技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，属于覆岩动力灾害防控领域。The invention relates to a method for weakening overburden dynamic disasters by space gangue grouting filling after coal mining, belonging to the field of overburden dynamic disaster prevention and control.
背景技术Background technique
在煤矿高强扰动开采过程中，顶板岩层在断裂或者移动时，会释放大量弹性能，特别对于坚硬顶板，较普通顶板，坚硬顶板聚集了更多的弹性能，断裂时大量释放，极有可能引发坚硬岩层型动力灾害，造成人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。针对目前矿井生产面临的坚硬岩层型冲击矿压问题，我国煤矿冲击矿压防治主要包括优开拓布局来进行区域防范以及通过煤层注水、钻孔卸压、煤体卸压爆破、顶板深孔爆破、顶板水力致裂等措施进行局部解危。虽然上述措施能够取得了成效，但并未整体切断岩层应力传递，仍存在较大冲击危险，如何从源头上控制顶板岩层破断冲击成为亟待解决的难题。During the high-intensity disturbance mining process in coal mines, the roof rock strata will release a large amount of elastic energy when they break or move. Especially for the hard roof, the hard roof accumulates more elastic energy than the ordinary roof, and a large amount of elastic energy is released when it breaks, which is very likely to cause hard rock type dynamic disasters, causing casualties and huge economic losses. In response to the hard rock type impact mine pressure problem currently faced by mine production, the prevention and control of coal mine impact mine pressure in my country mainly includes regional prevention through optimized development layout and local relief through coal seam water injection, drilling pressure relief, coal body pressure relief blasting, roof deep hole blasting, roof hydraulic fracturing and other measures. Although the above measures have achieved results, they have not cut off the overall stress transmission of the rock strata, and there is still a large impact risk. How to control the impact of the roof rock strata from the source has become a problem that needs to be solved urgently.
矸石作为煤矿开采中难以避免的固体废弃物在我国大部分矿区都存在着处理难的问题，随着国家对绿色矿山建设要求的提高，一种经济适用的矸石井下充填处理方式展现出了良好发展前景。利用岩层移动过程中上覆岩层内形成的嗣后空间，从地面布置注浆钻孔向离层空间充填矸石注浆材料来支撑上覆岩层并压实下方空隙从而控制诱冲关键层的断裂和运动，从而达到弱化由于诱冲关键层破断引起的动力灾害和减缓地表下沉的目的。因此，研发一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，对于促进煤矿绿色开采和可持续发展具有很强的理论意义和实际意义。As an inevitable solid waste in coal mining, gangue is difficult to handle in most mining areas in my country. With the increasing requirements of the country for green mine construction, an economical and applicable underground gangue filling treatment method has shown good development prospects. Utilizing the subsequent space formed in the overlying rock layer during the movement of the rock layer, the grouting drilling holes are arranged on the ground to fill the detached space with gangue grouting materials to support the overlying rock layer and compact the gap below to control the fracture and movement of the key layer of the impact-inducing layer, thereby achieving the purpose of weakening the dynamic disaster caused by the breakage of the key layer of the impact-inducing layer and slowing down the surface subsidence. Therefore, the development of a method for weakening the dynamic disaster of the overlying rock by gangue grouting filling in the subsequent space of coal mining has great theoretical and practical significance for promoting green mining and sustainable development of coal mines.
发明内容Summary of the invention
针对现有技术的不足之处，提供一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，解决目前矿井矸石难处理的问题，坚硬岩层型动力灾害后果严重的现状，其系统简单，作业灵活，能够处理矸石排放难题，还能有效减小动力灾害发生风险。In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, a method for weakening the overburden dynamic disaster by grouting and filling spatial gangue after coal mining is provided to solve the current problem of difficult handling of gangue in mines and the serious consequences of hard rock type dynamic disasters. The system is simple and flexible in operation, can handle the problem of gangue discharge, and can effectively reduce the risk of dynamic disasters.
为实现上述技术目的，本发明一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，首先分析矿井煤岩冲击倾向性、坚硬岩层移动变形与致灾能量演变特征，判定冲击危险区域嗣后空间范围；将矿井掘进矸石和洗选矸石进行多级筛分破碎生成细粒径矸石和粗粒径矸石，优化粒径级配后与水混合制成矸石注浆充填材料；采用充填泵和注浆钻孔将矸石料浆泵送至冲击危险区域嗣后空间，依据矸石注浆充填材料的承载压缩性能对诱冲关键层形成支撑作用，减小诱冲关键层弯曲变形量，降低离层区周围弹性应变能积聚与应力集中程度，并减缓诱冲关键层已积聚的能量向下伏煤系岩层释放强度，弱化工作面煤岩体超前支承应力集中程度，进而弱化了冲击灾害发生的风险；最后，通过制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测的监测结果评价注浆充填对覆岩动力灾害的弱化效果。In order to achieve the above technical objectives, the present invention provides a method for weakening overburden dynamic disasters by grouting and filling waste rock in the space after coal mining. First, the impact tendency of coal and rock in the mine, the movement and deformation of hard rock strata and the evolution characteristics of disaster-causing energy are analyzed to determine the subsequent spatial range of the impact danger zone; the mine excavation waste rock and washed waste rock are subjected to multi-stage screening and crushing to generate fine-grained waste rock and coarse-grained waste rock, which are then mixed with water after optimizing the particle size distribution to form waste rock grouting filling material; the waste rock slurry is pumped to the subsequent spatial range of the impact danger zone by using a filling pump and a grouting borehole. According to the bearing and compression properties of the gangue grouting filling material, a supporting effect is formed on the key stratum that induces impact, the bending deformation of the key stratum that induces impact is reduced, the accumulation of elastic strain energy and stress concentration around the separation zone are reduced, and the release of the accumulated energy in the key stratum that induces impact to the underlying coal-bearing strata is slowed down, weakening the concentration of advance support stress of the coal and rock mass at the working face, thereby weakening the risk of impact disasters; finally, the weakening effect of grouting filling on overburden dynamic disasters is evaluated through the monitoring results of slurry preparation monitoring, grouting monitoring, and surface rock movement monitoring.
具体步骤如下：Specific steps are as follows:
S1、确定矿井冲击危险区域嗣后空间：首先，通过对工作面煤体及上覆坚硬岩层取样，测试煤岩体试样的冲击倾向性风险，综合考虑工作面开采深度、煤层赋存特征、坚硬岩层自身特性因素，确定工作面煤体及上覆坚硬岩层冲击倾向性危险区域范围；然后，采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法，分析冲击倾向性区域的坚硬岩层变形过程中的应变能积聚与释放的演变特征，判定诱发冲击灾害的坚硬岩层为诱冲关键层，进而确定此诱冲关键层以下的离层区、裂隙带以及垮落带为冲击风险区域的嗣后空间(17)；S1. Determine the subsequent space of the mine impact hazard area: First, by sampling the coal body and the overlying hard rock layer at the working face, test the impact tendency risk of the coal and rock samples, and comprehensively consider the mining depth of the working face, the occurrence characteristics of the coal seam, and the characteristics of the hard rock layer itself, determine the scope of the impact tendency hazard area of the coal body and the overlying hard rock layer at the working face; then, use theoretical calculation and numerical simulation methods to analyze the evolution characteristics of strain energy accumulation and release during the deformation process of the hard rock layer in the impact tendency area, determine the hard rock layer that induces impact disasters as the key layer for inducing impact, and then determine the delamination zone, fracture zone and collapse zone below this key layer for inducing impact as the subsequent space of the impact risk area (17);
S2、制备矸石注浆充填材料：首先将掘进矸石和洗选矸石破碎为0～0.15mm的细粒径矸石和0.15～2mm的粗粒径矸石，按照细粒径矸石与粗粒径矸石的质量比为1:2的配比混合均匀后，加水搅拌均匀制成质量浓度为60％的矸石注浆充填材料；S2. Preparing gangue grouting filling material: firstly, crushing the excavation gangue and the washed gangue into fine-grained gangue of 0-0.15 mm and coarse-grained gangue of 0.15-2 mm, mixing them evenly in a mass ratio of 1:2 between the fine-grained gangue and the coarse-grained gangue, adding water and stirring evenly to prepare gangue grouting filling material with a mass concentration of 60%;
S3、利用矸石注浆充填材料充填冲击危险区域嗣后空间：首先，确定首个注浆钻孔的位置为距离区段工作面开切眼300m处，并位于工作面倾向宽度的中部；然后，垂直于地面向冲击风险区域嗣后空间(17)施工注浆钻孔；其次，沿着区段工作面走向方向依次间隔300m布置一个注浆钻孔，直至布置到工作面停采线0～300m左右位置；最后，利用充填泵和注浆钻孔将矸石料浆泵送至嗣后空间，矸石料浆注充至嗣后空间后形成承载结构，对诱冲关键层形成支撑作用，阻止了诱冲关键层变形过程中致灾能量积聚，而且嗣后空间的矸石料浆泌水沉积形成垫层材料，从而吸收诱冲关键层向下方煤系地层传递的能量；同时注入的矸石注浆充填材料具有压力，能够压实下方裂隙岩层并扩展孔道，有助于料浆扩散以及填充封堵孔径小于2mm的岩体裂隙；S3. Use gangue grouting filling materials to fill the space after the impact risk area: First, determine the location of the first grouting borehole to be 300m away from the cut of the section working face and in the middle of the inclined width of the working face; then, construct a grouting borehole perpendicular to the ground to the space after the impact risk area (17); secondly, arrange a grouting borehole at intervals of 300m along the direction of the section working face until it is arranged at a position of about 0 to 300m from the stop line of the working face; finally, use a filling pump and grouting borehole to fill the space after the impact risk area (17). The gangue slurry is pumped to the subsequent space. After the gangue slurry is filled into the subsequent space, it forms a bearing structure, which supports the key induced impact layer and prevents the accumulation of disaster-causing energy during the deformation of the key induced impact layer. In addition, the gangue slurry in the subsequent space oozes water and deposits to form a cushion material, thereby absorbing the energy transmitted from the key induced impact layer to the coal-bearing strata below. At the same time, the injected gangue grouting filling material has pressure, which can compact the fractured rock layer below and expand the pores, which is conducive to the diffusion of slurry and filling and plugging of rock fractures with a pore size of less than 2mm.
S4、充填弱化覆岩动力灾害效果监测与评价：通过制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测的监测结果来评价覆岩动力灾害弱化效果，其中，制浆监测：监测浆体浓度是否符合预期要求，检测颗粒粒径是否达到破碎效果，以及制浆设备运行状态是否良好；注浆监测：包括注浆速度、注浆压力、和单孔注浆量参数的监测，以此判定是否达到预期效果；地表岩移监测：根据岩层变形及地表变形反馈地表下沉量。S4. Monitoring and evaluation of the effect of filling to weaken overburden dynamic disasters: The effect of weakening overburden dynamic disasters is evaluated through the monitoring results of grouting monitoring, grouting monitoring, and surface rock movement monitoring. Among them, grouting monitoring: monitor whether the slurry concentration meets the expected requirements, detect whether the particle size has achieved the crushing effect, and whether the operating status of the slurry equipment is good; grouting monitoring: including the monitoring of grouting speed, grouting pressure, and single-hole grouting volume parameters to determine whether the expected effect has been achieved; surface rock movement monitoring: feedback of surface subsidence based on rock formation deformation and surface deformation.
进一步，所述的冲击危险区域的充填层位是嗣后空间，嗣后空间是指诱发冲击灾害的诱冲关键层下方的软弱岩层受重力作用下发生滑移和回转变形而产生不同程度的失稳破断，在上覆岩层中形成空隙和裂隙空间的总称，主要包括诱冲关键层下方弯曲下沉带离层区、裂隙带和垮落带。Furthermore, the filling layer in the impact danger zone is the subsequent space, which refers to the soft rock layer below the key impact-inducing layer that induces impact disasters, which undergoes slippage and rotation deformation under the action of gravity and produces varying degrees of instability and breakage, forming voids and fissures in the overlying rock layer. It mainly includes the delamination zone, fissure zone and collapse zone in the curved sinking zone below the key impact-inducing layer.
进一步，所述的矸石与水混合制备矸石注浆充填材料，0.15～2mm粗粒径的矸石由对辊制砂机破碎得到，过筛的粗粒径矸石由溢流式球磨机经机械研磨得到0～0.15mm细粒径的矸石，为确定粗细粒径矸石和水的合理配比，改变它们之间的含量优化配比制备矸石注浆充填材料，并对其流动度，扩展度进行测试，保证矸石注浆充填材料具有较好的输送性能。Furthermore, the gangue is mixed with water to prepare gangue grouting filling material, the gangue with a coarse particle size of 0.15 to 2 mm is crushed by a double-roll sand making machine, and the sieved coarse particle size gangue is mechanically ground by an overflow ball mill to obtain gangue with a fine particle size of 0 to 0.15 mm. In order to determine a reasonable ratio of coarse and fine particle size gangue and water, the content between them is changed to optimize the ratio to prepare the gangue grouting filling material, and its fluidity and expansion are tested to ensure that the gangue grouting filling material has good transportation performance.
进一步，所述的矸石与水的合理配比中煤矸石与矿井水的固料质量浓度为60％，粗细粒径矸石质量比1:1。Furthermore, in the reasonable ratio of gangue to water, the solid mass concentration of gangue and mine water is 60%, and the mass ratio of coarse and fine particle size gangue is 1:1.
进一步，通过从地面布置注浆钻孔(14)打通地面至离层区(15)，选取管道，将制备好的料浆通过充填泵(8)泵送至离层空间(15)，离层空间(15)是由煤层开采，破坏了岩体的原平衡状态产生的，离层区的空间会导致诱冲关键层(11)破断，引起表土层(10)下沉，但当充填料浆充填至离层空间(15)时，能有效支撑诱冲关键层(11)，减缓诱冲关键层的破断及变形，压实下方软弱岩层，从而大规模处理矸石、弱化冲击灾害的发生以及控制地表下沉。Furthermore, grouting holes (14) are arranged from the ground to open up the ground to the delamination zone (15), and a pipeline is selected to pump the prepared slurry to the delamination space (15) through a filling pump (8). The delamination space (15) is generated by coal seam mining, which destroys the original equilibrium state of the rock mass. The space in the delamination zone will cause the key layer (11) to break and cause the topsoil layer (10) to sink. However, when the filling slurry is filled into the delamination space (15), it can effectively support the key layer (11) to induce impact, slow down the breakage and deformation of the key layer, and compact the weak rock layer below, thereby large-scale treatment of gangue, weakening the occurrence of impact disasters, and controlling surface subsidence.
有益效果：本方法，包括冲击危险区域的确定、矸石注浆充填材料的制备、冲击危险区域嗣后空间矸石注浆充填、充填弱化覆岩动力灾害效果的监测与评价。嗣后空间矸石充填通过充填作用、支撑作用、压实作用、胶结作用、膨胀作用和减缓作用减缓控制诱冲关键层的位移和突然破断，从而减弱或者消除动力灾害。通过对诱发冲击灾害的诱冲关键层进行判定，并确定诱冲关键层下方的嗣后空间为具有冲击倾向性的危险区域空间；通过钻孔注浆充填方法，从地面打孔，将注浆材料注入具有冲击灾害发生的危险区域空间：离层空间、裂隙带空间、垮落带空间进行矸石注浆充填，充填材料一方面阻止了诱冲关键层的弯曲变形的速度，和诱冲关键层突然迅速破断的情况，进而阻止能够诱发冲击灾害的致灾能量积聚过程，让诱冲关键层因弯曲变形产生的弹性应变能(致灾能量)不达到发生冲击的阈值，另一方面，充填材料在处置了生产矸石的同时具有承载压缩变形，对诱冲关键层变形具有缓冲的作用，让诱冲关键层缓慢变形，不发生突然破断，而是缓慢的发生破坏，释放的冲击力强度大幅度降低了，进而传到工作面的强度也减小了，达到防治冲击灾害的目的该方法系统简单，初期投资小，可以实现连续、机械化、大面积开采，单位成本低，仅为其它充填方式的1/3～1/4，且回采率高，能达到80％～90％，降低了矸石固废地面环境的破坏与污染，是促进煤矿绿色开采和可持续发展的重要技术手段，具有重要的社会意义，进一步推动注浆充填采煤理论和技术的发展，对于类似条件矿井煤炭资源的开采具有典型示范作用。Beneficial effects: This method includes the determination of impact danger zones, the preparation of gangue grouting filling materials, the subsequent space gangue grouting filling in the impact danger zones, and the monitoring and evaluation of the filling weakening effect of the overburden dynamic disaster. The subsequent space gangue filling slows down the displacement and sudden breakage of the key stratum that controls the impact, through filling, supporting, compacting, cementing, swelling and mitigation, thereby weakening or eliminating the dynamic disaster. The key impact-inducing layer that induces impact disasters is judged, and the subsequent space below the key impact-inducing layer is determined to be a dangerous area space with impact tendency; through the drilling grouting filling method, holes are drilled from the ground, and grouting materials are injected into the dangerous area space where impact disasters may occur: the delamination space, the crack zone space, and the collapse zone space are filled with waste rock grouting. On the one hand, the filling material prevents the speed of the bending deformation of the key impact-inducing layer and the sudden and rapid breakage of the key impact-inducing layer, thereby preventing the accumulation process of disaster-causing energy that can induce impact disasters, so that the elastic strain energy (disaster-causing energy) generated by the bending deformation of the key impact-inducing layer does not reach the threshold value for impact; on the other hand, the filling material has the ability to bear compression deformation while disposing of the production waste rock, which has a great impact on the impact-inducing key layer. The deformation of the key layer has a buffering effect, allowing the key layer to deform slowly and not break suddenly, but slowly destroy. The intensity of the released impact force is greatly reduced, and the intensity transmitted to the working face is also reduced, achieving the purpose of preventing and controlling impact disasters. This method has a simple system and small initial investment, and can realize continuous, mechanized, and large-area mining. The unit cost is low, only 1/3 to 1/4 of other filling methods, and the recovery rate is high, which can reach 80% to 90%, reducing the damage and pollution of the ground environment of gangue and solid waste. It is an important technical means to promote green mining and sustainable development of coal mines, and has important social significance. It further promotes the development of grouting filling coal mining theory and technology, and has a typical demonstration effect on the mining of coal resources in mines with similar conditions.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为本发明煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害效果评价流程图；FIG1 is a flow chart of the evaluation of the effect of dynamic disasters of weakening overburden by space gangue grouting filling after coal mining according to the present invention;
图2为本发明煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法使用系统示意图；FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a system for using the method for weakening overburden dynamic hazards by grouting and filling space gangue after coal mining according to the present invention;
图3为本发明煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法中工作面注浆钻孔布置俯视图。3 is a top view of the arrangement of grouting holes on the working face in the method for weakening overburden dynamic hazards by grouting space gangue after coal mining according to the present invention.
图中：1—震动给料机；2—胶带运输机；3—细颚式破碎机；4—对辊制砂机；5—清水泵；6—球磨机；7—搅拌池；8—充填泵；9—汽车；10—表土层；11—诱冲关键层；12—顶板岩层；13—底板岩层；14—注浆钻孔；15—离层空间；16—采空区；17-嗣后空间；A—煤柱承载区；B—离层区；C—压实区。In the figure: 1—vibrating feeder; 2—belt conveyor; 3—fine jaw crusher; 4—roller sand making machine; 5—clean water pump; 6—ball mill; 7—mixing tank; 8—filling pump; 9—truck; 10—topsoil layer; 11—key layer for inducing impact; 12—roof rock layer; 13—bottom rock layer; 14—grouting drilling hole; 15—detached space; 16—goaf; 17—subsequent space; A—coal pillar bearing area; B—detached area; C—compacted area.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明的实施例做进一步说明。The embodiments of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，本发明的一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，分析矿井煤岩冲击倾向性、坚硬岩层移动变形与致灾能量演变特征，判定冲击危险区域的嗣后空间范围；将矿井掘进矸石、洗选矸石进行多级筛分破碎，优化粒径级配后与水混合制备成矸石注浆充填材料；利用注浆钻孔和充填泵将充填料浆泵注至诱冲关键层下方离层区，料浆在泵送压力作用下不断向离层深处流动，同时，也受到岩层阻力，导致料浆粉末颗粒层析沉积，在注浆结束后，沉积灰层形成具有和离层区层状空间近似的坡度线几何形状；其中，充填料浆中的粉末颗粒与水均是不可压缩物料，填充离层空间后，对上方诱冲关键层具有承载支撑能力，抑制其持续发生弯曲下沉，降低离层区周围弹性应变能积聚，减少冲击应力峰值；泵压注浆带有水压作用，在连续高压大流量的注浆条件下，高压浆料不仅对上层岩层起到支撑作用，从而有效的防止上覆岩层继续下沉，而且对下层被破坏岩层具有向下的压力，进而压实下层抗弯承载力较小的岩层。而且，充填料浆与下层岩层共同组合成承载诱冲关键层的充填体结构，重新组合的充填体结构具有压缩性能，能够卸载诱冲关键层传递的弹性应变能，减少应变能向工作面煤岩体传递的强度，大幅降低了工作面应力集中程度，进而弱化了冲击灾害发生的风险；最后通过制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测的监测结果评价注浆充填对覆岩动力灾害的弱化效果。As shown in FIG1 , the present invention provides a method for weakening overburden dynamic disasters by grouting and filling with waste rock after coal mining. The method analyzes the coal-rock impact tendency, the movement and deformation of the hard rock layer and the evolution characteristics of the disaster-causing energy in the mine, and determines the subsequent spatial range of the impact danger zone; the mine excavation waste rock and the washed waste rock are subjected to multi-stage screening and crushing, and after optimizing the particle size distribution, they are mixed with water to prepare waste rock grouting filling materials; the filling slurry is pumped into the delamination zone below the key layer of inducing impact by using a grouting borehole and a filling pump. The slurry continuously flows to the depth of the delamination under the action of the pumping pressure, and at the same time, it is also subject to the resistance of the rock layer, resulting in the chromatographic deposition of the slurry powder particles. After the grouting is completed, The deposited ash layer forms a slope line geometry that is similar to the layered space in the delamination zone. Among them, the powder particles and water in the filling slurry are both incompressible materials. After filling the delamination space, they have the ability to bear and support the key induced impact layer above, inhibit its continuous bending and sinking, reduce the accumulation of elastic strain energy around the delamination zone, and reduce the impact stress peak. Pump grouting has the effect of water pressure. Under the conditions of continuous high-pressure and large-flow grouting, the high-pressure slurry not only supports the upper rock layer, thereby effectively preventing the overlying rock layer from continuing to sink, but also has downward pressure on the damaged rock layer below, thereby compacting the lower rock layer with smaller bending bearing capacity. Moreover, the filling slurry is combined with the underlying rock layer to form a filling body structure that bears the key layer that induces impact. The recombined filling body structure has compression properties, which can unload the elastic strain energy transmitted by the key layer that induces impact, reduce the intensity of strain energy transmitted to the coal and rock mass of the working face, and greatly reduce the stress concentration degree of the working face, thereby weakening the risk of impact disasters. Finally, the weakening effect of grouting filling on overburden dynamic disasters is evaluated through the monitoring results of slurry preparation monitoring, grouting monitoring, and surface rock movement monitoring.
具体步骤如下：Specific steps are as follows:
S1、确定矿井冲击危险区域嗣后空间：首先，通过对工作面煤体及上覆坚硬岩层取样制备标准试件，测试煤岩体试样的冲击倾向性风险，综合考虑工作面开采深度、煤层赋存特征、坚硬岩层自身特性方面因素，确定工作面煤体及上覆坚硬岩层冲击倾向性危险区域范围；然后，采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法对冲击倾向性区域坚硬岩层变形过程中的应变能积聚与释放的特征进行分析，基于坚硬岩层致灾能量阈值判定诱发冲击灾害的诱冲关键层，进而确定诱冲关键层以下的离层区、裂隙区以及垮落区为冲击风险区域嗣后空间17，工作面开采之后，上覆岩层移动变形产生的裂隙空间，此时下方采空区不仅有垮落物，也有注浆充填材料，即注浆钻孔打到垮落带上方，有垮落带裂隙空间沟通就可以把注浆材料充填进去采空区垮落带；S1. Determine the subsequent space of the impact hazard area in the mine: First, by sampling the coal body and the overlying hard rock strata at the working face to prepare standard specimens, test the impact tendency risk of the coal and rock samples, and comprehensively consider the factors such as the mining depth of the working face, the occurrence characteristics of the coal seam, and the characteristics of the hard rock strata themselves, determine the scope of the impact tendency hazard area of the coal body and the overlying hard rock strata at the working face; then, use theoretical calculation and numerical simulation methods to analyze the characteristics of strain energy accumulation and release during the deformation of the hard rock strata in the impact tendency area, and determine the key impact-inducing layer that induces impact disasters based on the disaster-causing energy threshold of the hard rock strata, and then determine the separation zone, fissure zone and collapse zone below the key impact-inducing layer as the subsequent space of the impact risk area 17. After the working face is mined, the overlying rock strata move and deform to generate the fissure space. At this time, the goaf below has not only collapsed objects, but also grouting filling materials, that is, the grouting drill hole is drilled above the collapse zone, and the collapse zone fissure space is connected, so the grouting material can be filled into the collapse zone of the goaf;
S2、制备矸石注浆充填材料：首先将矸石破碎为0～0.15mm和0.15～2mm两种粒径，按照粒径质量比(0～0.15mm)：(0.15～2mm)＝1:2的配比进行混合，然后，将混合材料与水搅拌混合制备成质量浓度为60％的矸石注浆充填材料；S2. Preparing gangue grouting filling material: firstly crushing the gangue into two particle sizes of 0-0.15 mm and 0.15-2 mm, mixing them according to the particle size mass ratio (0-0.15 mm): (0.15-2 mm) = 1:2, and then stirring and mixing the mixed material with water to prepare a gangue grouting filling material with a mass concentration of 60%;
S3、如图3所示，利用矸石注浆充填材料充填冲击危险区域嗣后空间：首先，确定首个注浆钻孔的位置为距离区段工作面开切眼300m处，并且在工作面倾向宽度的中间位置；从地面垂直向冲击风险区域嗣后空间17施工注浆钻孔，然后，沿着区段工作面推进方向依次间隔300m布置注浆钻孔，直至布置整个区段工作面的注浆钻孔，注浆钻孔底部位置打到诱冲关键层与软岩移动变形而产生的离层区，等离层区充填完毕，继续往深处打钻，打到工作面采空区垮落带上方进行注浆充填，所以，这个注浆钻孔注入的裂隙空间位置属于嗣后空间；最后，利用充填泵和注浆钻孔将矸石注浆充填材料泵送至嗣后空间，浆材料注充到嗣后空间后形成承载结构，对坚硬岩层具有填充支撑作用，而且充填料浆泌水沉积形成嗣后空间垫层材料，沉积垫层形成的位置主要是将离层区充填满之后在离层空间形成的；当料浆充填到垮落带，泌水后的料浆也会充填垮落带破碎岩体之间的裂隙，并和垮落带破碎岩体聚结形成组合体，但是这种情况，垮落带的充填体距离诱冲关键层较远，对诱冲关键层起到的垫层作用不是特别明显，所以，主要起到垫层作用，能缓冲诱冲关键层弯曲变形的积聚能量，阻止诱冲关键层突然垮断的作用是指离层空间充填的注浆材料所起到的作用，具有缓冲坚硬岩层弯曲变形作用，在阻止坚硬岩层变形过程中能量积聚的同时，利用自身压缩特性吸收部分坚硬岩层向下传递的能量；同时注浆材料压实下方裂隙岩层，扩展孔道，当充填材料填充完大孔径裂隙之后，封堵孔径小于2mm的岩体裂隙，泌水之后，形成沉积层封堵较小裂隙；S3. As shown in FIG3 , the subsequent space of the impact risk area is filled with gangue grouting filling materials: first, the position of the first grouting borehole is determined to be 300m away from the cut hole of the section working face and in the middle of the inclination width of the working face; the grouting borehole is constructed vertically from the ground to the subsequent space 17 of the impact risk area, and then, the grouting boreholes are arranged at intervals of 300m in the advancing direction of the section working face, until the grouting boreholes of the entire section working face are arranged, and the bottom position of the grouting borehole reaches the separation zone formed by the movement and deformation of the key layer inducing impact and the soft rock. After the separation zone is filled, continue to drill deeper and reach the top of the collapse zone of the goaf of the working face for grouting filling. Therefore, the position of the fracture space injected by this grouting borehole belongs to the subsequent space; finally, the gangue grouting filling material is pumped to the subsequent space by using a filling pump and a grouting borehole. After the slurry material is filled into the subsequent space, a bearing structure is formed, which has a filling and supporting effect on the hard rock formation, and the filling slurry exudes water and deposits to form the subsequent space. The cushion material, the position where the sedimentary cushion is formed is mainly formed in the detached space after the detached zone is filled; when the slurry is filled into the collapse zone, the slurry after water seepage will also fill the cracks between the broken rock masses in the collapse zone, and aggregate with the broken rock masses in the collapse zone to form a combination, but in this case, the filling body of the collapse zone is far away from the key layer of inducing impact, and the cushioning effect on the key layer of inducing impact is not particularly obvious, so it mainly plays the role of cushioning, which can buffer the accumulated energy of bending deformation of the key layer of inducing impact, and prevent the sudden collapse of the key layer of inducing impact. The role of the grouting material filling the detached space is to buffer the bending deformation of the hard rock layer, and while preventing the energy accumulation in the deformation process of the hard rock layer, it uses its own compression characteristics to absorb part of the energy transmitted downward by the hard rock layer; at the same time, the grouting material compacts the fractured rock layer below and expands the channel. After the filling material fills the large-diameter fractures, it blocks the rock fractures with an aperture of less than 2mm. After water seepage, a sedimentary layer is formed to block the smaller fractures;
S4、充填弱化覆岩动力灾害效果的监测与评价：通过制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测结果来评价覆岩动力灾害弱化效果：其中制浆监测浆体浓度是否符合预期要求，检测颗粒粒径否达到破碎效果，此外还包括制浆设备运行状态是否良好；注浆监测主要包括注浆速度、注浆压力、和单孔注浆量，以判断注浆量是否达到预期效果；地表岩移监测根据岩层变形以及地表。S4. Monitoring and evaluation of the effect of filling to weaken overburden dynamic hazards: The effect of weakening overburden dynamic hazards is evaluated through grouting monitoring, grouting monitoring, and surface rock movement monitoring results: Among them, grouting monitoring checks whether the slurry concentration meets the expected requirements and detects whether the particle size has achieved the crushing effect. In addition, it also includes whether the operating status of the grouting equipment is good; grouting monitoring mainly includes grouting speed, grouting pressure, and single-hole grouting volume to determine whether the grouting volume has achieved the expected effect; surface rock movement monitoring is based on rock formation deformation and surface.
实施例一、本发明目的是针对矿井矸石难处理，覆岩动力灾害后果严重的现状，提供一种煤矿开采嗣后空间矸石注浆充填弱化覆岩动力灾害方法，其中地层结构为表土层10、诱冲关键层11、顶板岩层12；底板岩层13，嗣后空间17区域从上到下包括煤柱承载区A、离层区B和压实区C，其中离层区B上方为离层空间15Embodiment 1. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for weakening overburden dynamic disasters by grouting and filling space gangue after coal mining in view of the current situation that mine gangue is difficult to handle and the consequences of overburden dynamic disasters are serious. The stratum structure is a topsoil layer 10, a key layer 11 for inducing impact, a top rock layer 12; a bottom rock layer 13, and the subsequent space 17 area includes a coal pillar bearing area A, a separation zone B and a compaction zone C from top to bottom, wherein the separation zone B is above the separation space 15
具体步骤为：The specific steps are:
①冲击危险区域的确定：通过UDEC数值模拟软件模拟煤层采高、工作面推进对覆岩离层发育演化的规律，判断产生冲击危险的区域，并在现场检测验证冲击危险区域，划分出高应力集中区，并结合其规律，确定工作面回采结束后，未破断处于平衡状态下的诱冲关键层上方为冲击危险区域。① Determination of the impact danger zone: The UDEC numerical simulation software is used to simulate the law of the development and evolution of the overburden stratum due to coal seam mining height and working face advancement, and the area where the impact danger occurs is determined. The impact danger zone is verified on site, and the high stress concentration area is divided. Based on its law, it is determined that after the working face is mined, the area above the key impact-inducing layer that has not been broken and is in a balanced state is the impact danger zone.
②矸石注浆充填材料的制备：材料主要为不同粒径的矸石和水，采用单一变量法测试不同矸石粒径、加载速度、初始加载应力对矸石注浆充填材料的影响规律，选取0～0.15mm和0.15～2mm粒径的矸石和水混合制成矸石注浆充填材料。② Preparation of gangue grouting filling materials: The materials are mainly gangue of different particle sizes and water. The single variable method is used to test the influence of different gangue particle sizes, loading speeds and initial loading stresses on gangue grouting filling materials. Gangue with particle sizes of 0-0.15mm and 0.15-2mm and water are selected to mix and make gangue grouting filling materials.
③冲击危险区域嗣后空间矸石注浆充填：将注浆钻孔14沿走向布置在工作面中间位置，孔底间距300m，选好矿井充填路线，通过充填泵将矸石注浆充填材料泵送至冲击危险区域嗣后空间17。③ Gangue grouting filling of the space following the impact danger zone: arrange the grouting borehole 14 along the strike in the middle of the working face, with a hole bottom spacing of 300m, select the mine filling route, and pump the gangue grouting filling material to the space 17 following the impact danger zone through a filling pump.
④充填弱化覆岩动力灾害效果的评价：通过制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测结果来评价覆岩动力灾害弱化效果。④ Evaluation of the effect of filling to weaken overburden dynamic hazards: The effect of weakening overburden dynamic hazards is evaluated through the results of grouting monitoring, grouting monitoring, and surface rock movement monitoring.
所述的嗣后空间17是指煤炭开采后，上覆岩层受重力因素作用会发生不同程度的失稳破断，在采空区16以滑落和回转的形式不规则堆积，上覆岩层破裂产生缝隙以及弯曲下沉产生离层使得离层区B、裂隙区、垮落区中普遍存在空隙，嗣后空间17即广泛地分布于上述空隙中。The subsequent space 17 refers to the fact that after coal mining, the overlying rock strata will become unstable and broken to varying degrees due to the action of gravity, and will accumulate irregularly in the form of sliding and rotation in the goaf 16. The overlying rock strata will rupture to produce cracks and bend and sink to produce delamination, resulting in the widespread existence of gaps in the delamination zone B, the fissure zone, and the collapse zone. The subsequent space 17 is widely distributed in the above-mentioned gaps.
所述的嗣后空间17，其空隙的大小有所差异，在走向方向上可以将采动影响的区域划分为煤柱支撑区A、离层区B与压实稳定区C，其中离层区的嗣后空间17就分布较多。在垮落带中走向方向上又可根据破碎岩石压实程度的不同划分为自然堆积区、载荷影响区和重新压实区，其中自然堆积区通常为嗣后空间17的主体分布区。The size of the gaps in the subsequent space 17 varies. In the strike direction, the area affected by mining can be divided into the coal pillar support area A, the separation area B and the compaction stability area C, among which the subsequent space 17 is more distributed in the separation area. In the strike direction of the collapse zone, it can be divided into the natural accumulation area, the load influence area and the recompacted area according to the different compaction degrees of the broken rocks, among which the natural accumulation area is usually the main distribution area of the subsequent space 17.
所述的矸石注浆充填材料的制备，其特征在于所述的矸石与水混合制备矸石注浆充填材料，矸石经由汽车9、振动给料机1、胶带运输机2、颚式破碎机3破碎至5mm以下，而0.15～2mm粒径的矸石由对辊制砂机4破碎得到，过筛的大粒径矸石由溢流式球磨机6经机械研磨得到0～0.15mm粒径的矸石，为确定0～0.15mm、0.15～2mm粒径矸石和清水泵5提供的水的合理配比，改变配比的含量制成矸石注浆充填材料，并对其流动度，扩展度进行测试，保障矸石注浆充填材料的输送性能。The preparation of the gangue grouting filling material is characterized in that the gangue is mixed with water to prepare the gangue grouting filling material, the gangue is crushed to less than 5 mm by a car 9, a vibrating feeder 1, a belt conveyor 2, and a jaw crusher 3, and the gangue with a particle size of 0.15-2 mm is crushed by a double-roller sand making machine 4, and the sieved large-size gangue is mechanically ground by an overflow ball mill 6 to obtain gangue with a particle size of 0-0.15 mm. In order to determine a reasonable ratio of gangue with a particle size of 0-0.15 mm and 0.15-2 mm and water provided by a clean water pump 5, the content of the ratio is changed to make the gangue grouting filling material, and its fluidity and expansion are tested to ensure the transportation performance of the gangue grouting filling material.
将矸石颗粒与水在搅拌池7中制备矸石注浆充填材料：将矸石与水的合理配比中煤矸石与矿井水的固料质量浓度为60％，粗细矸石质量比1:1。Gangue particles and water are mixed in a stirring tank 7 to prepare gangue grouting filling material: the gangue and water are reasonably mixed so that the solid mass concentration of gangue and mine water is 60% and the mass ratio of coarse and fine gangue is 1:1.
采用单一变量法测试不同矸石粒径、加载速度、初始加载应力对矸石注浆充填材料的影响。试验是将矸石粒径分为0～0.15mm、0.15～2mm、2～5mm、5～8mm、8～10mm放入缸筒压实试验装置中，并将万能材料试验系统的加载速率设置为0.5kN/s、1.0kN/s、2.0kN/s、5.0kN/s、10.0kN/s，初始加载应力为0MPa、0.5MPa、1.0MPa、1.5MPa、2.0MPa，研究坚硬岩层型顶板下沉时矸石注浆充填材料的应变能变化，得出矸石注浆充填材料为达到相同变形时消耗的能量越多，矸石的应变就需越小，粒径就需越小，故综合考虑矸石的破碎成本、矸石注浆充填材料的输送性能和能量耗散选择0～0.15mm和0.15～2mm粒径的矸石和水混合制备矸石注浆充填材料。The single variable method was used to test the influence of different gangue particle sizes, loading speeds, and initial loading stresses on gangue grouting filling materials. The test was to put the gangue particle sizes into cylinder compaction test devices with the sizes of 0-0.15mm, 0.15-2mm, 2-5mm, 5-8mm, and 8-10mm, and set the loading rates of the universal material testing system to 0.5kN/s, 1.0kN/s, 2.0kN/s, 5.0kN/s, and 10.0kN/s, and the initial loading stresses to 0MPa, 0.5MPa, 1.0MPa, and 1.5MPa. a, 2.0MPa, the strain energy change of gangue grouting filling material when the hard rock type roof sinks is studied, and it is concluded that the more energy the gangue grouting filling material consumes to achieve the same deformation, the smaller the strain of the gangue needs to be and the smaller the particle size needs to be. Therefore, considering the crushing cost of the gangue, the transportation performance and energy dissipation of the gangue grouting filling material, gangue with particle sizes of 0-0.15mm and 0.15-2mm and water are selected to prepare the gangue grouting filling material.
所述的制浆监测、注浆监测、地表岩移监测结果来评价覆岩动力灾害弱化效果，其中制浆监测主要为浆体浓度浆液是否符合预期配比和颗粒粒径颗粒是否达到破碎效果监测，此外还包括制浆设备运行状态是否良好监测；注浆监测主要包括注浆速度、注浆压力浆液注入难易程度、和单孔注浆量是否达到预期效果；地表岩移监测根据岩层变形以及地表变形反馈地表下沉量。The results of grouting monitoring, grouting monitoring and surface rock movement monitoring are used to evaluate the weakening effect of overburden dynamic disasters, among which grouting monitoring mainly monitors whether the slurry concentration meets the expected ratio and whether the particle size achieves the crushing effect. In addition, it also includes monitoring whether the operating status of the grouting equipment is good; grouting monitoring mainly includes grouting speed, grouting pressure, difficulty of slurry injection, and whether the single-hole grouting volume achieves the expected effect; surface rock movement monitoring feedbacks the amount of surface subsidence based on rock formation deformation and surface deformation.
所述的矿井充填路线，通过从地面布置注浆钻孔14打通地面至离层空间15，选取管道，将制备好的料浆通过充填泵8泵送至离层空间15，离层空间15是由煤层开采，破坏了岩体的原平衡状态产生的，离层区的空间会导致诱冲关键层11破断，引起表土层10下沉，但当充填料浆充填至离层空间15时，能有效支撑诱冲关键层11，减缓诱冲关键层的破断及变形，压实下方各软岩层，从而大规模处理矸石、弱化冲击矿压的发生以及控制地表下沉。The mine filling route is to open up the ground to the delamination space 15 by arranging grouting holes 14 from the ground, select a pipeline, and pump the prepared slurry to the delamination space 15 through the filling pump 8. The delamination space 15 is produced by coal seam mining, which destroys the original equilibrium state of the rock mass. The space in the delamination zone will cause the key layer 11 to break and cause the topsoil layer 10 to sink. However, when the filling slurry is filled into the delamination space 15, it can effectively support the key layer 11 to induce impact, slow down the breakage and deformation of the key layer, and compact the soft rock layers below, thereby processing gangue on a large scale, weakening the occurrence of impact mine pressure, and controlling surface subsidence.
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