic modulator, the output end of the acousto-optic modulator is connected to the input end of the optical fiber amplifier, the output end of the optical fiber amplifier is connected to the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope, the receiving end of the optical transceiver telescope is connected to the input end of the beam splitter, the output end A of the beam splitter is connected to the single-mode fiber coupler, the output end of the single-mode fiber coupler is connected to the first filter, the first filter is connected to the first detector, and the first detector is connected to the first acquisition card; the output end B of the beam splitter, the multimode fiber coupler, the second filter, the second detector, and the second acquisition card are connected in sequence.
进一步的，所述种子激光器发射激光波长为1550nm。Furthermore, the seed laser emits a laser with a wavelength of 1550 nm.
进一步的，所述分束器为3dB分束器，将回波信号等分为50:50的两束。Furthermore, the beam splitter is a 3dB beam splitter, which divides the echo signal into two beams with a ratio of 50:50.
进一步的，所述单模光纤耦合器纤芯直径为8-10微米。Furthermore, the core diameter of the single-mode optical fiber coupler is 8-10 microns.
进一步的，所述多模光纤耦合器纤芯直径为50-62.5微米。Furthermore, the core diameter of the multimode optical fiber coupler is 50-62.5 microns.
进一步的，所述第一探测器、第二探测器为双通道单光子探测器。Furthermore, the first detector and the second detector are dual-channel single-photon detectors.
进一步的，第一滤波器、第二滤波器为干涉滤波片，带宽为0.1nm。Furthermore, the first filter and the second filter are interference filters with a bandwidth of 0.1 nm.
进一步的，所述声光调制器将连续激光调制为脉冲光，脉冲宽度为100ns~800ns，同时具有80MHz频移。Furthermore, the acousto-optic modulator modulates the continuous laser into pulse light with a pulse width of 100ns to 800ns and a frequency shift of 80MHz.
本发明所述的一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统的设计方法，包括以下步骤：The design method of a coherent wind laser radar echo signal calibration system described in the present invention comprises the following steps:
S1种子激光器输出连续激光，经过声光调制器被调制为脉冲光后，由光纤放大器放大，最后经过光学收发望远镜的发射端向大气中出射；The S1 seed laser outputs continuous laser light, which is modulated into pulse light by an acousto-optic modulator, amplified by a fiber amplifier, and finally emitted into the atmosphere through the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope;
S2不同距离处的大气回波信号通过光学收发望远镜的接收端接收后，经过分束器被分成两束，分别通过单模/多模耦合器耦合进入单模/多模光纤，经滤波片过滤背景光噪声后，由探测器进行光电转换并由采集卡采集电信号；After the atmospheric echo signals at different distances from S2 are received by the receiving end of the optical transceiver telescope, they are divided into two beams by the beam splitter, and are coupled into the single-mode/multi-mode optical fiber through the single-mode/multi-mode coupler respectively. After the background light noise is filtered by the filter, the detector performs photoelectric conversion and the electrical signal is collected by the acquisition card;
S3将大量脉冲的回波信号进行累积平均，分别得到单模光纤通道和多模光纤通道的平均大气回波信号强度，分别记为和/>；S3 accumulates and averages the echo signals of a large number of pulses to obtain the average atmospheric echo signal strength of the single-mode optical fiber channel and the multi-mode optical fiber channel, which are recorded as and/> ;
S4计算单模/多模光纤回波信号的比值，即得到单模光纤耦合效率，根据相干效率/>与单模光纤耦合效率/>的等价关系/>得到相干激光雷达相干效率随距离的变化曲线/>。S4 calculates the ratio of single-mode/multi-mode fiber echo signals , that is, the single-mode fiber coupling efficiency is obtained, according to the coherence efficiency/> Coupling efficiency with single-mode fiber/> The equivalence relation of Get the curve of coherent laser radar coherence efficiency changing with distance/> .
进一步的，所述步骤S4中，根据脉冲激光雷达方程，单模/多模光纤通道回波信号公式如下：Furthermore, in step S4, according to the pulse laser radar equation, the single-mode/multi-mode optical fiber channel echo signal formula is as follows:
； ;
其中，表示单模/多模光纤通道，/>是有效接收面积，/>是发射脉冲能量，是几何重叠因子，/>是光纤耦合效率，/>是量子效率，/>是气溶胶体积后向散射系数，/>是往返大气传输透过率，h是普朗克常数，v是光频率，c是光速；in, Indicates single-mode/multi-mode fiber channel, /> is the effective receiving area, /> is the transmitted pulse energy, is the geometric overlap factor, /> is the fiber coupling efficiency, /> is the quantum efficiency, /> is the aerosol volume backscattering coefficient, /> is the round-trip atmospheric transmission transmittance, h is Planck's constant, v is the optical frequency, and c is the speed of light;
光纤耦合效率为耦合到接收光纤中的平均功率与耦合器孔径平面中的平均功率之比，根据多模光纤接收信号的面积大于单模光纤，则耦合效率为：，得到的单模光纤耦合效率公式如下：The fiber coupling efficiency is the ratio of the average power coupled into the receiving fiber to the average power in the coupler aperture plane. Since the area of the multimode fiber receiving signal is larger than that of the single-mode fiber, the coupling efficiency is: , the obtained single-mode fiber coupling efficiency formula is as follows:
； ;
根据单模光纤耦合效率与相干效率的理论计算公式证明：According to the theoretical calculation formula of single-mode optical fiber coupling efficiency and coherence efficiency:
； ;
则得到相干效率随距离的变化曲线：Then we get the curve of coherence efficiency changing with distance:
。 .
有益效果：与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下显著优点：基于相干效率与单模光纤耦合效率的等价关系，通过同时测量单模光纤回波信号强度和多模光纤回波信号强度，得到耦合效率，进而实现相干效率的测量和相干多普勒测风激光雷达回波信号的标定方法，具有精度高的优点。Beneficial effects: Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following significant advantages: based on the equivalent relationship between coherence efficiency and single-mode optical fiber coupling efficiency, the coupling efficiency is obtained by simultaneously measuring the single-mode optical fiber echo signal intensity and the multi-mode optical fiber echo signal intensity, thereby realizing the coherence efficiency measurement and the coherent Doppler wind measurement lidar echo signal calibration method, which has the advantage of high precision.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为本发明的系统结构示意图；FIG1 is a schematic diagram of the system structure of the present invention;
图2是本发明的单模/多模光纤通道的大气回波信号曲线示例图；FIG2 is an example diagram of an atmospheric echo signal curve of a single-mode/multi-mode optical fiber channel of the present invention;
图3是本发明的不同湍流强度条件下的相干效率曲线示例图。FIG. 3 is an example diagram of the coherence efficiency curve under different turbulence intensity conditions of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案作进一步说明。The technical solution of the present invention is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，本发明实施例提供一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统，包括：种子激光器1、声光调制器2、光纤放大器3、光学收发望远镜4、分束器5、单模光纤耦合器6、多模光纤耦合器7、第一滤波器8、第二滤波器9、第一探测器10、第二探测器11、第一采集卡12、第二采集卡13；As shown in FIG1 , an embodiment of the present invention provides a coherent wind laser radar echo signal calibration system, comprising: a seed laser 1, an acousto-optic modulator 2, an optical fiber amplifier 3, an optical transceiver telescope 4, a beam splitter 5, a single-mode fiber coupler 6, a multimode fiber coupler 7, a first filter 8, a second filter 9, a first detector 10, a second detector 11, a first acquisition card 12, and a second acquisition card 13;
所述种子激光器1的输出端与声光调制器2的输入端连接，声光调制器2的输出端与光纤放大器3的输入端连接，光纤放大器3的输出端与光学收发望远镜4的发射端连接，光学收发望远镜4的接收端与分束器5的输入端连接，分束器5的输出端A与单模光纤耦合器6连接，单模光纤耦合器6的输出端与第一滤波器8连接，第一滤波器8与第一探测器10连接，第一探测器10与第一采集卡12连接；分束器5的输出端B、多模光纤耦合器7、第二滤波器9、第二探测器11、第二采集卡13依次连接。The output end of the seed laser 1 is connected to the input end of the acousto-optic modulator 2, the output end of the acousto-optic modulator 2 is connected to the input end of the optical fiber amplifier 3, the output end of the optical fiber amplifier 3 is connected to the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope 4, the receiving end of the optical transceiver telescope 4 is connected to the input end of the beam splitter 5, the output end A of the beam splitter 5 is connected to the single-mode fiber coupler 6, the output end of the single-mode fiber coupler 6 is connected to the first filter 8, the first filter 8 is connected to the first detector 10, and the first detector 10 is connected to the first acquisition card 12; the output end B of the beam splitter 5, the multimode fiber coupler 7, the second filter 9, the second detector 11, and the second acquisition card 13 are connected in sequence.
其中，种子激光器1发射激光波长为1550nm；声光调制器2将连续激光调制为脉冲光，脉冲宽度为100ns~800ns，同时具有80MHz频移；分束器5为3dB分束器，将回波信号等分为50:50的两束。单模光纤耦合器6纤芯直径为8-10微米，多模光纤耦合器7纤芯直径为50-62.5微米。第一探测器10、第二探测器11为双通道单光子探测器。第一滤波器8、第二滤波器9为干涉滤波片，带宽为0.1nm。Among them, the seed laser 1 emits a laser wavelength of 1550nm; the acousto-optic modulator 2 modulates the continuous laser into pulse light with a pulse width of 100ns~800ns and an 80MHz frequency shift; the beam splitter 5 is a 3dB beam splitter, which divides the echo signal into two beams of 50:50. The core diameter of the single-mode fiber coupler 6 is 8-10 microns, and the core diameter of the multi-mode fiber coupler 7 is 50-62.5 microns. The first detector 10 and the second detector 11 are dual-channel single-photon detectors. The first filter 8 and the second filter 9 are interference filters with a bandwidth of 0.1nm.
工作原理：由种子激光器1输出1550nm连续激光，经过声光调制器2被调制为脉冲光后，被光纤放大器3放大，最后经过光学收发望远镜4的发射端向大气中出射。Working principle: The seed laser 1 outputs 1550nm continuous laser, which is modulated into pulse light by the acousto-optic modulator 2, amplified by the fiber amplifier 3, and finally emitted into the atmosphere through the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope 4.
被光纤放大器3放大，激光脉冲的能量为100~300微焦，以保证探测距离；经过光学收发望远镜4的发射端向大气中出射。Amplified by the optical fiber amplifier 3, the energy of the laser pulse is 100-300 microjoules to ensure the detection distance; it is emitted into the atmosphere through the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope 4.
不同距离处的大气回波信号通过光学收发望远镜4的接收端接收后，经过3dB分束器5被等分成两束，分别通过单模/多模耦合器耦合进入单模/多模光纤，经0.1nm带宽窄带干涉滤光片过滤背景噪声光后，由单光子探测器进行光电转换并由采集卡采集光子计数信号。After the atmospheric echo signals at different distances are received by the receiving end of the optical transceiver telescope 4, they are equally divided into two beams by the 3dB beam splitter 5, and are coupled into the single-mode/multi-mode optical fiber through the single-mode/multi-mode coupler respectively. After the background noise light is filtered by the 0.1nm bandwidth narrow-band interference filter, the single-photon detector performs photoelectric conversion and the acquisition card collects the photon counting signal.
由于大气回波信号非常弱，单个脉冲探测回波信号强度非常弱，因此需要将大量脉冲的回波信号进行累积平均以提高信噪比，最终分别得到单模光纤通道和多模光纤通道的平均大气回波信号强度。Since the atmospheric echo signal is very weak and the signal strength of a single pulse detection echo is very weak, it is necessary to accumulate and average the echo signals of a large number of pulses to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and finally obtain the average atmospheric echo signal strength of the single-mode fiber channel and the multi-mode fiber channel respectively.
如图2所示，本发明实施例还提供一种相干测风激光雷达回波信号标定系统的设计方法，包括以下步骤：As shown in FIG2 , an embodiment of the present invention further provides a method for designing a coherent wind laser radar echo signal calibration system, comprising the following steps:
S1种子激光器输出连续激光，经过声光调制器被调制为脉冲光后，由光纤放大器放大，最后经过光学收发望远镜的发射端向大气中出射；The S1 seed laser outputs continuous laser light, which is modulated into pulse light by an acousto-optic modulator, amplified by a fiber amplifier, and finally emitted into the atmosphere through the transmitting end of the optical transceiver telescope;
S2不同距离处的大气回波信号通过光学收发望远镜的接收端接收后，经过分束器被分成两束，分别通过单模/多模耦合器耦合进入单模/多模光纤，经滤波片过滤背景光噪声后，由探测器进行光电转换并由采集卡采集电信号；After the atmospheric echo signals at different distances from S2 are received by the receiving end of the optical transceiver telescope, they are divided into two beams by the beam splitter, and are coupled into the single-mode/multi-mode optical fiber through the single-mode/multi-mode coupler respectively. After the background light noise is filtered by the filter, the detector performs photoelectric conversion and the electrical signal is collected by the acquisition card;
S3将大量脉冲的回波信号进行累积平均，分别得到单模光纤通道和多模光纤通道的平均大气回波信号强度，分别记为和/>；S3 accumulates and averages the echo signals of a large number of pulses to obtain the average atmospheric echo signal strength of the single-mode optical fiber channel and the multi-mode optical fiber channel, which are recorded as and/> ;
S4计算单模/多模光纤回波信号的比值，即得到单模光纤耦合效率，根据相干效率/>与单模光纤耦合效率/>的等价关系/>得到相干激光雷达相干效率随距离的变化曲线/>。具体如下：根据脉冲激光雷达方程，单模/多模光纤通道回波信号公式如下：S4 calculates the ratio of single-mode/multi-mode fiber echo signals , that is, the single-mode fiber coupling efficiency is obtained, according to the coherence efficiency/> Coupling efficiency with single-mode fiber/> The equivalence relation of Get the curve of coherent laser radar coherence efficiency changing with distance/> The details are as follows: According to the pulse laser radar equation, the single-mode/multi-mode fiber channel echo signal formula is as follows:
； ;
其中，表示单模/多模光纤通道，/>是有效接收面积，/>是发射脉冲能量，是几何重叠因子，/>是光纤耦合效率，/>是量子效率，/>是气溶胶体积后向散射系数，/>是往返大气传输透过率，h是普朗克常数，v是光频率，c是光速；in, Indicates single-mode/multi-mode fiber channel, /> is the effective receiving area, /> is the transmitted pulse energy, is the geometric overlap factor, /> is the fiber coupling efficiency, /> is the quantum efficiency, /> is the aerosol volume backscattering coefficient, /> is the round-trip atmospheric transmission transmittance, h is Planck's constant, v is the optical frequency, and c is the speed of light;
光纤耦合效率为耦合到接收光纤中的平均功率与耦合器孔径平面中的平均功率之比，根据多模光纤接收信号的面积大于单模光纤，则耦合效率为：，得到的单模光纤耦合效率公式如下：The fiber coupling efficiency is the ratio of the average power coupled into the receiving fiber to the average power in the coupler aperture plane. Since the area of the multimode fiber receiving signal is larger than that of the single-mode fiber, the coupling efficiency is: , the obtained single-mode fiber coupling efficiency formula is as follows:
； ;
根据单模光纤耦合效率与相干效率的理论计算公式证明：According to the theoretical calculation formula of single-mode optical fiber coupling efficiency and coherence efficiency:
； ;
则得到相干效率随距离的变化曲线：Then we get the curve of coherence efficiency changing with distance:
。 .
图3给出了不同湍流强度条件下的相干效率曲线示例图。可以看到相干效率越低会随着湍流折射率常数的增强而降低。Figure 3 shows an example of the coherence efficiency curve under different turbulence intensity conditions. It can be seen that the lower the coherence efficiency, the lower it will be as the turbulence refractive index constant increases.
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| US4902127A (en)* | 1988-03-22 | 1990-02-20 | Board Of Trustees Of Leland Stanford, Jr. University | Eye-safe coherent laser radar |
| JP2003307567A (en)* | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-31 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Coherent laser radar device |
| US20140209798A1 (en)* | 2013-01-29 | 2014-07-31 | Tt Government Solutions, Inc. | Devices and methods for multimode light detection |
| CN104133202A (en)* | 2014-05-27 | 2014-11-05 | 北京空间机电研究所 | 2mum coherent wind lidar polarization state matching and correcting system |
| CN116953671A (en)* | 2023-07-17 | 2023-10-27 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Coherent wind lidar optical axis monitoring and adaptive correction device |
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4902127A (en)* | 1988-03-22 | 1990-02-20 | Board Of Trustees Of Leland Stanford, Jr. University | Eye-safe coherent laser radar |
| JP2003307567A (en)* | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-31 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Coherent laser radar device |
| US20140209798A1 (en)* | 2013-01-29 | 2014-07-31 | Tt Government Solutions, Inc. | Devices and methods for multimode light detection |
| CN104133202A (en)* | 2014-05-27 | 2014-11-05 | 北京空间机电研究所 | 2mum coherent wind lidar polarization state matching and correcting system |
| CN116953671A (en)* | 2023-07-17 | 2023-10-27 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Coherent wind lidar optical axis monitoring and adaptive correction device |
| Title |
|---|
| 裘家伟: "1.5 微米大气探测激光雷达研究进展", 《红外与激光工程》, vol. 50, no. 3, 31 March 2021 (2021-03-31), pages 20210079 - 1* |
| 魏天问: "基于相干激光雷达光谱分析的降水和气溶胶探测技术和应用", 《中国博士学位论文全文数据库 基础科学辑》, vol. 2023, no. 3, 15 March 2023 (2023-03-15), pages 009 - 2* |
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| CN117949934B (en) | 2024-06-04 |
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