技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及液体测量技术领域，具体是涉及一种基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法。The invention relates to the technical field of liquid measurement, and in particular to a method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focus finding.
背景技术Background technique
在现有技术中，通常依赖于液体的可吸收特性，通过分析吸收光谱来确定液体浓度，但是在这一操作过程中需要谨慎处理液体样本的制备工作，同时考虑实验环境因素对光谱仪测量所产生的影响，不仅造成实验耗材，而且需要实验人员具备相应的专业操作技能才能更好地完成液体测量任务。In the existing technology, the liquid concentration is usually determined by analyzing the absorption spectrum based on the absorptive properties of the liquid. However, during this operation, the preparation of the liquid sample needs to be handled with caution, and the impact of experimental environmental factors on the spectrometer measurement needs to be considered. This not only causes experimental consumables, but also requires experimental personnel to have corresponding professional operating skills to better complete the liquid measurement task.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明提供一种基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法，以解决现有技术中所存在的一个或多个技术问题，至少提供一种有益的选择或创造条件。The present invention provides a method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focusing, so as to solve one or more technical problems existing in the prior art and at least provide a beneficial choice or create conditions.
本发明提供一种基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法，采用由激光发生器、平凹透镜、辅助寻焦器件、孔径光阑和CCD相机组成的液体浓度辅助测量装置，所述方法包括：The present invention provides a method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation focus search, using a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device composed of a laser generator, a plano-concave lens, an auxiliary focus search device, an aperture diaphragm and a CCD camera, and the method comprises:
当所述平凹透镜已装满待测液体时，控制所述激光发生器产生平行激光光束，所述平行激光光束穿过所述待测液体再经由所述平凹透镜发生出射发散度变化，产生的发散光束经由所述辅助寻焦器件和所述孔径光阑投影到所述CCD相机的感光面；When the plano-concave lens is filled with the liquid to be tested, the laser generator is controlled to generate a parallel laser beam, the parallel laser beam passes through the liquid to be tested and then undergoes a change in the divergence of the emission through the plano-concave lens, and the generated divergent beam is projected onto the photosensitive surface of the CCD camera through the auxiliary focus-finding device and the aperture diaphragm;
控制所述CCD相机固定于一离焦平面并对采集到的光信号进行成像处理，得到所述待测液体对应的待测图像；Controlling the CCD camera to be fixed on a defocus plane and performing imaging processing on the collected light signal to obtain an image to be tested corresponding to the liquid to be tested;
对所述待测图像进行解析，得到待测光斑尺寸；Analyzing the image to be measured to obtain the size of the light spot to be measured;
调用关于液体浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式，将所述待测光斑尺寸代入所述拟合关系式进行计算，得到所述待测液体的浓度。The fitting relationship between the liquid concentration and the spot size is called, and the spot size to be measured is substituted into the fitting relationship for calculation to obtain the concentration of the liquid to be measured.
进一步地，所述辅助寻焦器件为凸透镜，所述发散光束经由所述凸透镜进行汇聚，产生的汇聚光束经由所述孔径光阑进行中间部分截取之后进入到所述CCD相机。Furthermore, the auxiliary focus-finding device is a convex lens, the divergent light beam is converged by the convex lens, and the generated converged light beam is intercepted in the middle by the aperture stop and then enters the CCD camera.
进一步地，所述凸透镜的直径与所述平凹透镜的通光孔径大小相同，所述凸透镜的焦距与装液后的所述平凹透镜的焦距变化范围以及所述凸透镜和所述平凹透镜之间的布设间距相关，所述孔径光阑与所述CCD相机之间的布设间距为10mm。Furthermore, the diameter of the convex lens is the same as the light-clearing aperture of the plano-concave lens, the focal length of the convex lens is related to the focal length variation range of the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid and the layout spacing between the convex lens and the plano-concave lens, and the layout spacing between the aperture diaphragm and the CCD camera is 10 mm.
进一步地，所述CCD相机布设在装液后的所述平凹透镜与所述凸透镜组合形成的最小总焦距的前方。Furthermore, the CCD camera is arranged in front of the minimum total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens and the convex lens after being filled with liquid.
进一步地，所述CCD相机布设在装液后的所述平凹透镜与所述凸透镜组合形成的最大总焦距的后方。Furthermore, the CCD camera is arranged behind the maximum total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens and the convex lens after being filled with liquid.
进一步地，所述对所述待测图像进行解析，得到待测光斑尺寸包括：Further, the analyzing the image to be measured to obtain the spot size to be measured includes:
所述待测图像为光斑原图，其记载装液后的所述平凹透镜在离焦平面上呈现的焦点信息；The image to be measured is an original light spot image, which records the focus information of the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid on the defocus plane;
对所述待测图像进行二值化处理，得到二值化图像；Performing binarization processing on the image to be tested to obtain a binarized image;
从所述二值化图像中分割出光斑拟合图像，获取所述光斑拟合图像在所述二值化图像中所占的像素面积，将所述像素面积作为待测光斑尺寸输出。A spot fitting image is segmented from the binary image, a pixel area occupied by the spot fitting image in the binary image is obtained, and the pixel area is output as the spot size to be measured.
进一步地，所述辅助寻焦器件为薄散射介质，所述发散光束透过所述薄散射介质形成空间分布的散斑信号，携带所述散斑信号的光束经由所述孔径光阑进行中间部分截取之后进入到所述CCD相机。Furthermore, the auxiliary focus-finding device is a thin scattering medium, the divergent light beam passes through the thin scattering medium to form a spatially distributed speckle signal, and the light beam carrying the speckle signal enters the CCD camera after being intercepted in the middle by the aperture stop.
进一步地，所述薄散射介质与所述平凹透镜之间的布设间距为10mm，所述CCD相机与所述薄散射介质之间的布设间距为10mm，所述孔径光阑与所述薄散射介质之间的布设间距为3mm。Furthermore, the arrangement spacing between the thin scattering medium and the plano-concave lens is 10 mm, the arrangement spacing between the CCD camera and the thin scattering medium is 10 mm, and the arrangement spacing between the aperture stop and the thin scattering medium is 3 mm.
进一步地，所述对所述待测图像进行解析，得到待测光斑尺寸包括：Further, the analyzing the image to be measured to obtain the spot size to be measured includes:
所述待测图像为散斑原图，其记载装液后的所述平凹透镜在离焦平面上呈现的散斑颗粒信息；The image to be measured is a speckle original image, which records the speckle particle information presented by the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid on the defocused plane;
基于散斑自相关成像原理对所述待测图像进行处理，得到待测光斑图像；Processing the image to be measured based on the speckle autocorrelation imaging principle to obtain a spot image to be measured;
对所述待测光斑图像进行二值化处理，得到二值化图像；Binarizing the image of the light spot to be measured to obtain a binary image;
从所述二值化图像中分割出光斑拟合图像，获取所述光斑拟合图像在所述二值化图像中所占的像素面积，将所述像素面积作为待测光斑尺寸输出。A spot fitting image is segmented from the binary image, a pixel area occupied by the spot fitting image in the binary image is obtained, and the pixel area is output as the spot size to be measured.
进一步地，所述拟合关系式通过以下方式得到：Furthermore, the fitting relationship is obtained in the following way:
获取具有不同已知浓度的多种液体样本，所述多种液体样本与所述待测液体的类型相同；Acquire a plurality of liquid samples with different known concentrations, wherein the plurality of liquid samples are of the same type as the liquid to be tested;
对于每种液体样本，利用所述液体浓度辅助测量装置对所述液体样本进行多次成像处理，得到所述液体样本对应的多张图像样本；For each liquid sample, use the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device to perform multiple imaging processes on the liquid sample to obtain multiple image samples corresponding to the liquid sample;
对所述多张图像样本进行解析，得到多个光斑尺寸；Analyzing the multiple image samples to obtain multiple spot sizes;
对所述多个光斑尺寸进行求平均，得到所述液体样本对应的平均光斑尺寸；averaging the multiple spot sizes to obtain an average spot size corresponding to the liquid sample;
当完成对所述多种液体样本的测量时，对所述多种液体样本对应的浓度和平均光斑尺寸进行曲线拟合，得到关于液体浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式。When the measurement of the plurality of liquid samples is completed, curve fitting is performed on the concentrations and average light spot sizes corresponding to the plurality of liquid samples to obtain a fitting relationship between the liquid concentration and the light spot size.
本发明至少具有以下有益效果：利用光学实验室常见的光学设备快速搭建液体浓度辅助测量装置，集成度高且操作难度低，可对多种类型的液体样本取少量直接进行非接触式测量，无需对液体样本进行实验前的预处理，具有较好的实用性；通过引入机器视觉技术对装置输出的图像进行处理以获取关键参数，再调用验证可靠的拟合关系式对关键参数进行计算以得到所需的测量数据，可以提高测量准确度和可信度。The present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device can be quickly built using common optical equipment in optical laboratories, with high integration and low operating difficulty, and a small amount of liquid samples of various types can be directly measured non-contactly without the need for pre-processing of the liquid samples before the experiment, thereby having good practicality; by introducing machine vision technology to process the image output by the device to obtain key parameters, and then calling a verified and reliable fitting relationship to calculate the key parameters to obtain the required measurement data, the measurement accuracy and reliability can be improved.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
附图用来提供对本发明技术方案的进一步理解，并且构成说明书的一部分，与本发明的实施例一起用于解释本发明的技术方案，并不构成对本发明技术方案的限制。The accompanying drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the technical solution of the present invention and constitute a part of the specification. Together with the embodiments of the present invention, they are used to explain the technical solution of the present invention and do not constitute a limitation to the technical solution of the present invention.
图1是本发明实施例中的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的组成示意图；FIG1 is a schematic diagram of the composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device in an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例中的平凹透镜和双凹透镜在装液状态下的示意图；FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a plano-concave lens and a bi-concave lens in a liquid-filled state in an embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例中的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的另一种组成示意图；FIG3 is another schematic diagram of the composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施例中的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的又一种组成示意图；FIG4 is a schematic diagram of another composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device in an embodiment of the present invention;
图5是本发明实施例中的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的再一种组成示意图；5 is a schematic diagram of another composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device in an embodiment of the present invention;
图6是本发明实施例中的一种基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法的流程示意图；6 is a schematic flow chart of a method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focus seeking in an embodiment of the present invention;
图7是本发明实施例中的光斑原图的示意图；FIG7 is a schematic diagram of an original light spot image in an embodiment of the present invention;
图8是本发明实施例中的光斑拟合图像的示意图；FIG8 is a schematic diagram of a spot fitting image in an embodiment of the present invention;
图9是本发明实施例中的散斑原图的示意图；FIG9 is a schematic diagram of an original speckle image in an embodiment of the present invention;
图10是本发明实施例中的待测光斑图像的示意图；FIG10 is a schematic diagram of a light spot image to be measured in an embodiment of the present invention;
图11是本发明实施例中的关于酒精浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合效果图。FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the fitting effect between alcohol concentration and spot size in an embodiment of the present invention.
附图说明：110-激光发生器，120-平凹透镜，121-玻璃片，130-辅助寻焦器件，131-凸透镜，132-薄散射介质，140-孔径光阑，150-CCD相机，160-第一折射镜，170-第二折射镜。Description of the drawings: 110 - laser generator, 120 - plano-concave lens, 121 - glass sheet, 130 - auxiliary focusing device, 131 - convex lens, 132 - thin scattering medium, 140 - aperture stop, 150 - CCD camera, 160 - first refractor, 170 - second refractor.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.
需要说明的是，虽然在系统示意图中进行了功能模块划分，在流程图中示出了逻辑顺序，但是在某些情况下，可以以不同于系统中的模块划分，或流程图中的顺序执行所示出或描述的步骤。本申请的说明书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”、“第四”等是用于区别类似的对象，而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序，应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换，以便这里描述的本申请的实施例能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。此外，术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含，例如包含了一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或装置不必限定于清楚列出的那些步骤或单元，而是可以包含没有清楚列出的对于这些过程、方法、产品或装置固有的其他步骤或单元。It should be noted that, although the functional modules are divided in the system schematic diagram and the logical order is shown in the flow chart, in some cases, the steps shown or described can be performed in a different order from the module division in the system or the order in the flow chart. The terms "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc. in the specification of this application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the data used in this way can be interchangeable where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the application described here can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described here. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any of their variations are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, such as processes, methods, systems, products or devices that include a series of steps or units, which are not necessarily limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices that are not clearly listed.
请参考图1，图1是本发明实施例中的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的结构组成示意图，所述装置包括激光发生器110、平凹透镜120、辅助寻焦器件130、孔径光阑140和CCD(Charge Coupled Device，电荷耦合器件)相机150。Please refer to Figure 1, which is a schematic diagram of the structural composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device in an embodiment of the present invention. The device includes a laser generator 110, a plano-concave lens 120, an auxiliary focusing device 130, an aperture stop 140 and a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera 150.
在具体实施过程中，当所述平凹透镜120已装满液体样本时，所述液体样本应当具有一定的吸收能力和散射能力，所述激光发生器110用于产生平行激光光束，装液后的所述平凹透镜120用于对穿过所述液体样本的所述平行激光光束进行发散并看作是虚焦点出射发散光束，在所述辅助寻焦器件130和所述孔径光阑140的辅助作用下将虚焦点实体化并以另一种形式出射到所述CCD相机150的感光面，所述CCD相机150固定于一离焦平面以用于对采集到的光信号进行成像处理；其中，所述孔径光阑140的功能可以理解为通过孔径将平面波光束形成的光路近似为几何投影。In a specific implementation process, when the plano-concave lens 120 is filled with a liquid sample, the liquid sample should have a certain absorption capacity and scattering capacity, the laser generator 110 is used to generate a parallel laser beam, and the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid is used to diverge the parallel laser beam passing through the liquid sample and regard it as a divergent beam emitted from a virtual focus, and with the assistance of the auxiliary focus-finding device 130 and the aperture diaphragm 140, the virtual focus is materialized and emitted in another form to the photosensitive surface of the CCD camera 150, and the CCD camera 150 is fixed on a defocusing plane for imaging processing of the collected light signal; wherein, the function of the aperture diaphragm 140 can be understood as approximating the optical path formed by the plane wave beam through the aperture as a geometric projection.
在本发明实施例中，所述激光发生器110优选采用高斯光束发射器，将其投入使用时设置对应的激光功率为8mW，无论液体样本的深度多大，只要其具有一定的透明度，即使是浑浊且液面因产生小气泡、小波浪而不平整，具有强相干性和高功率的激光光束仍能具有高穿透力。In the embodiment of the present invention, the laser generator 110 preferably adopts a Gaussian beam emitter, and when it is put into use, the corresponding laser power is set to 8mW. No matter how deep the liquid sample is, as long as it has a certain transparency, even if it is turbid and the liquid surface is uneven due to the generation of small bubbles and small waves, the laser beam with strong coherence and high power can still have high penetration.
在本发明实施例中，所述平凹透镜120优选采用直径为20mm、焦距为-40mm的K9平凹透镜，允许最多装载1ml的液体样本，当装载到所述平凹透镜120的液体样本的折射率不同时，所述平行激光光束穿过液体样本入射到所述平凹透镜120，会使得装液后的所述平凹透镜120发生焦距改变。In the embodiment of the present invention, the plano-concave lens 120 preferably adopts a K9 plano-concave lens with a diameter of 20 mm and a focal length of -40 mm, allowing a maximum of 1 ml of liquid sample to be loaded. When the refractive index of the liquid sample loaded into the plano-concave lens 120 is different, the parallel laser beam passes through the liquid sample and is incident on the plano-concave lens 120, which will cause the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 to change after being loaded with liquid.
在实际应用过程中，当所述平凹透镜120装满液体样本时，由于液体样本具有表面张力，使得液面近似形成一个小型凸透镜，导致入射光线发生不必要的散射和反射，影响对液体样本的测量稳定性，需要在所述平凹透镜120的顶部放置玻璃片121，为液体样本提供密封空间且消除表面不平整性，减少液体受到振动影响，在一些情况下还可以减少液体挥发情况。In actual application, when the plano-concave lens 120 is filled with liquid samples, due to the surface tension of the liquid sample, the liquid surface approximately forms a small convex lens, which causes unnecessary scattering and reflection of the incident light, affecting the measurement stability of the liquid sample. It is necessary to place a glass sheet 121 on the top of the plano-concave lens 120 to provide a sealed space for the liquid sample and eliminate surface unevenness, reduce the impact of vibration on the liquid, and in some cases reduce the volatilization of the liquid.
当然，市面上也有提出功能相近的双凹透镜，此处针对本发明选用所述平凹透镜120进行装液以辅助实现液体浓度测量的优点进行说明如下：Of course, there are also biconcave lenses with similar functions proposed on the market. Here, the advantages of using the plano-concave lens 120 to fill liquid to assist in measuring liquid concentration are described as follows:
参见图2(a)所示，装液后的平凹透镜120的总焦距为：As shown in FIG. 2( a ), the total focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid is:
式中，f2为装液后的所述平凹透镜120的总焦距，f1为未装液的所述平凹透镜120的焦距，n1为放置在所述平凹透镜120顶部的玻璃片的折射率，具体取值为1.5163，n为液体样本的折射率，液体样本的浓度与其折射率存在一定的换算关系；Wherein,f2 is the total focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid,f1 is the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 without being filled with liquid,n1 is the refractive index of the glass sheet placed on the top of the plano-concave lens 120, and its specific value is 1.5163, and n is the refractive index of the liquid sample. There is a certain conversion relationship between the concentration of the liquid sample and its refractive index;
参见图2(b)所示，装液后的双凹透镜的总焦距为：As shown in FIG2(b), the total focal length of the biconcave lens after being filled with liquid is:
式中，f4为装液后的双凹透镜的总焦距，f3为未装液的双凹透镜的焦距，n2为放置在双凹透镜顶部的玻璃片的折射率且同样取值为1.5163；Wheref4 is the total focal length of the biconcave lens after filling with liquid,f3 is the focal length of the biconcave lens without liquid,n2 is the refractive index of the glass sheet placed on the top of the biconcave lens and is also 1.5163;
由上述两个公式可知，假设未装液的所述平凹透镜120的焦距f1与未装液的双凹透镜的焦距f3相同时，装液后的所述平凹透镜120的总焦距f2比装液后的双凹透镜的总焦距f4更大，也就是使用所述平凹透镜120可以使得焦深更小，在实际应用时产生的焦点在离焦平面上的位置更精确，最终使得测量结果更加精确；并且当液体样本的折射率n发生细微改变时(可以理解为发生0.001的细微改变)，通过计算可知装液后的所述平凹透镜120的总焦距f2变化更大，相比于装液后的双凹透镜来说，更容易反映液体样本的折射率变化，也就是使用所述平凹透镜120可以使得测量结果具有更好的灵敏度。It can be seen from the above two formulas that, assuming that the focal lengthf1 of the plano-concave lens 120 without liquid is the same as the focal lengthf3 of the biconcave lens without liquid, the total focal lengthf2 of the plano-concave lens 120 filled with liquid is larger than the total focal lengthf4 of the biconcave lens filled with liquid, that is, the use of the plano-concave lens 120 can make the focal depth smaller, and the position of the focus generated on the defocus plane in actual application is more accurate, which ultimately makes the measurement result more accurate; and when the refractive index n of the liquid sample changes slightly (which can be understood as a slight change of 0.001), it can be known through calculation that the total focal lengthf2 of the plano-concave lens 120 filled with liquid changes more, and compared with the biconcave lens filled with liquid, it is easier to reflect the refractive index change of the liquid sample, that is, the use of the plano-concave lens 120 can make the measurement result have better sensitivity.
在一优选实施例中，对上述图1所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置中的所述辅助寻焦器件130作出举例描述。In a preferred embodiment, an example description is given of the auxiliary focusing device 130 in the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG. 1 .
请参考图3，图3是本发明实施例提供的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的另一种结构组成示意图，所述装置包括激光发生器110、平凹透镜120、凸透镜131、孔径光阑140和CCD相机150，所述凸透镜131即为所述辅助寻焦器件130；A点表示所述平凹透镜120装载折射率为n1的液体样本时所呈现的焦点位置，B点表示所述平凹透镜120装载折射率为n2的液体样本时所呈现的焦点位置，n1≠n2。Please refer to Figure 3, which is another schematic diagram of the structural composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device provided by an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the device includes a laser generator 110, a plano-concave lens 120, a convex lens 131, an aperture stop 140 and a CCD camera 150, wherein the convex lens 131 is the auxiliary focusing device 130; point A represents the focal position of the plano-concave lens 120 when loaded with a liquid sample with a refractive index of n1, and point B represents the focal position of the plano-concave lens 120 when loaded with a liquid sample with a refractive index of n2, and n1≠n2.
在具体实施过程中，当所述平凹透镜120已装满液体样本时，所述激光发生器110用于产生平行激光光束，装液后的所述平凹透镜120用于对穿过所述液体样本的所述平行激光光束进行发散并看作是虚焦点出射发散光束，所述凸透镜131用于对所述发散光束进行汇聚并产生汇聚光束，所述孔径光阑140用于对所述汇聚光束的中间部分进行截取之后传输至所述CCD相机150，所述CCD相机150固定于一离焦平面以用于对采集到的光信号进行成像处理。In a specific implementation process, when the plano-concave lens 120 is filled with liquid sample, the laser generator 110 is used to generate a parallel laser beam, the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid is used to diverge the parallel laser beam passing through the liquid sample and regard it as a divergent beam emitted from a virtual focus, the convex lens 131 is used to converge the divergent beam and generate a convergent beam, the aperture diaphragm 140 is used to intercept the middle part of the convergent beam and then transmit it to the CCD camera 150, and the CCD camera 150 is fixed on a defocus plane for imaging processing of the collected light signal.
在这一优选实施例中，所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间的最小布设间距设置为5㎜，所述孔径光阑140与所述CCD相机150之间的最小布设间距设置为10mm；所述凸透镜131可以选用直径为20mm、焦距为100mm的双凸透镜，也可以选用直径为20mm、焦距为150mm的双凸透镜；此处针对所述凸透镜131的焦距选择作出说明如下：In this preferred embodiment, the minimum spacing between the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 is set to 5 mm, and the minimum spacing between the aperture stop 140 and the CCD camera 150 is set to 10 mm; the convex lens 131 can be a double convex lens with a diameter of 20 mm and a focal length of 100 mm, or a double convex lens with a diameter of 20 mm and a focal length of 150 mm; the selection of the focal length of the convex lens 131 is explained as follows:
装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距为：The total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after filling with liquid is:
式中，f6为装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距，f5为所述凸透镜131的焦距，d为所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间的最小布设间距；Wherein,f6 is the total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after being filled with liquid,f5 is the focal length of the convex lens 131, and d is the minimum arrangement spacing between the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131;
由上述公式可知，当f2+f5-d≈0时，装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距f6才能取得最大值，从而使得焦深最小，有助于提高最终测量结果的准确度；通过预先试验得知装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距f2在[-117mm,-140mm]这一范围内变化，结合公式f2+f5-d≈0计算得到，f5应当接近于[121mm,145mm]这一范围，由于市面上的各个双凸透镜的焦距基本上是50mm的倍数，本发明选用焦距为100mm或者150mm的双凸透镜。It can be seen from the above formula that when f2 +f5 -d≈0, the total focal length f6 formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after being filled with liquid can achieve the maximum value, thereby minimizing the focal depth, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of the final measurement result; through preliminary experiments, it is known that the focal length f2 of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid varies in the range of [-117mm, -140mm], and combined with the formula f2 +f5 -d≈0, it is calculated that f5 should be close to the range of [121mm, 145mm]. Since the focal lengths of various biconvex lenses on the market are basically multiples of 50mm, the present invention selects a biconvex lens with a focal length of 100mm or 150mm.
在这一优选实施例中，所述CCD相机150应当布设在装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131组合形成的最小总焦距的前方，使得装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距单调变化均能纳入所述CCD相机150拍摄光斑单向变化的范围内，同时提高整个装置的集成度。In this preferred embodiment, the CCD camera 150 should be arranged in front of the minimum total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after filling with liquid, so that the monotonic change of the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after filling with liquid can be included in the range of unidirectional change of the light spot photographed by the CCD camera 150, while improving the integration of the entire device.
此外，这一布设位置是通过对所述CCD相机150进行提前标定确定的，具体实施方式为：当液体样本的浓度越大，则液体样本的折射率越大，将液体样本放置在所述平凹透镜120进行测量时，装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距越小，因此根据装置最终想要测试的液体样本类型，选取已知浓度最高的液体样本并将其装载至所述平凹透镜120，启动所述激光发生器110和所述CCD相机150进行标定实验，通过不断调整缩短所述CCD相机150与所述凸透镜131之间的距离，使得光斑大小可以放大至基本布满所述CCD相机150的采集屏幕，然后将所述CCD相机150固定在当前位置处。In addition, this layout position is determined by calibrating the CCD camera 150 in advance. The specific implementation method is as follows: when the concentration of the liquid sample is greater, the refractive index of the liquid sample is greater. When the liquid sample is placed on the plano-concave lens 120 for measurement, the total focal length formed by the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after being filled with liquid is smaller. Therefore, according to the type of liquid sample that the device ultimately wants to test, the liquid sample with the highest known concentration is selected and loaded into the plano-concave lens 120, and the laser generator 110 and the CCD camera 150 are started for a calibration experiment. By continuously adjusting and shortening the distance between the CCD camera 150 and the convex lens 131, the spot size can be enlarged to basically cover the acquisition screen of the CCD camera 150, and then the CCD camera 150 is fixed at the current position.
当然，若不考虑到整个装置的集成度问题，也可以将所述CCD相机150布设在装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131组合形成的最大总焦距的后方，本发明对此并不作出限定。Of course, if the integration of the entire device is not taken into consideration, the CCD camera 150 may also be arranged behind the maximum total focal length formed by the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after being filled with liquid, and the present invention does not limit this.
需要说明的是，所述CCD相机150经过成像处理之后得到的图像数据实际上记载焦点的光斑几何投影到离焦平面上的分布信息，而并非是焦点的光斑信息；此处不采用直接记载焦点的光斑信息的图像数据，理由如下：It should be noted that the image data obtained by the CCD camera 150 after imaging processing actually records the distribution information of the focus spot geometrically projected onto the defocus plane, rather than the focus spot information; image data directly recording the focus spot information is not used here for the following reasons:
经过所述孔径光阑140限制光束范围之后，在装液后的所述平凹透镜120和所述凸透镜131的配合作用下近距离内可以有效地将光线聚焦到一个小区域内，存在明显的夫琅禾费衍射现象，会在焦点附近形成艾里斑，其半径公式为：After the range of the light beam is limited by the aperture diaphragm 140, the light beam can be effectively focused into a small area at a close distance under the cooperation of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after being filled with liquid. There is an obvious Fraunhofer diffraction phenomenon, and an Airy disk is formed near the focus. The radius formula is:
式中，r0为艾里斑的半径，λ为所述平行激光光束的波长，D为所述孔径光阑140的圆孔半径；Wherein, r0 is the radius of the Airy disk, λ is the wavelength of the parallel laser beam, and D is the circular hole radius of the aperture stop 140;
由上述公式可知，当装液后的所述平凹透镜120与所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距f6增大时，艾里斑的半径r0也会增大，使得记载焦点的光斑信息的图像数据的分辨率减小，容易造成后续的测量误差。It can be seen from the above formula that when the total focal lengthf6 formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after filling with liquid increases, the radiusr0 of the Airy disk will also increase, so that the resolution of the image data recording the spot information of the focus is reduced, which is easy to cause subsequent measurement errors.
为解决非接触式液体浓度测量问题，现有技术中已经提出一种简单又有效的毛细管成像法，即液体充入毛细管中形成柱透镜，利用共轴球面光学系统的成像原理，可以在焦点处准确得到充入液体后毛细管向内部弯曲的形状位置等信息来测量折射率，再将测量得到的折射率通过现有转换关系确定液体浓度；这一传统测量方法需要的样品量非常少(少于0.002ml)，但由于焦距过短(约2mm)，造成折射率灵敏度不高，测距焦深长，不利于分辨具体的焦点平面位置，且需要采用机械扫描方式进行寻焦，耗时长，加上整个装置不易集成；而图3所示出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置，相比于毛细管成像法可以延长焦距(即装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距可在[-117mm,-140mm]这一范围内变化)，使得焦深更小，有利于获取更为精确清晰的焦平面来判断焦点位置，从而提高测量准确度，且采用几何投影方式进行寻焦，耗时更短。In order to solve the problem of non-contact liquid concentration measurement, a simple and effective capillary imaging method has been proposed in the prior art, that is, liquid is filled into a capillary to form a cylindrical lens, and the imaging principle of the coaxial spherical optical system is used to accurately obtain the shape and position of the capillary bending inward after the liquid is filled at the focus to measure the refractive index, and then the measured refractive index is used to determine the liquid concentration through the existing conversion relationship; this traditional measurement method requires a very small amount of sample (less than 0.002ml), but due to the short focal length (about 2mm), the refractive index sensitivity is not high, and the measurement is difficult. The long focal depth is not conducive to distinguishing the specific focal plane position, and a mechanical scanning method is required for focusing, which is time-consuming, and the entire device is not easy to integrate; the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in Figure 3 can extend the focal length compared to the capillary imaging method (that is, the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after filling with liquid can vary within the range of [-117mm, -140mm]), so that the focal depth is smaller, which is conducive to obtaining a more accurate and clear focal plane to determine the focal position, thereby improving the measurement accuracy, and the focus is found by geometric projection, which takes less time.
在又一优选实施例中，对上述图1所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置中的所述辅助寻焦器件130作出举例描述。In yet another preferred embodiment, an example description is given of the auxiliary focusing device 130 in the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG. 1 .
请参考图4，图4是本发明实施例提供的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的又一种结构组成示意图，所述装置包括激光发生器110、平凹透镜120、薄散射介质132、孔径光阑140和CCD相机150，所述薄散射介质132即为所述辅助寻焦器件130。Please refer to Figure 4, which is another structural schematic diagram of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. The device includes a laser generator 110, a plano-concave lens 120, a thin scattering medium 132, an aperture stop 140 and a CCD camera 150, and the thin scattering medium 132 is the auxiliary focusing device 130.
在具体实施过程中，当所述平凹透镜120已装满液体样本时，所述激光发生器110用于产生平行激光光束，装液后的所述平凹透镜120用于对穿过所述液体样本的所述平行激光光束进行发散并看作是虚焦点出射发散光束，所述发散光束透过所述薄散射介质132形成空间分布的散斑信号，所述孔径光阑140用于对携带所述散斑信号的光束的中间部分进行截取之后传输至所述CCD相机150，所述CCD相机150固定于一离焦平面以用于对采集的光信号进行成像处理。In a specific implementation process, when the plano-concave lens 120 is filled with liquid sample, the laser generator 110 is used to generate a parallel laser beam. The plano-concave lens 120 filled with liquid is used to diverge the parallel laser beam passing through the liquid sample and regard it as a divergent beam emitted from a virtual focus. The divergent beam passes through the thin scattering medium 132 to form a spatially distributed speckle signal. The aperture stop 140 is used to intercept the middle part of the beam carrying the speckle signal and then transmit it to the CCD camera 150. The CCD camera 150 is fixed on a defocus plane to perform imaging processing on the collected light signal.
在这一优选实施例中，所述平凹透镜120与所述薄散射介质132之间的最小布设间距设置为10mm，所述薄散射介质132与所述CCD相机150之间的最小布设间距同样设置为10mm，所述薄散射介质132与所述孔径光阑140之间的最小布设间距设置为3mm。In this preferred embodiment, the minimum spacing between the plano-concave lens 120 and the thin scattering medium 132 is set to 10 mm, the minimum spacing between the thin scattering medium 132 and the CCD camera 150 is also set to 10 mm, and the minimum spacing between the thin scattering medium 132 and the aperture stop 140 is set to 3 mm.
在实际应用过程中，通过波前调制可以使得发散光束透过所述薄散射介质132之后将其内部的任意一点形成聚焦，相位补偿后的所述薄散射介质132可以看作是一个“透镜”成像系统，对所述CCD相机150接收到的散斑图进行自相关还原得到的光斑与发散光束入射到所述薄散射介质132之前所产生的光斑之间存在以下关系：In practical applications, the divergent light beam can be focused at any point inside the thin scattering medium 132 after passing through it through wavefront modulation. The thin scattering medium 132 after phase compensation can be regarded as a "lens" imaging system. The following relationship exists between the light spot obtained by performing autocorrelation restoration on the speckle pattern received by the CCD camera 150 and the light spot generated before the divergent light beam is incident on the thin scattering medium 132:
式中，di为所述薄散射介质132到所述CCD相机150的距离，do为装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距，r为所述孔径光阑140的半径，r0为光斑半径，由上述表达式可知，光斑半径r0随着装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距do发生大小变化，而装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距与液体样本的折射率有关，因此发散光束入射到所述薄散射介质132之前所产生的光斑尺寸与液体样本的折射率存在变化规律。In the formula, di is the distance from the thin scattering medium 132 to the CCD camera 150, do is the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid, r is the radius of the aperture stop 140, and r0 is the spot radius. It can be seen from the above expression that the spot radius r0 changes with the focal length do of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid, and the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid is related to the refractive index of the liquid sample. Therefore, the spot size generated before the divergent light beam is incident on the thin scattering medium 132 has a variation rule with the refractive index of the liquid sample.
需要说明的是，当液体样本呈现出一定的浑浊状态时，图4所示出的装置会比图3所示出的装置更适用于对该液体样本进行辅助测量，因为光束通过所述薄散射介质132时可以收集散斑颗粒实现一定的统计平均，再通过散斑自相关可显现出在所述薄散射介质132上离焦平面的光斑，无需要求该液体样本绝对透明，整个装置搭建也更容易。It should be noted that when the liquid sample presents a certain turbidity, the device shown in FIG. 4 is more suitable for auxiliary measurement of the liquid sample than the device shown in FIG. 3 , because when the light beam passes through the thin scattering medium 132, speckle particles can be collected to achieve a certain statistical average, and then the light spot on the defocused plane on the thin scattering medium 132 can be displayed through speckle autocorrelation, without requiring the liquid sample to be absolutely transparent, and the entire device is easier to build.
在再一优选实施例中，考虑到装置的空间摆放情况，对上述图1所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置作出进一步改进。In yet another preferred embodiment, the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG. 1 is further improved in consideration of the spatial placement of the device.
请参考图5，图5是本发明实施例提供的一种液体浓度辅助测量装置的再一种结构组成示意图，所述装置包括激光发生器110、平凹透镜120、辅助寻焦器件130、孔径光阑140、CCD相机150、第一折射镜160和第二折射镜170；其中，所述第一折射镜160布设在所述辅助寻焦器件130的下方位置处且以一定角度倾斜，该倾斜角度可以但不仅限于设置为45度，所述第二折射镜170布设在所述CCD相机150的下方位置处且与所述第一折射镜160呈现出镜像关系，所述孔径光阑140阻隔设置在所述第一折射镜160和所述第二折射镜170之间。Please refer to Figure 5, which is a schematic diagram of another structural composition of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device provided by an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the device includes a laser generator 110, a plano-concave lens 120, an auxiliary focusing device 130, an aperture stop 140, a CCD camera 150, a first refractor 160 and a second refractor 170; wherein the first refractor 160 is arranged below the auxiliary focusing device 130 and is inclined at a certain angle, and the inclination angle can be but is not limited to being set to 45 degrees, the second refractor 170 is arranged below the CCD camera 150 and presents a mirror relationship with the first refractor 160, and the aperture stop 140 is arranged between the first refractor 160 and the second refractor 170.
在具体实施过程中，当所述平凹透镜120已装满液体样本时，所述激光发生器110用于产生平行激光光束，装液后的所述平凹透镜120用于对穿过所述液体样本的所述平行激光光束进行发散并看作是虚焦点出射发散光束，在所述辅助寻焦器件130和所述孔径光阑140的辅助作用下将虚焦点实体化并以另一种形式出射到所述CCD相机150的感光面，并且在此过程中通过所述第一折射镜160和所述第二折射镜170辅助调整光传输方向，所述CCD相机150固定于一离焦平面以用于对采集到的光信号进行成像处理。In a specific implementation process, when the plano-concave lens 120 is filled with liquid sample, the laser generator 110 is used to generate a parallel laser beam. The plano-concave lens 120 filled with liquid is used to diverge the parallel laser beam passing through the liquid sample and regard it as a divergent beam emitted from a virtual focus. With the assistance of the auxiliary focus-finding device 130 and the aperture diaphragm 140, the virtual focus is materialized and emitted in another form to the photosensitive surface of the CCD camera 150. In this process, the first refractor 160 and the second refractor 170 are used to assist in adjusting the light transmission direction. The CCD camera 150 is fixed on a defocusing plane for imaging the collected light signal.
需要说明的是，若选用图1所示出的装置辅助进行液体测量，形成的纵向光路可能存在位置受限和设备维护困难的问题；为了解决这一问题，可以选用图5所示出的装置辅助进行液体测量。It should be noted that if the device shown in FIG. 1 is used to assist in liquid measurement, the longitudinal optical path formed may have problems such as limited position and difficult equipment maintenance; in order to solve this problem, the device shown in FIG. 5 can be used to assist in liquid measurement.
请参考图6，图6是本发明实施例提供的一种基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法的流程示意图，所述方法需要采用如图1所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置，具体包括如下：Please refer to FIG. 6 , which is a flow chart of a method for measuring liquid concentration based on focusing calculation provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The method requires the use of a liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device as shown in FIG. 1 , and specifically includes the following steps:
步骤S210、当所述平凹透镜已装满待测液体时，控制所述激光发生器产生平行激光光束，所述平行激光光束穿过所述待测液体再经由所述平凹透镜发生出射发散度变化，产生的发散光束经由所述辅助寻焦器件和所述孔径光阑投影到所述CCD相机的感光面；Step S210, when the plano-concave lens is filled with the liquid to be tested, controlling the laser generator to generate a parallel laser beam, the parallel laser beam passes through the liquid to be tested and then undergoes a change in the divergence of the emission through the plano-concave lens, and the generated divergent beam is projected onto the photosensitive surface of the CCD camera through the auxiliary focus-finding device and the aperture diaphragm;
步骤S220、控制所述CCD相机固定于一离焦平面并对采集到的光信号进行成像处理，得到所述待测液体对应的待测图像；Step S220, controlling the CCD camera to be fixed at a defocus plane and performing imaging processing on the collected light signal to obtain an image to be tested corresponding to the liquid to be tested;
步骤S230、对所述待测图像进行解析，得到待测光斑尺寸；Step S230, analyzing the image to be measured to obtain the size of the light spot to be measured;
步骤S240、调用关于液体浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式，将所述待测光斑尺寸代入所述拟合关系式进行计算，得到所述待测液体的浓度。Step S240: calling a fitting relationship between liquid concentration and light spot size, substituting the light spot size to be measured into the fitting relationship for calculation, and obtaining the concentration of the liquid to be measured.
需要说明的是，上述步骤S230、上述步骤S240和生成所述拟合关系式等这些数据处理过程可以通过计算机设备上的Python语言、MATLAB语言或者其他编程语言执行，上述步骤S210和上述步骤S220的控制动作也可以由所述计算机设备执行。It should be noted that the data processing processes such as the above-mentioned step S230, the above-mentioned step S240 and the generation of the fitting relationship can be executed by Python language, MATLAB language or other programming languages on the computer device, and the control actions of the above-mentioned step S210 and the above-mentioned step S220 can also be executed by the computer device.
在一实施例中，当所述辅助寻焦器件为所述凸透镜时，即上述测量方法进一步选用如图3所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置，此时获取到的所述待测图像实际为光斑原图，其主要表征装液后的所述平凹透镜在离焦平面上所呈现的焦点信息，参见图7所示，上述步骤S230的实施过程包括但不仅限于如下：In one embodiment, when the auxiliary focus-finding device is the convex lens, that is, the above-mentioned measurement method further selects the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG. 3, the image to be measured obtained at this time is actually the original image of the light spot, which mainly represents the focus information presented by the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid on the defocus plane. Referring to FIG. 7, the implementation process of the above-mentioned step S230 includes but is not limited to the following:
步骤S231、对所述待测图像进行二值化处理，以获取到二值化图像；Step S231, performing binarization processing on the image to be tested to obtain a binarized image;
步骤S232、对所述二值化图像进行分割处理，以获取到光斑拟合图像，如图8所示；Step S232, performing segmentation processing on the binary image to obtain a spot fitting image, as shown in FIG8 ;
步骤S233、以所述光斑拟合图像中所包含的最外圈拟合椭圆为边界，获取所述光斑拟合图像在所述二值化图像中所占的像素面积(即所述边界以内的像素面积)，再将所述像素面积作为所述待测图像中所涵盖的待测光斑尺寸输出。Step S233: taking the outermost fitting ellipse contained in the spot fitting image as the boundary, obtaining the pixel area occupied by the spot fitting image in the binary image (i.e., the pixel area within the boundary), and then outputting the pixel area as the spot size to be measured covered by the image to be measured.
在上述步骤S232中，采用现有的自适应阈值法对所述二值化图像进行分割处理，可以根据光斑的亮度强弱自动调整分割阈值，因为光斑并不是一个真正的圆，所以选择将光斑拟合成椭圆状进行显示；此处采用自适应阈值法的好处在于，针对小光斑可以避免因内光强过大导致拟合圆外扩，针对大光斑可以避免因外圈光强太弱导致拟合圆内缩，使得最终的拟合圆更加贴合光斑尺寸，同时可以消除放置玻璃片时对液面造成振动、水波、小气泡等所产生的影响。In the above step S232, the existing adaptive threshold method is used to segment the binary image, and the segmentation threshold can be automatically adjusted according to the brightness of the light spot. Because the light spot is not a real circle, the light spot is fitted into an ellipse for display. The advantage of using the adaptive threshold method here is that for a small light spot, it can avoid the expansion of the fitting circle due to excessive internal light intensity, and for a large light spot, it can avoid the shrinkage of the fitting circle due to too weak outer light intensity, so that the final fitting circle is more in line with the size of the light spot, and at the same time, it can eliminate the effects of vibration, water waves, small bubbles, etc. on the liquid surface when placing a glass sheet.
在又一实施例中，当所述辅助寻焦器件为所述薄散射介质时，即上述测量方法进一步选用如图4所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置，此时获取到的所述待测图像实际为散斑原图，其主要表征装液后的所述平凹透镜在离焦平面上所呈现的散斑颗粒信息，参见图9所示，上述步骤S230的实施过程包括但不仅限于如下：In another embodiment, when the auxiliary focus-finding device is the thin scattering medium, that is, the above-mentioned measurement method further selects the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device as shown in FIG. 4, the image to be measured obtained at this time is actually a speckle original image, which mainly represents the speckle particle information presented by the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid on the defocus plane. Referring to FIG. 9, the implementation process of the above-mentioned step S230 includes but is not limited to the following:
步骤S230.1、采用散斑自相关成像原理对所述待测图像进行处理，得到待测光斑图像，如图10所示，所述待测光斑图像当前可以表征装液后的所述平凹透镜在离焦平面上所呈现的焦点信息，由此实现散斑自相关成像恢复方法；Step S230.1, the image to be measured is processed by using the speckle autocorrelation imaging principle to obtain a spot image to be measured, as shown in FIG10 . The spot image to be measured can currently represent the focus information presented by the plano-concave lens after being filled with liquid on the defocus plane, thereby realizing the speckle autocorrelation imaging restoration method;
步骤S230.2、对所述待测光斑图像进行二值化处理，以获取到二值化图像；Step S230.2, binarizing the light spot image to be measured to obtain a binary image;
步骤S230.3、对所述二值化图像进行分割处理，以获取到光斑拟合图像；Step S230.3, performing segmentation processing on the binary image to obtain a spot fitting image;
步骤S230.4、以所述光斑拟合图像中所包含的最外圈拟合椭圆为边界，获取所述光斑拟合图像在所述二值化图像中所占的像素面积(即所述边界以内的像素面积)，再将所述像素面积作为所述待测图像中涵盖的待测光斑尺寸输出。Step S230.4, taking the outermost fitting ellipse contained in the spot fitting image as the boundary, obtaining the pixel area occupied by the spot fitting image in the binary image (i.e., the pixel area within the boundary), and then outputting the pixel area as the spot size to be measured covered in the image to be measured.
在上述步骤S230.1中，从所述待测图像所包含的随机散斑中分离出焦点光斑的形状大小，以还原出待测光斑图像，这一实施过程所采用的数学表达式为：In the above step S230.1, the shape and size of the focal spot are separated from the random speckle contained in the image to be measured to restore the image of the spot to be measured. The mathematical expression used in this implementation process is:
式中，<I＊I>为散斑自相关强度，O＊O为待测光斑图像，<S＊>指代尖峰函数，C为自相关系数，＊指代自相关运算，指代卷积运算，∝指代正比于符号。Where <I*I> is the speckle autocorrelation intensity, O*O is the image of the spot to be measured, <S*> refers to the peak function, C is the autocorrelation coefficient, and * refers to the autocorrelation operation. refers to the convolution operation and ∝ refers to the proportional to sign.
为了提高所述待测光斑图像的可靠性，此处提出对图4所示出的液体浓度辅助测量装置作出进一步改进，即在所述平凹透镜120和所述薄散射介质132之间添加一个偏振器，所述偏振器内部所包含的偏振片可以发生360度旋转，其旋转面与所述薄散射介质132保持平行，同时增大所述平凹透镜120和所述薄散射介质132之间的最小布设间距，即设置所述平凹透镜120与所述偏振器之间的最小布设间距为10mm，以及设置所述偏振器与所述薄散射介质132之间的最小布设间距为10mm。In order to improve the reliability of the measured light spot image, it is proposed here to make further improvements to the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in Figure 4, that is, to add a polarizer between the plano-concave lens 120 and the thin scattering medium 132, and the polarizer contained in the polarizer can rotate 360 degrees, and its rotation plane remains parallel to the thin scattering medium 132. At the same time, the minimum layout spacing between the plano-concave lens 120 and the thin scattering medium 132 is increased, that is, the minimum layout spacing between the plano-concave lens 120 and the polarizer is set to 10 mm, and the minimum layout spacing between the polarizer and the thin scattering medium 132 is set to 10 mm.
当所述平凹透镜已装满待测液体时，通过控制所述偏振片按照给定旋转步长进行旋转，每旋转一次得到不同的一个偏振方向，再控制所述CCD相机进行一次成像操作以获取到对应的一张待测图像；假设所述给定旋转步长为α时，在所述偏振片完成360度旋转之后，可以获取到M张待测图像，其中M＝360/α；When the plano-concave lens is filled with the liquid to be tested, the polarizer is controlled to rotate according to a given rotation step length, and a different polarization direction is obtained each time it is rotated, and then the CCD camera is controlled to perform an imaging operation to obtain a corresponding image to be tested; assuming that the given rotation step length is α, after the polarizer completes a 360-degree rotation, M images to be tested can be obtained, where M=360/α;
此时采用现有的散斑自相关成像原理对所述M张待测图像进行处理以获取到待测光斑图像，这一实施过程所采用的数学表达式为：At this time, the existing speckle autocorrelation imaging principle is used to process the M images to be tested to obtain the spot image to be tested. The mathematical expression used in this implementation process is:
式中，Nm为在第m个偏振方向上的背景噪声，可以理解为所述CCD相机在获取第m张待测图像时所出现的背景噪声。Wherein,Nm is the background noise in the mth polarization direction, which can be understood as the background noise that occurs when the CCD camera acquires the mth image to be tested.
在本发明实施例中，上述步骤S240所提及到的关于液体浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式的生成过程包括但不仅限于如下：In the embodiment of the present invention, the process of generating the fitting relationship between the liquid concentration and the spot size mentioned in the above step S240 includes but is not limited to the following:
步骤A1、获取具有不同已知浓度且与所述待测液体的类型相同的N种液体样本，N为正整数且N大于1；Step A1, obtaining N liquid samples with different known concentrations and the same type as the liquid to be tested, where N is a positive integer and greater than 1;
步骤A2、获取第i种液体样本，通过所述液体浓度辅助测量装置对所述第i种液体样本进行K次成像处理，以获取到所述第i种液体样本所对应的K张图像样本；Step A2, obtaining an i-th liquid sample, and performing K imaging processes on the i-th liquid sample by the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device to obtain K image samples corresponding to the i-th liquid sample;
步骤A3、对所述K张图像样本进行解析，以获取到对应的K个光斑尺寸；Step A3, analyzing the K image samples to obtain corresponding K spot sizes;
步骤A4、对所述K个光斑尺寸进行求平均，以获取到所述第i种液体样本所对应的平均光斑尺寸；Step A4, averaging the K spot sizes to obtain an average spot size corresponding to the i-th liquid sample;
步骤A5、判断i+1是否小于等于N；若是，则将i+1赋值给i，再返回执行上述步骤A2；若否，则说明已经获取到所述N种液体样本所对应的N个平均光斑尺寸，此时执行步骤A6；Step A5, determine whether i+1 is less than or equal to N; if so, assign i+1 to i, and then return to execute the above step A2; if not, it means that N average spot sizes corresponding to the N liquid samples have been obtained, and then execute step A6;
步骤A6、对所述N种液体样本所对应的N个已知浓度值和N个平均光斑尺寸进行曲线拟合，以获取到关于液体浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式。Step A6: curve fitting is performed on the N known concentration values and the N average spot sizes corresponding to the N liquid samples to obtain a fitting relationship between the liquid concentration and the spot size.
为了更好地说明所述拟合关系式的生成情况，此处作出示例性说明如下：In order to better illustrate the generation of the fitting relationship, an exemplary description is given as follows:
(1)准备工作：首先设定所述待测液体的类型为酒精(以下描述为待测酒精)，并且采用如图3所示出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置来完成对所述待测酒精的浓度测量以及确定生成拟合关系式，此时选择浓度为99.9％或者80％的纯酒精并将其装载至所述平凹透镜120，启动所述激光发生器110和所述CCD相机150进行标定实验以确定所述CCD相机150的最终布设位置；(1) Preparation: First, the type of the liquid to be tested is set to alcohol (hereinafter described as the alcohol to be tested), and the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG. 3 is used to complete the concentration measurement of the alcohol to be tested and determine the generation of a fitting relationship. At this time, pure alcohol with a concentration of 99.9% or 80% is selected and loaded into the plano-concave lens 120, and the laser generator 110 and the CCD camera 150 are started to perform a calibration experiment to determine the final layout position of the CCD camera 150;
(2)实验内容：配置具有不同已知浓度的22种酒精样本，通过如图3所示出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置对每一种酒精样本进行5次成像处理以获取到5张图像样本，再对每一种酒精样本所对应的5张图像样本进行解析和求平均处理，得到每一种酒精样本所对应的平均光斑尺寸，具体参见表1所示；(2) Experimental content: 22 alcohol samples with different known concentrations were configured, and each alcohol sample was imaged 5 times by the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device shown in FIG3 to obtain 5 image samples, and then the 5 image samples corresponding to each alcohol sample were analyzed and averaged to obtain the average spot size corresponding to each alcohol sample, as shown in Table 1;
表1不同酒精样本所对应的已知浓度值和平均光斑尺寸Table 1 Known concentration values and average spot sizes corresponding to different alcohol samples
以酒精样本的已知浓度值作为横坐标轴，以酒精样本所对应的平均光斑尺寸作为纵坐标轴，根据表1所示出的各个数据，将一种酒精样本作为一个数据点进行曲线拟合，得到如图11所示出的关于酒精浓度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合曲线及其反映的拟合关系式，其中3E+06指的是3乘以10的6次方，R2指的是输出变量(光斑尺寸)与自变量(酒精浓度)之间的残差平方和的平方根，用于衡量自变量(酒精浓度)对拟合关系式的影响程度。Taking the known concentration value of the alcohol sample as the horizontal axis and the average spot size corresponding to the alcohol sample as the vertical axis, according to the data shown in Table 1, one alcohol sample is taken as a data point for curve fitting, and the fitting curve between alcohol concentration and spot size and the fitting relationship reflected by it as shown in Figure 11 are obtained, where 3E+06 refers to 3 times 10 to the sixth power, andR2 refers to the square root of the residual sum of squares between the output variable (spot size) and the independent variable (alcohol concentration), which is used to measure the influence of the independent variable (alcohol concentration) on the fitting relationship.
由图11可以看出，当酒精样本的折射率减小时，其浓度值减小，但光斑尺寸随之增大，说明装液后的所述平凹透镜120和所述凸透镜131之间组合形成的总焦距变长，反映出装液后的所述平凹透镜120的虚焦距变短(即虚焦点位置往所述CCD相机150靠近，总实焦点位置远离所述CCD相机150)，证明变化的光束在同一空间平面的光斑大小与变化的焦点位置是存在观测规律，说明利用该拟合关系式来确定同类型的所述待测酒精的浓度值是可行的。It can be seen from Figure 11 that when the refractive index of the alcohol sample decreases, its concentration value decreases, but the spot size increases accordingly, indicating that the total focal length formed by the combination of the plano-concave lens 120 and the convex lens 131 after filling with liquid becomes longer, reflecting that the virtual focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after filling with liquid becomes shorter (that is, the virtual focal position is closer to the CCD camera 150, and the total real focal position is away from the CCD camera 150), proving that there is an observation law between the spot size and the changing focal position of the changing light beam in the same spatial plane, indicating that it is feasible to use the fitting relationship to determine the concentration value of the same type of alcohol to be tested.
(3)后期扩展应用：通过如图3所示出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置对所述待测酒精进行单次成像处理以获取到待测图像，接着对该待测图像进行解析之后得到对应的待测光斑尺寸，最后将该待测光斑尺寸输入至上述实验内容所得到的拟合关系式中进行计算，以获取到所述待测酒精对应的浓度值。(3) Later expansion application: The liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device as shown in FIG3 is used to perform single imaging processing on the alcohol to be tested to obtain a test image, and then the test image is analyzed to obtain the corresponding test spot size, and finally the test spot size is input into the fitting relationship obtained from the above experimental content for calculation to obtain the concentration value corresponding to the alcohol to be tested.
针对图1、图3至图5所示出的任意一种液体浓度辅助测量装置，此处结合图6所示出的基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法对固定所述CCD相机150的理由作出说明如下：For any of the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement devices shown in FIG. 1 , FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 , the reasons for fixing the CCD camera 150 are explained as follows in conjunction with the liquid concentration measurement method based on calculation and focus search shown in FIG. 6 :
不像其他干涉仪器可以拍摄具有相位数据的图像信息，所述CCD相机150拍摄的是二维图像信息，无法直接反映装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦点位置；若采用传统的自动聚焦算法寻找该焦点位置，所需要的成像仪器和软件计算力要求过大；若采用干涉装置替换所述CCD相机150以获取干涉图像来反映出该焦点位置，并不是简单光路可以完成的。Unlike other interferometric instruments that can capture image information with phase data, the CCD camera 150 captures two-dimensional image information and cannot directly reflect the focal position of the plano-concave lens 120 after being filled with liquid; if a traditional autofocus algorithm is used to find the focal position, the required imaging instrument and software computing power require too much; if an interferometric device is used to replace the CCD camera 150 to obtain an interference image to reflect the focal position, it cannot be accomplished by a simple optical path.
为此，本发明提出固定所述CCD相机150与相关的图像处理算法来反推出液体折射率与焦距之间的关系，使得在同一空间平面上收集光束的光斑与光束汇聚的焦点有变化规律可循；若通过移动所述CCD相机150的方式来寻找焦点位置，由于焦平面在一定范围内成像都是清晰的，这会对像距测量造成误差，并且由于焦点位置会随液体折射率的不同而发生变化，若每次测量一个液体样本时都需要移动所述CCD相机150，不仅耗费设备调节时长，而且焦距的确定存在人为影响，使得最终的液体测量结果存在较大误差；相反地，若通过固定所述CCD相机150并引入所述孔径光阑140产生几何投影，可以减少焦深影响，即当光束几何投影到所述CCD相机150之后，根据光斑大小的细微变化就可以精确判断到焦深的某一焦平面上，把焦深浓缩为一个理想点，从而将焦点精确地转换为一个离焦圆。To this end, the present invention proposes to fix the CCD camera 150 and the related image processing algorithm to infer the relationship between the refractive index of the liquid and the focal length, so that the spot of the light beam collected on the same spatial plane and the focus of the light beam convergence have a change pattern to follow; if the focal position is found by moving the CCD camera 150, since the image of the focal plane is clear within a certain range, this will cause errors in the image distance measurement, and since the focal position will change with the different refractive indexes of the liquid, if the CCD camera 150 needs to be moved every time a liquid sample is measured, it will not only take a long time to adjust the equipment, but also there will be human influence in the determination of the focal length, resulting in a large error in the final liquid measurement result; on the contrary, if the CCD camera 150 is fixed and the aperture diaphragm 140 is introduced to generate geometric projection, the influence of the depth of focus can be reduced, that is, after the light beam is geometrically projected onto the CCD camera 150, the focal plane of the depth of focus can be accurately determined according to the slight changes in the size of the light spot, and the depth of focus is condensed into an ideal point, thereby accurately converting the focus into a defocus circle.
需要说明的是，本发明所提出的基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法实际是要探究光斑尺寸与液体浓度之间的关系，而光斑尺寸与装液后的所述平凹透镜120的焦距有关，焦距与液体折射率有关，对液体折射率进行相关换算之后可得到一些物理量，包括但不仅限于液体浓度和液体密度，可以理解为本发明所提出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置也可应用于对液体折射率、液体密度等的测量；当本发明所提出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置应用于对液体折射率的测量时，仅需要在本发明所提出的基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法中更换为调用通过类似预先试验方式获取到的关于液体折射率与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式即可；当本发明所提出的所述液体浓度辅助测量装置应用于对液体密度的测量时，仅需要在本发明所提出的基于计算寻焦的测量液体浓度方法中更换为调用通过类似预先试验方式获取到的关于液体密度与光斑尺寸之间的拟合关系式即可。It should be noted that the method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focus search proposed in the present invention is actually to explore the relationship between the spot size and the liquid concentration, and the spot size is related to the focal length of the plano-concave lens 120 after filling with liquid, and the focal length is related to the refractive index of the liquid. After the relevant conversion of the liquid refractive index, some physical quantities can be obtained, including but not limited to liquid concentration and liquid density. It can be understood that the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device proposed in the present invention can also be applied to the measurement of liquid refractive index, liquid density, etc.; when the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device proposed in the present invention is applied to the measurement of liquid refractive index, it is only necessary to replace the method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focus search proposed in the present invention with calling the fitting relationship between liquid refractive index and spot size obtained by a similar pre-experimental method; when the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device proposed in the present invention is applied to the measurement of liquid density, it is only necessary to replace the method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focus search proposed in the present invention with calling the fitting relationship between liquid density and spot size obtained by a similar pre-experimental method.
在本发明实施例中，利用光学实验室常见的光学设备快速搭建液体浓度辅助测量装置，集成度高且操作难度低，可对多种类型的液体样本取少量直接进行非接触式测量，无需对液体样本进行实验前的预处理，具有较好的实用性；通过引入机器视觉技术对装置输出的图像进行处理以获取关键参数，再调用验证可靠的拟合关系式对关键参数进行计算以得到所需的测量数据，可以提高测量准确度和可信度。In the embodiment of the present invention, the liquid concentration auxiliary measurement device is quickly built by using the common optical equipment in the optical laboratory. It has high integration and low operation difficulty. It can take a small amount of various types of liquid samples directly for non-contact measurement without the need for pre-processing of the liquid samples before the experiment, and has good practicality. By introducing machine vision technology to process the image output by the device to obtain key parameters, and then calling the verified reliable fitting relationship to calculate the key parameters to obtain the required measurement data, the measurement accuracy and reliability can be improved.
尽管本申请的描述已经相当详尽且特别对几个所述实施例进行了描述，但其并非旨在局限于任何这些细节或实施例或任何特殊实施例，而是应当将其视作是通过参考所附权利要求，考虑到现有技术为这些权利要求提供广义的可能性解释，从而有效地涵盖本申请的预定范围。此外，上文以发明人可预见的实施例对本申请进行描述，其目的是为了提供有用的描述，而那些目前尚未预见的对本申请的非实质性改动仍可代表本申请的等效改动。Although the description of the present application has been quite detailed and specifically describes several described embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to any of these details or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but should be regarded as providing a broad possible interpretation of these claims by reference to the attached claims, taking into account the prior art, so as to effectively cover the intended scope of the present application. In addition, the above description of the present application is based on the embodiments foreseeable by the inventor, and its purpose is to provide a useful description, and those non-substantial changes to the present application that have not yet been foreseen may still represent equivalent changes to the present application.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202311621036.7ACN117929322A (en) | 2023-11-29 | 2023-11-29 | A method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focusing |
| PCT/CN2023/137083WO2025112096A1 (en) | 2023-11-29 | 2023-12-07 | Computational focusing-based liquid concentration measurement method |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202311621036.7ACN117929322A (en) | 2023-11-29 | 2023-11-29 | A method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focusing |
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| CN202311621036.7APendingCN117929322A (en) | 2023-11-29 | 2023-11-29 | A method for measuring liquid concentration based on calculation and focusing |
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