CN116183265A - A model test device and test method for tunnel structure under the action of deep underground high water pressure - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure and a test method thereof. The test method is that after the test device is installed, the tunnel segment model is horizontally placed in the lining, the high water pressure effect of the deep underground tunnel is realized through water inflow pressurization, meanwhile, the loose soil pressure of the tunnel is simulated through the filled soil layer, and the real environment simulation of the deep tunnel is realized. The deformation condition inside the free observation device is realized through the observation hole, the portable operation is carried out, and the external pressure can be reasonably controlled through the observed deformation condition.

Description

Translated fromChinese

一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置及其试验方法A tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure and its testtest method

技术领域technical field

本发明属于隧道工程领域，具体涉及一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置及其试验方法。The invention belongs to the field of tunnel engineering, and in particular relates to a tunnel structure model test device and a test method thereof under the action of deep underground high water pressure.

背景技术Background technique

随着我国对地下的开发利用日益增加，深层地下隧道建设已成为不可避免的趋势，深层地下隧道结构安全也逐渐成为国内研究的重要课题。对于隧道结构安全，以往试验研究主要采用相似模型，但是隧道与土层的相似模型复杂，而且随着试验研究的侧重点不同，各参数的相似难以统一，比如结构变形与地层沉降求出的相似比就存在一定差异；此外，随着隧道埋深增加，地层层数越多，相似地层模型制作难度越大，目前的科研技术，很难做到精细且完全相似的结构与地层模型。With the increasing development and utilization of underground in our country, the construction of deep underground tunnels has become an inevitable trend, and the structural safety of deep underground tunnels has gradually become an important topic of domestic research. For tunnel structural safety, similarity models were mainly used in previous experimental studies, but the similarity models between tunnels and soil layers are complex, and with different emphases of experimental research, it is difficult to unify the similarity of parameters, such as the similarity between structural deformation and ground settlement. In addition, as the depth of the tunnel increases and the number of stratum layers increases, it is more difficult to make a similar stratum model. It is difficult to achieve a fine and completely similar structure and stratum model with current scientific research and technology.

另一方面，根据岩土工程知识与经验，深层地下土体稳定，而且隧道施工对周围地层影响小，模型试验只需要通过模拟松动土层与地下水作用以实现试验效果与目的。On the other hand, according to the knowledge and experience of geotechnical engineering, the deep underground soil is stable, and the tunnel construction has little impact on the surrounding stratum. The model test only needs to simulate the interaction between the loose soil layer and groundwater to achieve the test effect and purpose.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明的目的在于提供深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置及其试验方法，该装置通过加水实现深层地下隧道的高水压作用，同时通过充填土层模拟隧道松动土压，实现了真实的深层隧道环境模拟。The object of the present invention is to provide the tunnel structure model test device and test method thereof under the deep underground high water pressure, the device realizes the high water pressure effect of the deep underground tunnel by adding water, and simultaneously simulates the tunnel loosening earth pressure by filling the soil layer to realize Realistic simulation of deep tunnel environment.

一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，包括压力圆筒，压力圆筒的两端利用可活动的密封盖板进行高压密封与固定支撑，压力圆筒内设有约束管和衬砌，衬砌的两端与密封盖板通过支撑部件固定密封，压力圆筒设有进气口、排气口、进水口和排水口。A tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure, including a pressure cylinder, the two ends of the pressure cylinder use movable sealing cover plates for high-pressure sealing and fixed support, and the pressure cylinder is equipped with a restraint tube and Lining, the two ends of the lining and the sealing cover plate are fixed and sealed through the support component, and the pressure cylinder is provided with an air inlet, an exhaust outlet, a water inlet and a water outlet.

进一步，密封盖板之间固定有张拉杆。Further, tension rods are fixed between the sealing cover plates.

进一步，衬砌与约束管之间设有围岩模型。Further, a surrounding rock model is provided between the lining and the restraint pipe.

进一步，支撑部件为中空圆锥台，包括中空的底座，底座中空处设有圆锥台，圆锥台的外壁与衬砌的内壁相匹配并贴合。Further, the supporting part is a hollow truncated cone, including a hollow base, a truncated cone is arranged in the hollow of the base, and the outer wall of the truncated cone matches and fits the inner wall of the lining.

进一步，圆锥台外圈设有密封槽，密封槽内设有密封条，密封条密封圆锥台与衬砌外壁之间的缝隙。Further, the outer ring of the truncated cone is provided with a sealing groove, and a sealing strip is arranged in the sealing groove, and the sealing strip seals the gap between the truncated cone and the outer wall of the lining.

进一步，密封盖板设有观察窗。Further, the sealing cover plate is provided with an observation window.

一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的试验方法，包括如下步骤：A test method for a tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure, comprising the following steps:

(1)在衬砌外壁的中段和两端的三个横截面处安装应变计、位移计和压力表；(1) Install strain gauges, displacement gauges and pressure gauges at the three cross-sections of the middle section and both ends of the outer wall of the lining;

(2)将衬砌放入约束管内，垂直放置，在衬砌与约束管之间填充围岩土，衬砌壁后间隙注浆形成围岩模型后，水平放置于压力圆筒内，摄像机安装在管片内衬上，隧道管片模型水平放入衬砌内；(2) Put the lining into the restraint pipe, place it vertically, fill the surrounding rock soil between the lining and the restraint pipe, form the surrounding rock model by grouting in the gap behind the lining wall, place it horizontally in the pressure cylinder, and install the camera on the segment On the lining, the tunnel segment model is placed horizontally in the lining;

(3)密封盖板密封压力圆筒的两端并通过张拉杆和螺栓固定；(3) The sealing cover plate seals both ends of the pressure cylinder and is fixed by tension rods and bolts;

(4)测试试验装置内的仪器是否可以正常使用，测试完毕后将水通过进水口注入至压力圆筒内，并且在进气口进行充气加压；(4) Test whether the instrument in the test device can be used normally. After the test, inject water into the pressure cylinder through the water inlet, and inflate and pressurize the air inlet;

(5)在记录一次数据后，使用手动泵在达到预测临界压力的一半之前和之后以30kpa和10kpa的增量对腔室进行加压，在试验过程中，实时记录了施加的水压，位移和应变，通过相机实时记录衬砌的变形特征。(5) After recording the data once, use the manual pump to pressurize the chamber in increments of 30kpa and 10kpa before and after reaching half of the predicted critical pressure. During the test, the applied water pressure, displacement and strain, the deformation characteristics of the lining are recorded in real time through the camera.

优选的，步骤(4)中注水加压的具体步骤如下：在实验装置下端在进水口先注入液态水排尽空气，直到压力圆筒内完全被水充满后，排水口得到稳定的、与注水口注入相同流速、流量的排出水时，注排水过程结束，关闭注水和排水阀门。Preferably, the specific steps of water injection and pressurization in step (4) are as follows: first inject liquid water into the water inlet at the lower end of the experimental device to exhaust the air until the pressure cylinder is completely filled with water, and the outlet is stabilized and compatible with the injection. When the water port injects the discharge water with the same flow rate and flow rate, the water injection process ends, and the water injection and drainage valves are closed.

优选的，基于室内土工试验的结构模型材料制作通常是将比例模型材料按照一定相似比进行制作。而涉及深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验要考虑流-固耦合作用下衬砌材料的性能。选择合适的相似比材料进行隧道衬砌模型的制作是至关重要的。根据实际工程中不同隧道的性能，灵活采用不同材料进行模拟。Preferably, the manufacture of structural model materials based on indoor geotechnical tests is usually made of scale model materials according to a certain similar ratio. The performance of the lining material under the fluid-solid coupling should be considered in the model test of the tunnel structure under the action of deep underground high water pressure. It is very important to choose the appropriate similarity ratio material for the fabrication of tunnel lining model. According to the performance of different tunnels in actual engineering, different materials are flexibly used for simulation.

围岩厚度，根据施工松动情况而变化。增大圆筒直径，即可留出足够的围岩空间。增加围岩厚度根据围岩松动情况确定，两端用土工布进行密封。The thickness of the surrounding rock varies according to the loosening conditions of the construction. Enlarging the diameter of the cylinder can leave enough space for the surrounding rock. The thickness of the surrounding rock is increased according to the looseness of the surrounding rock, and the two ends are sealed with geotextiles.

使用相似比制作衬砌模型要考虑两方面关键因素：隧道模型的物理性能和力学性能。物理性能包括几何尺寸、边界条件、三相组成、孔隙比、渗透性、重度、膨胀性和耐崩解性等。力学性能包括抗拉、抗压、抗剪、抗弯强度和变形特性。要与实际隧道工程相一致，以实现试验的最终目的：高水压作用下对隧道结构的影响，即对应力应变和位移的监测。There are two key factors to consider when using the similarity ratio to make a lining model: the physical and mechanical properties of the tunnel model. Physical properties include geometric dimensions, boundary conditions, three-phase composition, void ratio, permeability, gravity, expansion and disintegration resistance, etc. Mechanical properties include tensile, compressive, shear, flexural strength and deformation properties. It should be consistent with the actual tunnel engineering to achieve the ultimate goal of the test: the influence of high water pressure on the tunnel structure, that is, the monitoring of stress, strain and displacement.

根据相似比确定隧道模型材料与尺寸，满足不同尺寸需求以及能够灵活调整外侧注浆材料物理参数，工程上通常采用量纲分析法推导相似关系。理论上相似实验需要使隧道模型与实际隧道的具体物理量具有一定相似比，而实际上很难保证各物理量都满足相似条件。故保证主要参数物理量满足相似关系即可，并且保证主要参数满足弹性阶段相似进行设计。根据量纲分析法得出以下相似关系。根据量纲分析法得出以下相似关系。例如采用聚乙烯(PE)管制作隧道管片模型，错缝和通缝分别组装后埋入土中，研究均布荷载引起的变形沉降，变形监测利用千分表连接在隧道模型上，衬砌模型的相似物理量如下。The material and size of the tunnel model are determined according to the similarity ratio to meet the requirements of different sizes and the physical parameters of the outer grouting material can be flexibly adjusted. In engineering, the dimensional analysis method is usually used to derive the similarity relationship. In theory, the similarity experiment needs to have a certain similarity ratio between the tunnel model and the specific physical quantities of the actual tunnel, but in practice it is difficult to ensure that all physical quantities meet the similarity conditions. Therefore, it is enough to ensure that the physical quantities of the main parameters satisfy the similarity relationship, and ensure that the main parameters satisfy the elastic phase similarity for design. According to the dimensional analysis method, the following similar relations are obtained. According to the dimensional analysis method, the following similar relations are obtained. For example, polyethylene (PE) pipes are used to make a tunnel segment model, and the staggered joints and through joints are respectively assembled and buried in the soil to study the deformation and settlement caused by uniformly distributed loads. The deformation monitoring is connected to the tunnel model with a dial gauge. The lining model Similar physical quantities are as follows.

对于量纲为1参数的相似比常数仍为1The similarity ratio constant is still 1 for a parameter ofdimension 1

人为规定初始实验模型材料参数。其中，几何尺寸C_L由所选结构材料的尺寸决定，通常将模型结构的长、宽、高、厚度、直径等对比实际结构按照等比例缩小的方式制作；弹性模量C_E由所选结构材料的性质决定。The initial experimental model material parameters are artificially specified. Among them, the geometric dimension_CL is determined by the size of the selected structural material. Usually, the length, width, height, thickness, diameter_, etc. of the model structure are compared with the actual structure and made in an equal proportion; determined by the nature of the material.

C_E＝C_σ＝C_σt＝C_σc＝C_c (2)C_E =C_σ =C_σt =C_σc =C_c (2)

通过以上基本量的确定和物理公式，利用相似比关系，可以推导和求得其他模型参数物理量：Through the determination of the above basic quantities and physical formulas, and using the similarity ratio relationship, other model parameter physical quantities can be derived and obtained:

根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ=εL, the relationship between the displacement and the product of the strain and the elastic modulus is proportional to

C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (3)C_δ =C_ε C_L =C_L (3)

由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到It can be seen from dimensional analysis that the stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ=γL, and proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ=εE, we get

C_σ＝C_γC_L (4)C_σ ＝C_γ C_L (4)

C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (5)C_σ ＝C_ε C_E ＝C_E (5)

横纵向接头的弹性刚度系数C_kElastic stiffness coefficient C_k of transverse and longitudinal joints

管片横纵向的抗弯刚度EI，管片纵向抗拉抗压刚度EA，根据抗弯刚度EI＝EπD⁴/32、抗拉刚度EA＝EπD²/4，导相似比关系：The transverse and longitudinal bending stiffness EI of the segment, the longitudinal tensile and compressive stiffness EA of the segment, according to the bending stiffness EI=EπD⁴ /32 and the tensile stiffness EA=EπD² /4, the similar ratio relationship is derived:

C_EI＝C_EC_L⁴ (7)C_EI = C_E C_L⁴ (7)

C_EA＝C_EC_L² (8)C_EA = C_E C_L² (8)

对于衬砌外侧围岩土样的制作，选择水泥和凡士林作为胶结剂，砂、重晶石粉和滑石粉为骨料，硅油为调节剂，并配以适量的拌合水，制作土样模型。通过改变配比，来改变基本力学参数、流参数、流–固耦合效应、抗压强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、渗透系数。For the preparation of the surrounding rock soil samples outside the lining, cement and Vaseline were selected as cementing agents, sand, barite powder and talcum powder were used as aggregates, silicone oil was used as a regulator, and an appropriate amount of mixing water was used to make soil sample models. By changing the ratio, the basic mechanical parameters, flow parameters, fluid-solid coupling effect, compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and permeability coefficient can be changed.

对于量纲为1参数的相似比常数仍为1The similarity ratio constant is still 1 for a parameter ofdimension 1

根据均匀连续介质流固耦合模型，

推导流固耦合相似理论According to the fluid-structure interaction model of homogeneous continuous medium,

Derivation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Similarity Theory

根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ=εL, the relationship between the displacement and the product of the strain and the elastic modulus is proportional to

C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (11)C_δ =C_ε C_L =C_L (11)

由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到It can be seen from dimensional analysis that the stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ=γL, and proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ=εE, we get

C_σ＝C_γC_L (12)C_σ =C_γ C_L (12)

C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (13)C_σ =C_ε C_E =C_E (13)

各式中：μ——泊松比，δ——位移，ε——应变，γ——容重，

——内摩擦角，k——弹性刚度系数，L——长度，E——弹性模量，σ——应力，σt——抗拉强度，σc——抗压强度，K——渗透系数，C——黏聚力，EI——抗弯刚度，EA——抗拉刚度。Among the formulas: μ—Poisson’s ratio, δ—displacement, ε—strain, γ—density,

——internal friction angle, k——elastic stiffness coefficient, L——length, E——elastic modulus, σ——stress, σt——tensile strength, σc——compressive strength, K——permeability coefficient, C—cohesion, EI—bending stiffness, EA—tensile stiffness.

由于采用上述技术方案，本发明具有以下有益效果：Owing to adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the present invention has following beneficial effect:

1、该装置通过加水实现深层地下隧道的高水压作用，同时通过充填土层模拟隧道松动土压，实现了真实的深层隧道环境模拟。通过观察孔实现自由观察装置内部变形情况，便携操作，同时可以通过观察到的变形情况，合理控制外界压力大小。1. The device realizes the high water pressure of the deep underground tunnel by adding water, and at the same time simulates the loosening soil pressure of the tunnel by filling the soil layer, realizing the real deep tunnel environment simulation. Through the observation hole, the internal deformation of the device can be freely observed, and the operation is portable. At the same time, the external pressure can be reasonably controlled through the observed deformation.

2、该装置设计了中空圆锥台与密封条组成的支撑部件；通过拉近两端密封盖板将隧道模型套入支撑部件，利用密封条实现初期的隧道模型支撑与防水，随着水压增加，隧道模型受压直径缩小，增大对密封条压力，形成了模型端部水压自封，从而达到自密封的效果。2. The device is designed with a supporting part composed of a hollow conical truncated cone and a sealing strip; the tunnel model is inserted into the supporting part by pulling the sealing covers at both ends, and the sealing strip is used to realize the initial support and waterproof of the tunnel model. , the diameter of the tunnel model under pressure is reduced, and the pressure on the sealing strip is increased, forming a hydraulic self-sealing at the end of the model, thereby achieving the effect of self-sealing.

3、衬垫方面，现有模型大多数采用的是端夹式衬板，会高估临界屈曲压力。可实现径向和轴向可变形的端部支撑件不仅对衬砌的影响远小于传统的夹紧支撑件，而且还能够有效模拟无限长管道的一部分的边界条件以针对不同试验目的进行测试。3. In terms of liners, most of the existing models use end-clamp liners, which will overestimate the critical buckling pressure. The radially and axially deformable end supports not only have much less impact on the lining than conventional clamped supports, but also can effectively simulate the boundary conditions of a section of an infinitely long pipeline for testing for different test purposes.

4、根据相似比确定隧道模型材料与尺寸，满足不同尺寸需求以及能够灵活调整外侧注浆材料物理参数；根据实际工况中松动土层确定围岩厚度。4. Determine the material and size of the tunnel model according to the similarity ratio, meet the requirements of different sizes and flexibly adjust the physical parameters of the outer grouting material; determine the thickness of the surrounding rock according to the loose soil layer in the actual working condition.

5、根据试验需要，自行设定不同性能的充填材料，可以充分对充填物的材料性能进行实验探究。为其他同样尺寸(相似比、材料相同)但隧道围岩情况不同的工程提供对比。即相同隧道衬砌设计，但用于不同围岩、水压情况下，利用模型试验进行对比，分析其因围岩、水压条件不同带来的不同影响。5. According to the needs of the test, the filling material with different properties can be set by itself, so that the material properties of the filling can be fully explored experimentally. Provide a comparison for other projects with the same size (similarity ratio, same material) but different tunnel surrounding rock conditions. That is to say, the same tunnel lining design is used under different surrounding rock and water pressure conditions. Model tests are used to compare and analyze the different effects of different surrounding rock and water pressure conditions.

6、通过注排水和加减压系统实现对围岩外部水压的真实模拟，从而开展深层地下隧道结构试验，真实再现深层地下隧道受力，探明深层地下隧道结构破坏特征，为隧道设施安全设计提供有力支撑。之前很少考虑约束条件与围岩缺陷，在实际的隧道衬砌发生屈曲时，地下水压力与围岩共同作用，真实再现实际工况中，包裹衬砌的作用。6. Realize the real simulation of the external water pressure of the surrounding rock through the water injection and decompression system, so as to carry out the deep underground tunnel structure test, truly reproduce the force of the deep underground tunnel, and find out the damage characteristics of the deep underground tunnel structure, so as to ensure the safety of tunnel facilities Designed to provide strong support. Constraints and surrounding rock defects were rarely considered before. When the actual tunnel lining buckles, the groundwater pressure and the surrounding rock act together to truly reproduce the role of the lining in actual working conditions.

7、可以实现对应变与位移和施加压力之间关系的分析，研究弹性屈曲与衬里不稳定性和非弹性屈曲与塑性塌陷之间的关联性。7. The analysis of the relationship between strain, displacement and applied pressure can be realized, and the correlation between elastic buckling and lining instability and inelastic buckling and plastic collapse can be studied.

8、利用水不可压缩的特性，通过排气加压，将水注满腔体，在加压情况下水可以提供稳定压力，可以探究不同压力情况下对衬砌的影响。本装置可单独操作注水与注浆孔进行注水和填充砂浆，能够将水压与地层压力对衬砌的影响分别进行研究，同时能够分辨出两者的作用区别与共同作用机理。8. Utilizing the incompressible characteristics of water, the cavity is filled with water through exhaust and pressurization. Under pressurized conditions, water can provide stable pressure, and the influence of different pressure conditions on the lining can be explored. The device can independently operate the water injection and grouting holes to inject water and fill mortar, and can separately study the influence of water pressure and formation pressure on the lining, and at the same time, can distinguish the difference between the two and the mechanism of the joint action.

附图说明Description of drawings

下面根据附图对本发明作进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below according to accompanying drawing.

图1为本发明中深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的结构示意图。Fig. 1 is the structure schematic diagram of the tunnel structure model test device under the action of the deep underground high water pressure of the present invention.

图2为支撑部件的剖视图。Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a support member.

图3为支撑部件的主视图。Fig. 3 is a front view of the support member.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

如图1所示的一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，包括压力圆筒1，压力圆筒1的两端固定有密封盖板2，压力圆筒1内设有约束管3和衬砌4，衬砌4的两端与密封盖板2通过支撑部件5固定，约束管3套设在衬砌4外，压力圆筒1设有进气口6、排气口7、进水口8和排水口9。密封盖板2之间固定有张拉杆10。约束管3和衬砌4之间设有围岩模型11。如图2和图3所示，支撑部件5为中空圆锥台，包括中空的底座12，底座12中空处设有圆锥台13，圆锥台13的外壁与衬砌4的内壁相匹配并贴合。圆锥台13外圈设有密封槽14，密封槽14内设有密封条15，密封条15密封圆锥台13与衬砌4外壁之间的缝隙。密封盖板2设有观察窗16。As shown in Figure 1, a tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure includes apressure cylinder 1, the two ends of thepressure cylinder 1 are fixed with sealingcover plates 2, and thepressure cylinder 1 is equipped with constraints Thepipe 3 and thelining 4, the two ends of thelining 4 and the sealingcover plate 2 are fixed by thesupport member 5, therestraint pipe 3 is set outside thelining 4, and thepressure cylinder 1 is provided with anair inlet 6, anair outlet 7, and awater inlet 8 anddrain 9.Tension rods 10 are fixed between the sealingcover plates 2 . A surroundingrock model 11 is provided between theconstraint pipe 3 and thelining 4 . As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 , thesupport member 5 is a hollow truncated cone, including ahollow base 12 . The hollow of thebase 12 is provided with atruncated cone 13 . The outer wall of thetruncated cone 13 matches and fits the inner wall of thelining 4 . The outer ring of thetruncated cone 13 is provided with a sealinggroove 14, and the sealinggroove 14 is provided with a sealingstrip 15, and the sealingstrip 15 seals the gap between thetruncated cone 13 and the outer wall of thelining 4. The sealingcover plate 2 is provided with anobservation window 16 .

一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的试验方法，包括如下步骤：A test method for a tunnel structure model test device under the action of deep underground high water pressure, comprising the following steps:

(1)在衬砌4外壁的中段和两端的三个横截面处安装应变计、位移计和压力表；(1) Install strain gauges, displacement gauges and pressure gauges at the three cross-sections of the middle section and both ends of the outer wall of thelining 4;

(2)将衬砌4放入约束管3内，将压力圆筒1垂直放置，在压力圆筒1与约束管3之间填充注浆后水平放置，注浆形成围岩模型11，摄像机安装在管片内衬上，隧道管片模型水平放入衬砌4内；(2) Put thelining 4 into therestraint pipe 3, place thepressure cylinder 1 vertically, fill the gap between thepressure cylinder 1 and therestraint pipe 3 with grout and place it horizontally, form the surroundingrock model 11 by grouting, and install the camera on On the segment lining, the tunnel segment model is placed horizontally in thelining 4;

(3)密封盖板2密封压力圆筒1的两端并通过张拉杆10和螺栓固定；(3) The sealingcover plate 2 seals both ends of thepressure cylinder 1 and is fixed bytension rods 10 and bolts;

(4)测试试验装置内的仪器是否可以正常使用，测试完毕后将水通过进水口8注入至压力圆筒1内，在实验装置下端在进水口8先注入液态水排尽空气，直到压力圆筒1内完全被水充满后，排水口9得到稳定的、与注水口注入相同流速、流量的排出水时，注排水过程结束，关闭注水和排水阀门；(4) Test whether the instruments in the test device can be used normally. After the test, inject water into thepressure cylinder 1 through thewater inlet 8, and inject liquid water into thewater inlet 8 at the lower end of the test device to exhaust the air until the pressure cylinder After thecylinder 1 is completely filled with water, when thedischarge port 9 receives stable discharge water with the same flow rate and flow rate as the water injection port, the injection and drainage process is over, and the water injection and drainage valves are closed;

(5)在记录一次数据后，使用手动泵在达到预测临界压力的一半之前和之后以30kpa和10kpa的增量对腔室进行加压，在试验过程中，实时记录了施加的水压，位移和应变，通过相机实时记录衬砌4的变形特征。(5) After recording the data once, use the manual pump to pressurize the chamber in increments of 30kpa and 10kpa before and after reaching half of the predicted critical pressure. During the test, the applied water pressure, displacement and strain, the deformation characteristics of thelining 4 are recorded in real time by the camera.

加压的基本原理是帕斯卡定律，利用水为工作介质，以静压力传递进行工作。加压过程包括，在注排水过程结束后，使用空气驱动活塞在系统上方的加压口加入高压气体，由于液态水体积不可压缩，故气体的压力通过液态水全部施加到衬砌模型上，达到测试工作的目的。加压后通过排气口排出气体，使管道内压力平衡。The basic principle of pressurization is Pascal's law, using water as the working medium and working with static pressure transmission. The pressurization process includes, after the water injection and drainage process is completed, use the air to drive the piston to add high-pressure gas to the pressurization port above the system. Since the volume of liquid water is incompressible, the pressure of the gas is fully applied to the lining model through the liquid water to achieve the test purpose of work. After pressurization, the gas is discharged through the exhaust port to balance the pressure in the pipeline.

使用相似比制作衬砌4模型要考虑两方面关键因素：隧道模型的物理性能和力学性能。物理性能包括几何尺寸、边界条件、三相组成、孔隙比、渗透性、重度、膨胀性和耐崩解性等。力学性能包括抗拉、抗压、抗剪、抗弯强度和变形特性。要与实际隧道工程相一致，以实现试验的最终目的：高水压作用下对隧道结构的影响，即对应力应变和位移的监测。There are two key factors to be considered in making thelining 4 model using the similarity ratio: the physical properties and mechanical properties of the tunnel model. Physical properties include geometric dimensions, boundary conditions, three-phase composition, void ratio, permeability, gravity, expansion and disintegration resistance, etc. Mechanical properties include tensile, compressive, shear, flexural strength and deformation properties. It should be consistent with the actual tunnel engineering to achieve the ultimate goal of the test: the influence of high water pressure on the tunnel structure, that is, the monitoring of stress, strain and displacement.

根据相似比确定隧道模型材料与尺寸，满足不同尺寸需求以及能够灵活调整外侧注浆材料物理参数，工程上通常采用量纲分析法推导相似关系。理论上相似实验需要使隧道模型与实际隧道的具体物理量具有一定相似比，而实际上很难保证各物理量都满足相似条件。故保证主要参数物理量满足相似关系即可，并且保证主要参数满足弹性阶段相似进行设计。根据量纲分析法得出以下相似关系。根据量纲分析法得出以下相似关系。例如采用聚乙烯(PE)管制作隧道管片模型，错缝和通缝分别组装后埋入土中，研究均布荷载引起的变形沉降，变形监测利用千分表连接在隧道模型上，衬砌4模型的相似物理量如下。The material and size of the tunnel model are determined according to the similarity ratio to meet the requirements of different sizes and the physical parameters of the outer grouting material can be flexibly adjusted. In engineering, the dimensional analysis method is usually used to derive the similarity relationship. In theory, the similarity experiment needs to have a certain similarity ratio between the tunnel model and the specific physical quantities of the actual tunnel, but in practice it is difficult to ensure that all physical quantities meet the similarity conditions. Therefore, it is enough to ensure that the physical quantities of the main parameters satisfy the similarity relationship, and ensure that the main parameters satisfy the elastic phase similarity for design. According to the dimensional analysis method, the following similar relations are obtained. According to the dimensional analysis method, the following similar relations are obtained. For example, polyethylene (PE) pipes are used to make a tunnel segment model, and the staggered joints and through joints are respectively assembled and buried in the soil to study the deformation and settlement caused by uniformly distributed loads. The deformation monitoring is connected to the tunnel model with a dial gauge, and thelining 4 model The similar physical quantities of are as follows.

对于量纲为1参数的相似比尺仍为1A similar scale for a parameter ofdimension 1 is still 1

人为规定初始实验模型材料参数。其中，几何尺寸相似比尺C_L由所选结构材料的尺寸决定，通常将模型结构的长、宽、高、厚度、直径等对比实际结构按照等比例缩小的方式制作；弹性模量相似比尺C_E由所选结构材料的性质决定。The initial experimental model material parameters are artificially specified. Among them, the geometric similarity scale C_L is determined by the size of the selected structural material, usually the length, width, height, thickness, diameter, etc. C_E is determined by the nature of the chosen construction material.

C_E＝C_σ＝C_σt＝C_σc＝C_c (2)C_E =C_σ =C_σt =C_σc =C_c (2)

通过以上基本量的确定和物理公式，利用相似比关系，可以推导和求得其他模型参数物理量：Through the determination of the above basic quantities and physical formulas, and using the similarity ratio relationship, other model parameter physical quantities can be derived and obtained:

根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ=εL, the relationship between the displacement and the product of the strain and the elastic modulus is proportional to

C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (3)C_δ =C_ε C_L =C_L (3)

由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到It can be seen from dimensional analysis that the stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ=γL, and proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ=εE, we get

C_σ＝C_γC_L (4)C_σ ＝C_γ C_L (4)

C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (5)C_σ ＝C_ε C_E ＝C_E (5)

横纵向接头的弹性刚度相似比尺C_kElastic stiffness similarity scale C_k of transverse and longitudinal joints

管片横纵向的抗弯刚度EI，管片纵向抗拉抗压刚度EA，根据抗弯刚度EI＝EπD⁴/32、抗拉刚度EA＝EπD²/4，导相似比关系：The transverse and longitudinal bending stiffness EI of the segment, the longitudinal tensile and compressive stiffness EA of the segment, according to the bending stiffness EI=EπD⁴ /32 and the tensile stiffness EA=EπD² /4, the similar ratio relationship is derived:

C_EI＝C_EC_L⁴ (7)C_EI = C_E C_L⁴ (7)

C_EA＝C_EC_L² (8)C_EA = C_E C_L² (8)

对于衬砌4外侧围岩模型11的制作，选择水泥和凡士林作为胶结剂，砂、重晶石粉和滑石粉为骨料，硅油为调节剂，并配以适量的拌合水，制作土样模型。通过改变配比，来改变基本力学参数、流参数、流–固耦合效应、抗压强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、渗透系数。For the production of the outer surroundingrock model 11 of thelining 4, cement and Vaseline are selected as cement, sand, barite powder and talcum powder are used as aggregates, silicone oil is used as a regulator, and an appropriate amount of mixing water is used to make a soil sample model. By changing the ratio, the basic mechanical parameters, flow parameters, fluid-solid coupling effect, compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and permeability coefficient can be changed.

对于量纲为1参数的相似比尺仍为1A similar scale for a parameter ofdimension 1 is still 1

根据均匀连续介质流固耦合模型，

推导流固耦合相似理论According to the fluid-structure interaction model of homogeneous continuous medium,

Derivation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Similarity Theory

根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ=εL, the relationship between the displacement and the product of the strain and the elastic modulus is proportional to

C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (11)C_δ =C_ε C_L =C_L (11)

由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到It can be seen from dimensional analysis that the stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ=γL, and proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ=εE, we get

C_σ＝C_γC_L (12)C_σ =C_γ C_L (12)

C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (13)C_σ =C_ε C_E =C_E (13)

各式中：μ——泊松比，δ——位移，ε——应变，γ——容重，

——内摩擦角，k——弹性刚度系数，L——长度，E——弹性模量，σ——应力，σt——抗拉强度，σc——抗压强度，K——渗透系数，C——黏聚力，EI——抗弯刚度，EA——抗拉刚度。Among the formulas: μ—Poisson’s ratio, δ—displacement, ε—strain, γ—density,

——internal friction angle, k——elastic stiffness coefficient, L——length, E——elastic modulus, σ——stress, σt——tensile strength, σc——compressive strength, K——permeability coefficient, C—cohesion, EI—bending stiffness, EA—tensile stiffness.

以上仅为本发明的具体实施例，但本发明的技术特征并不局限于此。任何以本发明为基础，为解决基本相同的技术问题，实现基本相同的技术效果，所作出地简单变化、等同替换或者修饰等，皆涵盖于本发明的保护范围之中。The above are only specific embodiments of the present invention, but the technical features of the present invention are not limited thereto. Any simple changes, equivalent replacements or modifications based on the present invention to solve basically the same technical problems and achieve basically the same technical effects are covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

Translated fromChinese

1.一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：包括压力圆筒，所述压力圆筒的两端利用可活动的密封盖板进行高压密封与固定支撑，所述压力圆筒内设有约束管和衬砌，所述衬砌的两端与所述密封盖板通过支撑部件固定密封，所述压力圆筒设有进气口、排气口、进水口和排水口。1. A tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground, characterized in that it includes a pressure cylinder, both ends of the pressure cylinder are sealed and fixedly supported by movable sealing covers, a restraining pipe and a lining are arranged inside the pressure cylinder, both ends of the lining are fixedly sealed with the sealing cover by supporting components, and the pressure cylinder is provided with an air inlet, an exhaust port, a water inlet and a drain port.2.根据权利要求1所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：所述密封盖板之间固定有张拉杆。2. According to the tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that tension rods are fixed between the sealing cover plates.3.根据权利要求1所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：所述衬砌与所述约束管之间设有围岩模型。3. According to the tunnel structure model test device under deep underground high water pressure as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that a surrounding rock model is provided between the lining and the restraining pipe.4.根据权利要求1所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：所述支撑部件为中空圆锥台，包括中空的底座，所述底座中空处设有圆锥台，所述圆锥台的外壁与所述衬砌的内壁相匹配并贴合。4. According to claim 1, a tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground is characterized in that: the supporting component is a hollow frustum, including a hollow base, a frustum is provided in the hollow part of the base, and the outer wall of the frustum matches and fits with the inner wall of the lining.5.根据权利要求4所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：所述圆锥台外圈设有密封槽，所述密封槽内设有密封条，所述密封条密封所述圆锥台与所述衬砌外壁之间的缝隙。5. A tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground according to claim 4, characterized in that: a sealing groove is provided on the outer ring of the truncated cone, a sealing strip is provided in the sealing groove, and the sealing strip seals the gap between the truncated cone and the outer wall of the lining.6.根据权利要求1所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置，其特征在于：所述密封盖板设有观察窗。6. The tunnel structure model test device under deep underground high water pressure according to claim 1, characterized in that the sealing cover plate is provided with an observation window.7.如权利要求1-6任意一项所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的试验方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：7. A test method for a tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in a deep underground layer according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:(1)在衬砌外壁的中段和两端的三个横截面处安装应变计、位移计和压力表；(1) Install strain gauges, displacement gauges and pressure gauges at three cross sections in the middle and at both ends of the outer wall of the lining;(2)将衬砌放入约束管内，垂直放置，在衬砌与约束管之间填充围岩土，衬砌壁后间隙注浆形成围岩模型后，水平放置于压力圆筒内，摄像机安装在管片内衬上，隧道管片模型水平放入衬砌内；(2) The lining is placed vertically in the restraining tube, and the surrounding rock soil is filled between the lining and the restraining tube. After the gap behind the lining wall is grouted to form a surrounding rock model, it is placed horizontally in the pressure cylinder. The camera is installed on the inner lining of the segment, and the tunnel segment model is placed horizontally in the lining;(3)密封盖板密封压力圆筒的两端并通过张拉杆和螺栓固定；(3) The sealing cover plate seals both ends of the pressure cylinder and is fixed by tension rods and bolts;(4)测试试验装置内的仪器是否可以正常使用，测试完毕后将水通过进水口注入至压力圆筒内，并且在进气口进行充气加压；(4) Test whether the instruments in the test device can be used normally. After the test, water is injected into the pressure cylinder through the water inlet, and air is inflated and pressurized at the air inlet;(5)在记录一次数据后，使用手动泵在达到预测临界压力的一半之前和之后以30kpa和10kpa的增量对腔室进行加压，在试验过程中，实时记录了施加的水压，位移和应变，通过相机实时记录衬砌的变形特征。(5) After recording the data once, a manual pump was used to pressurize the chamber in increments of 30 kPa and 10 kPa before and after reaching half of the predicted critical pressure. During the test, the applied water pressure, displacement, and strain were recorded in real time, and the deformation characteristics of the lining were recorded in real time by a camera.8.根据权利要求7所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的试验方法，其特征在于：所述步骤(4)中注水加压的具体步骤如下：在实验装置下端在进水口先注入液态水排尽空气，直到压力圆筒内完全被水充满后，排水口得到稳定的、与注水口注入相同流速、流量的排出水时，注排水过程结束，关闭注水和排水阀门。8. According to the test method of a tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground as described in claim 7, it is characterized in that: the specific steps of water injection and pressurization in step (4) are as follows: liquid water is first injected into the water inlet at the lower end of the experimental device to exhaust the air until the pressure cylinder is completely filled with water. When the drain outlet obtains stable discharge water with the same flow rate and flow as the water injection port, the injection and drainage process is completed and the water injection and drainage valves are closed.9.根据权利要求1所述一种深层地下高水压作用下的隧道结构模型试验装置的试验方法，其特征在于：9. The test method of the tunnel structure model test device under high water pressure in deep underground according to claim 1, characterized in that:根据管片模型的材料和得到的数据，通过量纲分析法得出以下相似关系：对于量纲为1参数的相似比尺仍为1According to the material of the segment model and the obtained data, the following similarity relationship is obtained through dimensional analysis: For the parameter with dimension 1, the similarity scale is still 1

人为规定初始实验模型材料参数，其中，几何尺寸C_L由所选结构材料的尺寸决定，将模型结构的尺寸对比实际结构按照等比例缩小的方式制作；弹性模量C_E由所选管片模型材料的性质决定；The material parameters of the initial experimental model are artificially specified, where the geometric dimension_CL is determined by the dimension of the selected structural material, and the dimension of the model structure is reduced in proportion to the actual structure; the elastic modulus_CE is determined by the properties of the selected segment model material;C_E＝C_σ＝C_σt＝C_σc＝C_c (2)C_E =C_σ =C_σt =C_σc =C_c (2)通过以上基本量的确定和物理公式，利用相似比关系，可以推导和求得其他模型参数物理量：By determining the above basic quantities and physical formulas, and using the similarity ratio relationship, other model parameter physical quantities can be derived and obtained:根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ＝εL, the displacement is proportional to the product of strain and elastic modulus.C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (3)C_δ ＝C_ε C_L ＝C_L (3)由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到From dimensional analysis, we know that stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ = γL, and is proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ = εE, which givesC_σ＝C_γC_L (4)C_σ ＝C_γ C_L (4)C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (5)C_σ ＝C_ε C_E ＝C_E (5)横纵向接头的弹性刚度系数C_kElastic stiffness coefficient C_k of transverse and longitudinal joints

管片模型横纵向的抗弯刚度EI，管片模型纵向抗拉抗压刚度EA，根据抗弯刚度EI＝EπD⁴/32、抗拉刚度EA＝EπD²/4，导相似比关系：The segment model has the flexural stiffness EI in the transverse and longitudinal directions, and the segment model has the longitudinal tensile and compressive stiffness EA. According to the flexural stiffness EI＝EπD⁴ /32, and the tensile stiffness EA＝EπD² /4, the similarity ratio relationship is derived:C_EI＝C_EC_L⁴ (7)_CEI =_CECL4 (⁷₎C_EA＝C_EC_L² (8)C_EA ＝C_E C_L² (8)对于衬砌外侧围岩土样的制作，选择水泥和凡士林作为胶结剂，砂、重晶石粉和滑石粉为骨料，硅油为调节剂，并配以拌合水，制作土样模型，通过改变配比，来改变基本力学参数、流参数、流-固耦合效应、抗压强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、渗透系数；For the preparation of soil samples of the surrounding rock outside the lining, cement and vaseline were selected as binders, sand, barite powder and talcum powder were used as aggregates, silicone oil was used as a regulator, and mixed with water to make soil sample models. By changing the proportions, the basic mechanical parameters, flow parameters, fluid-solid coupling effect, compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and permeability coefficient were changed;对于量纲为1参数的相似比尺仍为1For a dimensionless parameter, the similarity scale is still 1.

根据均匀连续介质流固耦合模型，

推导流固耦合相似理论According to the uniform continuous medium fluid-solid coupling model,

Derivation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Similarity Theory

根据物理方程δ＝εL，位移与应变与弹性模量的乘积成正比的关系可得According to the physical equation δ＝εL, the displacement is proportional to the product of strain and elastic modulus.C_δ＝C_εC_L＝C_L (11)C_δ ＝C_ε C_L ＝C_L (11)由量纲分析可知，应力与容重和几何的乘积成正比，σ＝γL，且与弹性模量和应变的乘积成正比，σ＝εE，得到From dimensional analysis, we know that stress is proportional to the product of bulk density and geometry, σ = γL, and is proportional to the product of elastic modulus and strain, σ = εE, which givesC_σ＝C_γC_L (12)C_σ ＝C_γ C_L (12)C_σ＝C_εC_E＝C_E (13)C_σ ＝C_ε C_E ＝C_E (13)各式中：μ——泊松比，δ——位移，ε——应变，γ——容重，

——内摩擦角，k——弹性刚度系数，L——长度，E——弹性模量，σ——应力，σt——抗拉强度，σc——抗压强度，K——渗透系数，C——黏聚力，EI——抗弯刚度，EA——抗拉刚度。In the formula: μ——Poisson's ratio, δ——displacement, ε——strain, γ——density,

——internal friction angle, k——elastic stiffness coefficient, L——length, E——elastic modulus, σ——stress, σt——tensile strength, σc——compressive strength, K——permeability coefficient, C——cohesion, EI——flexural stiffness, EA——tensile stiffness.

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