技术领域technical field
本发明涉及航天技术领域，具体涉及一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层及其制备方法和防尘效率评价方法。The invention relates to the field of aerospace technology, in particular to a lunar dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, and a dustproof efficiency evaluation method.
背景技术Background technique
在月球探测任务中，利用太阳能电池阵发电是在轨主要的动力来源。在月面实际探测任务中，发动机羽流溅起的月尘是太阳能电池阵表面最大的污染来源。月尘沉积在太阳能电池表面后，会阻止太阳光进入太阳能电池，并会引起太阳能电池阵过热，导致发电效率严重降低。在Apollo任务的月球漫游车上和航天器上的太阳能电池，月尘沉积后，导致表面温度上升到82℃，远超过其安全工作温度范围。In lunar exploration missions, the use of solar arrays to generate electricity is the main source of power in orbit. In actual lunar surface exploration missions, the lunar dust splashed by the engine plume is the largest source of pollution on the surface of the solar array. After the moon dust is deposited on the surface of solar cells, it will prevent sunlight from entering the solar cells, and will cause the solar cell array to overheat, resulting in a serious reduction in power generation efficiency. In the solar cells on the lunar rovers and spacecraft of the Apollo mission, after the deposition of lunar dust, the surface temperature rose to 82°C, far exceeding its safe operating temperature range.
对于太阳能电池表面的月尘防护，CN 111471995 A通过化学刻蚀的方法实现了铝基底表面的月尘防护涂层，但涂层不是透明的，且金属基底与太阳能电池表面基底的月尘防护有极大差异，除此之外，化学刻蚀方法无法应用于大面积的太阳能电池基底；CN113731772 A采用溶胶凝胶法制备了一种月尘防护的自清洁增透薄膜，通过二氧化硅溶胶与二氧化硅分散液混合后制备溶液，将其旋涂于太阳能电池表面，但并未进行防尘效率测试，月尘颗粒的粒径远小于水滴直径，单一的接触角并不能反应防尘性能，且空间环境适应性也并未说明；CN 203300671 U公开了一种太阳能电池月尘防护装置，但该装置需要在轨能源供给才能实现月尘防护，不属于被动防护技术；CN 112885504 A公开了一种具有规则倒金字塔结构的月尘防护薄膜，其基底为铝金属，该防护薄膜具有导电不透明特性，无法应用于太阳能电池。For the moon dust protection on the surface of the solar cell, CN 111471995 A has realized the moon dust protection coating on the surface of the aluminum substrate by chemical etching, but the coating is not transparent, and the metal base and the moon dust protection of the surface base of the solar cell have the same effect. In addition, the chemical etching method cannot be applied to a large-area solar cell substrate; CN113731772 A adopts a sol-gel method to prepare a self-cleaning anti-reflection film for moon dust protection, through silica sol and The silica dispersion was mixed to prepare a solution, which was spin-coated on the surface of the solar cell, but the dust-proof efficiency test was not carried out. The particle size of the moon dust particles is much smaller than the diameter of the water droplet, and a single contact angle cannot reflect the dust-proof performance. And the adaptability to the space environment has not been explained; CN 203300671 U discloses a solar cell moon dust protection device, but this device needs on-orbit energy supply to realize moon dust protection, which does not belong to passive protection technology; CN 112885504 A discloses a A moon dust protective film with a regular inverted pyramid structure is provided, and its base is aluminum metal. The protective film has conductive opaque properties and cannot be applied to solar cells.
因此需要为太阳能电池表面设计一种月尘防护涂层，在月球表面不消耗能量的情况下保证太阳能电池免受月尘沉积影响，保障月面活动能源供给正常。Therefore, it is necessary to design a lunar dust protective coating for the surface of the solar cell to protect the solar cell from the deposition of lunar dust without consuming energy on the lunar surface, and to ensure the normal energy supply for lunar surface activities.
此外，在以往的研究中，由于软着陆过程羽流溅起的月尘沉积速率和沉积质量无法定量计算，使得月尘防护效率实验也无法根据实际在轨数据进行测试。因此，提出一种新的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的防尘效率评价方法也成为本领域亟待解决的技术问题。In addition, in previous studies, due to the quantitative calculation of the deposition rate and deposition quality of the lunar dust splashed by the plume during the soft landing process, the lunar dust protection efficiency experiment cannot be tested based on actual on-orbit data. Therefore, proposing a new method for evaluating the anti-dust efficiency of the moon dust protective coating on the surface of solar cells has become a technical problem to be solved urgently in this field.
发明内容Contents of the invention
因此，本发明的主要目的在于提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层及其制备方法和防尘效率评价方法，能够在月面环境下无外界能源供给的条件下实现月尘的防护，使得太阳能电池能在轨正常工作，保障后续载人探月及月面长期驻留任务中的月面长期活动过程中的能源供给。Therefore, the main purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of solar cell surface moon dust protective coating and its preparation method and dustproof efficiency evaluation method, which can realize the protection of moon dust under the condition of no external energy supply under the lunar surface environment, so that The solar cells can work normally in orbit, ensuring the energy supply during the long-term activities on the lunar surface in the subsequent manned lunar exploration and long-term resident missions on the lunar surface.
为实现上述目的，本发明提供如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
第一方面，本发明提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，包括层叠设置的月尘防护层和粘附层，其中：In a first aspect, the present invention provides a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell, comprising a laminated moon dust protective layer and an adhesive layer, wherein:
所述月尘防护层的原料包括含氟硅溶胶和溶剂，；The raw materials of the moon dust protective layer include fluorine-containing silica sol and solvent;
所述粘附层的原料包括聚二甲基硅氧烷、固化剂和溶剂。The raw materials of the adhesive layer include polydimethylsiloxane, curing agent and solvent.
进一步地，所述粘附层的原料中，所述聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量比为1：10～12，所述聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量之和占粘附层原料总质量的4％～6％，溶剂为乙烷。Further, among the raw materials of the adhesive layer, the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane to the curing agent is 1:10-12, and the sum of the masses of the polydimethylsiloxane and the curing agent Accounting for 4% to 6% of the total mass of the raw material of the adhesion layer, the solvent is ethane.
优选地，所述粘附层的原料中，所述聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量比为1：12，所述聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量之和占粘附层原料总质量的5％，溶剂为乙烷。Preferably, among the raw materials of the adhesive layer, the mass ratio of the polydimethylsiloxane and the curing agent is 1:12, and the sum of the mass of the polydimethylsiloxane and the curing agent accounts for 5% of the total mass of raw materials for the attached layer, and the solvent is ethane.
进一步地，在所述月尘防护层的原料中，所述含氟硅溶胶的质量百分比为0.4～0.6％，溶剂为乙醇、乙酸乙酯和去离子水的混合物，质量比为96～98：0.1～0.5：2.0～3.0。Further, in the raw materials of the moon dust protective layer, the mass percentage of the fluorine-containing silica sol is 0.4-0.6%, the solvent is a mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and deionized water, and the mass ratio is 96-98: 0.1～0.5: 2.0～3.0.
优选地，在所述月尘防护层的原料中，所述含氟硅溶胶的质量百分比为0.4％，溶剂为乙醇、乙酸乙酯和去离子水的混合物，质量比为97.5：0.1：2.0。Preferably, in the raw material of the moon dust protective layer, the mass percentage of the fluorine-containing silica sol is 0.4%, the solvent is a mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and deionized water, and the mass ratio is 97.5:0.1:2.0.
进一步地，所述含氟硅溶胶由甲基三甲氧基硅烷和十三氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷水解缩聚获得。Further, the fluorine-containing silica sol is obtained by hydrolyzing and polycondensing methyltrimethoxysilane and tridecafluorooctyltrimethoxysilane.
进一步地，所述月尘防护涂层的厚度为250～350nm，粗糙度为30～60nm。Further, the moon dust protective coating has a thickness of 250-350 nm and a roughness of 30-60 nm.
优选地，所述月尘防护涂层的厚度为300nm，粗糙度为30nm。Preferably, the moon dust protective coating has a thickness of 300nm and a roughness of 30nm.
第二方面，本发明提供所述的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备方法，包括以下步骤：In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell, comprising the following steps:
(1)太阳能电池片表面预处理：太阳能电池片表面依次进行酒精擦拭、去离子水清洗、氧等离子体处理，然后将其放入真空系统中静置；(1) Surface pretreatment of solar cells: the surface of solar cells is wiped with alcohol, deionized water, and oxygen plasma in sequence, and then placed in a vacuum system to stand still;
(2)浸渍提拉法制备粘附层：将步骤(1)处理后的太阳能电池片浸没在配制好的粘附层原料溶液中，向上提拉，在太阳能电池片表面形成粘附层，然后将其放入真空系统中静置；(2) Preparing the adhesion layer by dipping and pulling method: immerse the solar cell sheet after the treatment in step (1) in the prepared adhesive layer raw material solution, pull it upwards, and form an adhesion layer on the surface of the solar cell sheet, and then Put it in a vacuum system and let it stand;
(3)浸渍提拉法制备月尘防护层：将步骤(2)处理后的太阳能电池片浸没在配制好的月尘防护层原料溶液中，向上提拉，在粘附层表面形成月尘防护层，然后将其放入真空系统中干燥。(3) Prepare the moon dust protective layer by dipping and pulling method: immerse the solar cells after the treatment in step (2) in the prepared raw material solution of the moon dust protective layer, and pull upward to form a moon dust protection layer on the surface of the adhesive layer layer, and then place it in a vacuum system to dry.
进一步地，步骤(1)中，酒精擦拭的次数为3～6次，去离子水清洗的次数为3～6次，氧等离子体处理的时间为2～3min，真空系统的压强为10-4Pa，静置时间为1～2h；Further, in step (1), the number of wipes with alcohol is 3 to 6 times, the number of times of cleaning with deionized water is 3 to 6 times, the time of oxygen plasma treatment is 2 to 3 minutes, and the pressure of the vacuum system is 10-4 Pa, the standing time is 1~2h;
优选地，步骤(1)中，酒精擦拭的次数为4次，去离子水清洗的次数为4次，氧等离子体处理的时间为2min，真空系统的压强为10-4Pa，静置时间为2h。Preferably, in step (1), the number of alcohol wipes is 4 times, the number of times of deionized water cleaning is 4 times, the time of oxygen plasma treatment is 2min, the pressure of the vacuum system is 10-4 Pa, and the standing time is 2h.
进一步地，步骤(2)中，提拉的速度为10～15mm/min，提拉次数为2～3次；真空系统温度为50～70℃，压强为10-4Pa，静置时间为40～60min；Further, in step (2), the pulling speed is 10-15mm/min, the number of pulling is 2-3 times; the temperature of the vacuum system is 50-70°C, the pressure is 10-4 Pa, and the standing time is 40 ~60min;
优选地，步骤(2)中，提拉的速度为10mm/min，提拉次数为2次；真空系统温度为70℃，压强为10-4Pa，静置时间为40min。Preferably, in step (2), the pulling speed is 10mm/min, the number of pulling is 2 times; the temperature of the vacuum system is 70°C, the pressure is 10-4 Pa, and the standing time is 40min.
进一步地，步骤(3)中，提拉的速度为10～15mm/min，提拉次数为2～5次；真空系统温度为30～50℃，压强为10-4Pa，干燥时间为10～15h。Further, in step (3), the pulling speed is 10-15mm/min, the number of pulling is 2-5 times; the temperature of the vacuum system is 30-50°C, the pressure is 10-4 Pa, and the drying time is 10-5 15h.
优选地，步骤(3)中，提拉的速度为10mm/min，提拉次数为2次；真空系统温度为30℃，压强为10-4Pa，干燥时间为10h。Preferably, in step (3), the pulling speed is 10mm/min, the number of pulling is 2 times; the temperature of the vacuum system is 30°C, the pressure is 10-4 Pa, and the drying time is 10h.
第三方面，本发明提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的防尘效率评价方法，实验在安装有月尘均匀洒尘装置的真空系统中进行，实验过程中真空系统的温度保持30～35℃，所述防尘效率评价方法包括以下步骤：In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for evaluating the dust-proof efficiency of a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell. The experiment is carried out in a vacuum system equipped with a moon dust uniform dusting device. During the experiment, the temperature of the vacuum system is maintained at 30 to 35°C, the dustproof efficiency evaluation method includes the following steps:
1)将一定质量的月尘放入均匀洒尘装置的月尘承载盘中；1) Put a certain quality of moon dust into the moon dust carrying plate of the uniform dust spreading device;
2)将涂有月尘防护涂层的样品放入月尘承载盘正下方，系统抽至10-4Pa真空；2) Put the sample coated with the moon dust protective coating directly under the moon dust carrying plate, and the system is pumped to a vacuum of 10-4 Pa;
3)打开洒尘装置，将月尘均匀洒在样品表面；3) Turn on the dusting device and evenly sprinkle the moon dust on the surface of the sample;
4)将样品表面平均分割为13个子区域，编号1～13；4) Divide the sample surface into 13 sub-regions on average, numbered 1-13;
5)通过相机拍摄真空系统内洒有月尘的防护涂层表面，判断月尘均匀沉积且铺满样品表面后继续实验，若判断月尘不均匀沉积或未铺满样品，则更换样品后重复步骤1)～3)，直到月尘均匀沉积为止；5) Use the camera to shoot the surface of the protective coating sprinkled with moon dust in the vacuum system, and continue the experiment after judging that the moon dust is evenly deposited and covered the sample surface. If it is judged that the moon dust is unevenly deposited or not covered with the sample, replace the sample and repeat Steps 1) to 3), until the moon dust is evenly deposited;
6)将样品进行离心旋转；6) The sample is centrifuged;
7)离心旋转后将样品进行翻转，翻转后保持，然后拍摄样品表面的月尘残留图片；7) Turn the sample over after centrifugal rotation, keep it after turning over, and then take pictures of the moon dust residue on the surface of the sample;
8)判定拍摄翻转后的样品表面的月尘残留不再变化，以及单个子区域前后月尘残留个数不随翻转而变化，则对月尘残留的图片进行防尘效率分析；8) After determining that the lunar dust residue on the surface of the sample after flipping is no longer changed, and the number of moon dust residues in the front and rear of a single sub-region does not change with the flipping, the dust-proof efficiency analysis is carried out on the image of the moon dust residue;
9)对不同子区域未覆盖和覆盖月尘的区域进行阈值判定筛选，确定出不同子区域内的月尘覆盖区域；9) Threshold judgment and screening are carried out on the areas not covered and covered by moon dust in different sub-regions, and the areas covered by moon dust in different sub-regions are determined;
10)根据计算出样品表面的月尘防护效率η，其中表示实验后1～13子区域内月尘所占的像素数，N1～N13表示1～13子区域的总像素数。10) According to Calculate the lunar dust protection efficiency η on the surface of the sample, where Indicates the number of pixels occupied by moon dust in subregions 1 to 13 after the experiment, and N1 to N13 represent the total number of pixels in subregions 1 to 13.
进一步地，步骤6)中，离心旋转的转速为1300～1500r/min，单次旋转时长为10～20s，旋转次数为2～4次；步骤7)中，翻转角度为45°～60°，翻转后保持1～3min。Further, in step 6), the speed of centrifugal rotation is 1300-1500r/min, the duration of a single rotation is 10-20s, and the number of rotations is 2-4 times; in step 7), the flip angle is 45°-60°, Hold for 1 to 3 minutes after turning over.
优选地，步骤6)中，离心旋转的转速为1300～1500r/min，单次旋转时长为10s，旋转次数为3次；步骤7)中，翻转角度为45°，翻转后保持1min。Preferably, in step 6), the speed of centrifugal rotation is 1300-1500r/min, the duration of a single rotation is 10s, and the number of rotations is 3 times; in step 7), the inversion angle is 45°, and the inversion is maintained for 1min.
进一步地，步骤5)中，月尘均匀沉积的判断依据为：样品表面13个子区域上的月尘颗粒数两两互相相差1％以内；月尘铺满样品表面的判断依据为：单个子区域上月尘颗粒占子区域面积为100％。Further, in step 5), the basis for judging the uniform deposition of moon dust is: the number of moon dust particles on the 13 sub-regions on the sample surface is within 1% of each other; the basis for judging that the moon dust covers the surface of the sample is: a single sub-region Last lunar dust particles accounted for 100% of the sub-region area.
本发明技术方案，具有如下优点：The technical solution of the present invention has the following advantages:
1、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，可实现太阳能电池在月面环境下的月尘防护，比未涂覆月尘防护涂层的太阳能电池片的月尘防护效率提高了66.3％，使得月尘不会长期沉积在太阳能电池表面引起太阳能电池过热、遮蔽太阳能电池的光吸收率，降低发电效率。该月尘防护涂层与太阳能电池基底的结合力强，且具有良好的月球表面环境适应能力，可以实现在轨长期使用，具有较长的使用寿命，极大节约了成本。1. The moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell provided by the present invention can realize the moon dust protection of the solar cell under the lunar surface environment, which is 66.3% higher than the moon dust protection efficiency of solar cells not coated with the moon dust protective coating %, so that the moon dust will not deposit on the surface of the solar cell for a long time, cause the solar cell to overheat, block the light absorption rate of the solar cell, and reduce the power generation efficiency. The lunar dust protective coating has a strong binding force with the solar cell substrate, and has good adaptability to the lunar surface environment, can be used on orbit for a long time, has a long service life, and greatly saves costs.
2、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层具有高透光率，不会影响到太阳能电池本身的光接收效率，即实现了不影响太阳能本身吸光率的同时，兼顾了月尘防护效果。对于可见光、紫外光和红外光的透过率比没有月尘防护涂层的透过率分别提高了2.28％、0.64％和3.14％。2. The moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell provided by the present invention has a high light transmittance, which will not affect the light receiving efficiency of the solar cell itself, that is, it can not affect the light absorption rate of the solar energy itself, while taking into account the protective effect of moon dust . The transmittance of visible light, ultraviolet light and infrared light is increased by 2.28%, 0.64% and 3.14% respectively compared with the transmittance without moon dust protective coating.
3、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层厚度为300nm左右，具有质量轻的优点；含氟硅溶胶形成5～10nm的氟硅颗粒聚集体，用于构造月尘防护涂层的微纳结构，粗糙度在30nm左右，远小于月尘颗粒平均粒径，可以实现极小粒径月尘颗粒的防护。3. The moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell provided by the present invention has a thickness of about 300nm, which has the advantage of light weight; the fluorine-containing silica sol forms 5-10nm fluorine silicon particle aggregates, which are used to construct the microparticles of the moon dust protective coating. Nano structure, with a roughness of about 30nm, which is far smaller than the average particle size of moon dust particles, which can realize the protection of extremely small particle size moon dust particles.
4、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层具有良好的耐高温性能，在300℃以内性能不变；具有良好的耐电子(30KeV下30h)和紫外辐射性能(395nm波长下32h)；且耐磨性良好。4. The lunar dust protective coating on the surface of solar cells provided by the present invention has good high temperature resistance, and the performance remains unchanged within 300°C; it has good resistance to electrons (30h at 30KeV) and ultraviolet radiation (32h at 395nm wavelength); And good wear resistance.
5、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层属于被动防护涂层，不需要在轨进行能源供给，是一种节能的防护方法。5. The lunar dust protective coating on the surface of solar cells provided by the present invention is a passive protective coating, which does not require on-orbit energy supply, and is an energy-saving protection method.
6、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备采用浸渍提拉法，可以用于大面积不规则的防护表面，对后续的工程应用具有极大的支撑作用。6. The moon dust protective coating on the surface of solar cells provided by the present invention is prepared by dipping and pulling method, which can be used for large-area irregular protective surfaces, and has a great supporting effect on subsequent engineering applications.
7、本发明提供的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的防尘效率评价方法，可以实现精度高达1μm的月尘颗粒的效率评价，而称重法得出的防尘效率中未考虑到粘附到表面的细微颗粒，故本发明提出的新方法极大提高了防尘效率精度。7. The dust-proof efficiency evaluation method of the lunar dust protective coating on the surface of solar cells provided by the present invention can realize the evaluation of the efficiency of moon dust particles with an accuracy as high as 1 μm, and the dust-proof efficiency obtained by the weighing method does not take into account adhesion Fine particles to the surface, so the new method proposed by the present invention greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy of dust prevention.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明具体实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对具体实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施方式，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the accompanying drawings that need to be used in the specific implementation or description of the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description The drawings show some implementations of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any creative effort.
图1是涂覆有月尘防护涂层和未涂覆月尘防护涂层的表面对比图；Fig. 1 is a surface comparison diagram coated with a moon dust protective coating and not coated with a moon dust protective coating;
图2是表面处理前后接触角测试结果，其中：(a)为表面未处理前，接触角为23.2°，(b)为表面处理后，接触角为0°；Figure 2 is the contact angle test results before and after surface treatment, wherein: (a) is before the surface is not treated, the contact angle is 23.2°, (b) is after the surface treatment, the contact angle is 0°;
图3是采用不同浸渍次数制得的月尘防护涂层的接触角测试结果图，其中：(a)为实施例1，(b)实施例2，(c)实施例3，(d)实施例4；Fig. 3 is the contact angle test result figure of the lunar dust protective coating that adopts different immersion times to make, wherein: (a) is embodiment 1, (b) embodiment 2, (c) embodiment 3, (d) implementation Example 4;
图4是采用不同浸渍次数制得的月尘防护涂层的表面粗糙度测试示意图，其中：(a)为实施例1，(b)实施例2，(c)实施例3；Fig. 4 is the surface roughness test schematic diagram of the moon dust protective coating that adopts different immersion times to make, wherein: (a) is embodiment 1, (b) embodiment 2, (c) embodiment 3;
图5是采用不同浸渍次数制得的月尘防护涂层的涂层厚度测试示意图；Fig. 5 is the coating thickness test schematic diagram of the lunar dust protective coating that adopts different immersion times to make;
图6是防尘效率测试样品子区域编号示意图；Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the sub-area numbering of the dustproof efficiency test sample;
图7是涂覆有月尘防护涂层和未涂覆月尘防护涂层的表面防尘效率测试图，其中：(a)为未涂覆表面，(b)为实施例2涂覆表面，1、3、7和11代表图5中对应的子区域。Fig. 7 is the surface dustproof efficiency test figure that is coated with moon dust protective coating and not coated with moon dust protective coating, wherein: (a) is the uncoated surface, (b) is the coated surface of embodiment 2, 1, 3, 7 and 11 represent the corresponding sub-regions in Fig. 5 .
具体实施方式Detailed ways
提供下述实施例是为了更好地进一步理解本发明，并不局限于所述最佳实施方式，不对本发明的内容和保护范围构成限制，任何人在本发明的启示下或是将本发明与其他现有技术的特征进行组合而得出的任何与本发明相同或相近似的产品，均落在本发明的保护范围之内。The following examples are provided in order to further understand the present invention better, are not limited to the best implementation mode, and do not limit the content and protection scope of the present invention, anyone under the inspiration of the present invention or use the present invention Any product identical or similar to the present invention obtained by combining features of other prior art falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例中使用的太阳能电池型号为三结砷化镓电池，购买于天津十八所，实验中使用的太阳能电池均为同一批次。The solar cells used in the examples are triple-junction gallium arsenide cells, which were purchased from Tianjin No. 18 Research Institute. The solar cells used in the experiments are all from the same batch.
实施例中未注明具体实验步骤或条件者，按照本领域内的文献所描述的常规实验步骤的操作或条件即可进行。所用原料或仪器，均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品，包括但不限于本申请实施例中采用的原料或仪器。If no specific experimental steps or conditions are indicated in the examples, it can be carried out according to the operation or conditions of the conventional experimental steps described in the literature in this field. The raw materials or instruments used are commercially available conventional products, including but not limited to the raw materials or instruments used in the examples of this application.
实施例1Example 1
本实施例提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备方法，具体步骤如下：This embodiment provides a method for preparing a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1)太阳能电池片表面预处理：太阳能电池片表面先用酒精擦拭4次，再用去离子水清洗4次，再氧等离子体处理2min，然后将其放入真空系统(10-4Pa)中静置2h；(1) Surface pretreatment of solar cells: Wipe the surface of solar cells with alcohol for 4 times, then wash with deionized water for 4 times, then treat with oxygen plasma for 2 minutes, and then put it into a vacuum system (10-4 Pa) Stand in the middle for 2h;
(2)浸渍提拉法制备粘附层：将步骤(1)处理后的太阳能电池片浸没在配制好的粘附层原料溶液中，以10mm/min的速度向上提拉，提拉2次，在太阳能电池片表面形成粘附层，然后将其放入70℃真空系统(10-4Pa)中静置40min；(2) Preparing the adhesion layer by dipping and pulling method: immerse the solar battery sheet treated in step (1) in the prepared adhesive layer raw material solution, and pull it up at a speed of 10 mm/min, and pull it twice, Form an adhesive layer on the surface of the solar cell, and then place it in a vacuum system (10-4 Pa) at 70°C for 40 minutes;
(3)浸渍提拉法制备月尘防护层：将步骤(2)处理后的太阳能电池片浸没在配制好的月尘防护层原料溶液中，以10mm/min的速度向上提拉，提拉1次，在粘附层表面形成月尘防护层，然后将其放入30℃真空系统(10-4Pa)中干燥10h。(3) Prepare the lunar dust protective layer by dipping and pulling method: immerse the solar cells treated in step (2) in the prepared raw material solution of the lunar dust protective layer, and pull upward at a speed of 10 mm/min for 1 The second time, a protective layer of moon dust was formed on the surface of the adhesive layer, and then it was put into a vacuum system (10-4 Pa) at 30°C to dry for 10 hours.
步骤(2)中的粘附层原料溶液由聚二甲基硅氧烷、固化剂和乙烷配制而成，聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量比为1：12，聚二甲基硅氧烷和固化剂的质量之和占粘附层原料总质量的5％。The adhesive layer raw material solution in step (2) is prepared from polydimethylsiloxane, curing agent and ethane, the mass ratio of polydimethylsiloxane and curing agent is 1:12, polydimethylsiloxane The sum of the mass of base siloxane and curing agent accounts for 5% of the total mass of the adhesive layer raw materials.
步骤(3)中的月尘防护层原料溶液由含氟硅溶胶和溶剂配制而成，含氟硅溶胶的质量百分比为0.4％，溶剂为乙醇、乙酸乙酯和去离子水的混合物，质量比为97.5：0.1：2.0。其中，含氟硅溶胶由甲基三甲氧基硅烷和十三氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷水解缩聚获得，具体制备方法为：在容器中加入1mL的甲基三甲氧基硅烷和1mL的十三氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷，在常温下搅拌30分钟，随后加入草酸溶液0.2mL，继续搅拌30分钟，放置20小时，再滴入7.5mL的氨水，在常温下陈化后发生自缩聚，得到含氟硅溶胶。The moon dust protective layer raw material solution in the step (3) is formulated by fluorine-containing silica sol and solvent, and the mass percent of fluorine-containing silica sol is 0.4%, and solvent is the mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate and deionized water, mass ratio It is 97.5:0.1:2.0. Among them, the fluorine-containing silica sol is obtained by hydrolysis and polycondensation of methyltrimethoxysilane and tridecafluorooctyltrimethoxysilane. The specific preparation method is: add 1mL of methyltrimethoxysilane and 1mL of tridecafluoro Octyltrimethoxysilane, stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then added 0.2mL oxalic acid solution, continued to stir for 30 minutes, stood for 20 hours, then dripped 7.5mL of ammonia water, and self-condensed after aging at room temperature to obtain Fluorosilica sol.
实施例2Example 2
本实施例提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备方法，具体步骤参照实施例1，不同之处仅在于，步骤(3)中提拉次数为2次，制备出的防护表面如图1所示，图中未涂覆表面是指在太阳能电池玻璃片上未涂覆任何防护涂层，只是将其进行了等离子表面处理。通过对比涂覆和未涂覆的表面，可以发现涂覆了防护涂层的表面在光下有涂层反光，且涂层涂覆前后不影响玻璃透明度，未发现明显模糊效应。This embodiment provides a method for preparing a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell. The specific steps refer to Example 1. The only difference is that the number of times of pulling in step (3) is 2 times, and the prepared protective surface is shown in the figure As shown in 1, the uncoated surface in the figure means that no protective coating is applied on the solar cell glass sheet, but it is only subjected to plasma surface treatment. By comparing the coated and uncoated surfaces, it can be found that the surface coated with the protective coating has coating reflection under light, and the transparency of the glass is not affected before and after coating, and no obvious blurring effect is found.
实施例3Example 3
本实施例提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备方法，具体步骤参照实施例1，不同之处仅在于，步骤(3)中提拉次数为3次。This example provides a method for preparing a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell. The specific steps refer to Example 1, the only difference being that the number of times of pulling in step (3) is 3 times.
实施例4Example 4
本实施例提供一种太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层的制备方法，具体步骤参照实施例1，不同之处仅在于，步骤(3)中提拉次数为4次。This embodiment provides a method for preparing a moon dust protective coating on the surface of a solar cell. The specific steps refer to Example 1, the only difference being that the number of times of pulling in step (3) is 4 times.
对比例太阳能电池片表面先用酒精擦拭4次，再用去离子水清洗4次，再氧等离子体处理2min，然后将其放入真空系统(10-4Pa)中静置2h。The surface of the solar cells of the comparative example was first wiped with alcohol for 4 times, then washed with deionized water for 4 times, treated with oxygen plasma for 2 minutes, and then placed in a vacuum system (10−4 Pa) for 2 hours.
如图2所示，分别测量处理前和处理后样品表面的接触角，可以得出处理后样品表面的接触角几乎为0°。As shown in Figure 2, the contact angle of the sample surface before and after treatment was measured respectively, and it can be concluded that the contact angle of the sample surface after treatment is almost 0°.
实验例1接触角测试Experimental Example 1 Contact Angle Test
取实施例1～4制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其表面进行接触角测试，结果如表1和图3所示。The moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Examples 1-4 was taken, and the contact angle was tested on the surface, and the results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 3 .
表1实施例1～4接触角测试结果Table 1 embodiment 1～4 contact angle test result
实验例2粗糙度测试Experimental Example 2 Roughness Test
取实施例1～3制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其表面进行粗糙度测试，实验过程为：将制备好的防护涂层进行粗糙度测试，将5次的结果进行平均后得出粗糙度值，结果如表2和图4所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Examples 1 to 3, and carry out a roughness test on its surface. The experimental process is: test the roughness of the prepared protective coating, and average the results of 5 times. The roughness value is obtained, and the results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 4.
表2实施例1～3粗糙度测试结果Table 2 Example 1 ~ 3 roughness test results
如图4所示，随着提拉涂覆次数的增加，粗糙度逐渐减小，表面微/纳米级结构逐渐消失。As shown in Figure 4, as the number of pull coatings increases, the roughness gradually decreases and the surface micro/nano-scale structure gradually disappears.
实验例3厚度测试Experimental Example 3 Thickness Test
取实施例1～3制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其表面进行厚度测试，实验过程为：采用膜厚测试仪对其进行测试，在表面选取5个点，测试的膜厚结果取平均可得，结果如表3和图5所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Examples 1 to 3, and test its surface thickness. The experimental process is: use a film thickness tester to test it, select 5 points on the surface, and measure the thickness of the film. The results are averaged, and the results are shown in Table 3 and Figure 5.
表3实施例1～3厚度测试结果Table 3 embodiment 1～3 thickness test result
实验例4透光率测试Experimental Example 4 Light transmittance test
取实施例1～3制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其表面进行透光率测试，并以对比例处理的表面作为对照，实验过程为：通过透光率测试仪对防护薄膜进行测试，单个防护表面选取5个点，取平均值。结果如表4所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Examples 1 to 3, and carry out a light transmittance test on its surface, and use the surface treated in the comparative example as a contrast. The experimental process is: the protective film is tested by a light transmittance tester. For testing, select 5 points on a single protective surface and take the average value. The results are shown in Table 4.
表4实施例1～3透光率测试结果Table 4 embodiment 1～3 transmittance test result
如表4所示，实施例2的透光效果最好，相较于未涂覆表面(对比例)的透过率分别提高2.28％(紫外光)、0.64％(可见光)、3.14％(红外光)。As shown in Table 4, the light transmission effect of embodiment 2 is the best, compared with the transmittance of the uncoated surface (comparative example), respectively improve 2.28% (ultraviolet light), 0.64% (visible light), 3.14% (infrared light) Light).
实验例5耐温性测试Experimental example 5 temperature resistance test
取实施例2制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其进行耐温性测试，实验过程为：将月尘防护涂层样品放置在真空系统中，系统抽真空后，温度分别设置为50℃、100℃、150℃、200℃、250℃和300℃，在目标温度下保持时间为30h，取出后立即测量样品表面接触角。结果如表5所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Example 2, and carry out a temperature resistance test on it. The experimental process is as follows: the sample of the moon dust protective coating is placed in a vacuum system. After the system is vacuumed, the temperature is respectively set to 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C and 300°C, keep at the target temperature for 30h, measure the surface contact angle of the sample immediately after taking it out. The results are shown in Table 5.
表5实施例2耐温性测试结果Table 5 embodiment 2 temperature resistance test result
实验例6耐紫外辐照测试Experimental example 6 ultraviolet radiation resistance test
取实施例2制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其进行耐紫外辐照测试，实验过程为：将月尘防护涂层样品放置在真空系统中，样品放置在真空紫外灯正下方10cm处，系统抽真空后，打开真空紫外灯，其波长为395nm，紫外灯辐照时间为32h，辐照结束后取出样品立即进行接触角测量。结果如表6所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Example 2, and carry out the UV radiation resistance test. The experimental process is as follows: the moon dust protective coating sample is placed in a vacuum system, and the sample is placed directly under the vacuum ultraviolet lamp At a distance of 10 cm, after the system is vacuumed, turn on the vacuum ultraviolet lamp with a wavelength of 395nm, and the irradiation time of the ultraviolet lamp is 32h. After the irradiation, take out the sample and measure the contact angle immediately. The results are shown in Table 6.
表6实施例2耐紫外辐照测试结果Table 6 embodiment 2 ultraviolet radiation resistance test result
实验例7耐电子辐射测试Experimental Example 7 Electron Radiation Resistance Test
取实施例2制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其进行耐电子辐射测试，实验过程为：将月尘防护涂层样品放置在真空系统中，样品放置在电子枪正下方15cm处，系统抽真空后，电子枪能量设置为30KeV，打开电子枪辐照30h，电子辐射结束后取出样品立即进行接触角测量。结果如表7所示。Get the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Example 2, and carry out the electron radiation resistance test to it. The experimental process is: the moon dust protective coating sample is placed in a vacuum system, and the sample is placed at 15 cm directly below the electron gun. After the system was evacuated, the energy of the electron gun was set to 30KeV, and the electron gun was turned on for 30 hours of irradiation. After the electron irradiation was over, the sample was taken out and the contact angle was measured immediately. The results are shown in Table 7.
表7实施例2耐电子辐射测试结果Table 7 embodiment 2 resistance to electron radiation test result
实验例8耐磨性测试Experimental Example 8 Abrasion Resistance Test
取实施例2制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其进行耐磨性测试，实验过程为：使用胶带进行剥离，剥离20次以后进行防护涂层的接触角测量。结果如表8所示。Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Example 2, and perform an abrasion resistance test on it. The experimental process is: peel off with an adhesive tape, and measure the contact angle of the protective coating after peeling off 20 times. The results are shown in Table 8.
表8实施例2耐磨性测试结果Table 8 embodiment 2 abrasion resistance test result
实验例9月尘防护效率测试Experimental example September dust protection efficiency test
取实施例2制备得到的太阳能电池表面月尘防护涂层，对其进行防护效率测试，实验在安装有月尘均匀洒尘装置的真空系统中进行，实验过程中真空系统的温度保持30℃，实验过程为：Take the moon dust protective coating on the surface of the solar cell prepared in Example 2, and test its protective efficiency. The experiment is carried out in a vacuum system equipped with a moon dust uniform dusting device. During the experiment, the temperature of the vacuum system is maintained at 30°C. The experimental process is:
1)称量10g月尘放入均匀洒尘装置的月尘承载盘中；1) Weigh 10g of moon dust and put it into the moon dust carrying plate of the uniform dust spreading device;
2)将实施例2制备的样品放入月尘承载盘正下方5cm处，系统抽至10-4Pa真空；2) Put the sample prepared in Example 2 into a place 5 cm directly below the moon dust carrying plate, and the system is pumped to a vacuum of 10−4 Pa;
3)打开洒尘装置，将月尘均匀洒在样品表面；3) Turn on the dusting device and evenly sprinkle the moon dust on the surface of the sample;
4)如图6所示，将样品表面平均分割为13个子区域，编号1～13；4) As shown in Figure 6, divide the sample surface into 13 sub-regions on average, numbered 1-13;
5)通过相机拍摄真空系统内洒有月尘的防护涂层表面，判断月尘均匀沉积且铺满样品表面后继续实验，若判断月尘不均匀沉积或未铺满样品，则更换样品后重复步骤1)～3)，直到月尘均匀沉积为止，其中，月尘均匀沉积的判断依据为：样品表面13个子区域上的月尘颗粒数两两互相相差1％以内，月尘铺满样品表面的判断依据为：单个子区域上月尘颗粒占子区域面积为100％；5) Use the camera to shoot the surface of the protective coating sprinkled with moon dust in the vacuum system, and continue the experiment after judging that the moon dust is evenly deposited and covered the sample surface. If it is judged that the moon dust is unevenly deposited or not covered with the sample, replace the sample and repeat Steps 1) to 3) until the moon dust is uniformly deposited, wherein the basis for judging the uniform deposition of moon dust is: the number of moon dust particles on the 13 sub-regions on the sample surface differs within 1% of each other, and the moon dust covers the sample surface The basis for judging is: the lunar dust particles in a single sub-region account for 100% of the sub-region area;
6)将样品以1300～1500r/min的转速进行离心旋转，单次旋转时长为10s，旋转次数为3次；6) Centrifuge the sample at a speed of 1300-1500r/min, the duration of a single rotation is 10s, and the number of rotations is 3 times;
7)离心旋转后将样品进行翻转45°，翻转后保持1min，然后拍摄样品表面的月尘残留图片；7) Turn the sample 45° after centrifugal rotation, keep it for 1min after turning over, and then take pictures of the moon dust residue on the surface of the sample;
8)判定拍摄翻转后的样品表面的月尘残留不再变化，以及单个子区域前后月尘残留个数不随翻转而变化，则对月尘残留的图片进行防尘效率分析；8) After determining that the lunar dust residue on the surface of the sample after flipping is no longer changed, and the number of moon dust residues in the front and rear of a single sub-region does not change with the flipping, the dust-proof efficiency analysis is carried out on the image of the moon dust residue;
9)对不同子区域未覆盖和覆盖月尘的区域进行阈值判定筛选，确定出不同子区域内的月尘覆盖区域；9) Threshold judgment and screening are carried out on the areas not covered and covered by moon dust in different sub-regions, and the areas covered by moon dust in different sub-regions are determined;
10)根据计算出样品表面的月尘防护效率η，其中表示实验后1～13子区域内月尘所占的像素数，N1～N13表示1～13子区域的总像素数。10) According to Calculate the lunar dust protection efficiency η on the surface of the sample, where Indicates the number of pixels occupied by moon dust in subregions 1 to 13 after the experiment, and N1 to N13 represent the total number of pixels in subregions 1 to 13.
结果如表9和图7所示。The results are shown in Table 9 and Figure 7.
表9实施例2月尘防护效率测试结果Table 9 embodiment 2 moon dust protection efficiency test result
显然，上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例，而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。Apparently, the above-mentioned embodiments are only examples for clear description, rather than limiting the implementation. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other changes or changes in different forms can be made on the basis of the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to exhaustively list all the implementation manners here. And the obvious changes or changes derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202310579295.1ACN116656155B (en) | 2023-05-22 | 2023-05-22 | A lunar dust protection coating on the surface of a solar cell and its preparation method and dust protection efficiency evaluation method |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202310579295.1ACN116656155B (en) | 2023-05-22 | 2023-05-22 | A lunar dust protection coating on the surface of a solar cell and its preparation method and dust protection efficiency evaluation method |
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| CN202310579295.1AActiveCN116656155B (en) | 2023-05-22 | 2023-05-22 | A lunar dust protection coating on the surface of a solar cell and its preparation method and dust protection efficiency evaluation method |
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