CN116053764A - A Miniaturized Broadband Ionospheric Scatter Communication Antenna - Google Patents
A Miniaturized Broadband Ionospheric Scatter Communication AntennaDownload PDFInfo
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- CN116053764A CN116053764ACN202211555305.XACN202211555305ACN116053764ACN 116053764 ACN116053764 ACN 116053764ACN 202211555305 ACN202211555305 ACN 202211555305ACN 116053764 ACN116053764 ACN 116053764A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/08—Means for collapsing antennas or parts thereof
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
- H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
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Abstract
Translated fromChinese
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明属于天线设计领域，特别涉及该领域中的一种小型化宽频带电离层散射通信天线。The invention belongs to the field of antenna design, in particular to a miniaturized broadband ionospheric scattering communication antenna in the field.
背景技术Background technique
在距离地面约60~1000 km的大气层中，中性大气在太阳紫外线、X射线和高能粒子的辐射作用下，部分发生电离形成电离层，对在其中传播的无线电波会产生散射、反射、吸收、法拉第旋转等效应，是日地空间环境的重要组成部分。受电离层扰动、大气层湍流运动、高空核爆和流星撞击大气层等影响，电离层中会产生带电离子密度分布的不均匀性，形成类似湍流的不均匀体，其对超短波信号的散射截面积可达到108m2，可形成一种超短波超视距信息传输信道实现信号的定向辐射，大大高于自然电离层，具有保密性好、抗干扰能力强等特点，常用频率范围为40~80MHz。In the atmosphere about 60-1000 km from the ground, the neutral atmosphere is partially ionized by the radiation of solar ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and high-energy particles to form an ionosphere, which will scatter, reflect, and absorb radio waves propagating in it. , Faraday rotation and other effects are an important part of the space environment of the sun and the earth. Affected by ionospheric disturbances, atmospheric turbulent movement, high-altitude nuclear explosions, and meteor impacts on the atmosphere, etc., the ionosphere will produce inhomogeneous distribution of charged ion density, forming an inhomogeneous body similar to turbulent flow, and its scattering cross-sectional area for ultrashort wave signals can be Reaching 108 m2 , it can form an ultrashort-wave trans-horizon information transmission channel to realize directional radiation of signals, which is much higher than the natural ionosphere, and has the characteristics of good confidentiality and strong anti-interference ability. The commonly used frequency range is 40~80MHz.
天线是电离层散射通信中用来有效发射或接收信号的关键元件，在中、远距离通信系统中，信号的有效辐射功率越高，数据的平均传输量越大，但受发射机功率等因素的制约，天线的高增益需求显得尤其紧要；为实现散射区域的有效覆盖以增大散射截面积，天线波束要实现宽角覆盖；与此同时，天线应具备宽频带工作能力，覆盖可用通信频率范围，因此天线设计需兼顾高增益、宽频带和宽波束角度这几个相互矛盾的指标。Antenna is a key component for effectively transmitting or receiving signals in ionospheric scatter communication. In medium and long-distance communication systems, the higher the effective radiation power of the signal, the greater the average transmission amount of data, but it is affected by factors such as transmitter power In order to realize the effective coverage of the scattering area and increase the scattering cross-sectional area, the antenna beam should achieve wide-angle coverage; at the same time, the antenna should have the ability to work in a wide frequency band and cover the available communication frequencies Therefore, the antenna design needs to take into account several contradictory indicators of high gain, wide frequency band and wide beam angle.
八木天线具有易于排阵、加工简单、成本低、增益高等特点，在电离层散射通信系统中得到了广泛的应用，但其存在以下几个问题：一是物理尺寸通常在十几米以上，限制了应用范围，特别是在舰船、装甲车等物理空间受限的平台上，有必要开展天线小型化设计；二是其工作频带较窄，通常工作在40~50MHz，为实现宽频带工作需要配备多个不同频段天线进行切换，在实际应用中非常不方便；三是其波束宽度通常较窄，在散射通信区域较大时难以实现全覆盖，亟待出现一种可解决上述问题的新型电离层散射通信天线。除上述应用外，在某些特定的应用环境中，比如紧促空间和便携设备中，更需要天线在具有特定方向图的同时还具有小型化和宽频带等特点。The Yagi antenna has the characteristics of easy array arrangement, simple processing, low cost, and high gain. It has been widely used in ionospheric scatter communication systems, but it has the following problems: First, the physical size is usually more than ten meters, which limits The scope of application, especially on platforms with limited physical space such as ships and armored vehicles, it is necessary to carry out miniaturized antenna design; second, its operating frequency band is relatively narrow, usually working at 40~50MHz, and multiple antennas are required to achieve broadband work. It is very inconvenient in practical applications to switch antennas in different frequency bands. Third, its beam width is usually narrow, and it is difficult to achieve full coverage when the scattering communication area is large. A new type of ionospheric scattering communication that can solve the above problems is urgently needed. antenna. In addition to the above-mentioned applications, in some specific application environments, such as tight spaces and portable devices, it is more necessary for the antenna to have the characteristics of miniaturization and broadband while having a specific pattern.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题就是提供一种小型化宽频带电离层散射通信天线。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a miniaturized broadband ionospheric scattering communication antenna.
本发明采用如下技术方案：The present invention adopts following technical scheme:
一种小型化宽频带电离层散射通信天线，其改进之处在于：包括上下平行的两根金属管馈电结构和N组折叠加载天线振子，两根金属管的末端各为一根加载开路线，下面一根金属管由支撑架支撑，每组折叠加载天线振子有两根相同的振子臂，两根振子臂分别对称的设置在上述两根金属管上，所述的振子臂是一个L型天线，该L型天线的长边垂直安装在金属管上，在短边上设置两个垂直于短边的加载金属枝节，其中一个加载金属枝节在短边的末端，另一个加载金属枝节与长边相邻，两个加载金属枝节均朝向金属管并与长边平行， 相邻两组折叠加载天线振子的阵子臂长边长度、短边长度、两个加载金属枝节长度及与长边相邻加载金属枝节在短边上的位置均按照固定比例因子k从后向前缩小，从第二组折叠加载天线振子开始，相邻两组折叠加载天线振子的阵子臂长边间距也按照固定比例因子k从后向前缩小。A miniaturized wide-band ionospheric scattering communication antenna, the improvement of which is that it includes two metal tube feed structures parallel up and down and N groups of folded and loaded antenna vibrators, and the ends of the two metal tubes are each a loaded open line , a metal tube below is supported by a support frame, and each group of folded and loaded antenna vibrators has two identical vibrator arms, and the two vibrator arms are symmetrically arranged on the above two metal tubes, and the vibrator arms are an L-shaped Antenna, the long side of the L-shaped antenna is vertically installed on the metal tube, and two loaded metal branches perpendicular to the short side are arranged on the short side, one of which is loaded with the metal branch at the end of the short side, and the other is loaded with the metal branch and the long side The sides are adjacent, the two loaded metal branches are facing the metal tube and parallel to the long side, the length of the long side, the short side length, the length of the two loaded metal branches and the length adjacent to the long side of the antenna vibrator The position of the loaded metal branch on the short side is reduced from the back to the front according to the fixed proportional factork . Starting from the second group of folded and loaded antenna elements, the distance between the long sides of the array arms of the adjacent two groups of folded and loaded antenna elements is also in accordance with the fixed proportional factork shrinks from back to front.
进一步的，两根加载开路线的纵截面形状及上下间距与两根金属管一致。Further, the shape of the longitudinal section and the vertical spacing of the two loading opening lines are consistent with those of the two metal pipes.
进一步的，在金属管的两侧交替的设置各组折叠加载天线振子的振子臂。Further, groups of dipole arms for folding and loading the antenna dipole are arranged alternately on both sides of the metal tube.
进一步的，金属管馈电结构和折叠加载天线振子均由金属方管构成，且金属方管的纵截面边长相同。Further, both the metal tube feeding structure and the folded and loaded antenna vibrator are made of metal square tubes, and the side lengths of the longitudinal sections of the metal square tubes are the same.
进一步的，比例因子k取值范围为0.8~0.95。Further, the scaling factork ranges from 0.8 to 0.95.
本发明的有益效果是：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
本发明所公开的天线，利用天线的等效加载原理，通过弯折天线振子减小横向尺寸，通过加载金属枝节实现天线的阻抗调整，实现了天线的小型化设计，便于工程应用，拓宽了电离层散射通信的应用范围；依据非频变天线工作原理，通过在馈电结构轴线方向设置按固定比例分布的多个折叠加载天线振子，实现天线的宽频带工作；在馈电结构末端设置加载开路线，通过长度调整实现对末端反射功率的吸收，实现馈电结构与天线的阻抗匹配。通过对天线结构和参数的扫描优化，使其同时具有低剖面、小型化、宽频带、高增益和宽波束的性能。The antenna disclosed in the present invention utilizes the equivalent loading principle of the antenna, reduces the lateral size by bending the antenna vibrator, and realizes the impedance adjustment of the antenna by loading metal branches, thereby realizing the miniaturization design of the antenna, facilitating engineering applications, and broadening the ionization range. The application range of layer scattering communication; according to the working principle of the non-frequency variable antenna, by setting a plurality of folded and loaded antenna dipoles distributed in a fixed proportion in the axial direction of the feed structure, the broadband work of the antenna is realized; the load switch is set at the end of the feed structure The length of the route is adjusted to absorb the reflected power at the end, and to achieve the impedance matching between the feed structure and the antenna. Through the scanning optimization of the antenna structure and parameters, it has the performance of low profile, miniaturization, wide frequency band, high gain and wide beam at the same time.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明所公开天线的俯视结构图；Fig. 1 is a top view structure diagram of the antenna disclosed in the present invention;
图2是本发明所公开天线的立体结构图；Fig. 2 is a three-dimensional structure diagram of the antenna disclosed in the present invention;
图3是本发明所公开天线的侧视结构图；Fig. 3 is a side view structure diagram of the antenna disclosed in the present invention;
图4是天线驻波比的实测与仿真对比图；Figure 4 is a comparison diagram of the actual measurement and simulation of the standing wave ratio of the antenna;
图5(a)是40MHz频点天线的E面方向图；Figure 5(a) is the E plane pattern of the 40MHz frequency point antenna;
图5(b)是40MHz频点天线的H面方向图；Figure 5(b) is the H plane pattern of the 40MHz frequency point antenna;
图6(a)是50MHz频点天线的E面方向图；Figure 6(a) is the E plane pattern of the 50MHz frequency point antenna;
图6(b)是50MHz频点天线的H面方向图。Figure 6(b) is the H plane pattern of the 50MHz frequency point antenna.
附图标记：A—折叠加载天线振子，B—金属管馈电结构，C—加载开路线，D—支撑架。Reference signs: A—folded loading antenna vibrator, B—metal tube feeding structure, C—loading open line, D—supporting frame.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图和实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention.
本发明公开了一种小型化超短波宽频带电离层散射通信天线，如图1—3所示，包括上下平行的两根金属管馈电结构B和N组折叠加载天线振子A（图1中为6组），两根金属管的末端各为一根加载开路线C，可通过调整加载开路线长度d0实现金属管馈电结构与天线的阻抗匹配，避免在金属管馈电结构末端出现反射电流，还可以对馈电结构末端的反射功率进行吸收，实现天线工作频率向低端的扩展。下面一根金属管由支撑架D支撑，每组折叠加载天线振子有两根相同的振子臂，两根振子臂分别对称的设置在上述两根金属管上，两根金属管分别对每组折叠加载天线振子的两根振子臂进行连接馈电，并为N组折叠加载天线振子提供支撑成型；所述的振子臂是一个L型天线，该L型天线的长边垂直安装在金属管上，在短边上设置两个垂直于短边的加载金属枝节，其中一个加载金属枝节在短边的末端，另一个加载金属枝节与长边相邻，两个加载金属枝节均朝向金属管并与长边平行。The present invention discloses a miniaturized ultrashort-wave broadband ionospheric scattering communication antenna, as shown in Figure 1-3, including two metal tube feeding structures B parallel up and down and N groups of folded and loaded antenna vibrators A (in Figure 1 is 6 groups), the ends of the two metal tubes are each a loaded open line C, and the impedance matching between the metal tube feed structure and the antenna can be realized by adjusting the lengthd0 of the loaded open line, so as to avoid reflection at the end of the metal tube feed structure The current can also absorb the reflected power at the end of the feed structure, and realize the extension of the antenna operating frequency to the low end. The lower metal tube is supported by the support frame D. Each group of folded and loaded antenna vibrators has two identical vibrator arms. The two vibrator arms are symmetrically arranged on the above two metal tubes. The two metal tubes are folded for each group The two dipole arms of the loaded antenna vibrator are connected and fed, and provide support for N groups of folded and loaded antenna vibrators; the vibrator arm is an L-shaped antenna, and the long side of the L-shaped antenna is vertically installed on the metal tube. Set two loading metal branches perpendicular to the short side on the short side, one of the loading metal branches is at the end of the short side, the other loading metal branch is adjacent to the long side, and the two loading metal branches are facing the metal pipe and connected to the long side. The sides are parallel.
以第1组折叠加载天线振子的一根振子臂为例，包括一个L型天线和两个加载金属枝节，所述L型天线总长为l1_1+l1_4+l1_5，通过弯折实现天线的低剖面设计；两个加载金属枝节均与L型天线的长边（长l1_1）平行，其间距分别为l1_4、l1_5。长度l1_3的加载金属枝节位于L型天线末端，等效为电容加载，其输入阻抗由长度l1_3控制，可通过减小l1_4+l1_5的长度，实现小型化设计；长度l1_2的加载金属枝节与L型天线的长边相邻，等效为电感加载，通过选择合适长度l1_2，其感抗可有效抵消长度l1_3加载金属枝节引入的容抗。在仿真优化的过程中同时调节l1_2、l1_3、l1_4和l1_5的结构尺寸，构造多个呈现不同阻抗特性的结构，调整折叠加载天线振子输入端的阻抗。Taking a dipole arm of the first group of folded and loaded antenna dipoles as an example, it includes an L-shaped antenna and two loaded metal branches. The total length of the L-shaped antenna isl1_1 +l1_4 +l1_5 . Low-profile design; the two loaded metal branches are parallel to the long side (lengthl1_1 ) of the L-shaped antenna, and the distances between them arel1_4 andl1_5 . The loaded metal stub of lengthl1_3 is located at the end of the L-shaped antenna, which is equivalent to capacitive loading, and its input impedance is controlled by the lengthl1_3 , and the miniaturization design can be realized by reducing the length ofl1_4 +l1_5 ; the loading of lengthl1_2 The metal stub is adjacent to the long side of the L-shaped antenna, which is equivalent to inductive loading. By selecting an appropriate lengthl1_2 , its inductive reactance can effectively offset the capacitive reactance introduced by the lengthl1_3 loaded metal stub. In the process of simulation optimization, the structural dimensions ofl1_2 ,l1_3 ,l1_4 andl1_5 are adjusted at the same time, multiple structures with different impedance characteristics are constructed, and the impedance at the input end of the folded and loaded antenna dipole is adjusted.
相邻两组折叠加载天线振子的阵子臂长边长度、短边长度、两个加载金属枝节长度及与长边相邻加载金属枝节在短边上的位置均按照固定比例因子k从后向前缩小，从第二组折叠加载天线振子开始，相邻两组折叠加载天线振子的阵子臂长边间距也按照固定比例因子k从后向前缩小。The length of the long side, the length of the short side, the length of the two loaded metal branches and the positions of the loaded metal branches adjacent to the long side on the short side of the adjacent two groups of folded and loaded antenna oscillators are all in accordance with the fixed proportional factork from back to front Shrinking, starting from the second group of folded and loaded antenna elements, the distance between the long sides of the array arms of two adjacent groups of folded and loaded antenna elements is also reduced from the back to the front according to the fixed proportional factork .
依据非频变天线工作原理，所述折叠加载天线振子由N组构成，相邻两组的物理尺寸ln_i（i=1~5）和间距d之比为固定比例因子k（就是在第1组折叠加载天线振子尺寸确定的情况下，第2组折叠加载天线振子的尺寸由第1组折叠加载天线振子乘上比例因子k确定，依次类推；同理，从第3组折叠加载天线振子开始，振子间距d2=k×d1，依次类推），通过天线辐射工作区在不同折叠加载天线振子间移动，保持不同工作频点电气尺寸近似一致，实现宽频带工作；最后面的第1组折叠加载天线振子的物理尺寸l1_i（i=1~5）与最低工作频率f1相关，最前面的第N组折叠加载天线振子的物理尺寸与最高工作频率f2相关，N由f1、f2和k共同确定。According to the working principle of the non-frequency variable antenna, the folded and loaded antenna vibrator is composed ofN groups, and the ratio of the physical sizeln_i (i =1~5) of two adjacent groups to the distanced is a fixed proportional factork (that is, in the first When the size of the folded and loaded antenna elements of the group is determined, the size of the second group of folded and loaded antenna elements is determined by multiplying the scale factork by the first group of folded and loaded antenna elements, and so on; similarly, starting from the third group of folded and loaded antenna elements , vibrator spacingd2 =k ×d1 , and so on), through the antenna radiation working area to move between different folded and loaded antenna dipoles, keep the electrical dimensions of different operating frequency points approximately the same, and achieve broadband work; the
通过对折叠加载天线振子结构参数l1_1~l1_5、d1和k进行扫参分析，其中l1_1~l1_5是影响最低工作频率的主要参数，d1主要影响天线的横向（馈电结构轴线方向）长度和增益，k是影响频带内驻波比曲线平坦度的主要参数，通常取值范围为0.8~0.95。By scanning the parametersl1_1 ~l1_5 ,d1 andk of the dipole structure parameters of the folded loaded antenna,l1_1 ~l1_5 are the main parameters affecting the lowest operating frequency, andd1 mainly affects the transverse direction of the antenna (feeding structure axis direction) length and gain,k is the main parameter that affects the flatness of the VSWR curve in the frequency band, and its value usually ranges from 0.8 to 0.95.
两根加载开路线的纵截面形状及上下间距与两根金属管一致，使天线整体结构更加紧凑。在金属管的两侧交替的设置各组折叠加载天线振子的振子臂。The shape of the longitudinal section and the vertical spacing of the two loading open lines are consistent with those of the two metal tubes, which makes the overall structure of the antenna more compact. On both sides of the metal tube, groups of vibrator arms that fold and load the antenna vibrator are arranged alternately.
金属管馈电结构和折叠加载天线振子均由金属方管构成，且金属方管的纵截面边长均为w，便于工程实施。Both the metal tube feeding structure and the folded loading antenna vibrator are composed of metal square tubes, and the length of the longitudinal section of the metal square tubes isw , which is convenient for engineering implementation.
上下平行的两根金属管馈电结构的特征阻抗根据折叠加载天线振子的阻抗确定，通过金属方管横截面的边长w及上下间距h调整馈电结构的特征阻抗，特别地，如果在两根平行金属管之间填充介质，在确定上下间距h时还需将介质的介电常数影响考虑在内。一般地，馈电结构特性阻抗为50欧姆。The characteristic impedance of the feeding structure of two parallel metal tubes up and down is determined according to the impedance of the folded and loaded antenna vibrator, and the characteristic impedance of the feeding structure is adjusted by the side lengthw of the metal square tube cross section and the upper and lower spacingh . The medium is filled between the parallel metal tubes, and the influence of the dielectric constant of the medium needs to be taken into account when determining the upper and lower spacingh . Generally, the characteristic impedance of the feed structure is 50 ohms.
实施例1，天线的物理尺寸大小为2232mm×2045mm×99mmm，具体参数见下表：
天线的结构参数值（mm）The structural parameter value of the antenna (mm)
工作频带为40MHz～80MHz，水平面物理尺寸仅为0.3λmax×0.27λmax（λmax为最低频率波长），相较于常规尺寸λmax×0.55λmax实现了小型化设计，进行仿真并使用安捷伦矢量网络分析仪5061A 对安装好的天线进行测试，天线驻波比的实测与仿真对比如图4所示，在整个工作频段内实测和仿真结果吻合良好，低频段略有偏差，这是由实际加工制作过程中引入的结构误差及测试误差造成的。The working frequency band is 40MHz～ 80MHz,and the physical size of the horizontal plane is only 0.3λmax × 0.27λmax (λmax is the lowest frequency wavelength). The vector network analyzer 5061A tested the installed antenna. The comparison between the actual measurement and the simulation of the standing wave ratio of the antenna is shown in Fig. 4. It is caused by structural errors and test errors introduced during the manufacturing process.
天线的方向图与实际架设环境特别是架设高度关系很大，图5(a)、图5(b)、图6(a)、图6(b)分别给出了架设高度为2m情况下，常用典型频点40MHz、50 MHz的方向图仿真结果，其增益不小于9dBi，水平面和俯仰面内均有较宽的波束宽度，适用于电离层散射通信高增益、宽波束的应用需求。The antenna pattern has a great relationship with the actual erection environment, especially the erection height. Figure 5(a), Figure 5(b), Figure 6(a), and Figure 6(b) respectively show that when the erection height is 2m, The simulation results of the pattern of typical frequency points of 40MHz and 50MHz are commonly used. The gain is not less than 9dBi, and the beam width is wide in both the horizontal plane and the elevation plane, which is suitable for the application requirements of high gain and wide beam in ionospheric scatter communication.
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