CN116104579A - A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and an early warning device thereof. The invention relates to the technical field of tunnel roof fall disaster prevention; the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device can actively apply impact load to excite the top plate to vibrate and realize automatic acquisition of vibration signals, and the evaluation and prediction of the roof fall danger are realized through extraction of the vibration characteristic parameters of the top plate, so that the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device have the characteristics of high early warning reliability, real-time monitoring, automatic recording, automatic broadcasting and early warning prompt and the like; meanwhile, the problem that dust Dan Toudeng easily enters the sleeve of the impact force hammer to block the work of the impact force hammer during daily maintenance is solved, and meanwhile, the detection device and the top plate are connected by utilizing air pressure, so that the detection device is prevented from falling off when the top plate is excited.

Description

Translated fromChinese

一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及巷道冒顶灾害预防技术领域，具体是一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置。The invention relates to the technical field of roadway roof fall disaster prevention, in particular to a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and an early warning device.

背景技术Background technique

巷道冒顶灾害一直是制约我国煤矿安全高效生产的关键瓶颈问题，一旦发生冒顶事故必定会给社会造成巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失，针对冒顶灾害防控治理始终是煤炭开采领域的研究热点。研究表明，对巷道危险区域开展冒顶监测是预防冒顶事故发生的一条有效途径。The roadway roof fall disaster has always been a key bottleneck problem restricting the safe and efficient production of coal mines in my country. Once a roof fall accident occurs, it will definitely cause huge casualties and economic losses to the society. The prevention and control of roof fall disasters has always been a research hotspot in the field of coal mining. The research shows that monitoring the roof fall in the dangerous area of the roadway is an effective way to prevent the occurrence of roof fall accidents.

目前，对巷道冒顶事故的预测方法主要包括：通过传统的人工敲帮问顶方法判断顶板安全状况；通过拉力传感器监测锚杆(索)的受力变化预测冒顶隐患；通过安装离层仪、安装位移传感器或者运用图像识别技术监测顶板变形量预测冒顶隐患；通过在顶板处钻孔窥视、探测顶岩层破碎情况预测冒顶隐患等。At present, the prediction methods for roadway roof fall accidents mainly include: judging the safety status of the roof through the traditional method of manually tapping the roof; Displacement sensors or the use of image recognition technology to monitor the deformation of the roof to predict the hidden danger of roof fall; to peek at the roof and detect the broken state of the top rock layer to predict the hidden danger of roof fall, etc.

现有的方法或存在受人的主观因素影响较大、费时费力、预警不及时、监测周期长、准确性不高等局限性，难以对潜在冒落区进行准确的判定，并在冒顶危险发生初期就发现冒顶危险发出预警；同时，在进行巷道监测时，监测设备常常会面临诸多挑战，例如巷道内存在大量尘土、设备难以稳固固定等问题，这些环境恶劣因素往往会导致设备受损或损坏。为此，本发明提供了一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，以解决上述问题。Existing methods may be greatly affected by human subjective factors, time-consuming and laborious, untimely early warning, long monitoring period, and low accuracy. Early warnings are issued for the detection of roof fall risks. At the same time, when monitoring roadways, monitoring equipment often faces many challenges, such as a large amount of dust in the roadway and difficult to fix the equipment firmly. These harsh environmental factors often lead to damage or damage to the equipment. Therefore, the present invention provides a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and an early warning device to solve the above problems.

发明内容Contents of the invention

针对现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，解决了上述问题。Aiming at the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, which solve the above problems.

为实现以上目的，本发明通过以下技术方案予以实现：一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，包括巷道围岩和巷道顶板，所述巷道顶板上In order to achieve the above objectives, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, including roadway surrounding rock and roadway roof, the roadway roof

均匀固定设有若干检测装置，所述检测装置包括电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪，所述电磁激振器的上端对应设有安全防护组件，所述刺入式振动拾取仪和巷道顶板之间通过气密连接组件相连，所述安全防护组件和气密连接组件相互连接，所述巷道顶板的侧壁处还固定设有频谱分析仪，用于接收、处理振动数据，且可以智能判断、灯光警报显示、播报预警信号；A number of detection devices are evenly fixed, and the detection device includes an electromagnetic exciter and a piercing vibration pick-up device. The roofs are connected by an airtight connection assembly, the safety protection assembly and the airtight connection assembly are connected to each other, and a spectrum analyzer is fixed on the side wall of the roadway roof for receiving and processing vibration data, and can intelligently judge , light alarm display, broadcast early warning signal;

所述电磁激振器包括冲击力锤套筒，所述冲击力锤套筒内设有电源与通信模块，所述电源与通信模块的上端连接设有冲击力锤，所述冲击力锤套筒的内壁处设有励磁线圈，用于在励磁线圈的作用下产生冲击动能；The electromagnetic exciter includes an impact hammer sleeve, the impact hammer sleeve is provided with a power supply and a communication module, the upper end of the power supply and the communication module is connected with an impact hammer, and the impact hammer sleeve An excitation coil is provided on the inner wall of the inner wall, which is used to generate impact kinetic energy under the action of the excitation coil;

所述刺入式振动拾取仪包括固定插杆和基座，所述固定插杆中均布压电传感元件，所述基座中装有电源与通信模块；The penetrating vibration pick-up instrument includes a fixed plunger and a base, piezoelectric sensing elements are evenly distributed in the fixed plunger, and a power supply and a communication module are installed in the base;

所述频谱分析仪外部包围设有防爆保护箱，所述防爆保护箱的侧壁处固定设有信号增益天线，所述频谱分析仪的侧壁处设有信号显示屏、蜂鸣播报器和多个按键。The outside of the spectrum analyzer is surrounded by an explosion-proof protection box, the side wall of the explosion-proof protection box is fixed with a signal gain antenna, and the side wall of the spectrum analyzer is provided with a signal display screen, a buzzer and multiple keystrokes.

优选的，所述气密连接组件包括设置在巷道顶板内的插孔，所述固定插杆插入插孔内设置，所述插孔的底壁两侧连通设有连通腔，远离电磁激振器一端的连通腔的下端固定设有密封板，所述密封板处卡接设有单向阀，用于连通腔内的气体排出并防止外界气体从单向阀处进入到连通腔内，另一个所述连通腔的侧壁处固定设有固定板，所述固定板的下壁处连通设有连通筒，所述连通筒和连通腔相互连通，所述连通筒内密封滑动设有密封滑板。Preferably, the airtight connection assembly includes a socket provided in the roof of the roadway, the fixed insertion rod is inserted into the socket, and the bottom wall of the socket is connected with a communication cavity on both sides, away from the electromagnetic exciter. The lower end of the communication cavity at one end is fixed with a sealing plate, and a one-way valve is clamped at the sealing plate to discharge the gas in the communication cavity and prevent external gas from entering the communication cavity from the one-way valve. A fixed plate is fixed on the side wall of the communication cavity, and a communication cylinder is connected to the lower wall of the fixed plate. The communication cylinder and the communication cavity communicate with each other, and a sealing slide plate is provided for sealing and sliding in the communication cylinder.

优选的，所述安全防护组件包括六个固定设置在冲击力锤上壁处的转轴，所述转轴上转动设有伸缩杆，所述冲击力锤套筒的上端开口处固定设有固定架，所述伸缩杆的另一端穿过固定架，且伸缩杆的上端处转动设有连接块，所述连接块的上端固定设有固定块，所述固定块的上端固定设有防尘板，所述固定架的上壁固定设有滑块，所述防尘板的下壁内对应设有滑槽，所述滑块滑动设置在滑槽内，六个防尘板共同组成圆形，且六个防尘板靠在一起时Preferably, the safety protection assembly includes six rotating shafts fixedly arranged on the upper wall of the impact hammer, on which a telescopic rod is rotated, and a fixing frame is fixed at the opening of the upper end of the impact hammer sleeve, The other end of the telescopic rod passes through the fixed frame, and the upper end of the telescopic rod is rotated to be provided with a connecting block, the upper end of the connecting block is fixedly provided with a fixed block, and the upper end of the fixed block is fixedly provided with a dustproof plate, so The upper wall of the fixed frame is fixed with a slider, and the lower wall of the dust-proof board is correspondingly provided with a chute, and the slider is slidably arranged in the chute, and the six dust-proof boards form a circle together, and the six dust-proof boards When two dust panels are close together

将冲击力锤套筒的上端遮盖。Cover the upper end of the impact hammer sleeve.

优选的，所述密封滑板的下端转动设有阻尼伸缩杆，所述阻尼伸缩杆的另一端转动设有连接杆，所述连接杆和连接块固定连接，所述巷道顶板的下壁上固定设有限位杆，所述连接杆滑动贯穿限位杆。Preferably, the lower end of the sealing slide plate is rotated with a damping telescopic rod, the other end of the damping telescopic rod is rotated with a connecting rod, the connecting rod is fixedly connected with the connecting block, and the lower wall of the roof of the roadway is fixed. There is a limit rod, and the connecting rod slides through the limit rod.

优选的，所述电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的下端共同固定设有装置底板，且电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪之间固定设有隔振垫层。Preferably, the lower ends of the electromagnetic vibrator and the penetrating vibration pickup are jointly fixed with a bottom plate of the device, and a vibration isolation cushion is fixed between the electromagnetic vibrator and the penetrating vibration pickup.

优选的，所述频谱分析仪内含有信号收发模块、频谱分析系统以及蜂鸣报警系统，所述信号收发模块可以通过发射无线信号实现信号的传输，同时还配备USB插口，用于通过电缆线实现与电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的连接。Preferably, the spectrum analyzer contains a signal transceiver module, a spectrum analysis system and a buzzer alarm system, the signal transceiver module can realize signal transmission by transmitting wireless signals, and is also equipped with a USB socket for realizing Connection to electromagnetic vibrators and penetrating vibratory pickups.

优选的，所述频谱分析仪将收到的振动信号进行FFT变换，识别巷道顶板振动的特征频率，并将处理结果通过信号显示屏显示出来。Preferably, the spectrum analyzer performs FFT transformation on the received vibration signal to identify the characteristic frequency of the roof vibration of the roadway, and displays the processing result on the signal display screen.

一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法，包括以下步骤：A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method, comprising the following steps:

S1，首先在待检测巷道区段对5倍巷道半径高度顶板范围进行钻孔窥视和取芯，选取岩体质量指数(RQD)>90％且近30天内顶板单日下沉速率小于4mm的区域的岩石试样开展振动测试，求取岩样特征频率，将测试特征频率结果作为围岩健康状态下的基准值，并将特征频率的85％作为围岩失稳前的预警值，以此设置围岩特征频率变化阈值区间，并平均划分5个安全等级。S1. Firstly, in the roadway section to be tested, drill and peep and coring the roof range of 5 times the roadway radius height, and select the area where the rock quality index (RQD) > 90% and the roof sinking rate in the past 30 days is less than 4mm per day Vibration test is carried out on the rock sample, and the characteristic frequency of the rock sample is obtained. The test characteristic frequency result is used as the reference value in the healthy state of the surrounding rock, and 85% of the characteristic frequency is used as the early warning value before the instability of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock characteristic frequency change threshold interval, and divide 5 safety grades on average.

S2，将刺入式振动拾取仪与电磁激振器组合装置通过气密连接组件布置在巷道顶板的监测区域内，然后根据巷道顶板岩性特征在频谱分析仪中输入电磁激振器的冲击挡位与特征频率变化阈值区间；S2. Arrange the combined device of the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument and the electromagnetic exciter in the monitoring area of the roadway roof through the airtight connection assembly, and then input the impact block of the electromagnetic exciter into the spectrum analyzer according to the lithology characteristics of the roadway roof. Bit and characteristic frequency change threshold interval;

S3，通过频谱分析仪的控制按钮向电磁激振器发出激励指令，随即电磁激振器对巷道顶板施加冲击荷载，带动安全防护组件运转，且刺入式振动拾取仪在达到振动速度拾取阈值时自动拾取振动信号，并将振动数据发送到频谱分析仪的储存空间；S3, send an excitation command to the electromagnetic exciter through the control button of the spectrum analyzer, and then the electromagnetic exciter applies an impact load to the roadway roof to drive the safety protection components to run, and when the piercing vibration pickup reaches the vibration speed pickup threshold Automatically pick up the vibration signal and send the vibration data to the storage space of the spectrum analyzer;

S4，根据获取的振动信号能量特征，可调节电磁激振器的冲击能档位；S4, according to the acquired vibration signal energy characteristics, the impact energy gear of the electromagnetic exciter can be adjusted;

S5，刺入式振动拾取仪设有自适应速度拾取阈值，可以忽略岩体内部的微小振动信号，减少数据的处理时间和储存空间，当顶板岩体内部产生破碎，岩体结构的自振频次和能量会随之产生较大起伏，当振动特征频率超过预设阈值，振动拾取仪会将振动信号采集并传送到频谱分析仪中，作为冒顶危险发生预警的前兆信号；S5, the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument is equipped with an adaptive speed pick-up threshold, which can ignore the tiny vibration signal inside the rock mass, reduce the data processing time and storage space, when the roof rock mass breaks, the natural vibration frequency of the rock mass structure The energy and energy will have large fluctuations. When the vibration characteristic frequency exceeds the preset threshold, the vibration pickup will collect the vibration signal and transmit it to the spectrum analyzer as a precursor signal for the early warning of the risk of roof fall;

S6，频谱分析仪在收到振动信号后，会对振动信号进行滤波处理，接着对经过预处理的振动信号进行FFT变换；S6, after receiving the vibration signal, the spectrum analyzer will filter the vibration signal, and then perform FFT transformation on the pre-processed vibration signal;

S7，通过对顶板岩体结构的振动信号的频谱分析可以发现，岩体结构的振动频率变化在一定的范围内上下浮动，当结构的振动频率突然产生大幅度的波动时，预示着岩体内部存在破坏裂隙正在发展，当顶板岩体的振动频率变化超过预警阈值区间时，说明巷道存在冒顶的风险，频谱分析仪会触发蜂鸣报警系统，向技术人员发出预警信号，以及时对该区域的顶板岩体施加加固措施。S7, through the spectrum analysis of the vibration signal of the roof rock mass structure, it can be found that the vibration frequency of the rock mass structure fluctuates up and down within a certain range. When the vibration frequency of the structure suddenly fluctuates greatly, it indicates that the rock mass internal There are damaged cracks that are developing. When the vibration frequency of the roof rock mass exceeds the warning threshold range, it indicates that there is a risk of roof fall in the roadway. The spectrum analyzer will trigger the buzzer alarm system to send an early warning signal to the technicians, so as to timely inspect the area. Reinforcement measures are applied to the roof rock mass.

有益效果Beneficial effect

本发明提供了一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置。与现有技术相比具备以下有益效果：The invention provides a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and an early warning device. Compared with the prior art, it has the following beneficial effects:

(1)、该巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，通过刺入式振动拾取仪可以拾取顶板内部整体振动特征，经频谱分析仪处理后可得到能够反映顶板刚度的振动频率信息，实现了激励的自动触发与响应信号的自动采集，可根据不同时间节点的振动特征异常值，实现巷道顶板精准区域的稳固状态评估。(1) The roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device can pick up the overall vibration characteristics inside the roof through the piercing vibration pick-up instrument, and the vibration frequency information that can reflect the stiffness of the roof can be obtained after being processed by the spectrum analyzer. The automatic triggering of the excitation and the automatic collection of the response signal can realize the stable state evaluation of the precise area of the roadway roof according to the abnormal values of the vibration characteristics at different time nodes.

(2)、该巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，刺入式振动拾取仪可以对超过振动速度拾取阈值的岩体内部自振信号进行智能识别，当顶板岩体内部产生破碎，岩体结构的自振频次和能量会随之产生较大起伏，当振动特征频率超过预设阈值，振动拾取仪会将振动信息传送到频谱分析仪中记录下来，同时也作为冒顶危险发生预警的前兆信号；此片区域需要作为重点监测区域，预警及时，可以根据岩体内部的异常振动区域确定重点监测区域，也可以通过激振装置随时实现振动监测，预测结果客观真实，冒顶危险性评估预测过程中几乎不受主观因素影响，结果真实可靠，贴近实际情况；(2), the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, the piercing vibration pick-up instrument can intelligently identify the internal natural vibration signal of the rock mass exceeding the vibration speed pick-up threshold, when the inside of the roof rock mass is broken, the rock mass The natural vibration frequency and energy of the structure will have large fluctuations. When the vibration characteristic frequency exceeds the preset threshold, the vibration pickup will transmit the vibration information to the spectrum analyzer for recording, and it will also be used as an early warning signal of the risk of roof fall. ; This area needs to be used as a key monitoring area, and the early warning is timely. The key monitoring area can be determined according to the abnormal vibration area inside the rock mass, and the vibration monitoring can be realized at any time through the vibration device. The prediction results are objective and true. Almost not affected by subjective factors, the results are true and reliable, close to the actual situation;

(3)、该巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，通过气密连接组件和安全防护组件的相互配合，随着冲击力锤的多次激励，使得连通腔内的气压逐渐减小，在外界大气压的作用下，将检测装置牢牢吸附在巷道顶板处，利用冲击力锤的正常工作过程，不断对连通腔内的气体进行排出，使其内部气压逐步减小，无需人为进行控制，便可在气压的作用下完成对检测装置的稳固固定过程；(3) The roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, through the mutual cooperation of the airtight connection component and the safety protection component, with the multiple excitations of the impact hammer, the air pressure in the communication cavity is gradually reduced. Under the action of external atmospheric pressure, the detection device is firmly adsorbed on the roof of the roadway, and the gas in the communication cavity is continuously discharged by using the normal working process of the impact hammer, so that the internal air pressure gradually decreases without manual control. The process of firmly fixing the detection device can be completed under the action of air pressure;

(4)、该巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，通过安全防护组件的设置，使得当电磁激振器没有进行工作时，防尘板处于电磁激振器的上方，对电磁激振器进行保护，防止外界的尘土石子等进入到冲击力锤套筒内，防止冲击力锤在进行激励时发生阻塞或者无法被阻碍无法冲击到巷道顶板的情况发生，保证了装置正常的工作过程。(4), the roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, through the setting of the safety protection component, when the electromagnetic exciter is not working, the dustproof plate is above the electromagnetic exciter, and the electromagnetic exciter It is protected to prevent external dust and stones from entering the impact hammer sleeve, prevent the impact hammer from being blocked or cannot be blocked from hitting the roof of the roadway during excitation, and ensure the normal working process of the device.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is the structural representation of a kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device that the present invention proposes;

图2是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中巷道围岩处的结构示意图；Fig. 2 is a structural representation of roadway surrounding rock in a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device proposed by the present invention;

图3是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中频谱分析仪的结构示意图；Fig. 3 is a kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and the structural representation of the spectrum analyzer in the early warning device that the present invention proposes;

图4是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中检测装置结构示意图；Fig. 4 is a kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method proposed by the present invention and the detection device structure schematic diagram in the early warning device thereof;

图5是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中检测装置的立体结构示意图；Fig. 5 is a three-dimensional structure schematic diagram of a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and the detection device in the early warning device proposed by the present invention;

图6是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中检测装置的剖面立体结构示意图；Fig. 6 is a kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method proposed by the present invention and the sectional three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of the detection device in the early warning device;

图7是图6中A处的立体结构示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure at A in Fig. 6;

图8是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中检测装置另一侧的立体结构示意图；Fig. 8 is a three-dimensional structural schematic view of the other side of the detection device in a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device proposed by the present invention;

图9是图8中B处的立体结构示意图；Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure at B in Fig. 8;

图10是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中检测装置另一侧的立体结构示意图；Fig. 10 is a three-dimensional structural schematic view of the other side of the detection device in a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and the early warning device proposed by the present invention;

图11是图10中C处的立体结构示意图；Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure at C in Fig. 10;

图12是本发明提出的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置中的冒顶危险度分布云图。Fig. 12 is a cloud map of roof fall risk distribution in a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device proposed by the present invention.

图中1、巷道围岩；2、巷道顶板；3、频谱分析仪；4、检测装置；5、信号增益天线；6、蜂鸣播报器；7、按键；8、防爆保护箱；9、信号显示屏；10、固定插杆；11、压电传感元件；12、冲击力锤套筒；13、隔振垫层；14、励磁线圈；15、电源与通信模块；16、冲击力锤；17、装置底板；18、插孔；19、连通腔；20、密封板；21、固定板；22、连通筒；23、密封滑板；24、转轴；25、伸缩杆；26、固定架；27、连接块；28、连接杆；29、固定块；30、防尘板；31、阻尼伸缩杆；32、限位杆；33、单向阀；34、滑块；35、滑槽。In the figure, 1. Surrounding rock of roadway; 2. Roof of roadway; 3. Spectrum analyzer; 4. Detection device; 5. Signal gain antenna; 6. Buzzer; 7. Button; Display screen; 10. Fixed insertion rod; 11. Piezoelectric sensing element; 12. Impact hammer sleeve; 13. Vibration isolation cushion; 14. Excitation coil; 15. Power supply and communication module; 16. Impact hammer; 17. Device bottom plate; 18. Jack; 19. Connecting cavity; 20. Sealing plate; 21. Fixing plate; 22. Connecting cylinder; 23. Sealing slide plate; 24. Rotating shaft; 25. Telescopic rod; 28, connecting rod; 29, fixed block; 30, dustproof plate; 31, damping expansion rod; 32, limit rod; 33, one-way valve; 34, slide block; 35, chute.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

实施例一：Embodiment one:

请参阅图1-12，一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，包括巷道围岩1和巷道顶板2，巷道顶板2上均匀固定设有若干检测装置4，检测装置4包括电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪，电磁激振器的上端对应设有安全防护组件，刺入式振动拾取仪和巷道顶板2之间通过气密连接组件相连，安全防护组件和气密连接组件相互连接，巷道顶板2的侧壁处还固定设有频谱分析仪3，用于接收、处理振动数据，且可以智能判断、灯光警报显示、播报预警信号；Please refer to Figure 1-12, a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and its early warning device, including theroadway surrounding rock 1 and theroadway roof 2, a number ofdetection devices 4 are evenly fixed on theroadway roof 2, and thedetection devices 4 include electromagnetic excitation The upper end of the electromagnetic vibrator is equipped with a safety protection component. The penetration vibration pick-up device and theroadway roof 2 are connected through an airtight connection component, and the safety protection component and the airtight connection component are connected to each other. Aspectrum analyzer 3 is fixedly installed on the side wall of theroadway roof 2 for receiving and processing vibration data, and can intelligently judge, display light alarms, and broadcast early warning signals;

电磁激振器包括冲击力锤套筒12，冲击力锤套筒12内设有电源与通信模块15，电源与通信模块15的上端连接设有冲击力锤16，冲击力锤套筒12的内壁处设有励磁线圈14，用于在励磁线圈14的的作用下产生冲击动能；The electromagnetic exciter includes animpact hammer sleeve 12, and theimpact hammer sleeve 12 is provided with a power supply and acommunication module 15, and the upper end of the power supply and thecommunication module 15 is connected with animpact hammer 16, and the inner wall of theimpact hammer sleeve 12 Anexciting coil 14 is provided at the place for generating impact kinetic energy under the action of theexciting coil 14;

刺入式振动拾取仪包括固定插杆10和基座，固定插杆10中均布压电传感元件11，基座中装有电源与通信模块15；The penetrating vibration pick-up instrument includes a fixedinsertion rod 10 and a base, and thepiezoelectric sensing elements 11 are evenly distributed in the fixedinsertion rod 10, and a power supply and acommunication module 15 are housed in the base;

频谱分析仪3外包围设有防爆保护箱8，防爆保护箱8的侧壁处固定设有信号增益天线5，频谱分析仪3的侧壁处设有信号显示屏9、蜂鸣播报器6和多个按键7；Thespectrum analyzer 3 is surrounded by an explosion-proof protection box 8, and the side wall of the explosion-proof protection box 8 is fixedly provided with asignal gain antenna 5, and the side wall of thespectrum analyzer 3 is provided with asignal display screen 9, abuzzer 6 andMultiple buttons 7;

电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的下端共同固定设有装置底板17，且电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪之间固定设有隔振垫层13，用于连接电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪，同时防止振动对电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪产生不利影响，电磁激励装置可通过电源模块调节输出力的大小，根据顶板岩性的差异和振动响应情况，设置不同的挡位，提供合适的冲击能量；The lower end of the electromagnetic vibrator and the penetrating vibration pickup is fixed with adevice base 17, and avibration isolation pad 13 is fixed between the electromagnetic vibrator and the penetrating vibration pickup for connecting the electromagnetic vibrator. The electromagnetic exciter and the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument can prevent vibration from adversely affecting the electromagnetic vibrator and the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument. The electromagnetic excitation device can adjust the output force through the power module, according to the difference in the roof lithology and the vibration response. Depending on the situation, set different gears to provide appropriate impact energy;

频谱分析仪3内含有信号收发模块、频谱分析系统以及蜂鸣报警系统，信号收发模块可以通过发射无线信号实现信号的传输，同时还配备USB插口，用于通过电缆线实现与电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的连接，频谱分析仪与刺入式振动拾取仪与电磁激振器组合装置可通过无线通信信号或电缆连接，根据不同的场地特点，可选择更加灵活的采集-接收-处理布置方案，频谱分析仪3将收到的振动信号进行FFT变换，识别巷道顶板2振动的特征频率，并将处理结果通过信号显示屏9显示出来，频谱分析仪将数据识别结果与预警阈值比较，当结果没有超过固有频率变化的阈值，则蜂鸣报警系统不被触发，信号显示屏9上的报警灯显示绿色；当结果超过固有频率变化阈值，将会触发蜂鸣报警系统发出蜂鸣声，信号显示屏9上的报警灯显示红色并闪烁报警；Thespectrum analyzer 3 contains a signal transceiver module, a spectrum analysis system and a buzzer alarm system. The signal transceiver module can realize signal transmission by transmitting wireless signals, and is also equipped with a USB socket for realizing communication with the electromagnetic exciter and the electromagnetic exciter through cables. The connection of the piercing vibration pick-up, the combined device of the spectrum analyzer, the piercing vibration pick-up and the electromagnetic exciter can be connected through wireless communication signals or cables. According to the characteristics of different sites, more flexible acquisition-reception- To process the layout plan, thespectrum analyzer 3 performs FFT transformation on the received vibration signal, identifies the characteristic frequency of the vibration of theroadway roof 2, and displays the processing result on thesignal display screen 9, and the spectrum analyzer compares the data identification result with the warning threshold , when the result does not exceed the threshold value of natural frequency change, the buzzer alarm system will not be triggered, and the alarm light on thesignal display screen 9 is green; when the result exceeds the threshold value of natural frequency change, the buzzer alarm system will be triggered to emit a buzzer , the alarm light on thesignal display screen 9 shows red and flashes to the police;

刺入式振动拾取仪可以对超过振动速度拾取阈值的岩体内部自振信号进行智能识别，当顶板岩体内部产生破碎，岩体结构的自振频次和能量会随之产生较大起伏，当振动特征频率超过预设阈值，振动拾取仪会将振动信息传送到频谱分析仪中记录下来，同时也作为冒顶危险发生预警的前兆信号；此片区域需要作为重点监测区域，预警及时，可以根据岩体内部的异常振动区域确定重点监测区域，也可以通过激振装置随时实现振动监测，预测结果客观真实，冒顶危险性评估预测过程中几乎不受主观因素影响，结果真实可靠，贴近实际情况。The penetrating vibration pick-up instrument can intelligently identify the internal natural vibration signal of the rock mass that exceeds the vibration speed pickup threshold. When the roof rock mass is broken, the natural vibration frequency and energy of the rock mass structure will fluctuate greatly. If the vibration characteristic frequency exceeds the preset threshold, the vibration pickup will transmit the vibration information to the spectrum analyzer for recording, and it will also be used as a precursor signal for the early warning of the risk of roof fall; this area needs to be used as a key monitoring area, and the early warning can be timely. The abnormal vibration area inside the body determines the key monitoring area, and the vibration monitoring can also be realized at any time through the vibration device. The prediction results are objective and true. The roof fall risk assessment and prediction process is almost not affected by subjective factors. The results are true and reliable, close to the actual situation.

实施例二：Embodiment two:

请参阅图1-12，本实施例在实施例一的基础上提供了一种技术方案：气密连接组件包括设置在巷道顶板2内的插孔18，固定插杆10插入插孔18内设置，插孔18的底壁两侧连通设有连通腔19，远离电磁激振器一端的连通腔19的下端固定设有密封板20，密封板20处卡接设有单向阀33，用于连通腔19内的气体排出并防止外界气体从单向阀33处进入到连通腔19内，另一个连通腔19的侧壁处固定设有固定板21，固定板21的下壁处连通设有连通筒22，连通筒22和连通腔19相互连通，连通筒22内密封滑动设有密封滑板23；Please refer to Figures 1-12, this embodiment provides a technical solution on the basis of Embodiment 1: the airtight connection assembly includes aninsertion hole 18 arranged in theroadway roof 2, and the fixedinsertion rod 10 is inserted into theinsertion hole 18 and set , the two sides of the bottom wall of thejack 18 are connected with acommunication cavity 19, and the lower end of thecommunication cavity 19 away from the end of the electromagnetic exciter is fixed with a sealingplate 20, and acheck valve 33 is mounted on the sealingplate 20 for The gas in thecommunication cavity 19 is discharged and prevents the outside gas from entering thecommunication cavity 19 from the one-way valve 33. The side wall of theother communication cavity 19 is fixed with a fixedplate 21, and the lower wall of the fixedplate 21 is connected with a Thecommunication cylinder 22, thecommunication cylinder 22 and thecommunication chamber 19 communicate with each other, and thecommunication cylinder 22 is provided with a sealingslide plate 23 for sealing and sliding;

安全防护组件包括六个固定设置在冲击力锤16上壁处的转轴24，转轴24上转动设有伸缩杆25，冲击力锤套筒12的上端开口处固定设有固定架26，伸缩杆25的另一端穿过固定架26，且伸缩杆25的上端处转动设有连接块27，连接块27的上端固定设有固定块29，固定块29的上端固定设有防尘板30，固定架26的上壁固定设有滑块34，防尘板30的下壁内对应设有滑槽35，滑块34滑动设置在滑槽35内，六个防尘板30共同组成圆形，且六个防尘板30靠在一起时将冲击力锤套筒12的上端遮盖，冲击力锤套筒12上部设置限位凹槽，冲击力锤16上部的外径小于限位凹槽内径，底部外径大于限位凹槽的内径，限制冲击力锤16只能够在冲击力锤套筒12中运动，防止冲击力锤16冲出冲击力锤套筒12产生危险，冲击力锤16在执行一次冲击后会回落到冲击力锤套筒12内进行下一次冲击，通过安全防护组件的设置，使得当电磁激振器没有进行工作时，防尘板30处于电磁激振器的上方，对电磁激振器进行保护，防止外界的尘土石子等进入到冲击力锤套筒12内，防止冲击力锤16在进行激励时发生阻塞或者无法被阻碍无法冲击到巷道顶板2的情况发生，保证了装置正常的工作过程；The safety protection assembly includes sixrotating shafts 24 fixedly arranged on the upper wall of theimpact hammer 16. The rotatingshaft 24 is provided with atelescopic rod 25, and the upper opening of theimpact hammer sleeve 12 is fixedly provided with a fixedframe 26 and atelescopic rod 25. The other end of the connectingblock 27 passes through the fixedframe 26, and the upper end of thetelescopic rod 25 is rotated to be provided with a connectingblock 27, and the upper end of the connectingblock 27 is fixedly provided with a fixedblock 29, and the upper end of the fixedblock 29 is fixedly provided with adustproof plate 30, and the fixed frame The upper wall of 26 is fixedly provided withslide block 34, and correspondingly is provided withchute 35 in the lower wall of dust-proof plate 30, and slideblock 34 is slidably arranged inchute 35, and six dust-proof plates 30 form a circle together, and six When two dust-proof plates 30 are close together, the upper end of theimpact hammer sleeve 12 is covered, theimpact hammer sleeve 12 top is provided with a limit groove, the outer diameter of theimpact hammer 16 top is less than the limit groove inner diameter, and the outer diameter of the bottom is smaller than the inner diameter of the limit groove. The diameter is greater than the inner diameter of the limit groove, so that theimpact hammer 16 can only move in theimpact hammer sleeve 12, preventing theimpact hammer 16 from rushing out of theimpact hammer sleeve 12 to cause danger, and theimpact hammer 16 is performing an impact Afterwards, it will fall back into theimpact hammer sleeve 12 for the next impact. Through the setting of the safety protection component, when the electromagnetic exciter is not working, thedustproof plate 30 is above the electromagnetic exciter, and the electromagnetic exciter The device is protected to prevent external dust and stones from entering theimpact hammer sleeve 12, preventing theimpact hammer 16 from being blocked or unable to be blocked from impacting theroadway roof 2 when it is excited, and ensuring the normal operation of the device. work process;

密封滑板23的下端转动设有阻尼伸缩杆31，阻尼伸缩杆31的另一端转动设有连接杆28，连接杆28和连接块27固定连接，巷道顶板2的下壁上固定设有限位杆32，连接杆28滑动贯穿限位杆32，通过气密连接组件和安全防护组件的相互配合，随着冲击力锤16的多次激励，使得连通腔19内的气压逐渐减小，在外界大气压的作用下，将检测装置3牢牢吸附在巷道顶板2处，利用冲击力锤16的正常工作过程，不断对连通腔19内的气体进行排出，使其内部气压逐步减小，无需人为进行控制，便可在气压的作用下完成对检测装置3的稳固固定过程；The lower end of the sealingslide plate 23 is rotated with a dampingtelescopic rod 31, and the other end of the dampingtelescopic rod 31 is rotated with a connectingrod 28, the connectingrod 28 is fixedly connected with the connectingblock 27, and the lower wall of theroadway roof 2 is fixedly provided with alimit rod 32 , the connectingrod 28 slides through thelimit rod 32, through the mutual cooperation of the airtight connection component and the safety protection component, with the multiple excitations of theimpact hammer 16, the air pressure in thecommunication cavity 19 gradually decreases, and the external atmospheric pressure Under the action, thedetection device 3 is firmly adsorbed on theroadway roof 2, and the gas in thecommunication cavity 19 is continuously discharged by using the normal working process of theimpact hammer 16, so that the internal air pressure gradually decreases without manual control. The process of firmly fixing thedetection device 3 can be completed under the action of air pressure;

一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法，包括以下步骤：A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method, comprising the following steps:

S1，首先在待检测巷道区段对5倍巷道半径高度顶板范围进行钻孔窥视和取芯，选取岩体质量指数(RQD)>90％且近30天内顶板单日下沉速率小于4mm的区域的岩石试样进行特征频率测试，将测试结果作为围岩健康状态下的基准值，将特征频率的85％作为围岩失稳前的预警值，以此设置围岩特征频率变化阈值区间，并采用平均分配法，将区域安全性划分为四个等级，即安全、一般、较危险和危险，分别用A1、A2、A3和A4来表示，且A1到A4的危险等级逐渐增加，并在计算机上由生成的冒顶危险度分布云图显示。对于巷道顶板上某一测点A，若该位置测得的固有频率测值与基准值产生较大偏差，可通过计算机生成的冒顶危险度分布云图来查看该区域围岩固有频率值与基准频率值之间的差异百分比，并进而确定该区域的风险等级，能够下一步支护方案的制定提供指导。S1. Firstly, in the roadway section to be tested, drill and peep and coring the roof range of 5 times the roadway radius height, and select the area where the rock quality index (RQD) > 90% and the roof sinking rate in the past 30 days is less than 4mm per day Test the characteristic frequency of the rock sample, take the test result as the benchmark value in the healthy state of the surrounding rock, and use 85% of the characteristic frequency as the early warning value before the instability of the surrounding rock, so as to set the threshold range of the characteristic frequency change of the surrounding rock, and Using the average distribution method, the regional security is divided into four grades, namely safe, general, relatively dangerous and dangerous, which are represented by A1, A2, A3 and A4 respectively, and the danger grades from A1 to A4 gradually increase, and in the computer The roof fall risk distribution cloud map generated by above is displayed. For a measuring point A on the roof of the roadway, if there is a large deviation between the measured natural frequency value and the reference value at this position, the natural frequency value and the reference frequency of the surrounding rock in this area can be checked through the cloud map of the roof fall risk distribution generated by the computer The percentage of difference between the values, and then determine the risk level of the area, can provide guidance for the formulation of the next support plan.

S2，将刺入式振动拾取仪与电磁激振器组合装置通过气密连接组件布置在巷道顶板2的监测区域内，然后根据巷道顶板2岩性特征在频谱分析仪3中输入电磁激振器的冲击挡位与特征频率变化阈值区间；S2, arrange the combined device of the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument and the electromagnetic exciter in the monitoring area of theroadway roof 2 through the airtight connection assembly, and then input the electromagnetic exciter into thespectrum analyzer 3 according to the lithological characteristics of theroadway roof 2 The impact gear and characteristic frequency change threshold range;

S3，通过频谱分析仪3的控制按钮向电磁激振器发出激励指令，随即电磁激振器对巷道顶板2施加冲击荷载，带动安全防护组件运转，且刺入式振动拾取仪在达到振动速度拾取阈值时自动拾取振动信号，并将振动数据发送到频谱分析仪的储存空间；S3, send an excitation command to the electromagnetic exciter through the control button of thespectrum analyzer 3, and then the electromagnetic exciter applies an impact load to theroadway roof 2 to drive the safety protection components to run, and the piercing vibration pick-up instrument picks up the vibration when it reaches the vibration speed. Automatically pick up the vibration signal when the threshold is reached, and send the vibration data to the storage space of the spectrum analyzer;

S4，根据获取的振动信号能量特征，可调节电磁激振器的冲击能档位；S4, according to the acquired vibration signal energy characteristics, the impact energy gear of the electromagnetic exciter can be adjusted;

S5，刺入式振动拾取仪设有自适应速度拾取阈值，可以忽略岩体内部的微小振动信号，减少数据的处理时间和储存空间，当顶板岩体内部产生破碎，岩体结构的自振频次和能量会随之产生较大起伏，当振动特征频率超过预设阈值，振动拾取仪会将振动信号采集并传送到频谱分析仪中，作为冒顶危险发生预警的前兆信号；S5, the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument is equipped with an adaptive speed pick-up threshold, which can ignore the tiny vibration signal inside the rock mass, reduce the data processing time and storage space, when the roof rock mass breaks, the natural vibration frequency of the rock mass structure The energy and energy will have large fluctuations. When the vibration characteristic frequency exceeds the preset threshold, the vibration pickup will collect the vibration signal and transmit it to the spectrum analyzer as a precursor signal for the early warning of the risk of roof fall;

S6，频谱分析仪3在收到振动信号后，会对振动信号进行滤波处理，接着对经过预处理的振动信号进行FFT变换，顶板岩体振动系统的振动微分方程可以表示为：

式中M为系统质量矩阵，C为阻尼系数矩阵，K为刚度矩阵，f(t)为动力荷载矩阵，

和x分别为位移列阵、速度列阵和加速度列阵，忽略系统的阻尼C和动力荷载矩阵f(t)，令其为0，则顶板岩体的振动方程为：

设振动方程的特解为：

式中

为自由响应位移幅值列阵，为n*n阶矩阵，则振动方程可表达为

当结构产生损伤，设结构的刚度矩阵K和质量矩阵M出现微小的摄动量ΔK、ΔM，相对应的ω²和

也会产生微小的摄动量Δω²和

表达式变为：S6, after thespectrum analyzer 3 receives the vibration signal, it will filter the vibration signal, and then perform FFT transformation on the preprocessed vibration signal, the vibration differential equation of the roof rock mass vibration system can be expressed as:

where M is the system mass matrix, C is the damping coefficient matrix, K is the stiffness matrix, f(t) is the dynamic load matrix,

and x are the displacement array, velocity array, and acceleration array, respectively, ignoring the damping C of the system and the dynamic load matrix f(t), and setting it to 0, the vibration equation of the roof rock mass is:

Let the special solution of the vibration equation be:

In the formula

is a free response displacement amplitude array, and is an n*n order matrix, then the vibration equation can be expressed as

When the structure is damaged, it is assumed that the stiffness matrix K and mass matrix M of the structure have small perturbations ΔK and ΔM, and the corresponding ω² and

also produces tiny perturbations Δω² and

The expression becomes:

顶板岩体在未发生冒落前，岩体质量的变化可忽略不计，即认为ΔM为0，结构在损伤演化过程中，结构损伤主要削弱其刚度，振动方程可变为：Before the roof rock mass collapses, the change in rock mass quality is negligible, that is, ΔM is considered to be 0. During the damage evolution process of the structure, structural damage mainly weakens its stiffness, and the vibration equation can be changed to:

化简，忽略二项式，可得：Simplifying and ignoring the binomial, we get:

对于其中某一阶振型

(i＝1,2,3......N)来说，其频率损伤方程为：For one of the vibration modes

(i=1,2,3...N), the frequency damage equation is:

式子表明结构刚度变化可以通过结构固有频率的变化表现出来；The formula shows that the change of structural stiffness can be expressed by the change of the natural frequency of the structure;

根据待检测巷道区段对5倍巷道半径高度顶板范围进行钻孔窥视和取芯，选取岩体质量指数(RQD)>90％且近30天内顶板单日下沉速率小于4mm的区域的岩石试样开展振动测试，求取岩样特征频率，将测试特征频率结果作为围岩健康状态下的基准值，并将特征频率的85％作为围岩失稳前的预警值，以此为基础在频谱分析仪中设置预警阈值。According to the section of the roadway to be tested, drilling and peeping and coring were carried out on the roof area of 5 times the height of the roadway radius, and the rock test was selected in the area with the rock quality index (RQD)>90% and the single-day sinking rate of the roof within the past 30 days was less than 4mm. Carry out the vibration test of the sample to obtain the characteristic frequency of the rock sample, and use the test characteristic frequency result as the benchmark value under the healthy state of the surrounding rock, and use 85% of the characteristic frequency as the early warning value before the instability of the surrounding rock, based on this An early warning threshold is set in the analyzer.

S7，通过对顶板岩体结构的振动信号的频谱分析可以发现，岩体结构的振动频率变化在一定的范围内上下浮动，当结构的振动频率突然产生大幅度的波动时，预示着岩体内部存在破坏裂隙的发展，当顶板岩体的振动频率变化超过预警阈值区间时，说明巷道存在冒顶的风险，频谱分析仪会触发蜂鸣报警系统，向技术人员发出预警信号，以及时对该区域的顶板岩体施加加固措施；S7, through the spectrum analysis of the vibration signal of the roof rock mass structure, it can be found that the vibration frequency of the rock mass structure fluctuates up and down within a certain range. When the vibration frequency of the structure suddenly fluctuates greatly, it indicates that the rock mass internal There is the development of damaged cracks. When the vibration frequency of the roof rock mass exceeds the warning threshold range, it indicates that there is a risk of roof fall in the roadway. The spectrum analyzer will trigger the buzzer alarm system to send an early warning signal to the technicians, so as to timely inspect the area. Reinforcement measures are applied to the roof rock mass;

通过刺入式振动拾取仪可以拾取顶板内部整体振动特征，经频谱分析仪处理后可得到能够反映顶板刚度的振动频率信息，实现了激励的自动触发与响应信号的自动采集，可根据不同时间节点的振动特征异常值，实现巷道顶板精准区域的稳固状态评估。Through the penetrating vibration pickup instrument, the overall vibration characteristics inside the roof can be picked up. After processing by the spectrum analyzer, the vibration frequency information that can reflect the stiffness of the roof can be obtained, which realizes automatic triggering of excitation and automatic collection of response signals. According to different time nodes The outlier value of the vibration characteristics can realize the stability evaluation of the precise area of the roof of the roadway.

请参阅图12，我们选取待测巷道区段对5倍巷道半径高度顶板范围进行钻孔窥视和取芯，选取岩体质量指数(RQD)>90％且近30天内顶板单日下沉速率小于4mm的区域的岩石试样进行特征频率测试，将测试结果作为围岩健康状态下的基准值，并将特征频率的85％作为围岩失稳前的预警值。基于这些设定，我们设置了围岩特征频率变化阈值区间。Please refer to Figure 12. We selected the roadway section to be tested to drill and peep and coring the roof range of 5 times the roadway radius height, and selected the rock mass quality index (RQD)>90% and the single-day sinking rate of the roof in the past 30 days was less than The rock sample in the 4mm area is tested for characteristic frequency, and the test result is used as the benchmark value in the healthy state of the surrounding rock, and 85% of the characteristic frequency is used as the early warning value before the instability of the surrounding rock. Based on these settings, we set the threshold interval for the characteristic frequency change of the surrounding rock.

图中云图的颜色深浅表示围岩的安全程度，若巷道顶板某测点位置的特征频率大于或等于基准值，则该测点周围顶板的安全等级评定为安全。如果某测点位置的特征频率低于基准值，则该测点周围的顶板围岩可能存在风险。The color depth of the cloud image in the figure indicates the safety degree of the surrounding rock. If the characteristic frequency of a measuring point on the roof of the roadway is greater than or equal to the reference value, the safety level of the roof around the measuring point is rated as safe. If the characteristic frequency of a certain measuring point is lower than the reference value, the surrounding rock of the roof around the measuring point may be at risk.

此外，测点的特征频率下降值越大，说明该范围内围岩的风险等级越高。我们还绘制了巷道冒顶围岩等级云图，其中横向图展示了某段巷道的冒顶风险云图，竖向图则表示特征频率下降的量，值越大表示风险等级越高，负数表示该测点的特征频率高于基准值，该位置顶板围岩赋存状况安全。In addition, the greater the drop value of the characteristic frequency of the measuring point, the higher the risk level of the surrounding rock in this range. We also drew the cloud map of the roadway roof fall risk level, in which the horizontal map shows the cloud map of the roof fall risk of a certain section of the roadway, and the vertical map shows the amount of characteristic frequency drop. If the eigenfrequency is higher than the reference value, the occurrence of the surrounding rock on the roof is safe.

同时本说明书中未作详细描述的内容均属于本领域技术人员公知的现有技术。At the same time, the content not described in detail in this specification belongs to the prior art known to those skilled in the art.

首先将固定插杆10插入到插孔18内，固定插杆10内测均布若干压电传感元件11，当顶板内部岩体发生破裂产生自振或在电磁激振器的敲击下振动时，会在压电传感元件11上产生压力，进而产生电荷，所受的作用力越大，则产生的电荷越多，电荷经内部转换元件的处理后，形成与外部压力成正比的电量，当作用力去掉后，压电元件又回到原来不带电的状态，电源与通信模块15位于电磁激振器的下部，当电磁激振器收到冲击指示信号时，电源模块向励磁线圈14释放交流电流,从而产生电磁力，获得冲击力锤16对顶板的激励力；First, insert the fixedinsertion rod 10 into thesocket 18, and a number ofpiezoelectric sensing elements 11 are evenly distributed inside the fixedinsertion rod 10. When the rock mass inside the roof breaks, it will generate natural vibration or vibrate under the percussion of the electromagnetic exciter. When the pressure is applied, pressure will be generated on thepiezoelectric sensing element 11, and then charges will be generated. The greater the force received, the more charges will be generated. After the charges are processed by the internal conversion elements, an electric quantity proportional to the external pressure will be formed. , when the active force is removed, the piezoelectric element returns to the original uncharged state. The power supply andcommunication module 15 is located at the bottom of the electromagnetic exciter. The alternating current is released to generate electromagnetic force to obtain the excitation force of theimpact hammer 16 on the top plate;

当冲击力锤16需要进行激励时，冲击力锤16在上升的过程中，带动转轴24向上移动，同时使得伸缩杆25收缩，在收缩到最短状态时，继续推动伸缩杆25向上移动，在固定架26的导向作用下，伸缩杆25发生转动，同时推动连接块27移动，连接块27移动时，带动防尘板30移动，从而使得冲击力锤套筒12的上方的多个防尘板30同时打开，保证了冲击力锤16敲击过程的正常进行，防尘板30在移动时，滑块34在滑槽35内滑动，对防尘板30的移动方向进行限位，同时连接块27的移动带动连接杆28移动，到限位杆32的限位作用下，连接杆28在水平方向上移动，推动阻尼伸缩杆31转动，此时阻尼伸缩杆31处于最短的状态，且在转动时不会发生伸长的情况，从而推动密封滑板23在连通筒22内滑动，对连通腔19内的气体进行挤压，使其连通腔19内的气体从单向阀33处流出，并且防止外界气体进入到连通腔19内，从而随着冲击力锤16的多次激励，使得连通腔19内的气压逐渐减小，在外界大气压的作用下，将检测装置3牢牢吸附在巷道顶板2处，当连通腔19内的气压减小到一定程度时，随着冲击力锤16的激励过程，密封滑板23难以在连通筒22内向下移动，此时阻尼伸缩杆31发生伸缩过程，保证了冲击力锤16继续进行对顶板的激励；When theimpact hammer 16 needs to be excited, theimpact hammer 16 drives the rotatingshaft 24 to move upward during the rising process, and at the same time makes thetelescopic rod 25 contract. When shrinking to the shortest state, continue to push thetelescopic rod 25 to move upward. Under the guiding action of theframe 26, thetelescopic rod 25 rotates, and at the same time pushes the connectingblock 27 to move. When the connectingblock 27 moves, it drives the dust-proof board 30 to move, so that the multiple dust-proof boards 30 on the top of theimpact hammer sleeve 12 Open at the same time, ensure the normal carrying out ofimpact hammer 16 knocking process, when dustproofplate 30 is moving,slide block 34 slides in thechute 35, the moving direction of dustproofplate 30 is limited, and connectingblock 27 The movement drives the connectingrod 28 to move, and under the limit action of thelimit rod 32, the connectingrod 28 moves in the horizontal direction and pushes the dampingtelescopic rod 31 to rotate. At this time, the dampingtelescopic rod 31 is in the shortest state, and when rotating The situation of elongation will not occur, thereby pushing the sealingslide plate 23 to slide in thecommunication cylinder 22, squeezing the gas in thecommunication cavity 19, so that the gas in thecommunication cavity 19 flows out from the one-way valve 33, and prevents the outside world from The gas enters into thecommunication chamber 19, so that with the multiple excitations of theimpact hammer 16, the air pressure in thecommunication chamber 19 gradually decreases, and under the action of the external atmospheric pressure, thedetection device 3 is firmly adsorbed on theroadway roof 2 , when the air pressure in thecommunication chamber 19 decreases to a certain extent, with the excitation process of theimpact hammer 16, it is difficult for the sealingslide plate 23 to move downward in thecommunication cylinder 22. At this time, the expansion and contraction process of the dampingtelescopic rod 31 occurs, ensuring theimpact Power hammer 16 continues the excitation to top plate;

在需要对检测装置3进行回收时，将卡接在密封板20处的单向阀33取下，使得连通腔19和外界的大气压强相互平衡，之后将固定插杆10从插孔18内拔出即可。When thedetection device 3 needs to be recovered, the one-way valve 33 clamped at the sealingplate 20 is removed, so that the atmospheric pressure of thecommunication chamber 19 and the outside world are balanced with each other, and then the fixedinsertion rod 10 is pulled out from theinsertion hole 18 Just go out.

尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型，本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, those skilled in the art can understand that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention. and modifications, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (8)

Translated fromChinese

1.一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：包括巷道围岩(1)和巷道顶板(2)，所述巷道顶板(2)上均匀固定设有若干检测装置(4)，所述检测装置(4)包括电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪，所述电磁激振器的上端对应设有安全防护组件，所述刺入式振动拾取仪和巷道顶板(2)之间通过气密连接组件相连，所述安全防护组件和气密连接组件相互连接，所述巷道顶板(2)的侧壁处还固定设有频谱分析仪(3)，用于接收、处理振动数据，且可以智能判断、灯光警报显示、播报预警信号；1. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device is characterized in that: comprise roadway surrounding rock (1) and roadway roof (2), described roadway roof (2) is evenly fixed with some detection devices (4), the The detection device (4) includes an electromagnetic exciter and a penetrating vibration pick-up device, the upper end of the electromagnetic vibrator is correspondingly provided with a safety protection component, and the penetrating vibration pick-up device and the roadway roof (2) pass through The airtight connection components are connected, the safety protection components and the airtight connection components are connected to each other, and the side wall of the roadway roof (2) is also fixed with a spectrum analyzer (3) for receiving and processing vibration data, and can Intelligent judgment, light alarm display, broadcast early warning signal;所述电磁激振器包括冲击力锤套筒(12)，所述冲击力锤套筒(12)内设有电源与通信模块(15)，所述电源与通信模块(15)的上端连接设有冲击力锤(16)，所述冲击力锤套筒(12)的内壁处设有励磁线圈(14)，用于在励磁线圈(14)的作用下产生冲击动能；The electromagnetic exciter includes an impact hammer sleeve (12), and the impact hammer sleeve (12) is provided with a power supply and a communication module (15), and the upper end of the power supply and the communication module (15) is connected to a device. There is an impact hammer (16), and the inner wall of the impact hammer sleeve (12) is provided with an excitation coil (14), which is used to generate impact kinetic energy under the action of the excitation coil (14);所述刺入式振动拾取仪包括固定插杆(10)和基座，所述固定插杆(10)中均布压电传感元件(11)，所述基座中装有电源与通信模块(15)；The penetrating vibration pick-up instrument includes a fixed insertion rod (10) and a base, and piezoelectric sensing elements (11) are evenly distributed in the fixed insertion rod (10), and a power supply and a communication module are housed in the base (15);所述频谱分析仪(3)外部包围设有防爆保护箱(8)，所述防爆保护箱(8)的侧壁处固定设有信号增益天线(5)，所述频谱分析仪(3)的侧壁处设有信号显示屏(9)、蜂鸣播报器(6)和多个按键(7)。The outside of the spectrum analyzer (3) is surrounded by an explosion-proof protection box (8), and the side wall of the explosion-proof protection box (8) is fixedly provided with a signal gain antenna (5), and the spectrum analyzer (3) A signal display screen (9), a buzzer (6) and a plurality of buttons (7) are arranged on the side wall.2.根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：所述气密连接组件包括设置在巷道顶板(2)内的插孔(18)，所述固定插杆(10)插入插孔(18)内，所述插孔(18)的底壁两侧连通设有连通腔(19)，远离电磁激振器一端的连通腔(19)的下端固定设有密封板(20)，所述密封板(20)处卡接设有单向阀(33)，用于连通腔(19)内的气体排出并防止外界气体从单向阀(33)处进入到连通腔(19)内，另一个所述连通腔(19)的侧壁处固定设有固定板(21)，所述固定板(21)的下壁处连通设有连通筒(22)，所述连通筒(22)和连通腔(19)相互连通，所述连通筒(22)内密封滑动设有密封滑板(23)。2. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the airtight connection assembly includes a socket (18) arranged in the roadway roof (2), and the fixed insertion rod ( 10) Insert into the socket (18), the two sides of the bottom wall of the socket (18) are connected with a communicating cavity (19), and the lower end of the communicating cavity (19) away from the end of the electromagnetic exciter is fixed with a sealing plate (20), the sealing plate (20) is clamped with a one-way valve (33), which is used to discharge the gas in the communication cavity (19) and prevent external gas from entering the communication cavity from the one-way valve (33) (19), a fixed plate (21) is fixed on the side wall of the other said communicating cavity (19), and a communicating tube (22) is provided on the lower wall of said fixing plate (21). The cylinder (22) and the communication cavity (19) communicate with each other, and a sealing slide plate (23) is provided for sealing and sliding in the communication cylinder (22).3.根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：所述安全防护组件包括六个固定设置在冲击力锤(16)上壁处的转轴(24)，所述转轴(24)上转动设有伸缩杆(25)，所述冲击力锤套筒(12)的上端开口处固定设有固定架(26)，所述伸缩杆(25)的另一端穿过固定架(26)，且伸缩杆(25)的上端处转动设有连接块(27)，所述连接块(27)的上端固定设有固定块(29)，所述固定块(29)的上端固定设有防尘板(30)，所述固定架(26)的上壁固定设有滑块(34)，所述防尘板(30)的下壁内对应设有滑槽(35)，所述滑块(34)滑动设置在滑槽(35)内，六个防尘板(30)共同组成圆形，且六个防尘板(30)靠在一起时将冲击力锤套筒(12)的上端遮盖。3. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the safety protection assembly includes six rotating shafts (24) fixedly arranged on the upper wall of the impact hammer (16), the The rotating shaft (24) is provided with a telescopic rod (25), the upper opening of the impact hammer sleeve (12) is fixed with a fixed mount (26), and the other end of the telescopic rod (25) passes through the fixed frame (26), and the upper end of the telescopic rod (25) is rotated to be provided with a connecting block (27), and the upper end of the connecting block (27) is fixedly provided with a fixed block (29), and the upper end of the fixed block (29) A dustproof plate (30) is fixedly provided, a slider (34) is fixedly provided on the upper wall of the fixed frame (26), and a chute (35) is correspondingly provided with a chute (35) in the lower wall of the described dustproof plate (30), The slide block (34) is slidably arranged in the chute (35), and the six dust-proof plates (30) form a circle together, and when the six dust-proof plates (30) are close together, the impact hammer sleeve ( 12) the upper end covers.4.根据权利要求3所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：所述密封滑板(23)的下端转动设有阻尼伸缩杆(31)，所述阻尼伸缩杆(31)的另一端转动设有连接杆(28)，所述连接杆(28)和连接块(27)固定连接，所述巷道顶板(2)的下壁上固定设有限位杆(32)，所述连接杆(28)滑动贯穿限位杆(32)。4. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device according to claim 3, characterized in that: the lower end of the sealing slide (23) is rotated with a damping telescopic rod (31), and the damping telescopic rod (31) The other end is rotated to be provided with a connecting rod (28), and the connecting rod (28) is fixedly connected to the connecting block (27). Rod (28) slides through limit rod (32).5.根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：所述电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的下端共同固定设有装置底板(17)，且电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪之间固定设有隔振垫层(13)。5. A kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the lower end of described electromagnetic exciter and piercing type vibration pick-up instrument is jointly fixedly provided with device base plate (17), and electromagnetic exciter A vibration-isolation pad (13) is fixedly arranged between the vibrator and the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument.6.根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法及其预警装置，其特征在于：所述频谱分析仪(3)内含有信号收发模块、频谱分析系统以及蜂鸣报警系统，所述信号收发模块可以通过发射无线信号实现信号的传输，同时还配备USB插口，用于通过电缆线实现与电磁激振器和刺入式振动拾取仪的连接。6. a kind of roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method and early warning device thereof according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described spectrum analyzer (3) contains signal transceiver module, spectrum analysis system and buzzer alarm system, so The above-mentioned signal transceiver module can realize signal transmission by transmitting wireless signals, and is also equipped with a USB socket, which is used to realize the connection with the electromagnetic exciter and the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument through cables.7.根据权利要求1所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：所述频谱分析仪(3)将收到的振动信号进行FFT变换，识别巷道顶板(2)振动的特征频率，并将处理结果通过信号显示屏(9)显示出来。7. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the spectrum analyzer (3) performs FFT transformation on the received vibration signal to identify the characteristic frequency of roadway roof (2) vibration , and the processing result is displayed through the signal display screen (9).8.一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警方法，应用于如权利1-7任一项所述的一种巷道冒顶灾害监测预警装置，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：8. A roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning method, applied to a roadway roof fall disaster monitoring and early warning device as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that it includes the following steps:S1，首先在待检测巷道区段对5倍巷道半径高度顶板范围进行钻孔窥视和取芯，选取岩体质量指数(RQD)>90％且近30天内顶板单日下沉速率小于4mm的区域的岩石试样进行特征频率测试，将测试结果作为围岩健康状态下的基准值，将特征频率的85％作为围岩失稳前的预警值，以此设置围岩特征频率变化阈值区间，并平均划分5个安全等级。S1. Firstly, in the roadway section to be tested, drill and peep and coring the roof range of 5 times the roadway radius height, and select the area where the rock quality index (RQD) > 90% and the roof sinking rate in the past 30 days is less than 4mm per day Test the characteristic frequency of the rock sample, take the test result as the benchmark value in the healthy state of the surrounding rock, and use 85% of the characteristic frequency as the early warning value before the instability of the surrounding rock, so as to set the threshold range of the characteristic frequency change of the surrounding rock, and 5 security levels are divided equally.S2，将刺入式振动拾取仪与电磁激振器组合装置通过气密连接组件布置在巷道顶板(2)的监测区域内，然后根据巷道顶板(2)岩性特征在频谱分析仪(3)中输入电磁激振器的冲击挡位与特征频率变化阈值区间；S2, arrange the combination device of the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument and the electromagnetic exciter in the monitoring area of the roadway roof (2) through the airtight connection assembly, and then according to the lithological characteristics of the roadway roof (2) in the spectrum analyzer (3) Enter the impact gear and characteristic frequency change threshold interval of the electromagnetic exciter in the middle;S3，通过频谱分析仪(3)的控制按钮向电磁激振器发出激励指令，随即电磁激振器对巷道顶板(2)施加冲击荷载，带动安全防护组件运转，且刺入式振动拾取仪在达到振动速度拾取阈值时自动拾取振动信号，并将振动数据发送到频谱分析仪的储存空间；S3, send an excitation command to the electromagnetic exciter through the control button of the spectrum analyzer (3), and then the electromagnetic exciter applies an impact load to the roadway roof (2) to drive the safety protection components to run, and the piercing vibration pickup Automatically pick up the vibration signal when the vibration speed pick-up threshold is reached, and send the vibration data to the storage space of the spectrum analyzer;S4，根据获取的振动信号能量特征，可调节电磁激振器的冲击能档位；S4, according to the acquired vibration signal energy characteristics, the impact energy gear of the electromagnetic exciter can be adjusted;S5，刺入式振动拾取仪设有自适应速度拾取阈值，可以忽略岩体内部的微小振动信号，减少数据的处理时间和储存空间，当顶板岩体内部产生破碎，岩体结构的自振频次和能量会随之产生较大起伏，当振动特征频率超过预设阈值，振动拾取仪会将振动信号采集并传送到频谱分析仪中，作为冒顶危险发生预警的前兆信号；S5, the penetrating vibration pick-up instrument is equipped with an adaptive speed pick-up threshold, which can ignore the tiny vibration signal inside the rock mass, reduce the data processing time and storage space, when the roof rock mass breaks, the natural vibration frequency of the rock mass structure The energy and energy will have large fluctuations. When the vibration characteristic frequency exceeds the preset threshold, the vibration pickup will collect the vibration signal and transmit it to the spectrum analyzer as a precursor signal for the early warning of the risk of roof fall;S6，频谱分析仪(3)在收到振动信号后，会对振动信号进行滤波处理，接着对经过预处理的振动信号进行FFT变换；S6, after receiving the vibration signal, the spectrum analyzer (3) filters the vibration signal, and then performs FFT transformation on the preprocessed vibration signal;S7，通过对顶板岩体结构的振动信号的频谱分析可以发现，岩体结构的振动频率变化在一定的范围内上下浮动，当结构的振动频率突然产生大幅度的波动时，预示着岩体内部存在破坏裂隙正在发展，当顶板岩体的振动频率变化超过预警阈值区间时，说明巷道存在冒顶的风险，频谱分析仪会触发蜂鸣报警系统，向技术人员发出预警信号，以及时对该区域的顶板岩体施加加固措施。S7, through the frequency spectrum analysis of the vibration signal of the roof rock mass structure, it can be found that the vibration frequency of the rock mass structure fluctuates up and down within a certain range. When the vibration frequency of the structure suddenly fluctuates greatly, it indicates that the rock mass internal There are damaged cracks that are developing. When the vibration frequency of the roof rock mass exceeds the warning threshold range, it indicates that there is a risk of roof fall in the roadway. The spectrum analyzer will trigger the buzzer alarm system to send an early warning signal to the technicians, so as to timely inspect the area. Reinforcement measures are applied to the roof rock mass.

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