技术领域Technical Field
本发明属于柴油机冷启动领域，特别涉及一种用于为柴油机冷启动过程中提供电能的温差发电热电联供系统。The invention belongs to the field of diesel engine cold starting, and in particular relates to a temperature difference power generation cogeneration system for providing electric energy during the diesel engine cold starting process.
背景技术Background technique
在低温情况下启动发动机时，可以先加热冷却水，比如可以添加温水或者说利用蒸汽、电加热器等装置，将冷却水提高到20℃以上再启动。现有的冷启动通过冷启动辅助装置实现，常见的方法有蒸汽预热法、电预热法、添加温水法等。蒸汽预热法是让蒸汽通过管道从水箱的下水管进入冷却系，或直接进入发动机冷却水套加热机体。电预热法是将电加热器直接插入冷却系或油底壳机油内，加热润滑油，以便于启动。添加温水法中添加的温水应该为40-60℃左右的温水，不能使用开水，因为开水的温度过高，容易对散热芯管、气缸盖等造成重要的影响，使其发生胀裂的现象。当使用温水对冷却系统进行缓慢预热，不仅可以延长发动机使用寿命，提升发动机启动效率、汽缸压缩压力以及温度，还可以避免在温度过低时发动机耗油大、柴油机器件磨损严重和启动困难的问题出现。When starting the engine at low temperature, the cooling water can be heated first, for example, warm water can be added or steam, electric heater and other devices can be used to raise the cooling water to above 20°C before starting. The existing cold start is achieved through cold start auxiliary devices, and common methods include steam preheating method, electric preheating method, adding warm water method, etc. The steam preheating method is to allow steam to enter the cooling system through the pipe from the water tank downpipe, or directly enter the engine cooling water jacket to heat the body. The electric preheating method is to insert the electric heater directly into the cooling system or the oil pan oil to heat the lubricating oil for easy starting. The warm water added in the warm water adding method should be warm water of about 40-60°C, and boiling water cannot be used, because the temperature of boiling water is too high, which is easy to have a significant impact on the heat dissipation core tube, cylinder head, etc., causing it to expand and crack. When using warm water to slowly preheat the cooling system, it can not only extend the service life of the engine, improve the engine starting efficiency, cylinder compression pressure and temperature, but also avoid the problems of high engine fuel consumption, severe wear of diesel engine components and difficulty in starting when the temperature is too low.
尽管现有的方法能够实现低温冷启动，但是存在着的最大问题是冷启动过程中能的短缺，尤其是大型运载车辆，在连续几天停车后没有电能来实现燃油加热器的启动和正常运转，再次启动极为困难。Although existing methods can achieve low-temperature cold start, the biggest problem is the shortage of energy during the cold start process, especially for large transport vehicles. After being parked for several consecutive days, there is no electricity to start and operate the fuel heater normally, and it is extremely difficult to start again.
发明内容Summary of the invention
为解决柴油机冷启动过程中的电能短缺问题，本发明主要目的是提供一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，能够实现燃油加热器的启动和持续运转，同时能够满足为电池部件和发动机机体预热的需求。此外，在燃油加热器排热量不同时，能够切换不同工作模式，使得温差发电设备处于最适工作状态，同时减少冷启动准备时间，实现能量的充分、高效利用。In order to solve the problem of power shortage during the cold start of a diesel engine, the main purpose of the present invention is to provide a combined heat and power system for cold start of a diesel engine, which can realize the start and continuous operation of the fuel heater, and at the same time meet the needs of preheating the battery components and the engine body. In addition, when the heat discharged by the fuel heater is different, different working modes can be switched to make the temperature difference power generation equipment in the most suitable working state, while reducing the cold start preparation time and realizing full and efficient use of energy.
本发明的目的是通过下述技术方案实现的：The objective of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，包括超级电容、燃油加热器、电池、发动机机体、温差发电设备和调节部件。The invention discloses a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine, comprising a super capacitor, a fuel heater, a battery, an engine body, a temperature difference power generation device and a regulating component.
所述超级电容，用于初始启动燃油加热器，使燃油加热器开始工作。由于超级电容只能短时间放电，因此无法继续为燃油加热器供电使其持续运转。超级电容与燃油加热器之间的电能供应路径为电力路径1。The supercapacitor is used to initially start the fuel heater so that the fuel heater starts to work. Since the supercapacitor can only discharge for a short time, it cannot continue to supply power to the fuel heater to keep it running. The power supply path between the supercapacitor and the fuel heater is power path 1.
所述温差发电设备，包括集热器、散热器和热电片。集热器处于中间位置，热电片和散热器分别在其两侧。集热器入口接入燃油加热器排出的气体，通过高温排气与集热器换热作热源。散热器为水冷散热器，水冷散热器接入发动机冷却水循环，通过冷却水与水冷散热器换热作冷源。热电片位于集热器与水冷散热器之间，因此在热电片的两端存在温度差，在热电效应的作用下，形成电势差，通过电势差产生电能。温差发电设备工作时产生的电能能够为燃油加热器持续供能保持持续运转，燃油加热器工作时产生的排气能够为温差发电设备的热电片两端建立温差进而输出电能，所述温差和温差发电设备产生电能形成正反馈，使燃油加热器和温差发电设备得以正常工作。高温排气在集热器入口进入温差发电设备带有大量热量，在集热器出口离开时仍具有预定热量，因此再为电池和发动机机体进行预热。温差发电设备与燃油加热器、电池之间的电能供应路径分别为电力路径5，电力路径6。The thermoelectric power generation device includes a collector, a radiator and a thermoelectric sheet. The collector is in the middle, and the thermoelectric sheet and the radiator are on both sides thereof. The gas discharged from the fuel heater is connected to the inlet of the collector, and the high-temperature exhaust gas is used as a heat source by heat exchange with the collector. The radiator is a water-cooled radiator, which is connected to the engine cooling water circulation, and the cooling water is used as a cold source by heat exchange with the water-cooled radiator. The thermoelectric sheet is located between the collector and the water-cooled radiator, so there is a temperature difference at both ends of the thermoelectric sheet. Under the action of the thermoelectric effect, an electric potential difference is formed, and electric energy is generated by the electric potential difference. The electric energy generated by the thermoelectric power generation device when it is working can continuously supply energy to the fuel heater to maintain continuous operation. The exhaust gas generated by the fuel heater when it is working can establish a temperature difference at both ends of the thermoelectric sheet of the thermoelectric power generation device and then output electric energy. The temperature difference and the electric energy generated by the thermoelectric power generation device form positive feedback, so that the fuel heater and the thermoelectric power generation device can work normally. The high-temperature exhaust gas enters the thermoelectric power generation device at the collector inlet with a large amount of heat, and still has a predetermined amount of heat when leaving the collector outlet, so it preheats the battery and the engine body. The power supply paths between the thermoelectric power generation device and the fuel heater and the battery are power path 5 and power path 6 respectively.
所述调节部件，位于燃油加热器排气和温差发电设备之间，用于根据排气质量流量调节排气的流动路径。排热量主要反应为排出气体的质量流量。在完成燃油加热器启动和持续运转的基础上，充分考虑燃油加热器的排热量，通过调节部件根据排热量的不同，切换四种工作模式：模式一为燃油加热器的高温排气只供给温差发电设备输出电能；模式二为燃油加热器的高温排气同时供给温差发电设备输出电能和为电池预热；模式三为燃油加热器的高温排气同时供给温差发电设备输出电能、为电池预热、为发动机机体预热；模式四为燃油加热器的高温排气在供给温差发电设备输出电能、为电池预热、为发动机机体预热的基础上，额外的热量直接排至大气环境，以免热量过多对各部件造成损害。The regulating component is located between the exhaust gas of the fuel heater and the thermoelectric power generation device, and is used to adjust the flow path of the exhaust gas according to the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. The heat exhaust mainly reflects the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. On the basis of completing the startup and continuous operation of the fuel heater, the heat exhaust of the fuel heater is fully considered, and four working modes are switched through the regulating component according to the different heat exhaust: Mode 1 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater only supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electrical energy; Mode 2 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater simultaneously supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electrical energy and preheats the battery; Mode 3 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater simultaneously supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electrical energy, preheats the battery, and preheats the engine body; Mode 4 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electrical energy, preheats the battery, and preheats the engine body, and the additional heat is directly discharged to the atmosphere to avoid excessive heat from causing damage to various components.
调节部件包括弹簧、调节杆和外壳。燃油加热器与调节部件之间的排气路径为热力路径2。调节部件与温差发电设备、电池、发动机机体和外界环境之间的四个排气路径分别为热力路径3.1、热力路径3.2、热力路径3.3、热力路径3.4。温差发电设备与电池、发动机机体之间的两个排气路径分别为热力路径4.1、热力路径4.2。调节部件根据弹簧弹力和排气质量流量大小实现对排气路径的改变进而完成工作模式的切换，工作模式切换原理如下：The regulating component includes a spring, an regulating rod and a housing. The exhaust path between the fuel heater and the regulating component is thermal path 2. The four exhaust paths between the regulating component and the thermoelectric power generation equipment, the battery, the engine body and the external environment are thermal path 3.1, thermal path 3.2, thermal path 3.3 and thermal path 3.4. The two exhaust paths between the thermoelectric power generation equipment and the battery and the engine body are thermal path 4.1 and thermal path 4.2. The regulating component changes the exhaust path according to the spring force and the exhaust mass flow rate to complete the switching of the working mode. The working mode switching principle is as follows:
排气流量为m,重力加速度为g,则排气重力为：The exhaust flow is m, the gravity acceleration is g, then the exhaust gravity is:
G＝m*g (1)G＝m*g (1)
弹簧的弹性系数为k,形变量为δx,则弹力为：The elastic coefficient of the spring is k, the deformation is δx, and the elastic force is:
Fk＝k*δx (2)Fk = k*δx (2)
排气流入调节部件后，受排气重力作用压缩弹簧，则：After the exhaust gas flows into the regulating component, the spring is compressed by the exhaust gas gravity, then:
m*g ＝ k*δx (3)m*g ＝ k*δx (3)
本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统的工作方法为：The present invention discloses a working method of a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine as follows:
步骤一：使用超级电容启动燃油加热器，使燃油加热器开始运转。Step 1: Use the supercapacitor to start the fuel heater to make the fuel heater start running.
步骤二：燃油加热器运转后会产生大量高温排气，该部分气体经过调节部件后有四种工作模式。所述四种工作模式是在考虑温差发电设备、电池、发动机机体和大气环境四者的优先级的基础上，通过调节部件来调整燃油加热器排热的流向路径。四种模式的共同之处在于高温排气在集热器出口离开时由于仍具有预定热量，因此再为电池和发动机机体进行预热，且能够保障在任一工作模式下均能够满足对电池部件和发动机机体的预热需求。Step 2: When the fuel heater is running, a large amount of high-temperature exhaust gas will be generated. After this part of the gas passes through the regulating component, there are four working modes. The four working modes are based on the priority of the temperature difference power generation equipment, batteries, engine body and atmospheric environment, and the flow path of the heat exhaust from the fuel heater is adjusted by adjusting the components. The common point of the four modes is that the high-temperature exhaust gas still has a predetermined amount of heat when leaving the collector outlet, so it preheats the battery and engine body, and can ensure that the preheating requirements of the battery components and the engine body can be met in any working mode.
所述工作模式一，当排气流量满足m<m1时，燃油加热器排热量较小，温差发电设备由于能够产生电能供给燃油加热器实现持续运转，所以温差发电设备优先级最高，因此排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第一层。In the working mode 1, when the exhaust flow satisfies m<m1 , the fuel heater discharges less heat, and the thermoelectric power generation device has the highest priority because it can generate electricity to supply the fuel heater to achieve continuous operation. Therefore, the exhaust gas is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation device through the thermal path 3.1, and this branch is located in the first layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式二，当排气流量满足m1≤m<m2时，燃油加热器排热量较大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备，集热器温度过高，使热电片未处在最适工作范围，导致输出电能减小，因此热量需供给其他部件。电池由于用于发动机启动，所以发动机启动优先级仅次于温差发电设备，因此排气还通过热力路径3.2供给电池，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第二层。In the second working mode, when the exhaust flow rate satisfies m1 ≤m<m2 , the fuel heater discharges a large amount of heat. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation device through the thermal path 3.1, the collector temperature is too high, so that the thermoelectric sheet is not in the optimal working range, resulting in a decrease in output power, so the heat needs to be supplied to other components. Since the battery is used for engine starting, the engine starting priority is second only to the thermoelectric power generation device, so the exhaust is also supplied to the battery through the thermal path 3.2, which is located in the second layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式三，当排气流量满足m2≤m<m3时，燃油加热器排热量进一步增大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备、通过热力路径3.2供给电池，则除了不利于热电片的输出性能，还导致较高热量没及时供给发动机机体预热，影响发动机冷启动工作，没能充分减少冷启动准备时间，进而制约冷启动性能。发动机机体由于在启动前需建立合适的启动温度条件，所以优先级再次于电池，因此排气还通过热力路径3.3供给发动机机体，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第三层。In the working mode 3, when the exhaust flow rate satisfies m2 ≤m<m3 , the exhaust heat of the fuel heater is further increased. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation equipment through the thermal path 3.1 and supplied to the battery through the thermal path 3.2, it is not only not conducive to the output performance of the thermoelectric sheet, but also causes the high heat not to be supplied to the engine body for preheating in time, affecting the cold start of the engine, failing to fully reduce the cold start preparation time, and thus restricting the cold start performance. The engine body needs to establish a suitable starting temperature condition before starting, so it has priority over the battery again, so the exhaust is also supplied to the engine body through the thermal path 3.3, which is located in the third layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式四，当排气流量满足m≥m3时，燃油加热器排热量过大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备、通过热力路径3.2供给电池、通过热力路径3.3供给发动机机体，可能对各部件造成损害。为了避免造成损害，通过直接将过多的热量排至大气环境，而所述部分只作为过热保护，所以大气环境优先级最低，因此排气还通过热力路径3.4排给大气环境，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第四层。In the fourth working mode, when the exhaust flow meets m≥m3 , the fuel heater discharges too much heat. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation equipment through the thermal path 3.1, the battery through the thermal path 3.2, and the engine body through the thermal path 3.3, it may cause damage to the components. In order to avoid damage, the excessive heat is directly discharged to the atmosphere, and the part is only used as overheating protection, so the atmosphere has the lowest priority. Therefore, the exhaust is also discharged to the atmosphere through the thermal path 3.4, which is located in the fourth layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
根据排气流量和结构的尺寸，四种工作模式切换的临界条件如下：According to the exhaust flow rate and the size of the structure, the critical conditions for switching between the four working modes are as follows:
当m＝m1,When m＝m1 ,
m1*g ＝ k*L1 (4)m1 *g ＝ k*L1 (4)
当m＝m2,When m＝m2 ,
m2*g ＝ k*L2 (5)m2 *g ＝ k*L2 (5)
当m＝m3,When m＝m3 ,
m3*g ＝ k*L3 (6)m3 *g ＝ k*L3 (6)
步骤三：温差发电设备产生的电能用于给燃油加热器供能，进而维持燃油加热器的持续运转。在保证燃油加热器正常工作使用外，当电池达到适宜的充电温度，电能能够用于为电池充电，供发动机启动使用。Step 3: The electricity generated by the thermoelectric power generation equipment is used to power the fuel heater, thereby maintaining the continuous operation of the fuel heater. In addition to ensuring the normal operation of the fuel heater, when the battery reaches the appropriate charging temperature, the electricity can be used to charge the battery for engine starting.
步骤四：当发动机达到启动温度，则发动机能够进行启动，根据步骤一至步骤二实现燃油加热器的启动和持续运转，同时能够满足为电池部件和发动机机体预热的需求。此外，在燃油加热器排热量不同时，根据步骤二切换不同工作模式，使得温差发电设备处于最适工作状态，同时减少冷启动准备时间，实现能量的充分、高效利用。Step 4: When the engine reaches the starting temperature, the engine can be started, and the fuel heater is started and continuously operated according to steps 1 and 2, and the requirements for preheating the battery components and the engine body can be met. In addition, when the heat dissipation of the fuel heater is different, different working modes are switched according to step 2, so that the temperature difference power generation equipment is in the most suitable working state, and the cold start preparation time is reduced, so as to achieve full and efficient use of energy.
有益效果：Beneficial effects:
1、本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，温差发电设备工作时产生电能为燃油加热器持续供能保持持续运转，燃油加热器工作时产生排气为温差发电设备的热电片两端建立温差进而基于热电效应输出电能，温差和电能形成正反馈，使燃油加热器和温差发电设备得以正常工作。相比以往冷启动解决方法，能够从根本上解决柴油机冷启动过程中的电能短缺问题，实现燃油加热器的启动和持续运转。1. The present invention discloses a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine. When the thermoelectric power generation device is working, it generates electricity to continuously supply energy to the fuel heater to keep it running. When the fuel heater is working, it generates exhaust gas to establish a temperature difference between the two ends of the thermoelectric sheet of the thermoelectric power generation device, and then outputs electricity based on the thermoelectric effect. The temperature difference and electricity form positive feedback, so that the fuel heater and the thermoelectric power generation device can work normally. Compared with the previous cold start solution, it can fundamentally solve the problem of power shortage during the cold start of the diesel engine and realize the start-up and continuous operation of the fuel heater.
2、本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，温差发电设备通过集热器出口排出的气体直接为电池预热和通过保证燃油加热器持续运转产生高温排气间接为电池预热，直接和间接相结合的预热方式实现热能的充分利用，使电池处于适宜的充电温度范围，有利于延长电池的使用寿命。温差发电设备产生的电能能够为电池进行充电，进而供发动机启动使用，实现热能的充分、高效利用。2. The present invention discloses a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine. The gas discharged from the collector outlet of the temperature difference power generation equipment directly preheats the battery and the high-temperature exhaust gas is generated by ensuring the continuous operation of the fuel heater to indirectly preheat the battery. The direct and indirect preheating methods are combined to fully utilize the thermal energy, so that the battery is in a suitable charging temperature range, which is conducive to extending the service life of the battery. The electric energy generated by the temperature difference power generation equipment can charge the battery and then be used for starting the engine, realizing full and efficient utilization of thermal energy.
3、本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，温差发电设备通过集热器出口排出的气体直接为发动机机体预热和通过保证燃油加热器持续运转产生高温排气间接为发动机机体预热，直接和间接相结合的预热方式实现热能的充分利用，提高柴油机的冷启动性能，减少低温环境启动时对机体造成的损害。在考虑温差发电设备、电池、发动机机体和大气环境四者的优先级的基础上，基于调节原理构建四种工作模式及调节实现结构，通过调节部件能够实现在燃油加热器排热量不同时切换不同工作模式，使得温差发电设备处于最适工作状态，同时减少冷启动准备时间，实现能量的充分、高效利用。3. The present invention discloses a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine. The gas discharged from the collector outlet of the thermoelectric power generation equipment directly preheats the engine body and the high-temperature exhaust gas is generated by ensuring the continuous operation of the fuel heater to indirectly preheat the engine body. The direct and indirect preheating methods combine to fully utilize the thermal energy, improve the cold start performance of the diesel engine, and reduce the damage to the engine body when starting in a low-temperature environment. Based on the priority of the thermoelectric power generation equipment, battery, engine body and atmospheric environment, four working modes and adjustment implementation structures are constructed based on the adjustment principle. Through the adjustment components, different working modes can be switched when the fuel heater discharges different amounts of heat, so that the thermoelectric power generation equipment is in the most suitable working state, while reducing the cold start preparation time and achieving full and efficient use of energy.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1柴油机冷启动过程中电能短缺的热电联供系统；Figure 1: Combined heat and power system with power shortage during diesel engine cold start;
其中，1—电力路径1、2—热力路径2、3.1—热力路径3.1、3.2—热力路径3.2、3.3—热力路径3.3、3.4—热力路径3.4、4.1—热力路径4.1、4.2—热力路径4.2、5—电力路径5、6—电力路径6。Among them, 1—electrical path 1, 2—thermal path 2, 3.1—thermal path 3.1, 3.2—thermal path 3.2, 3.3—thermal path 3.3, 3.4—thermal path 3.4, 4.1—thermal path 4.1, 4.2—thermal path 4.2, 5—electrical path 5, 6—electrical path 6.
图2可调整排热量流向的调节部件(a)调节部件外观；(b)调节部件中心剖视图；(c)调节部件局部放大视图；FIG2 is an adjustment component capable of adjusting the direction of heat dissipation (a) appearance of the adjustment component; (b) central cross-sectional view of the adjustment component; (c) partial enlarged view of the adjustment component;
其中，2—热力路径2、3.1—热力路径3.1、3.2—热力路径3.2、3.3—热力路径3.3、3.4—热力路径3.4、11—调节杆、12—弹簧、13—外壳。Among them, 2 is thermal path 2, 3.1 is thermal path 3.1, 3.2 is thermal path 3.2, 3.3 is thermal path 3.3, 3.4 is thermal path 3.4, 11 is adjusting rod, 12 is spring, and 13 is housing.
图3可调整排热量流向的调节部件的几何结构；FIG3 shows the geometric structure of the regulating component capable of adjusting the direction of heat dissipation;
图4可调整排热量流向的调节部件的受力分析。FIG. 4 is a force analysis of an adjustment component capable of adjusting the direction of heat dissipation.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了更好的说明本发明的目的和优点，下面结合附图和实例对发明内容做进一步说明。In order to better illustrate the purpose and advantages of the present invention, the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
实施例1：Embodiment 1:
如图1所示，本实施例公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统，包括超级电容、燃油加热器、电池、发动机机体、温差发电设备和调节部件。As shown in FIG1 , the present embodiment discloses a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine, comprising a supercapacitor, a fuel heater, a battery, an engine body, a temperature difference power generation device and a regulating component.
如图1所示，所述超级电容，用于初始启动燃油加热器，使燃油加热器开始工作。然而由于超级电容只能短时间放电，因此无法继续为燃油加热器供电使其持续运转。超级电容与燃油加热器之间的电能供应路径为电力路径1。As shown in FIG1 , the supercapacitor is used to initially start the fuel heater so that the fuel heater starts to work. However, since the supercapacitor can only discharge for a short time, it cannot continue to supply power to the fuel heater to keep it running. The power supply path between the supercapacitor and the fuel heater is power path 1.
如图1所示，所述温差发电设备，包括集热器、散热器和热电片。集热器处于中间位置，热电片和散热器分别在其两侧。集热器入口接入燃油加热器排出的气体，通过高温排气与集热器换热作热源。散热器为水冷散热器，水冷散热器接入发动机冷却水循环，通过冷却水与水冷散热器换热作冷源。热电片位于集热器与水冷散热器之间，因此在热电片的两端存在温度差，在热电效应的作用下，形成电势差，即产生电能。温差发电设备工作时产生的电能能够为燃油加热器持续供能保持持续运转，燃油加热器工作时产生的排气能够为温差发电设备的热电片两端建立温差进而输出电能，所述温差和温差发电设备产生电能形成正反馈，使燃油加热器和温差发电设备得以正常工作。高温排气在集热器入口进入温差发电设备带有大量热量，在集热器出口离开时仍具有预定热量，因此再为电池和发动机机体进行预热。温差发电设备与燃油加热器、电池之间的电能供应路径分别为电力路径5，电力路径6。As shown in FIG1 , the thermoelectric power generation device includes a collector, a radiator and a thermoelectric sheet. The collector is in the middle, and the thermoelectric sheet and the radiator are on both sides thereof. The gas discharged from the fuel heater is connected to the inlet of the collector, and the high-temperature exhaust gas is used as a heat source by heat exchange with the collector. The radiator is a water-cooled radiator, which is connected to the engine cooling water circulation, and the cooling water is used as a cold source by heat exchange with the water-cooled radiator. The thermoelectric sheet is located between the collector and the water-cooled radiator, so there is a temperature difference at both ends of the thermoelectric sheet. Under the action of the thermoelectric effect, an electric potential difference is formed, that is, electric energy is generated. The electric energy generated by the thermoelectric power generation device when it is working can continuously supply energy to the fuel heater to maintain continuous operation. The exhaust gas generated by the fuel heater when it is working can establish a temperature difference at both ends of the thermoelectric sheet of the thermoelectric power generation device and then output electric energy. The temperature difference and the electric energy generated by the thermoelectric power generation device form a positive feedback, so that the fuel heater and the thermoelectric power generation device can work normally. The high-temperature exhaust gas enters the thermoelectric power generation device at the collector inlet with a large amount of heat, and still has a predetermined amount of heat when leaving the collector outlet, so it preheats the battery and the engine body. The power supply paths between the thermoelectric power generation device and the fuel heater and the battery are power path 5 and power path 6 respectively.
如图1所示，所述调节部件，位于燃油加热器排气和温差发电设备之间，用于根据排气质量流量调节排气的流动路径。在完成燃油加热器启动和持续运转的基础上，充分考虑燃油加热器的排热量。排热量主要反应为排出气体的质量流量，因此，调节部件能够根据排热量的不同，切换四种工作模式：模式一为燃油加热器的高温排气只供给温差发电设备输出电能；模式二为燃油加热器的高温排气同时供给温差发电设备输出电能和为电池预热；模式三为燃油加热器的高温排气同时供给温差发电设备输出电能、为电池预热、为发动机机体预热；模式四为燃油加热器的高温排气在供给温差发电设备输出电能、为电池预热、为发动机机体预热的基础上，额外的热量直接排至大气环境，以免热量过多对各部件造成损害。As shown in FIG1 , the regulating component is located between the exhaust gas of the fuel heater and the thermoelectric power generation device, and is used to adjust the flow path of the exhaust gas according to the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. On the basis of completing the startup and continuous operation of the fuel heater, the heat dissipation of the fuel heater is fully considered. The heat dissipation mainly reflects the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. Therefore, the regulating component can switch four working modes according to the different heat dissipation: Mode 1 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater only supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electric energy; Mode 2 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater simultaneously supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electric energy and preheats the battery; Mode 3 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater simultaneously supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electric energy, preheats the battery, and preheats the engine body; Mode 4 is that the high-temperature exhaust gas of the fuel heater supplies the thermoelectric power generation device to output electric energy, preheats the battery, and preheats the engine body, and the additional heat is directly discharged to the atmosphere to avoid excessive heat from causing damage to various components.
如图2所示，调节部件包括调节杆11、弹簧12和外壳13。如图1所示，燃油加热器与调节部件之间的排气路径为热力路径2。调节部件与温差发电设备、电池、发动机机体和外界环境之间的四个排气路径分别为热力路径3.1、热力路径3.2、热力路径3.3、热力路径3.4。温差发电设备与电池、发动机机体之间的两个排气路径分别为热力路径4.1、热力路径4.2。调节部件根据弹簧弹力和排气质量流量大小实现对排气路径的改变进而完成工作模式的切换，工作模式切换原理如下：As shown in Figure 2, the adjusting component includes an adjusting rod 11, a spring 12 and a housing 13. As shown in Figure 1, the exhaust path between the fuel heater and the adjusting component is a thermal path 2. The four exhaust paths between the adjusting component and the thermodynamic power generation equipment, the battery, the engine body and the external environment are thermal path 3.1, thermal path 3.2, thermal path 3.3, and thermal path 3.4. The two exhaust paths between the thermodynamic power generation equipment and the battery and the engine body are thermal path 4.1 and thermal path 4.2. The adjusting component changes the exhaust path according to the spring force and the exhaust mass flow rate to complete the switching of the working mode. The working mode switching principle is as follows:
排气流量为m,重力加速度为9.8m/s2,则排气重力为：The exhaust flow rate is m, the gravity acceleration is 9.8m/s2 , then the exhaust gravity is:
G＝m*g (7)G＝m*g (7)
弹簧的弹性系数为210N/m,形变量为δx,则弹力为：The elastic coefficient of the spring is 210N/m, the deformation is δx, and the elastic force is:
Fk＝k*δx (8)Fk = k*δx (8)
排气流入调节部件后，受排气重力作用压缩弹簧，如图4所示，则：After the exhaust gas flows into the regulating component, the spring is compressed by the exhaust gas gravity, as shown in Figure 4. Then:
m*g ＝ k*δx (9)m*g ＝ k*δx (9)
本发明公开的一种用于柴油机冷启动的热电联供系统的工作方法为：The present invention discloses a working method of a combined heat and power system for cold starting of a diesel engine as follows:
步骤一：使用超级电容经电力路径1启动燃油加热器，使燃油加热器开始运转。Step 1: Use the supercapacitor to start the fuel heater via power path 1 to start the fuel heater.
步骤二：燃油加热器运转后会产生大量高温排气，该部分气体经热力路径2至调节部件后有四种工作模式。所述四种工作模式是在考虑温差发电设备、电池、发动机机体和大气环境四者的优先级的基础上，通过调节部件来调整燃油加热器排热的流向路径。四种模式的共同之处在于高温排气在集热器出口离开时由于仍具有预定热量，因此再分别通过热力路径4.1和热力路径4.2为电池和发动机机体进行预热，这同时也保障了在任一工作模式下均能够满足对电池部件和发动机机体的预热需求。Step 2: After the fuel heater is in operation, a large amount of high-temperature exhaust gas will be generated. After this part of the gas passes through the thermal path 2 to the regulating component, there are four working modes. The four working modes are based on the priority of the temperature difference power generation equipment, batteries, engine body and atmospheric environment, and the flow path of the fuel heater heat exhaust is adjusted by adjusting the components. The common point of the four modes is that the high-temperature exhaust gas still has a predetermined amount of heat when leaving the collector outlet, so it is preheated for the battery and the engine body through the thermal path 4.1 and the thermal path 4.2 respectively. This also ensures that the preheating requirements for the battery components and the engine body can be met in any working mode.
所述工作模式一，当排气流量满足m<1.2kg/s时，燃油加热器排热量较小，温差发电设备由于能够产生电能供给燃油加热器实现持续运转，所以优先级最高，因此排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第一层。In the working mode 1, when the exhaust flow rate satisfies m<1.2kg/s, the fuel heater dissipates less heat, and the thermoelectric power generation device has the highest priority because it can generate electricity to supply the fuel heater to achieve continuous operation. Therefore, the exhaust gas is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation device through the thermal path 3.1, and this branch is located in the first layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式二，当排气流量满足1.2kg/s≤m<2kg/s时，燃油加热器排热量较大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备，集热器温度过高，使热电片未处在最适工作范围，导致输出电能减小，因此热量需供给其他部件。电池由于用于发动机启动，所以优先级仅次于温差发电设备，因此排气还通过热力路径3.2供给电池，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第二层。In the second working mode, when the exhaust flow rate meets 1.2kg/s≤m<2kg/s, the fuel heater discharges a large amount of heat. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation device through the thermal path 3.1, the collector temperature is too high, so that the thermoelectric sheet is not in the optimal working range, resulting in a decrease in output power, so the heat needs to be supplied to other components. Since the battery is used for engine starting, its priority is second only to the thermoelectric power generation device, so the exhaust is also supplied to the battery through the thermal path 3.2, which is located in the second layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式三，当排气流量满足2kg/s≤m<4kg/s时，燃油加热器排热量进一步增大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备、通过热力路径3.2供给电池，那么除了不利于热电片的输出性能，还导致较高热量没及时供给发动机机体预热，影响发动机冷启动工作，没能充分减少冷启动准备时间，进而制约冷启动性能。发动机机体由于在启动前需建立合适的启动温度条件，所以优先级再次于电池，因此排气还通过热力路径3.3供给发动机机体，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第三层。In the working mode 3, when the exhaust flow rate meets 2kg/s≤m<4kg/s, the exhaust heat of the fuel heater is further increased. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation equipment through the thermal path 3.1 and the battery through the thermal path 3.2, it will not only be detrimental to the output performance of the thermoelectric sheet, but also cause the high heat not to be supplied to the engine body for preheating in time, affecting the cold start of the engine, and failing to fully reduce the cold start preparation time, thereby restricting the cold start performance. The engine body needs to establish a suitable starting temperature condition before starting, so it has priority over the battery again, so the exhaust is also supplied to the engine body through the thermal path 3.3, which is located in the third layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
所述工作模式四，当排气流量满足m≥4kg/s时，燃油加热器排热量过大，如果排气只通过热力路径3.1供给温差发电设备、通过热力路径3.2供给电池、通过热力路径3.3供给发动机机体，可能对各部件造成损害。为了避免造成损害，可直接将过多的热量排至大气环境，而这部分只作为过热保护，所以优先级最低，因此排气还通过热力路径3.4排给大气环境，此支路位于调节部件由上至下的四个支路中的第四层。In the fourth working mode, when the exhaust flow rate satisfies m≥4kg/s, the fuel heater discharges too much heat. If the exhaust is only supplied to the thermoelectric power generation equipment through the thermal path 3.1, the battery through the thermal path 3.2, and the engine body through the thermal path 3.3, it may cause damage to the components. In order to avoid damage, the excessive heat can be directly discharged to the atmosphere, and this part is only used as overheating protection, so it has the lowest priority. Therefore, the exhaust is also discharged to the atmosphere through the thermal path 3.4, which is located in the fourth layer of the four branches from top to bottom of the regulating component.
根据排气流量和结构的尺寸，四种工作模式切换的临界条件如下：According to the exhaust flow rate and the size of the structure, the critical conditions for switching between the four working modes are as follows:
当m＝1.2kg/s,When m＝1.2kg/s,
m1*g ＝ k*L1 (10)m1 *g ＝ k*L1 (10)
则L1＝56mm。Then L1 =56 mm.
当m＝2kg/s,When m＝2kg/s,
m2*g ＝ k*L2 (11)m2 *g ＝ k*L2 (11)
则L2＝93.3mm。Then L2 =93.3 mm.
当m＝4kg/s,When m＝4kg/s,
m3*g ＝ k*L3 (12)m3 *g ＝ k*L3 (12)
则L3＝186.7mm。Then L3 =186.7 mm.
步骤三：温差发电设备产生的电能通过电力路径5用于给燃油加热器供能，进而维持燃油加热器的持续运转。在保证燃油加热器正常工作使用外，当电池达到适宜的充电温度，电能能够通过电力路径6用于为电池充电，供发动机启动使用。Step 3: The electric energy generated by the thermoelectric power generation device is used to power the fuel heater through the power path 5, thereby maintaining the continuous operation of the fuel heater. In addition to ensuring the normal operation of the fuel heater, when the battery reaches a suitable charging temperature, the electric energy can be used to charge the battery through the power path 6 for starting the engine.
步骤四：当发动机达到适宜的启动温度，则发动机能够进行启动，根据步骤一至步骤二实现燃油加热器的启动和持续运转，同时能够满足为电池部件和发动机机体预热的需求。此外，在燃油加热器排热量不同时，根据步骤二切换不同工作模式，使得温差发电设备处于最适工作状态，同时减少冷启动准备时间，实现能量的充分、高效利用。Step 4: When the engine reaches the appropriate starting temperature, the engine can be started, and the fuel heater can be started and continuously operated according to steps 1 and 2, and the requirements for preheating the battery components and the engine body can be met. In addition, when the heat dissipation of the fuel heater is different, different working modes are switched according to step 2, so that the temperature difference power generation equipment is in the most suitable working state, and the cold start preparation time is reduced, so as to achieve full and efficient use of energy.
以上所述的具体描述，对发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明，所应理解的是，以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已，并不用于限定本发明的保护范围，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。The specific description above further illustrates the purpose, technical solutions and beneficial effects of the invention in detail. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202310009029.5ACN116291986B (en) | 2023-01-04 | 2023-01-04 | Combined heat and power system for cold start of diesel engine |
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202310009029.5ACN116291986B (en) | 2023-01-04 | 2023-01-04 | Combined heat and power system for cold start of diesel engine |
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| CN116291986A CN116291986A (en) | 2023-06-23 |
| CN116291986Btrue CN116291986B (en) | 2024-07-05 |
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202310009029.5AActiveCN116291986B (en) | 2023-01-04 | 2023-01-04 | Combined heat and power system for cold start of diesel engine |
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| CN108625988A (en)* | 2018-04-26 | 2018-10-09 | 山东大学 | A kind of CCHP microgrids structure and its operation method containing compressed-air energy storage |
| CN113807746A (en)* | 2021-10-20 | 2021-12-17 | 南京信息工程大学 | A comprehensive operation optimization method for a combined cooling, heating and power system |
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| CN114156502A (en)* | 2021-11-16 | 2022-03-08 | 同济大学 | Fuel cell cogeneration system |
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| CN108625988A (en)* | 2018-04-26 | 2018-10-09 | 山东大学 | A kind of CCHP microgrids structure and its operation method containing compressed-air energy storage |
| CN113807746A (en)* | 2021-10-20 | 2021-12-17 | 南京信息工程大学 | A comprehensive operation optimization method for a combined cooling, heating and power system |
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