方法领域method field
本发明属于植物栽植方法领域，具体涉及一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法。The invention belongs to the field of planting methods, and in particular relates to a method for planting, managing and protecting ginkgo under stress habitat conditions.
背景方法background method
银杏属于坚果类果树，果实和叶子含丰富的类黄酮，对心血管疾病有良好的治疗作用，同时有润肺止咳作用，对咳嗽和哮喘有非常好的治疗效果。银杏果还能够制作糕点及选作美味佳肴的配料；在宋代就被列为皇家贡品。银杏属于深根性慢生长寿树种，喜光，不耐荫；喜温暖气候，适宜年均温8-20℃，耐-20～30℃，PH4.5～8.0酸性土、石灰土均可生长；耐干旱，不耐积水；不耐盐碱。Ginkgo is a nut tree. The fruit and leaves are rich in flavonoids, which have a good therapeutic effect on cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, it has the effect of moistening the lungs and relieving cough, and has a very good therapeutic effect on cough and asthma. Ginkgo fruit can also be used as an ingredient in cakes and delicacies; it was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Ginkgo is a deep-rooted slow-growing tree species that likes light and is not shade-tolerant; it likes warm climates, suitable for an average annual temperature of 8-20°C, can tolerate -20-30°C, and can grow in acidic soils and lime soils with a pH of 4.5-8.0; Drought, intolerance to stagnant water; intolerance to salinity.
胁迫生境的立地条件(山坡地、盐碱地、江河湖岸地)由于自身特殊的地形以及其它因素，均导致三种胁迫生境的立地条件存在一个共同的问题：土壤中的水分量不适宜银杏的正常生长。目前，在胁迫生境条件下栽植和养护银杏的方法中均使用的是常规的种植方法，采用此方法在胁迫生境条件下栽植和养护银杏，存在栽植银杏的成活率低及后续银杏生长势差的问题。The site conditions of the stress habitats (hillside land, saline-alkali land, rivers and lakes) due to their own special terrain and other factors, all lead to a common problem in the site conditions of the three stress habitats: the amount of water in the soil is not suitable for the normal growth of ginkgo biloba . At present, conventional planting methods are used in the methods of planting and maintaining ginkgo under stress habitat conditions. If this method is used to plant and maintain ginkgo under stress habitat conditions, the survival rate of planted ginkgo is low and the growth potential of subsequent ginkgo is poor. question.
因此，需要一种能解决在胁迫生境条件下银杏栽植存活率低及后续银杏产量低的问题的种植方法。Therefore, need a kind of planting method that can solve the problem of low ginkgo planting survival rate and follow-up ginkgo yield under stress habitat conditions.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决现有方法的胁迫生境条件下银杏栽植成活率不高及后续银杏产量低的问题，本发明从山坡地、盐碱地、江河湖岸地等不同立地条件下银杏栽植方法及其后续养护管理措施等方面，提供了一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法，以期获得理想的生产目标。In order to solve the problem that the survival rate of ginkgo planting is not high and the subsequent ginkgo yield is low under the stress habitat conditions of the existing method, the present invention starts from the ginkgo planting method and its follow-up maintenance management measures under different site conditions such as hillside land, saline-alkali land, river and lake shore, etc. On the one hand, a method for planting, managing and protecting ginkgo under stress habitat conditions is provided, in order to obtain ideal production goals.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法，包括胁迫立地条件下的植前处理、栽植和栽后养护管理；A method for planting, managing and protecting ginkgo under stress habitat conditions, including pre-plant treatment, planting and post-planting maintenance and management under stress site conditions;
其中，胁迫立地条件下的植前处理包括对银杏栽植的土地进行整地处理，使栽植银杏的土壤中保持一定的水分，土壤中的水分量应足以保证银杏的正常生长。Wherein, the pre-planting treatment under the stress site condition includes preparing the land where the ginkgo is planted, so as to maintain a certain amount of water in the soil where the ginkgo is planted, and the amount of water in the soil should be sufficient to ensure the normal growth of the ginkgo.
优选的，所述胁迫立地条件包括山坡地、盐碱地和江河湖岸地三种。Preferably, the stress site conditions include hillside land, saline-alkali land and river and lake shore land.
优选的，所述山坡地立地条件下植前处理方法包括梯形整地、铺设椰子纤维网和栽植植物篱笆；Preferably, the pre-planting treatment method includes trapezoidal land preparation, laying coconut fiber nets and planting plant fences under the site conditions of the hillside;
所述梯形整地的方法为：选择向阳山坡按等高线做宽约2～4米的带状整地，相邻等高线间保持斜长4～6米的斜坡地形，斜坡和栽植带之间形成梯形构造的坡地；The trapezoidal land preparation method is as follows: choose the sunny hillside to make a strip-shaped land preparation with a width of about 2 to 4 meters according to the contour line, keep a slope terrain with an oblique length of 4 to 6 meters between adjacent contour lines, and keep a slope between the slope and the planting belt. A slope that forms a trapezoidal structure;
所述铺设椰子纤维网的方法为：根据山坡坡面面积大小选择与其面积相当的椰子纤维网，将椰子纤维网四个角上用木棍插入土壤固定，使其铺设固定在梯形构造的坡地上；The method for laying the coconut fiber net is as follows: select the coconut fiber net equivalent to its area according to the area of the hillside slope, insert the four corners of the coconut fiber net into the soil and fix it with sticks, so that it is laid and fixed on the slope of the trapezoidal structure ;
所述栽植植物篱笆的方法为：沿梯形构造的坡地的等高线外侧密集种植，所述密集是指等高植物篱，使种植的植物篱笆之间紧密挨着，不留空隙。The method of planting the plant fence is: densely planting along the outside of the contour line of the trapezoidal slope, and the density refers to the contour plant hedge, so that the planted plant hedges are close to each other without leaving any gaps.
优选的，植物篱为黄栀子、沙棘、牡荆、火棘、大叶黄杨中一种。Preferably, the hedgerow is one of gardenia jasminoides, sea buckthorn, vitex, pyracantha, and euonymus.
优选的，所述盐碱地立地条件下植前处理方法包括淋水管网排盐、隔离层防盐和土壤改良；Preferably, the pre-planting treatment method under the site conditions of the saline-alkali land includes water drainage pipe network salt discharge, isolation layer anti-salt and soil improvement;
所述淋水管网排盐的方法为：在盐碱地面下1～3m的位置，每隔5米埋设直径为50～55mm的淋水管形成网络系统，形成的网格系统与地下排水系统相连，使土壤中盐分沿地下排水管排出；The method for draining salt from the water spraying pipe network is as follows: burying water spraying pipes with a diameter of 50 to 55 mm every 5 meters at a position 1 to 3 m below the saline-alkali ground to form a network system, and the formed grid system is connected with the underground drainage system, so that The salt in the soil is discharged along the underground drainage pipe;
所述隔离层防盐的方法为：在绿化面积较小且密度较大的精品绿地，在树坑底部0.5-0.8米处铺设碎石，然后依次填入粗沙、细沙，接着加入8～12cm以上有机肥，周边用土工膜与外围土壤隔开，在盐碱化比较严重的区域可结合上述淋水管网排盐方法同时使用；The salt-proof method of the isolation layer is as follows: in the high-quality green space with small green area and high density, lay gravel at the bottom of the tree pit at 0.5-0.8 meters, then fill in coarse sand and fine sand in turn, and then add 8 ~ For organic fertilizers over 12cm in size, the surrounding area is separated from the surrounding soil by a geomembrane, and it can be used in conjunction with the above-mentioned water spraying pipe network salt drainage method in areas with serious salinization;
所述有机肥为猪粪、牛粪、垃圾、草木灰其中的一种或多种混合物；The organic fertilizer is one or more mixtures of pig manure, cow dung, garbage, plant ash;
所述土壤改良的方法包括填埋客土和追施酸性肥料；The method for improving the soil comprises filling foreign soil and topdressing acidic fertilizers;
所述填埋客土的方法为：在树坑底部至坑周用土工膜覆盖，然后在坑里填埋没有遭受盐碱侵蚀并适合银杏生长的异地土壤；The method for filling foreign soil is as follows: cover the bottom of the tree pit to the circumference of the pit with a geomembrane, and then fill the pit with off-site soil that has not been subjected to saline-alkali erosion and is suitable for ginkgo growth;
所述追施酸性肥料的方法为：首先对盐碱地进行深层翻耕，加速淋盐，再按照商品酸性肥30Kg/亩、有机酸性肥300Kg/亩标准增施酸性肥，可以增强土地保墒抗旱能力，改良土地养分；The method for topdressing acidic fertilizers is: at first carry out deep plowing to saline-alkali land, accelerate salt leaching, then increase acidic fertilizers according to the standard of 30Kg/mu of commercial acidic fertilizer and 300Kg/mu of organic acidic fertilizer, which can enhance the ability of soil moisture conservation and drought resistance. improving soil nutrients;
所述商品酸性肥包括硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜溶液、过磷酸钙；Described commodity acidic fertilizer comprises ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate solution, superphosphate;
所述有机酸性肥包括农家肥中鸡粪、羊粪。The organic acidic fertilizer includes chicken manure and sheep manure in farmyard manure.
优选的，所述江河湖岸地立地条件下植前处理方法为垄上栽植的方式，避免栽植银杏的土壤中的含水量≥20％。Preferably, the pre-planting treatment method under site conditions on the banks of rivers and lakes is the method of planting on ridges, and the water content in the soil for planting ginkgo biloba is avoided to be greater than or equal to 20%.
优选的，所述银杏的栽植包括育苗和苗木移植；Preferably, the planting of the ginkgo comprises seedling raising and transplanting of seedlings;
所述育苗的步骤包括：控根容器的选择、栽培基质处理和控根容器中苗木栽植；The step of raising seedlings comprises: selection of root-controlling container, cultivation substrate treatment and planting of seedlings in the root-controlling container;
所述栽培基质按照如下步骤处理：将杂树皮、锯沫、枯枝落叶、玉米秸、花生壳、废菌棒、牛粪、圈粪；The cultivation substrate is processed according to the following steps: miscellaneous bark, saw foam, litter, corn stalks, peanut shells, waste fungus sticks, cow dung, pen manure;
杂树皮、锯沫、枯枝落叶、玉米秸、花生壳加工粉碎，粉碎后的原料的最大直径不超过2cm，然后将粉碎后的各原料混合并加入农富康秸秆发酵剂菌液发酵，发酵后得到中间基质，将中间基质与牛粪按4:1比例再混合得到最终栽培基质。Miscellaneous bark, sawdust, litter, corn stalks, and peanut shells are processed and crushed. The maximum diameter of the crushed raw materials does not exceed 2cm. Finally, the intermediate substrate is obtained, and the intermediate substrate and cow dung are mixed at a ratio of 4:1 to obtain the final cultivation substrate.
优选的，农富康秸秆发酵剂菌液发酵的条件为：植材含水率65～75％，温度28～32℃，接种量0.22～0.28克/千克，起始pH3.8～4.2。优选的，所述银杏栽后养护管理包括摘心、人工授粉、施肥以及病虫害防治。Preferably, the fermentation conditions of Nongfukang straw starter are as follows: plant material moisture content 65-75%, temperature 28-32°C, inoculation amount 0.22-0.28 g/kg, initial pH 3.8-4.2. Preferably, the post-planting maintenance management of the ginkgo includes topping, artificial pollination, fertilization and pest control.
与现有方法相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：Compared with existing methods, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
本发明提供的一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法，从山坡地、盐碱地、江河湖岸地等不同立地条件下银杏栽植技术及其后续养护管理措施等方面进行研究。本发明所提供的一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法对包括胁迫立地条件下的植前处理，使栽植银杏的土壤中保持一定的水分，土壤中的水分量应足以保证银杏的正常生长。使用本发明所提供的银杏的栽植管护方法不仅有效解决了山坡地水土流失的问题、盐碱地含盐碱的水分过多的问题、江河湖岸地地下水位较高的问题，还使得培育的银杏苗木根系健壮，生长旺盛，极大地缩短银杏育苗周期，提高了银杏的移栽成活率，减少银杏苗木移栽后的工作量，特别是在大苗移栽及反季节移栽上具有明显的优势，同时可以具有使得银杏生产中产量品质双管齐上的突出特点。The present invention provides a planting, management and protection method of ginkgo under stress habitat conditions, which is studied from the aspects of ginkgo planting technology and subsequent maintenance and management measures under different site conditions such as hillside land, saline-alkali land, river and lake shore. The planting management and protection method of ginkgo under a kind of stress habitat condition provided by the present invention includes the pre-planting treatment under the stress site condition, so that a certain amount of moisture is kept in the soil for planting ginkgo, and the moisture content in the soil should be enough to ensure the normal growth of ginkgo. grow. The ginkgo planting management and protection method provided by the present invention not only effectively solves the problems of soil erosion on hillsides, the problem of excessive saline-alkali water in saline-alkali land, and the high groundwater level of rivers and lakes, but also makes the cultivated ginkgo seedlings The root system is strong and the growth is vigorous, which greatly shortens the period of ginkgo seedling cultivation, improves the survival rate of ginkgo transplanting, reduces the workload of ginkgo seedlings after transplanting, and has obvious advantages especially in large seedling transplanting and off-season transplanting. It can have the outstanding characteristics that make the production and quality of ginkgo both prosper.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明，但不应理解为本发明的限制。如未特殊说明，下述实施例中所用的方法手段为本领域方法人员所熟知的常规手段，下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径得到。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific examples, but should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the methods and means used in the following examples are conventional methods well known to those skilled in the art. The materials and reagents used in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, can be obtained from commercial sources.
实施例1Example 1
一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法，包括胁迫立地条件的植前处理、栽植措施和栽后养护管理；A method for planting, managing and protecting ginkgo under stress habitat conditions, including pre-plant treatment, planting measures and post-plant maintenance management for stress site conditions;
所述胁迫立地条件包括山坡地、盐碱地和江河湖岸地；The stress site conditions include hillside land, saline-alkali land and river and lake shore land;
其中，山坡地条件下银杏的植前处理方法包括：梯形整地、铺设椰子纤维网和栽植植物篱笆；Among them, the pre-planting treatment methods of ginkgo under hillside conditions include: trapezoidal land preparation, laying coconut fiber nets and planting plant fences;
盐碱地条件下银杏的植前处理方法包括：淋水管网排盐、隔离层防盐和土壤改良。The pre-planting treatment methods of Ginkgo biloba under saline-alkali soil conditions include: water drainage pipe network salt drainage, isolation layer salt prevention and soil improvement.
江河湖岸地条件下银杏的栽植管护方法中植前方法包括挖沟堆垄。Among the methods of planting management and protection of ginkgo under the conditions of rivers and lakes, the pre-planting methods include digging trenches and ridges.
山坡地带因地形地势不同与平地，下雨天容易发生地表径流从而导致水土流失，造成银杏栽植困难或生长发育受阻现象，针对这一情况，有必要对坡地做特殊处理，为银杏正常生长结实奠定基础。Due to the different topography and terrain, the hillside area is prone to surface runoff in rainy days, resulting in soil erosion, which makes it difficult to plant ginkgo or hinder its growth and development. In view of this situation, it is necessary to do special treatment on the slope to lay the foundation for the normal growth and firmness of ginkgo. .
山坡地条件下银杏的植前处理方法包括：The pre-planting treatment methods of ginkgo under hillside conditions include:
(1)梯形整地：选择向阳山坡按等高线做宽约2米的带状整地，相邻等高线间保持斜长4米的斜坡地形，这样斜坡和栽植带之间形成梯形构造的坡地；(1) Trapezoidal land preparation: Choose the Xiangyang hillside to prepare a strip-shaped land with a width of about 2 meters according to the contour line, and keep a slope terrain with a slope length of 4 meters between adjacent contour lines, so that a trapezoidal structure is formed between the slope and the planting belt. ;
(2)铺设椰子纤维网：(2) laying coconut fiber net:
椰子纤维网是指把椰子果皮经过浸泡、敲打、晾晒包装等工序而制成纤维结构，再将纤维编织成网状物。其具有很强的吸水性且不怕冷热、5年之久不腐烂的特点。Coconut fiber net refers to the process of soaking, beating, drying and packaging the coconut peel to make a fiber structure, and then weaving the fiber into a net. It has strong water absorption, is not afraid of cold and heat, and has the characteristics of not decomposing for 5 years.
将椰子纤维网铺设固定在梯形坡地上，坡地被纤维地衣网罩着，不仅土壤不易流失，而且纤维还可以蓄积足量水分供银杏生长发育之需，5年之后因腐烂纤维网可变成银杏树生长的有机肥料；Laying and fixing the coconut fiber net on the trapezoidal slope, the slope is covered by the fiber lichen net, not only the soil is not easy to lose, but also the fiber can accumulate enough water for the growth and development of ginkgo. After 5 years, the rotten fiber net can become ginkgo Organic fertilizers for tree growth;
(3)栽植植物篱笆：(3) Planting plant fences:
沿梯形构造的坡地的等高线外侧密集种植(密集是指等高植物篱，使种植的植物篱笆之间紧密挨着，不留空隙，由于植物成排密集种植，这样可使得上坡向流失的泥沙沉积于下一排篱笆带前；Dense planting along the outside of the contour line of the slope of the trapezoidal structure (dense refers to the contour plant hedges, so that the planted plant hedges are close to each other without leaving gaps, because the plants are planted densely in rows, which can make the upslope direction loss The sediment is deposited in front of the next row of fence strips;
其中，植物篱的种类选择可结合自身具有固氮作用的植物建设固氮植物篱如苜蓿和能产生一定经济效益的植物建造经济植物篱如黄栀子、沙棘等。Among them, the selection of the types of hedgerows can be combined with plants that have nitrogen-fixing effects to build nitrogen-fixing hedgerows, such as alfalfa, and plants that can produce certain economic benefits to build economic hedgerows, such as yellow gardenia and seabuckthorn.
盐碱地具有地下水位高的特点，随地表水分蒸发的土壤会形成垂直方向的毛细组织，含有盐碱的水分会通过毛细组织上升，将盐碱带入地表土壤，从而危害银杏正常生长，所以有必要采取相应措施降低银杏周边土壤盐分浓度。Saline-alkali land has the characteristics of high groundwater level. The soil evaporated with the surface water will form capillary tissue in the vertical direction. The water containing saline and alkali will rise through the capillary tissue and bring saline-alkali into the surface soil, thus endangering the normal growth of ginkgo. Therefore, it is necessary to Take corresponding measures to reduce the soil salinity concentration around Ginkgo biloba.
盐碱地条件下银杏的植前处理方法包括：The pre-planting treatment methods of ginkgo under saline-alkali conditions include:
(1)淋水管网排盐：在盐碱地面下1m处，每隔5米埋设直径为50mm的淋水管形成网络系统，形成的网络系统与地下排水系统相连，可以使土壤中盐分沿地下排水管排出，从而降低银杏树周边土壤盐分含量；(1) Sprinkler pipe network salt drainage: 1m below the saline-alkali ground, sprinkler pipes with a diameter of 50mm are buried every 5 meters to form a network system. The formed network system is connected to the underground drainage system, which can make the salt in the soil flow along the underground drainage pipes. discharge, thereby reducing the salt content of the soil around the ginkgo tree;
(2)隔离层防盐：在绿化面积小于100m2且密度较大(银杏植株行距小于1*2m)的精品绿地，用设置隔离层方法来减轻盐分对银杏危害，其主要目的是阻止含盐水分通过土壤毛细组织上升。具体做法是：在树坑底部0.5-0.8m铺设碎石，然后依次填入粗沙、细沙，再加入10cm以上有机肥(有机肥为：猪粪、牛粪、垃圾、草木灰其中的一种或者多种混合)，树坑周边用土工膜与外围土壤隔开；在盐碱化比较严重的区域可结合淋水管网排盐方法同时使用；(2) Isolation layer salt prevention: In the high-quality green land with a green area of less than 100m2 and high density (ginkgo plant row spacing is less than 1*2m), use the method of setting an isolation layer to reduce the harm of salt to ginkgo. The main purpose is to prevent salt water Minutes rise through the capillaries of the soil. The specific method is: lay gravel at the bottom of the tree pit at 0.5-0.8m, then fill in coarse sand and fine sand in turn, and then add more than 10cm of organic fertilizer (organic fertilizer is one of pig manure, cow dung, garbage, plant ash) Or a variety of mixtures), the surrounding of the tree pit is separated from the surrounding soil by geomembrane; in areas with serious salinization, it can be used in combination with the method of draining salt from the water pipe network;
土工膜采购自HDPE16000/1.0GB/T17643-2011山东鸿跃环保The geomembrane is purchased from HDPE16000/1.0GB/T17643-2011 Shandong Hongyue Environmental Protection
(3)土壤改良：这是盐碱地栽植银杏必不可少的措施之一，具体包括填埋客土及追施酸性肥料等达到酸碱中和降低土壤PH值的目的，酸性肥料包括硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜、过磷酸钙.、农家肥中鸡粪、羊粪。(3) Soil improvement: This is one of the essential measures for planting ginkgo in saline-alkali land. Specifically, it includes filling foreign soil and topdressing acidic fertilizers to achieve acid-base neutralization and reduce soil pH. Acidic fertilizers include ferrous sulfate, Copper sulfate, calcium superphosphate, chicken manure and sheep manure in farmyard manure.
其中，填埋客土法的具体操作：在树坑底部至坑周用土工膜覆盖，可以起着隔离周边盐碱水的作用，然后在树坑里填埋没有遭受盐碱侵蚀并适合银杏生长的异地土壤，将树坑填满。Among them, the specific operation of landfill method: cover the bottom of the tree pit to the periphery of the pit with geomembrane, which can play a role in isolating the surrounding saline-alkali water, and then bury it in the tree pit without suffering from saline-alkali erosion and suitable for the growth of ginkgo. Fill the tree pit with the off-site soil.
追施酸性肥料的具体操作：化肥中硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜溶液、过磷酸钙、农家肥中鸡粪、羊粪蛋都是不错的酸性肥料。结合深耕，可对盐碱地进行深层翻耕，加速淋盐，可以将深层优质土壤与盐碱地表面的土壤相混合，再按照化肥酸性肥30Kg/亩、有机(农家)酸性肥300Kg/亩标准增施酸性肥。可以增强土地保墒抗旱能力，改良土地养分，双管齐下。The specific operation of topdressing acidic fertilizers: Ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate solution, superphosphate in chemical fertilizers, chicken manure in farmyard manure, sheep manure and eggs are all good acidic fertilizers. Combined with deep plowing, deep plowing can be carried out on saline-alkali land to speed up salt leaching. The deep-layer high-quality soil can be mixed with the soil on the surface of saline-alkali land, and then add acid according to the standard of 30Kg/mu of chemical fertilizer acid fertilizer and 300Kg/mu of organic (farmhouse) acid fertilizer Fat. It can enhance the ability of soil moisture conservation and drought resistance, improve soil nutrients, and take a two-pronged approach.
硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜溶液、过磷酸钙采购自南昌明瑞化工有限公司Ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate solution, and superphosphate were purchased from Nanchang Mingrui Chemical Co., Ltd.
江河湖岸临水区域，地下水位较高，栽植在此地的银杏容易受水分胁迫而影响生长：植物在水分胁迫下根系活力一般呈下降趋势，根系细胞膜脂过氧化作用增强，超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶等保护酶的活力下降。植物根系活力的下降，不仅直接影响植物体对水分和矿质元素的吸收，而且对根系的合成代谢和地上部分的同化作用都会产生不利影响。In the waterfront area of rivers and lakes, the groundwater level is relatively high, and the growth of ginkgo biloba planted here is easily affected by water stress: under water stress, the root activity of plants generally shows a downward trend, the lipid peroxidation of root cell membranes is enhanced, superoxide dismutase and The activity of protective enzymes such as catalase decreases. The decline of plant root activity not only directly affects the absorption of water and mineral elements by plants, but also has adverse effects on the anabolism of roots and the assimilation of aerial parts.
江河湖岸地盐碱地条件下银杏的植前处理方法包括：江河湖岸地种植银杏一定要浅栽(浅烖指的是种植深度一般要求在根颈以上10cm左右，使浇水后土壤下沉，根颈与土面平齐)，切忌深栽，然后在树盘表面堆加种植土抬高银杏根球位置，甚至在地下水位更高的河滩地还可采取挖沟堆垄在垄上栽植的方式，相应地降低地下水位高度。The pre-planting treatment methods of ginkgo in the saline-alkali land of rivers and lakes include: planting ginkgo in rivers and lakes must be planted shallowly (shallow means that the planting depth is generally required to be about 10cm above the root neck, so that the soil sinks after watering, and the root neck level with the soil surface), avoid deep planting, and then pile up planting soil on the surface of the tree tray to raise the root ball position of the ginkgo biloba. Lower the groundwater table accordingly.
在三种胁迫生境条件下按照每种条件下采取不同的植前处理方法对不同胁迫生境条件进行银杏栽植前的处理。植前处理结束后，为使银杏苗木体内快速积累更多营养物质，以期实现早结丰产优质的生产目标，三种胁迫生境条件下栽植银杏均需要贯彻“十字方针”，分别为：苗壮、坑大、肥足、土干、踏实，具体的措施如下：Under the three stress habitat conditions, according to each condition, different pre-planting treatment methods are used to treat the ginkgo before planting under different stress habitat conditions. After the pre-planting treatment, in order to quickly accumulate more nutrients in the ginkgo seedlings, in order to achieve the production goals of early fruiting, high yield and high quality, the "cross policy" must be implemented for planting ginkgo under the three stress habitat conditions, namely: strong seedlings, The pit is large, fat enough, the soil is dry, and solid. The specific measures are as follows:
(1)选用控根容器育苗方法培育壮苗。控根容器育苗的主要优点是生根快、生根量大、苗木成活率高、移栽方便、一年四季都可以移栽。(1) Use the method of root-controlling container seedling cultivation to cultivate strong seedlings. The main advantages of root-controlled container seedlings are fast rooting, large rooting capacity, high seedling survival rate, convenient transplanting, and can be transplanted all year round.
育苗步骤为：1)控根容器选择:根径4cm以下，高度3.5cm以下，选用K3031容器；根径4cm以上，10cm以下，高度3.5cm左右，可选用K9063规格的容器；Seedling raising step is: 1) root control container selection: below root diameter 4cm, below height 3.5cm, select K3031 container for use; More than root diameter 4cm, below 10cm, about height 3.5cm, can select the container of K9063 specification for use;
控根容器采购自合肥美莳园艺用品有限公司The root control container was purchased from Hefei Meishi Gardening Supplies Co., Ltd.
2)栽培基质处理：适宜栽培的基质主要种类有杂树皮、锯沫、枯枝落叶、作物秸秆(玉米秸)、花生壳、废菌棒、牛粪、圈粪等。杂树皮、锯沫、枯枝落叶、作物秸秆(玉米秸)、花生壳等加工粉碎，最大直径不超过2cm。加入特制菌液发酵后使用。栽培基质与牛粪(圈粪)混合比例为4:1；2) Cultivation substrate treatment: The main types of substrates suitable for cultivation include miscellaneous bark, saw foam, litter, crop straw (corn straw), peanut shells, waste fungus sticks, cow dung, pen manure, etc. Miscellaneous bark, sawdust, litter, crop stalks (corn stalks), peanut shells, etc. are processed and crushed, with a maximum diameter of no more than 2cm. It is used after adding special bacterial liquid for fermentation. The mixing ratio of cultivation medium and cow dung (pen manure) is 4:1;
3)苗木栽植于控根容器中：栽植最好选择阴天或下午进行。栽植时根系与基质紧密结合，栽植时根底部要垫一定基质，边栽边提动，然后踩实，基质不用太满，基质离容器上边缘5cm左右，以便浇水；3) Seedlings are planted in root-controlling containers: it is best to choose cloudy days or afternoons for planting. When planting, the root system is closely combined with the substrate. When planting, a certain amount of substrate should be placed on the bottom of the root. Lift it while planting, and then step on it. The substrate should not be too full. The substrate should be about 5cm away from the upper edge of the container for watering;
4)控根容器苗管理：根据天气季节温湿度变化浇水尤为重要，浇水要浇透，不要上湿下干，掌握不好就会造成缺水或多水现象，对苗木生长都不利，浇水最佳时间是早晨；春天是植株旺盛生长期，施肥能及时供给植株需要的养分，此时施肥以氮肥为主，并加入适量的磷钾肥，氮磷钾比例--般为3:1:1。这样既可使植株枝叶茂盛，还利于生根。在使用化肥的同时，还可以使一些腐熟的圈肥，这样不仅能达到营养平衡的目的，还可以有效提高土壤的肥力和疏松度，使苗木全面吸收养分。4) Management of root-control container seedlings: Watering according to the temperature and humidity changes in weather seasons is particularly important. Watering should be thoroughly watered, not wet from top to bottom, dry from top to bottom, otherwise it will cause water shortage or excess water, which is not good for the growth of seedlings. The best time for watering is in the morning; spring is the vigorous growth period of plants, and fertilization can supply the nutrients needed by plants in time. At this time, fertilization is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally 3:1 :1. This will not only make the branches and leaves of the plant lush, but also conducive to rooting. While using chemical fertilizers, some decomposed circle fertilizers can also be used, which can not only achieve the purpose of nutritional balance, but also effectively improve the fertility and porosity of the soil, so that the seedlings can fully absorb nutrients.
磷钾肥和氮肥采购自Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizers are purchased from
经统计，使用该方法可以使得银杏的根量增加30-50倍，侧根粗短，根系健壮，生长旺盛，地上部生长强健，枝芽饱满，苗木成活率达到98％以上；育苗周期缩短一半，移栽后管理工作量减少50％以上。According to statistics, the use of this method can increase the root volume of ginkgo by 30-50 times, the lateral roots are thick and short, the root system is strong, the growth is vigorous, the aboveground part grows strong, the branches and buds are full, and the survival rate of seedlings reaches more than 98%; the seedling cultivation cycle is shortened by half, After transplanting, the management workload is reduced by more than 50%.
(2)根据苗木规格确定栽植坑的大小，一般按苗木地径12倍确定坑的边长，按地径10倍确定坑深。(2) Determine the size of the planting pit according to the specifications of the seedlings. Generally, the side length of the pit is determined by 12 times the diameter of the seedlings, and the depth of the pit is determined by 10 times the diameter of the seedlings.
(3)每个栽植坑从底部施入经发酵的有机肥，施至坑深的一半；(3) Apply fermented organic fertilizer from the bottom to each planting pit, and apply to half of the depth of the pit;
其中，有机肥包括栏粪、绿肥、草木灰、堆肥。Among them, organic fertilizers include manure, green manure, plant ash, and compost.
(1)为保证刚栽植下去的银杏树根系能与周围土壤紧密结合，在栽植过程中，应分层填土；分层填土是指：按“3填2踩1提苗”的方法执行：分3次填土，每次填土10cm，前2次填后踩实土壤，最后握着苗干稍稍上提以舒展根系。(1) In order to ensure that the root system of the newly planted ginkgo tree can be closely combined with the surrounding soil, the soil should be filled in layers during the planting process; layered filling means: follow the method of "3 fills, 2 steps, 1 lift" : Fill the soil in 3 times, 10cm each time, step on the soil after the first 2 times of filling, and finally hold the stem of the seedling and lift it up slightly to stretch the root system.
传统栽植方法(常规生境下的栽植方法)在三种胁迫生境条件下栽植银杏的平均成活率为49％；其中山坡地条件下成活率为50％；盐碱地为30％；江河湖岸地为67％。而银杏采取上述植前处理和栽植方法在三种的胁迫生境条件下，经统计三种胁迫生境条件下栽植银杏的平均存活率为91％；山坡地条件下栽植银杏树的存活率为90％；盐碱地条件下栽植银杏树的存活率为91％；江河湖岸地条件下栽植银杏树的存活率为92％。说明本发明所提供的在胁迫生境条件下银杏的植前处理方法和栽植措施具有提高银杏栽植成活率的优点。Traditional planting methods (planting methods under conventional habitats) have an average survival rate of 49% for planting ginkgo under three kinds of stress habitat conditions; wherein the survival rate is 50% under hillside conditions; 30% for saline-alkali land; 67% for rivers and lakes . And ginkgo adopts above-mentioned pre-planting treatment and planting method under three kinds of stress habitat conditions, the average survival rate of planting ginkgo under three kinds of stress habitat conditions through statistics is 91%; The survival rate of planting ginkgo trees under hillside conditions is 90% ; The survival rate of planting ginkgo trees under the conditions of saline-alkali land is 91%; the survival rate of planting ginkgo trees under the conditions of rivers and lakes is 92%. It shows that the pre-planting treatment method and planting measures of ginkgo under stress habitat conditions provided by the present invention have the advantage of improving the survival rate of ginkgo planting.
银杏栽后养护管理的方法包括不同部位间营养关系调控、人工授粉、施肥、病虫害防治。The post-planting maintenance and management methods of Ginkgo include regulation of nutritional relationship between different parts, artificial pollination, fertilization, and pest control.
不同部位间营养关系调控的方法如下：The method of regulating the nutritional relationship between different parts is as follows:
(1)新梢摘心：对1～3年生嫁接幼树新梢摘心，可迅速扩大树冠。在一般肥水条件下，若不对新梢摘心，银杏嫁接幼树每年只发一次春梢，直到8月份才停止伸长生长；若在5月下旬对春梢摘心，则在7～10天后，腋芽可抽生出夏梢。摘心不仅能迅速促发新梢，增加侧枝群，加速树冠扩大，而且摘心后春梢和夏梢的粗度增加，促进芽眼饱满，可提早开花结果。对4～6年生银杏树，在5月底至6月上旬对全部新梢摘心，促使芽眼饱满，以期早日结果；(1) Topping new shoots: Picking new shoots of 1 to 3-year-old grafted young trees can quickly expand the crown. Under normal fertilizer and water conditions, if the new shoots are not topped, the ginkgo grafted saplings only sprout spring shoots once a year, and the elongation and growth will not stop until August; Summer shoots can be extracted. Pinching can not only quickly promote new shoots, increase side branch groups, and accelerate crown expansion, but also increase the thickness of spring and summer shoots after pinching, promote full bud eyes, and early flowering and fruiting. For ginkgo trees that are 4-6 years old, top off all the new shoots from the end of May to the first ten days of June to make the buds full and expect early fruiting;
(2)刻伤、环割：在树木休眠期的冬季，对粗壮枝条进行刻伤处理，即在芽或枝的上端或下方，用刀横刻，深达木质部，使养分运输受阻，集中在刻伤处的枝条和芽眼上，以促进发枝和花芽分化；在6月下旬至7月下旬对枝及主干进行环割处理，即在主干、主枝或侧枝的中下部剥去一圈韧皮部，剥皮宽度为枝条直径1/10，或将剥下的皮层倒贴回去，然后用薄膜捆绑，以利愈合(或用铁丝在主干上离地面20～30cm处环扎1～2圈，两圈相隔5～10cm)，环割(扎)可使有机养分集中在割口或扎口上部，有利于促进花芽分化和提早开花结果；(2) Scraping and circumcision: In the winter of the dormant period of the tree, the thick branches are carved, that is, the upper or lower ends of the buds or branches are cut horizontally with a knife, reaching deep into the xylem, so that the transportation of nutrients is blocked and concentrated in the On the branches and bud eyes of the wounded part to promote the differentiation of branches and flower buds; from the end of June to the end of July, the branches and main trunks are circumcised, that is, a circle of phloem is peeled off the middle and lower parts of the main trunk, main branches or side branches , the peeling width is 1/10 of the diameter of the branch, or the peeled cortex is pasted back upside down, and then tied with a film to facilitate healing (or use an iron wire to wrap 1 to 2 circles on the trunk at a distance of 20 to 30 cm from the ground, and the two circles are separated. 5-10cm), circumcision (piercing) can concentrate organic nutrients on the incision or the upper part of the piercing, which is conducive to promoting flower bud differentiation and early flowering and fruiting;
(3)通过修剪调整营养生长和生殖生长的关系：冬季，对多年生枝短截及疏剪弱枝和病虫枝；夏季，疏剪、除萌和抹芽。通过疏枝、短截、压顶等方法给树体“开门”、“开天窗”，培养通风透光树体结构，调节树体营养生长和生殖生长的关系：抑制病弱枝、徒长枝，减少其生长过程中消耗树体营养物质，使得更多营养物质转向生殖生长，促进生殖器官发育，促使多开花结果以提高果实产量，采果后，剪除枯枝、病虫枝、缩剪弱枝；而对于银杏大树老树采取复壮的方法进行修剪：疏删为主，促发新梢，更新树冠，老龄树主要采取回缩，短截等方法促发新梢，使树体更新复壮，延长结果期，回缩越重，新枝萌发力越强。(3) Adjust the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth through pruning: in winter, cut off perennial branches and thin out weak and diseased branches; in summer, thin out, remove buds and wipe buds. "Open the door" and "open the skylight" to the tree body by thinning, short-cutting, top pressing, etc., cultivate a ventilated and light-transmitting tree structure, and adjust the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree: inhibit sick and weak branches and elongated branches, and reduce their growth During the process, the nutrients of the tree are consumed, so that more nutrients are diverted to reproductive growth, promoting the development of reproductive organs, and promoting more flowering and fruiting to increase fruit yield. After fruit picking, cut off dead branches, diseased and insect branches, and shrink weak branches; Ginkgo biloba old trees are pruned by the method of rejuvenation: thinning and pruning are the main methods to promote new shoots and renew the crown. Old trees mainly adopt methods such as retraction and short cutting to promote new shoots, rejuvenate the tree body, and prolong the fruiting period , the heavier the retraction, the stronger the germination force of new shoots.
使用此方法可使得银杏增产1.2倍以上。Using this method can increase the yield of ginkgo by more than 1.2 times.
人工授粉的方法如下：The method of artificial pollination is as follows:
在4月下旬银杏雄花序由绿色变为淡黄色时将其采下(若过早采，花粉没熟；若过晚采，花粉已飞散)，将采下的花序平铺在两层洁白干净的纸中间，置于阳光下晾晒2～3天后，即可干燥散粉；将收集到的花粉按每克兑水250ml配成花粉液，选择晴天上午10时后或下午4时前用喷雾器喷于雌株树冠。Pick the ginkgo male inflorescences from green to light yellow in late April (if picked too early, the pollen is immature; if picked too late, the pollen has been scattered), spread the picked inflorescences on two layers of white and clean In the middle of the paper, put it in the sun for 2 to 3 days, and then dry the loose powder; mix the collected pollen with 250ml of water per gram to make a pollen liquid, and spray it with a sprayer after 10 am or before 4 pm on a sunny day. Crown of female plant.
使用此方法可提高银杏的着果率1倍以上，进而使其果实产量翻1.2-1.3倍。Using this method can increase the fruit setting rate of ginkgo by more than 1 time, and then make its fruit yield double by 1.2-1.3 times.
施肥的方法如下：The method of fertilization is as follows:
(1)施基肥：在10月上中旬或翌年2月中旬至3月中旬，结合深翻改土，按照坡向方向在等高带上沿树冠滴水线往外挖长0.8～1.2m、宽0.5～0.8m的施肥沟，沟内分层放入草皮泥、绿肥、垃圾泥的(补充它们的混合比例)混合物40～50kg、栏粪20～30kg、菜麸1～2kg、过磷酸钙0.5～1.0kg、复合肥0.5kg，土壤偏酸的果园可结合施用适量石灰；最后覆土高出地面10cm左右，以免土壤沉实后形成积水坑。(1) Base fertilizer application: In early and mid-October or mid-February to mid-March of the following year, combined with deep plowing and soil improvement, dig out 0.8-1.2m long and 0.5m wide along the crown drip line on the contour belt according to the slope direction. ~0.8m fertilization ditch, put 40~50kg of mixture of turf mud, green manure, and garbage mud (to supplement their mixing ratio) in layers, 20~30kg of manure, 1~2kg of vegetable bran, and 0.5~ 1.0kg, 0.5kg of compound fertilizer, orchards with acidic soil can be combined with the application of appropriate amount of lime; the final covering soil is about 10cm above the ground, so as to avoid the formation of puddles after the soil settles.
(2)微肥施用：在银杏结果初期施用钾肥，可促使果实膨大，使其果实色泽良好；钾肥也能使树木茎杆强健，提高其抗病虫、抗旱和抗倒伏的能力。在海拔较高的山区，在银杏树进入休眠期前施用钾肥，还可以提高树体渗透势，降低冰点，进而提高树木抗冻能力。(2) Application of micro-fertilizer: Applying potassium fertilizer at the early stage of ginkgo fruiting can promote fruit expansion and make the fruit color good; potassium fertilizer can also make the tree stem strong and improve its resistance to diseases and insect pests, drought resistance and lodging resistance. In mountainous areas with higher altitudes, applying potassium fertilizer before the ginkgo trees enter the dormancy period can also increase the osmotic potential of the trees, lower the freezing point, and then improve the frost resistance of the trees.
使用该施肥方法可促进银杏快速增长，使其果实产量翻1.4-1.5倍。Using this fertilization method can promote the rapid growth of ginkgo biloba and increase its fruit yield by 1.4-1.5 times.
银杏常见的病害有茎腐病、干涸病；常见虫害有超小卷叶蛾、大蚕蛾、白蚁、桃蛀螟、枯叶夜蛾、大袋蛾等。病虫害的产生主要与银杏种植区域环境有关。其防治可从农业、生物、物理、化学四方面展开：Common diseases of ginkgo include stem rot and dry disease; The occurrence of pests and diseases is mainly related to the environment of ginkgo planting area. Its control can be carried out from four aspects: agriculture, biology, physics and chemistry:
(1)农业措施：选择地势平坦、不积水、空气相对湿度适中的地方作为银杏的栽培地，栽植时需保证基肥充足，浅栽以保护银杏根系的伤口愈合以及发根，进而有效抑制病虫害的产生；在雨后及时进行排水，定期清除银杏种植范围内的杂草、落叶。(1) Agricultural measures: choose a place with flat terrain, no water accumulation, and moderate air relative humidity as the cultivation site of ginkgo. When planting, it is necessary to ensure sufficient basal fertilizer and shallow planting to protect the wound healing and hair roots of the ginkgo root system, thereby effectively inhibiting pests and diseases. Drainage in time after the rain, regular removal of weeds and fallen leaves within the ginkgo planting range.
(2)生物措施：在银杏种植区域内引入黑小蜂、五齿青蜂，通过寄生于黄刺蛾茧吸食其养分，降低黄刺蛾的成活率；利用银杏超小卷夜蛾成虫羽化后多栖息于树干的习性，在四月份对树干部位进行集中人工消灭处理；根据六月份大袋蛾幼集中在叶片背面的生物习性，在此期间对其进行人工消灭处理；还可利用光肩星天牛成虫在六、七月雨过天晴后群集性的特点，进行人工捕捉；(2) Biological measures: Introduce the black wasp and the pentadentate wasp in the ginkgo planting area, and absorb the nutrients by parasitizing on the cocoons of the yellow stinger moth, reducing the survival rate of the yellow stinger moth; Most of the habit of inhabiting the trunk, the trunk will be manually eliminated in April; according to the biological habit of the large bag moth larvae concentrated on the back of the leaves in June, it will be artificially eliminated during this period; , The characteristics of clustering after the rain in July, and the artificial capture;
(3)物理方法：物理防治是主要利用工具及各种如光、温度、机械等物理因素有效防治病虫害的手段，如利用黑光灯吸引大蚕蛾成虫，对其进行捕杀；在病虫害密集区域设置护栏，进行物理阻隔；在秋冬季节摘除银杏种植区域内大袋蛾以及黄刺蛾的虫茧，并对其进行烧毁；(3) Physical methods: Physical control is a means to effectively prevent and control pests and diseases mainly by using tools and various physical factors such as light, temperature, machinery, etc., such as using black light to attract adult silkworm moths and killing them; setting up guardrails in dense areas of pests and diseases , for physical barrier; in the autumn and winter seasons, the cocoons of the big bag moth and the yellow moth are removed in the ginkgo planting area, and they are burned;
(4)化学方法：利用各种化学药剂采取喷雾、喷粉、浸种等方式有效控制银杏病虫害。在银杏超小卷叶蛾危害严重期，使用百分之二点五溴氰菊酯乳油三千倍液在树冠处喷雾两次。或在其幼虫注入树干后在树干处喷洒敌敌畏原液、氧化乐果、柴油按四、五、十的比例混合的药剂。此外，也可在树皮处刷生石灰、敌敌畏乳剂、食盐、清水按照质量比为50：1：10：190混合制成的药剂，防止银杏超小卷叶蛾成虫羽化；用百分之八十敌敌畏一千倍液防治第一代桃蛀螟成虫，在其孵化期喷洒百分之四十杀螟松一千倍液，一周之后第二次喷洒，达到杀死桃蛀螟幼虫的目的。(4) Chemical methods: Use various chemical agents to effectively control ginkgo pests and diseases by means of spraying, dusting, and seed soaking. During the period when the Ginkgo biloba leaf tortrix is seriously harmful, use 3,000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate to spray twice on the tree crown. Or spray dichlorvos stock solution, omethoate, and diesel oil on the trunk after the larvae are injected into the trunk. In addition, the bark can also be brushed with quicklime, dichlorvos emulsion, salt, and water in a mass ratio of 50:1:10:190 to prevent the emergence of adults of the super small leaf roller moth of Ginkgo biloba; use 80% dichlorvos a Thousand-fold solution to control the first generation of peach borer moth adults, spray 40% fenitrothion thousand-fold liquid during the hatching period, and spray for the second time after a week to achieve the purpose of killing peach borer larvae.
综上所述，本发明所提供的一种胁迫生境条件下银杏的栽植管护方法，先通过植前处理方法，比如铺设椰子纤维网、栽植植物篱笆以及淋水管网排盐、隔离层防盐、挖沟堆垄等方法在不同胁迫生境条件(山坡地、盐碱地、江河湖岸地)下栽植银杏可以显著提高银杏的栽植成活率。在此基础上通过营养关系调控如环割、环剥、微量元素追施以及人工授粉、控根容器育苗等银杏栽后养护管理的方法可以达成银杏优质增产的目的。In summary, the planting management and protection method of ginkgo under a kind of stress habitat condition provided by the present invention first passes through the pre-planting treatment method, such as laying coconut fiber nets, planting plant fences and watering pipe network salt discharge, isolation layer salt prevention Planting Ginkgo biloba under different stress habitat conditions (hill slopes, saline-alkali land, rivers and lakes) can significantly improve the survival rate of Ginkgo planting. On this basis, the post-planting maintenance and management methods of Ginkgo biloba, such as circumcision, girdling, topdressing of trace elements, artificial pollination, and root-controlled container seedling cultivation, can achieve the goal of high-quality Ginkgo production increase through the regulation of nutritional relationship.
尽管已描述了本发明的优选实施例，但本领域内的技术人员一旦得知了基本创造性概念，则可对这些实施例作出另外的变更和修改。所以，所附权利要求意欲解释为包括优选实施例以及落入本发明范围的所有变更和修改。While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, additional changes and modifications to these embodiments can be made by those skilled in the art once the basic inventive concept is appreciated. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be construed to cover the preferred embodiment as well as all changes and modifications which fall within the scope of the invention.
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样，倘若本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalent technologies, the present invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202310415182.8ACN116267396A (en) | 2023-04-18 | 2023-04-18 | A kind of planting management and protection method of ginkgo under stress habitat conditions |
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