CN114942093A - Rock mechanics testing device and method based on fiber bragg grating - Google Patents
Rock mechanics testing device and method based on fiber bragg gratingDownload PDFInfo
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- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
- G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
- G01L1/246—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using integrated gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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Abstract
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种基于光纤光栅的岩石力学测试装置及方法，属于岩石分析技术领域。The invention relates to a rock mechanics testing device and method based on optical fiber grating, belonging to the technical field of rock analysis.
背景技术Background technique
节理在天然岩体中广泛存在，作为岩体的一部分，这些节理极易影响岩体强度和变形行为，研究岩体节理变形特征对提高井壁稳定性具有重要意义。岩石节理以剪切破坏为主要形式，研究岩石节理剪切破坏过程中的剪切变形特征对岩石节理剪切破坏预测和破坏后岩石节理力学状态估计都有一定帮助，剪力/剪切变形监测是必不可少的一项重要技术手段。通过对振动结构进行剪力/剪切变形实时监测，能及时了解到岩石状态，防止安全事故的发生。传统的电类振动传感器容易受到外界电磁干扰并且接线繁琐，存在零漂、温漂等缺陷，无法满足它们在恶劣环境中长期、远距离实时监测中的具体应用。光纤光栅因其能够抗电磁干扰、体积小、易组网等优点被广泛应用在结构健康监测中，以光纤光栅作为敏感元件的剪力/剪切变形传感器在振动检测应用中拥有广阔的前景。现有剪力/剪切变形传感器测量精度不高，灵敏性也较差，难以达到测量要求，因此，提高剪力/剪切变形传感器的灵敏度具有重要的研究意义。大多数基于柔性铰链结构的光纤光栅传感器都是基于柔性铰链的转动特性，导致传感器的灵敏度较低。Joints exist widely in natural rock mass. As a part of rock mass, these joints can easily affect the strength and deformation behavior of rock mass. It is of great significance to study the deformation characteristics of rock mass joints to improve wellbore stability. The main form of rock joints is shear failure. Studying the shear deformation characteristics of rock joints in the process of shear failure is helpful to predict the shear failure of rock joints and estimate the mechanical state of rock joints after failure. Shear force/shear deformation monitoring It is an indispensable and important technical means. Through the real-time monitoring of shear force/shear deformation of the vibrating structure, the rock state can be known in time to prevent the occurrence of safety accidents. Traditional electrical vibration sensors are susceptible to external electromagnetic interference, complicated wiring, and have defects such as zero drift and temperature drift, which cannot meet their specific applications in long-term and long-distance real-time monitoring in harsh environments. Fiber gratings are widely used in structural health monitoring due to their advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference, small size, and easy networking. Shear force/shear deformation sensors using fiber gratings as sensitive components have broad prospects in vibration detection applications. The existing shear force/shear deformation sensor has low measurement accuracy and poor sensitivity, and it is difficult to meet the measurement requirements. Therefore, it is of great research significance to improve the sensitivity of the shear force/shear deformation sensor. Most FBG sensors based on flexible hinge structures are based on the rotational characteristics of flexible hinges, resulting in low sensor sensitivity.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
针对上述技术问题，本发明提供一种基于光纤光栅的岩石力学测试装置及方法，该测试装置通过在连接块的上下端对称的设置相同的光纤光栅，两根光纤光栅的中心波长漂移量大小相等、方向相反，将两者差分即可消除温度变化的影响，同时提高了传感器的灵敏度。In view of the above technical problems, the present invention provides a rock mechanics testing device and method based on fiber gratings. The testing device provides the same fiber gratings symmetrically at the upper and lower ends of the connecting block, and the center wavelength shifts of the two fiber gratings are equal in magnitude. , the direction is opposite, the difference between the two can eliminate the influence of temperature change, and improve the sensitivity of the sensor at the same time.
为实现上述目的，本发明采取以下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种基于光纤光栅的岩石力学测试装置，包括：A rock mechanics testing device based on fiber grating, comprising:
基底，所述基底为框架结构；a base, the base is a frame structure;
连接块；Connector;
第一光纤光栅和第二光纤光栅，所述第一光纤光栅的第一端和第二光纤光栅的第一端对称固定在所述连接块的第一端和第二端，二者的第二端分别与所述基底连接；The first fiber grating and the second fiber grating, the first end of the first fiber grating and the first end of the second fiber grating are symmetrically fixed on the first end and the second end of the connecting block, and the second end of the two The ends are respectively connected with the base;
第一平动式铰链结构和第二平动式铰链结构，所述第一平动式铰链结构和第二平动式铰链结构的第一端对称固定在所述连接块的第三端和第四端，二者的第二端分别与所述基底连接。A first translational hinge structure and a second translational hinge structure, the first ends of the first translational hinge structure and the second translational hinge structure are symmetrically fixed on the third end and the first end of the connecting block. There are four ends, and the second ends of the two are respectively connected with the base.
所述的岩石力学测试装置，优选地，所述第一平动式铰链结构为单杆双铰链结构，包括第一连接杆以及设置于所述第一连接杆两端的第一铰链和第二铰链，所述第一铰链的另一端连接所述基底，所述第二铰链的另一端连接所述连接块。In the rock mechanics testing device, preferably, the first translational hinge structure is a single-rod double-hinge structure, including a first connecting rod and a first hinge and a second hinge disposed at both ends of the first connecting rod , the other end of the first hinge is connected to the base, and the other end of the second hinge is connected to the connecting block.
所述的岩石力学测试装置，优选地，所述第二平动式铰链结构为单杆双铰链结构，包括第二连接杆以及设置于所述第二连接杆两端的第三铰链和第四铰链，所述第三铰链的另一端连接所述连接块，所述第四铰链的另一端连接所述基底。In the rock mechanics testing device, preferably, the second translational hinge structure is a single-rod double-hinge structure, including a second connecting rod and a third hinge and a fourth hinge disposed at both ends of the second connecting rod , the other end of the third hinge is connected to the connecting block, and the other end of the fourth hinge is connected to the base.
所述的岩石力学测试装置，优选地，所述基底的边框表面与所述连接块的表面位于同一平面上。In the rock mechanics testing device, preferably, the surface of the frame of the base and the surface of the connecting block are located on the same plane.
所述的岩石力学测试装置，优选地，所述第一光纤光栅和第二光纤光栅通过结构胶固定在所述基底和所述连接块之间。In the rock mechanics testing device, preferably, the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating are fixed between the base and the connection block by structural glue.
所述的岩石力学测试装置，优选地，所述基底为方形框架结构，所述第一光纤光栅、所述连接块、所述第二光纤光栅、所述第一平动式多铰链结构以及所述第二平动式多铰链结构共同组成十字形结构。In the rock mechanics testing device, preferably, the base is a square frame structure, the first fiber grating, the connecting block, the second fiber grating, the first translational multi-hinge structure and the The second translational multi-hinge structures together form a cross-shaped structure.
基于上述岩石力学测试装置，本发明还提供改装置的测试方法，包括如下步骤：Based on the above-mentioned rock mechanics testing device, the present invention also provides a testing method for modifying the device, comprising the following steps:
把所述岩石力学测试装置固定在被测结构上,在被测结构的外界激励作用下,所述连接块在剪力的作用下只产生平动，从而使得所述第一光纤光栅和所述第二光纤光栅发生轴向拉伸和轴向压缩,导致所述第一光纤光栅和所述第二光纤光栅产生大小相等、方向相反的波长漂移，将两者差分，以便将所述岩石力学测试装置的灵敏度提高一倍，同时可以进行温度补偿，将被测结构的剪力/剪切变形信号转化为所述第一光纤光栅和所述第二光纤光栅中心波长的漂移量,通过对所述第一光纤光栅和所述第二光纤光栅的波长漂移量的测量便可获得剪力/剪切变形的大小。The rock mechanics testing device is fixed on the structure under test, and under the action of the external excitation of the structure under test, the connecting block only produces translation under the action of shear force, so that the first fiber grating and the The axial stretching and axial compression of the second fiber grating cause the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating to produce wavelength shifts of equal size and opposite directions, and the two are differentiated so as to test the rock mechanics. The sensitivity of the device is doubled, and temperature compensation can be performed at the same time to convert the shear force/shear deformation signal of the measured structure into the drift of the center wavelength of the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating. The magnitude of shear force/shear deformation can be obtained by measuring the wavelength shift of the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating.
本发明由于采取以上技术方案，其具有以下优点：The present invention has the following advantages due to taking the above technical solutions:
1、本发明所述提供的岩石力学测试装置由两个连接杆和四个柔性铰链组成的平动式多铰链机构创新性地应用于测试装置中，剪力/剪切变形使得连接块只发生平动，这样光纤光栅不会产生弯曲变形，提高了光纤光栅的疲劳强度，从而增加了光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形测试装置的使用寿命。1. The rock mechanics test device provided by the present invention is innovatively applied to the test device by a translational multi-hinge mechanism composed of two connecting rods and four flexible hinges. The shear force/shear deformation makes the connecting block only occur Translation, so that the fiber grating will not produce bending deformation, the fatigue strength of the fiber grating is improved, and the service life of the fiber grating shear force/shear deformation test device is increased.
2、本发明所提供的岩石力学测试装置通过在连接块的上下端对称设置相同的光纤光栅，两根光纤光栅的中心波长漂移量大小相等、方向相反，将两者差分即可消除温度变化的影响，同时提高了测试装置的灵敏度。2. In the rock mechanics testing device provided by the present invention, the same fiber gratings are symmetrically arranged on the upper and lower ends of the connecting block, and the center wavelength shifts of the two fiber gratings are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The difference between the two can eliminate the temperature change. impact, while improving the sensitivity of the test device.
3、本发明所述的剪力/剪切变形测试装置根据测试装置的数学模型可以对测试装置中的铰链尺寸进行优化设计，以能够满足不同应用场合对测试装置灵敏度的需求，该测试装置具有良好的应用前景。3. The shear force/shear deformation test device of the present invention can optimize the design of the hinge size in the test device according to the mathematical model of the test device, so as to meet the sensitivity requirements of the test device in different applications. The test device has good application prospects.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明一实施例提供的基于光纤光栅的岩石力学测试装置的示意图；1 is a schematic diagram of a fiber grating-based rock mechanics testing device provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
图2本发明该实施例提供的岩石力学测试装置中平动式多铰链结构的示意图；2 is a schematic diagram of a translational multi-hinge structure in the rock mechanics testing device provided by this embodiment of the present invention;
图中附图标记如下：The reference numbers in the figure are as follows:
1-第一平动式多铰链结构；2-第一光纤光栅；3-第二光纤光栅；4-基底；5-连接块；6-第二平动式多铰链结构；1- the first translational multi-hinge structure; 2-the first fiber grating; 3-the second fiber grating; 4-substrate; 5-connection block; 6-the second translational multi-hinge structure;
1-1-第一铰链，1-2-第一连接杆，1-3-第二铰链；1-1-first hinge, 1-2-first connecting rod, 1-3-second hinge;
6-1-第三铰链，6-2-第二连接杆，6-3-第四铰链。6-1-Third hinge, 6-2-Second connecting rod, 6-3-Fourth hinge.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the present invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
本发明基于大多数基于柔性铰链结构的光纤光栅传感器都是基于柔性铰链的转动特性，导致传感器的灵敏度较低的问题，而提出的基于平动式多铰链的光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形测试装置,剪力/剪切变形使得连接块只发生平动，从而使光纤光栅不会发生弯曲变形，提高了光纤光栅的疲劳强度，增加了光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形测试装置的使用寿命。同时使光纤光栅能最大程度地感知剪力/剪切变形，提高了剪力/剪切变形测试装置的灵敏度。The present invention is based on most of the fiber grating sensors based on the flexible hinge structure, which are based on the rotation characteristics of the flexible hinge, resulting in the problem of low sensitivity of the sensor. The shear force/shear deformation makes the connection block only translate, so that the fiber grating will not bend and deform, improve the fatigue strength of the fiber grating, and increase the service life of the fiber grating shear force/shear deformation test device. At the same time, the fiber grating can sense the shear force/shear deformation to the greatest extent, and the sensitivity of the shear force/shear deformation test device is improved.
如图1所示，本发明所涉及的基于光纤光栅的岩石力学测试装置包括第一平动式多铰链结构1、第二平动式多铰链结构6、基底4、第一光纤光栅2、第二光纤光栅3、连接块5；第一平动式多铰链结构1、第二平动式多铰链结构6为单杆双铰链结构；第一光纤光栅2和第二光纤光栅3固定于基底4与连接块5上，组成光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置。连接块5的表面和基底4的左右边框表面在同一平面上，使用时，将这三个表面粘贴在被测物体的侧面上，即可实现剪力/剪切变形的测量。As shown in FIG. 1 , the rock mechanics testing device based on fiber gratings involved in the present invention includes a first translational
如图2所示，第一平动式多铰链结构1包括包括第一连接杆1-2以及设置于所述第一连接杆1-2两端的第一铰链1-1和第二铰链1-3，所述第一铰链1-1的另一端连接所述基底4，所述第二铰链1-3的另一端连接所述连接块5。As shown in FIG. 2 , the first translational
进一步地，第二平动式铰链结构6包括第二连接杆6-2以及设置于所述第二连接杆6-2两端的第三铰链6-1和第四铰链6-3，所述第三铰链6-1的另一端连接所述连接块5，所述第四铰链6-3的另一端连接所述基底4。Further, the second
进一步地，第一光纤光栅2和第二光纤光栅3通过结构胶固定在基底4的上下边框和连接块5之间。第一光纤光栅2、第二光纤光栅3固定前需要进行预拉伸，通过预拉伸，可以有效感知负应变。Further, the first fiber grating 2 and the second fiber grating 3 are fixed between the upper and lower frames of the
进一步地，4个铰链均为柔性铰链，4个铰链之间通过连接杆连接；第一铰链1-1与第二铰链1-3通过第一连接杆1-2连接，第一铰链1-1的另一端连接在基底4左边框上，第二铰链1-3的另一端连接在连接块5上；第三铰链6-1与第四铰链6-3通过第二连接杆6-2连接，第三铰链6-1的另一端连接在连接块5上，第四铰链6-3的另一端连接在基底4的右边框上。Further, the four hinges are all flexible hinges, and the four hinges are connected by connecting rods; the first hinge 1-1 and the second hinge 1-3 are connected by the first connecting rod 1-2, and the first hinge 1-1 The other end of the hinge is connected to the left frame of the
本申请测试装置整体构件为不锈钢材料，通过线切割加工一体成型，工艺简单。The overall component of the testing device of the present application is made of stainless steel, which is integrally formed by wire cutting, and the process is simple.
本发明所提供的基于平动式多柔性铰链的光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置在测量剪力/剪切变形时需要将该装置固定在被测结构上，固定方式包括但不限于：The FBG shear/shear deformation rock mechanics testing device based on translational multi-flexible hinges provided by the present invention needs to be fixed on the measured structure when measuring the shear force/shear deformation, and the fixing method includes but does not Limited to:
第一种方式是通过在光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置的基底4左右边框表面和连接块5的表面涂覆结构胶粘贴在待测结构上；第二方式是通过激光焊接的方式,将光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置的基底4焊接在待测结构上；第三种方式是通过在光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置的基底4左右边框设置螺孔,通过螺钉将其固定在被测结构上。The first method is to paste the structure to be tested by coating structural adhesive on the left and right frame surfaces of the
本发明所涉及的基于平动式多铰链的光纤光栅剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置的工作原理是:把岩石力学测试装置固定在被测结构上,在被测结构的外界激励作用下,使得连接块5在剪力的作用下只产生平动，从而使得受到预拉伸应力的第一光纤光栅2和第二光纤光栅3发生轴向拉伸和轴向压缩,导致第一光纤光栅2和第二光纤光栅3产生大小相等、方向相反的波长漂移，将两者差分，便可以将测试装置的灵敏度提高一倍，同时可以进行温度补偿，将被测结构的剪力/剪切变形信号转化为光纤光栅中心波长的漂移量,通过对光纤光栅的波长漂移量的测量便可获得剪力/剪切变形的大小。The working principle of the fiber grating shear/shear deformation rock mechanics testing device based on translational multi-hinge of the present invention is as follows: the rock mechanics testing device is fixed on the measured structure, and under the external excitation of the measured structure , so that the
剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置可以根据以下理论模型对岩石力学测试装置的灵敏度进行设计。The shear force/shear deformation rock mechanics test device can be designed according to the following theoretical model for the sensitivity of the rock mechanics test device.
剪力/剪切变形岩石力学测试装置的灵敏度分析：Sensitivity analysis of shear force/shear deformation rock mechanics test device:
当被测结构产生的剪力F作用在岩石力学测试装置的敏感方向时，由于是对称结构，取结构左半部分来研究，系统在力作用下达到力矩平衡，得到平衡方程：When the shear force F generated by the measured structure acts on the sensitive direction of the rock mechanics test device, because it is a symmetrical structure, the left half of the structure is taken to study, and the system achieves moment balance under the action of force, and the balance equation is obtained:
Fd-2kfΔlfd-2kθ＝0Fd-2kf Δlf d-2kθ=0
其中，d为连接块质心(同时也是光纤光栅竖直拉伸方向)和第一铰链1-1中心之间的距离；Δlf为第一光纤光栅2或者第二光纤光栅3的拉伸或者压缩距离；kf为光纤的弹性系数；k为铰链的转动刚度；θ为铰链的转动角度(也用于衡量剪切变形程度)。Among them, d is the distance between the center of mass of the connecting block (which is also the vertical stretching direction of the fiber grating) and the center of the first hinge 1-1; Δlf is the tension or compression of the first fiber grating 2 or the second fiber grating 3 distance; kf is the elastic coefficient of the fiber; k is the rotational stiffness of the hinge; θ is the rotation angle of the hinge (also used to measure the degree of shear deformation).
上式d可以表示为：The above formula d can be expressed as:
d＝4r+l+b/2d=4r+l+b/2
当θ很微小时：When θ is tiny:
θ≈tanθ＝Δlf/dθ≈tanθ=Δlf /d
上式中，l为连接杆的长度，b为连接块的长度，r为直圆柔性铰链的半径。In the above formula, l is the length of the connecting rod, b is the length of the connecting block, and r is the radius of the straight circular flexible hinge.
通过测量θ值的大小，即可衡量剪切变形程度的大小。By measuring the value of θ, the degree of shear deformation can be measured.
第一光纤光2和第二光纤光栅3产生的应变等大反向，即ε＝ε1＝-ε2，并且处于相同的温度场下，将两个光纤光栅的波长变化量差分后得：The strains generated by the
Δλ＝Δλ1-Δλ2＝kε(ε1-ε2)＝2kεεΔλ=Δλ1 -Δλ2 =kε (ε1 -ε2 )=2kε ε
式中kε为光纤光栅的应变系数，光纤光栅的中心波长为1500nm波段时，kε＝1.2pm/με；ε为第一光栅介电常数；ε1为介电常数；ε2为第二光栅介电常数；Δλ为光谱分辨率；Δλ1为第一光栅光谱分辨率；Δλ2为第二光栅光谱分辨率。where kε is the strain coefficient of the fiber grating, when the center wavelength of the fiber grating is 1500 nm, kε =1.2pm/με; ε is the dielectric constant of the first grating; ε1 is the dielectric constant; ε2 is the second grating dielectric constant; Δλ is the spectral resolution; Δλ1 is the first grating spectral resolution; Δλ2 is the second grating spectral resolution.
岩石力学测试装置的灵敏度S为光纤光栅中心波长变化量Δλ和剪力F之比，即：The sensitivity S of the rock mechanics test device is the ratio of the central wavelength change Δλ of the fiber grating to the shear force F, namely:
光纤的弹性系数kf为：The elastic coefficient kf of the fiber is:
式中，Af为光纤横截面积；Ef为光纤弹性模量；lf为光纤光栅初始长度。where Af is the cross-sectional area of the fiber; Ef is the elastic modulus of the fiber;lf is the initial length of the fiber grating.
铰链刚度k为：The hinge stiffness k is:
式中，E为材料的弹性模量；w为铰链的厚度。In the formula, E is the elastic modulus of the material; w is the thickness of the hinge.
灵敏度s为：The sensitivity s is:
式中，t为铰链间的最小厚度。where t is the minimum thickness between hinges.
通过上述灵敏度分析可知，本发明的测试装置可以提高精度。本申请的技术方案具有抗电磁干扰性能好、电绝缘性好、耐腐蚀性质稳定、寿命时间长等优点,柔性铰链是硬连接结构具有无摩擦、灵敏度高的特点，柔性铰链相较于弹簧结构有着较高的刚度稳定性。不需要使用弹簧，精度高，结构紧凑。It can be seen from the above sensitivity analysis that the testing device of the present invention can improve the accuracy. The technical solution of the present application has the advantages of good anti-electromagnetic interference performance, good electrical insulation, stable corrosion resistance, long service life, etc. The flexible hinge is a hard connection structure with no friction and high sensitivity. Compared with the spring structure, the flexible hinge has the advantages of Has high stiffness and stability. No need to use springs, high precision and compact structure.
最后应说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, but not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that it can still be The technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments are modified, or some technical features thereof are equivalently replaced; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
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