CN114899689A - A Linear Cavity Mode-locked Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Laser with High Environmental Stability - Google Patents
A Linear Cavity Mode-locked Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Laser with High Environmental StabilityDownload PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
Translated fromChinese技术领域technical field
本申请涉及工业自动化领域，尤其涉及一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器。The present application relates to the field of industrial automation, and in particular, to a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability.
背景技术Background technique
锁模技术是现有的实现超短激光脉冲输出最常用的方法之一，主要包括主动锁模和被动锁模。其中，主动锁模是通过在腔内加入人工调制器来实现锁模，往往受限于调制器的响应时间，其输出的脉冲宽度能达到纳秒(ns)、皮秒(ps)的量级，很难获得飞秒(fs)量级的超短脉冲；而被动锁模使用的是可饱和吸收体效应，利用谐振腔本身的自身结构而不是外部调制来实锁模，其响应速度快，输出的脉冲宽度能轻易实现几皮秒，甚至飞秒量级脉冲的输出。此外被动锁模具有结构相对简单，成本较低，并且自身的稳定性好等诸多优点被更广泛的应用于诸多锁模振荡器中。Mode-locking technology is one of the most commonly used methods for realizing ultrashort laser pulse output, mainly including active mode-locking and passive mode-locking. Among them, active mode locking is achieved by adding an artificial modulator in the cavity, which is often limited by the response time of the modulator, and the output pulse width can reach the order of nanoseconds (ns) and picoseconds (ps). , it is difficult to obtain ultra-short pulses of the femtosecond (fs) level; while passive mode locking uses the saturable absorber effect, which uses the self structure of the resonator itself instead of external modulation to achieve mode locking, and its response speed is fast, The output pulse width can easily achieve the output of pulses of several picoseconds or even femtoseconds. In addition, passive locking molds have many advantages such as relatively simple structure, low cost, and good stability, which are more widely used in many mode locking oscillators.
被动锁模机制常采用可饱和吸收体来实现锁模。现有的较为成熟的被动锁模机制包括基于材料的真实可饱和吸收体锁模和基于光学克尔效应的人工可饱和吸收体锁模。其中，真实可饱和吸收体锁模技术表现出了可靠的自启动锁模能力，但存在着恢复时间长、制备复杂且困难、损伤阈值低以及长时间运转后面临性能退化等问题，需要定期更换以维持激光器性能，因此单纯用真实可饱和吸收体构建锁模光纤激光器存在着后期维护困难等问题。相比之下，人工可饱和吸收体具有极快恢复时间(几飞秒)、极高损伤阈值以及灵活方便的结构设计等优点，因此在产生高功率、高能量及超短脉冲输出方面成为了锁模光纤激光器的优选方案。Passive mode-locking mechanisms often use saturable absorbers to achieve mode-locking. Existing relatively mature passive mode-locking mechanisms include material-based real saturable absorber mode-locking and artificial saturable absorber mode-locking based on the optical Kerr effect. Among them, the real saturable absorber mode-locking technology shows reliable self-starting mode-locking ability, but there are problems such as long recovery time, complex and difficult preparation, low damage threshold, and performance degradation after long-term operation, which needs to be replaced regularly. In order to maintain the performance of the laser, simply using a real saturable absorber to construct a mode-locked fiber laser has problems such as difficulty in post-maintenance. In contrast, artificial saturable absorbers have the advantages of extremely fast recovery time (several femtoseconds), extremely high damage thresholds, and flexible and convenient structural design, so they have become an important tool in generating high power, high energy and ultrashort pulse output. The preferred solution for mode-locked fiber lasers.
当前人工可饱和吸收体主要存在两种常见形式，即非线性偏振旋转演化(NPE)锁模技术及非线性环路反射镜(NALM)锁模技术。过去数十年，NPE技术在超快光纤激光器领域里获得了广泛研究，但是它最成功的实施方案是在非保偏光纤中，这使它极易受到外界环境变化(如温度变化、声波振动、机械振动等)的影响，从而导致锁模不稳定而影响激光器的长期稳定性，这也成为了NPE锁模光纤激光器实现商业化的绊脚石。相比之下，NALM锁模技术不依赖于偏振演化，甚至不能出现偏振演化，因此天然适用于保偏光纤激光器，但基于NALM技术的成熟“8”字形振荡腔需要累积一定的非线性相移实现锁模，因此腔长不能过短，无法实现高重复频率的脉冲输出，输出能量也受到限制。There are currently two common forms of artificial saturable absorbers, namely nonlinear polarization rotation evolution (NPE) mode-locking technology and nonlinear loop mirror (NALM) mode-locking technology. NPE technology has been extensively studied in the field of ultrafast fiber lasers over the past few decades, but its most successful implementation is in non-polarization-maintaining fibers, which make it highly susceptible to environmental changes (such as temperature changes, acoustic vibrations, etc.). , mechanical vibration, etc.), resulting in unstable mode locking and affecting the long-term stability of the laser, which has also become a stumbling block for the commercialization of NPE mode-locked fiber lasers. In contrast, NALM mode-locking technology does not depend on polarization evolution, and cannot even occur polarization evolution, so it is naturally suitable for polarization-maintaining fiber lasers, but mature "8"-shaped oscillators based on NALM technology need to accumulate a certain nonlinear phase shift. To achieve mode locking, the cavity length cannot be too short to achieve high repetition rate pulse output, and the output energy is also limited.
综上，就输出性能方面而言，NPE技术表现出了更大的优势。但它在长期稳定性方面又不如NALM技术，想要拥有这一优势，则需要将NPE技术应用到保偏光纤中，保偏光纤对外界环境不敏感，可以规避非保偏光纤弱双折射效应引起的调制不稳定性，进而提升激光腔的整体环境稳定性，是实现光纤激光器商用化不可或缺的要素。想在保偏光纤中成功实现NPE，需要克服的一个关键科学问题是如何解决快慢轴不同群速度引入的时延导致偏振演化失败，这成为了近年来的研究热点。2017年Szczepanek课题组在光学快报(OpticsLetters)上发表名为《Ultrafast laser mode-locked using nonlinear polarizationevolution polarization maintaining fibers》的文章中将保偏光纤与NPE锁模技术结合，利用多段保偏光纤角度熔接形成人工可饱和吸收体，搭建基于NPE锁模的全保偏环形腔光纤激光器，获得脉宽为150fs脉冲输出，重复频率为20.54MHz,输出能量为0.85nJ。2019年华东师范大学相关课题组在应用物理期刊《Applied Physics Express》的《Generation ofstretched pulses from an allpolarization-maintaining Er-doped mode-lockedfiber laser using nonlinear polarization evolution》搭建的环形腔保偏光纤激光器，采用三段保偏掺铒光纤角度熔接实现NPE锁模，获得重复频率为90.5MHz，脉宽为90fs的拉伸脉冲。2021年中国科技大学相关课题组在《Applied Physics Express》发表的《Allpolarization-maintain fiber mode-locked laser based on nonlinear polarizationevolution》中搭建的基于NPE锁模的环形腔保偏光纤激光器，将两个偏振分束镜(PBS)置于两段保偏增益光纤之间代替了光纤与光纤之间的角度熔接，获得了重复频率为2.36MHz，脉冲能量为21.2nJ的耗散孤子脉冲，但其结构十分繁琐复杂。To sum up, in terms of output performance, NPE technology shows greater advantages. However, it is not as good as NALM technology in terms of long-term stability. To have this advantage, NPE technology needs to be applied to polarization-maintaining fibers. The polarization-maintaining fibers are not sensitive to the external environment and can avoid the weak birefringence effect of non-polarization-maintaining fibers. The modulation instability of the laser cavity, thereby improving the overall environmental stability of the laser cavity, is an indispensable element for commercialization of fiber lasers. To successfully realize NPE in polarization-maintaining fibers, a key scientific problem that needs to be overcome is how to solve the failure of polarization evolution caused by the delay introduced by different group velocities of the fast and slow axes, which has become a research hotspot in recent years. In 2017, the Szczepanek research group published an article titled "Ultrafast laser mode-locked using nonlinear polarizationevolution polarization maintaining fibers" in OpticsLetters, combining polarization-maintaining fibers with NPE mode-locking technology, using multi-segment polarization-maintaining fibers by angle fusion. An artificially saturable absorber was constructed to build a fully polarization-maintaining ring-cavity fiber laser based on NPE mode locking. The pulse width was 150 fs, the repetition frequency was 20.54 MHz, and the output energy was 0.85 nJ. In 2019, the related research group of East China Normal University built a ring cavity polarization maintaining fiber laser in "Generation ofstretched pulses from an allpolarization-maintaining Er-doped mode-lockedfiber laser using nonlinear polarization evolution" in the applied physics journal "Applied Physics Express". The segment polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber was spliced at an angle to realize NPE mode locking, and a stretching pulse with a repetition frequency of 90.5 MHz and a pulse width of 90 fs was obtained. In 2021, a ring cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser based on NPE mode-locking was built in "Allpolarization-maintain fiber mode-locked laser based on nonlinear polarization evolution" published in "Applied Physics Express" by the relevant research group of the University of Science and Technology of China. The beam mirror (PBS) was placed between two polarization-maintaining gain fibers to replace the angle fusion between the fibers, and a dissipative soliton pulse with a repetition frequency of 2.36MHz and a pulse energy of 21.2nJ was obtained, but its structure was very complicated. complex.
以上装置均为环形腔结构的保偏光纤激光器，前两项研究为了补偿了脉冲走离、群速度失配的问题，需要将多段光纤对多段光纤进行角度熔接，并且每段光纤长度需要按比例精确控制，这在技术层面是个难题，从而出现了输出的光谱不规则的现象，当轻微拍打熔接点附近的光纤时还会面临锁模失锁问题，无法实现脉冲的长期稳定输出。而后一种方案需要特殊定制两种光纤结构PBS器件，使结构复杂，成本高昂。以上方案由于技术等问题均无法实现大规模量产，不利于光纤激光器的商业化发展。The above devices are all polarization-maintaining fiber lasers with a ring cavity structure. In order to compensate for the problems of pulse walk-off and group velocity mismatch, the first two studies need to splicing multiple segments of fiber at an angle, and the length of each segment of fiber needs to be proportional Precise control is a difficult technical problem, resulting in the phenomenon of irregular output spectrum. When the optical fiber near the fusion splicing point is slightly tapped, it will also face the problem of mode-locking and lock-out, and the long-term stable output of the pulse cannot be achieved. The latter solution requires special customization of two optical fiber structure PBS devices, which makes the structure complicated and the cost is high. The above solutions cannot achieve mass production due to technical and other problems, which is not conducive to the commercial development of fiber lasers.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
为了解决上述现有技术中存在的技术问题,本申请的主要目的在于提供一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器，本申请所提供的高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器采用拼装式结构，产品形式灵活多样，可根据客户需求灵活变换不同的拼装方式，组合成不同的产品。In order to solve the technical problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, the main purpose of the present application is to provide a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability. The polarized fiber laser adopts an assembled structure, and the product forms are flexible and diverse. Different assembly methods can be flexibly changed according to customer needs and combined into different products.
第一方面，本申请提供了一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器，由泵浦源和激光振荡腔两部分构成，所述泵浦源通过二向色镜将泵浦光依次照射经过第一准直透镜、第一光纤连接头、保偏光纤、第二光纤连接头、第二准直透镜以及第二法拉第旋光器到达第二反射镜，所述第二反射镜用于将信号光折返并经二向色镜反射至第一法拉第旋光器、第一二分之一波片、第一四分之一波片以及偏振分束器后到达第一反射镜。In the first aspect, the present application provides a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability, which consists of a pump source and a laser oscillation cavity. The pump source converts the pump light through a dichroic mirror. The radiation passes through the first collimating lens, the first optical fiber connector, the polarization-maintaining fiber, the second optical fiber connector, the second collimating lens and the second Faraday rotator in order to reach the second reflecting mirror, and the second reflecting mirror is used for The signal light is folded back and reflected by the dichroic mirror to the first Faraday rotator, the first half-wave plate, the first quarter-wave plate and the polarization beam splitter, and then reaches the first reflection mirror.
作为本发明的进一步方案，以第一反射镜为端镜的激光振荡腔和泵浦源构成基于NPE锁模的线形腔保偏光纤激光器；以半导体可饱和吸收镜和透镜组合替换第一反射镜部分的激光振荡腔和泵浦源则构成混合锁模的线形腔保偏光纤激光器。As a further solution of the present invention, a laser oscillation cavity and a pump source with the first reflecting mirror as the end mirror constitute a linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser based on NPE mode locking; the first reflecting mirror is replaced by a semiconductor saturable absorption mirror and a lens combination Part of the laser oscillation cavity and the pump source constitute a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser.
作为本发明的进一步方案，所述保偏光纤为保偏增益光纤两端各熔接一段无源光纤的组合。As a further solution of the present invention, the polarization-maintaining optical fiber is a combination of a passive optical fiber fused at both ends of the polarization-maintaining gain fiber.
作为本发明的进一步方案，还包括空间光路，所述空间光路包括法拉第旋光器和反射镜，用以对光路进行自适应补偿。As a further solution of the present invention, a spatial optical path is also included, and the spatial optical path includes a Faraday rotator and a reflector, so as to perform adaptive compensation on the optical path.
作为本发明的进一步方案，所述空间光路中，泵浦光通过二向色镜泵入增益光纤中。As a further solution of the present invention, in the spatial optical path, the pump light is pumped into the gain fiber through a dichroic mirror.
作为本发明的进一步方案，还包括移相器，用于辅助锁模自启动。As a further solution of the present invention, a phase shifter is also included for assisting mode-locking self-starting.
作为本发明的进一步方案，所述移相器的组合可为第一法拉第旋光器、第一二分之一波片和第一四分之一波片构成的非互易的相位偏置装置。As a further solution of the present invention, the combination of the phase shifters may be a non-reciprocal phase offset device composed of a first Faraday rotator, a first half-wave plate and a first quarter-wave plate.
作为本发明的进一步方案，所述偏振分束器位于两个偏振态发生干涉的位置，所述偏振分束器为激光器提供输出端口，所述偏振分束器位于激光振荡腔内，其中，所述偏振分束器的反射端作为输出端口监测从光纤往回射后透过偏振分束器的水平偏振光。As a further solution of the present invention, the polarization beam splitter is located at a position where two polarization states interfere, the polarization beam splitter provides an output port for the laser, and the polarization beam splitter is located in the laser oscillation cavity, wherein the The reflective end of the polarizing beam splitter is used as an output port to monitor the horizontally polarized light reflected back from the optical fiber and passing through the polarizing beam splitter.
作为本发明的进一步方案，所述辅助锁模部分由半导体可饱和吸收镜与非球面透镜的组合，并在偏振分束器与透镜间插入第二四分之一波片，其中，所述非球面透镜为第三准直透镜。As a further solution of the present invention, the auxiliary mode locking part is composed of a combination of a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror and an aspheric lens, and a second quarter-wave plate is inserted between the polarization beam splitter and the lens, wherein the aspheric lens The spherical lens is the third collimating lens.
相对于现有技术而言，本发明具有以下有益效果：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
本申请提供一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器，在线形腔的一端加上法拉第旋光器和全反射镜，通过交换往返过程的光学路径实现群速度延迟和线性相位偏置的完美补偿，用自适应补偿的方法解决在保偏光纤中实现NPE技术的问题；直接加入真实可饱和吸收体辅助锁模，以降低锁模阈值。The present application provides a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability. A Faraday rotator and a total reflection mirror are added to one end of the linear cavity, and group velocity delay and linear phase offset are realized by exchanging optical paths in the round-trip process. The perfect compensation of , uses the adaptive compensation method to solve the problem of realizing NPE technology in the polarization maintaining fiber; directly adding the real saturable absorber to assist mode locking to reduce the mode locking threshold.
本发明提出的高环境稳定性的线形腔保偏光纤激光器利用法拉第旋光器和反射镜的组合方案补偿脉冲时延，不仅避免了角度熔接和长度控制的困难，而且线形结构腔相对简单，空间光的耦合难度低，后期也不需要太大的维护成本，有利于实现商业化发展。另外，本发明还通过引入半导体可饱和吸收镜、非互易相位偏置器等器件来辅助锁模，进一步提高锁模自启动能力。The linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability proposed by the present invention compensates the pulse time delay by using the combination scheme of the Faraday rotator and the mirror, which not only avoids the difficulty of angle fusion and length control, but also has a relatively simple linear structure cavity, and the space light The coupling difficulty is low, and it does not require much maintenance cost in the later stage, which is conducive to the realization of commercial development. In addition, the present invention further improves the self-starting capability of the mode locking by introducing devices such as semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors, non-reciprocal phase biasers and the like to assist mode locking.
本申请的这些方面或其他方面在以下实施例的描述中会更加简明易懂。应当理解的是，以上的一般描述和后文的细节描述仅是示例性和解释性的，并不能限制本申请。These and other aspects of the present application will be more clearly understood in the description of the following embodiments. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not limiting of the present application.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例。在附图中：In order to illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application more clearly, the following briefly introduces the accompanying drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only for the present application. some examples. In the attached image:
图1为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的NPE锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器的结构示意图；1 is a schematic structural diagram of an NPE mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in an embodiment of the application;
图2为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器中半导体可饱和吸收镜作为端镜的替换结构示意图。FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a replacement structure of a semiconductor saturable absorption mirror as an end mirror in a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in an embodiment of the present application.
图3为图1中高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器的保偏光纤的实施例的结构示意图；3 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a polarization-maintaining fiber of a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in FIG. 1;
图4为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的NPE锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器稳定锁模时的光谱图。FIG. 4 is a spectrogram of an NPE mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in stable mode locking according to an embodiment of the present application.
图5为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器实现稳定锁模时的光谱图。FIG. 5 is a spectrogram of a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in an embodiment of the present application when stable mode locking is achieved.
图6为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器中输出脉冲自相关轨迹图。FIG. 6 is an autocorrelation trajectory diagram of output pulses in a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability according to an embodiment of the present application.
图7为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器中激光器在4小时内的稳定性测量的功率监测图。7 is a power monitoring diagram of laser stability measurement within 4 hours in a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in an embodiment of the present application.
图8为本申请实施例中一种高环境稳定性的混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器中以30分钟为间隔测量的八组光谱条件下激光器在4小时内的稳定性测量的示意图。8 is a schematic diagram of laser stability measurement within 4 hours under eight groups of spectral conditions measured at intervals of 30 minutes in a hybrid mode-locked linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability in an embodiment of the present application.
图中附图标记：Reference numbers in the figure:
1-泵浦源、2-二向色镜、3-第一法拉第旋光器、4-第一二分之一波片、5-第一四分之一波片、6-偏振分束器、7-第一反射镜、8-第一准直透镜、9-第一光纤连接头、10-保偏光纤、101-保偏增益光纤、103-无源光纤、11-第二光纤连接头、12-第二准直透镜、13-第二法拉第旋光器、14-第二反射镜、15-移相器、16-第二四分之一波片、17-第三准直透镜、18-半导体可饱和吸收镜、19-真实可饱和吸收体锁模、20-激光振荡腔。1-pump source, 2-dichroic mirror, 3-first Faraday rotator, 4-first half-wave plate, 5-first quarter-wave plate, 6-polarization beam splitter, 7-first reflector, 8-first collimating lens, 9-first fiber connector, 10-polarization-maintaining fiber, 101-polarization-maintaining gain fiber, 103-passive fiber, 11-second fiber connector, 12-Second collimating lens, 13-Second Faraday rotator, 14-Second mirror, 15-Phase shifter, 16-Second quarter-wave plate, 17-Third collimating lens, 18- Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror, 19-real saturable absorber mode locking, 20-laser oscillation cavity.
本申请目的实现、功能特点及优点将结合实施例，参照附图做进一步说明。The realization, functional features and advantages of the present application will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the embodiments.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本部分将详细描述本发明的具体实施例，本发明之较佳实施例在附图中示出，附图的作用在于用图形补充说明书文字部分的描述，使人能够直观地、形象地理解本发明的每个技术特征和整体技术方案，但其不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制。This part will describe the specific embodiments of the present invention in detail, and the preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings. Each technical feature and overall technical solution of the invention should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the invention.
在本发明的描述中，若干的含义是一个或者多个，多个的含义是两个以上，大于、小于、超过等理解为不包括本数，以上、以下、以内等理解为包括本数。In the description of the present invention, the meaning of several is one or more, the meaning of multiple is two or more, greater than, less than, exceeding, etc. are understood as not including this number, above, below, within, etc. are understood as including this number.
在本发明的描述中，对方法步骤的连续标号是为了方便审查和理解，结合本发明的整体技术方案以及各个步骤之间的逻辑关系，调整步骤之间的实施顺序并不会影响本发明技术方案所达到的技术效果。In the description of the present invention, the consecutive numbers on the method steps are for the convenience of review and understanding. In combination with the overall technical solution of the present invention and the logical relationship between the various steps, adjusting the execution order of the steps will not affect the technology of the present invention. The technical effect achieved by the program.
本发明的描述中，除非另有明确的限定，设置等词语应做广义理解，所属技术领域技术人员可以结合技术方案的具体内容合理确定上述词语在本发明中的具体含义。In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined, words such as setting should be understood in a broad sense, and those skilled in the art can reasonably determine the specific meanings of the above words in the present invention in combination with the specific content of the technical solution.
从第一台固体激光器的出现到如今光纤激光器的发展，激光脉冲宽度实现了从纳秒量级到飞秒量级的突破，激光器的输出性能也朝着更高更好的方向发展。超快光纤激光器与固体激光器相比，因为具有光束质量好、热管理效率高、结构灵活紧凑和维护成本低等优势，所以在军事、科研、工业以及医疗等领域均具有重要应用。通过改变激光振荡腔内增益光纤的掺杂离子种类可以输出不同波段的超短脉冲，将光纤激光器的工作波段从可见光波段覆盖到中远红外波段，以满足不同领域的不同需求。例如，掺镱光纤激光器可产生1.0μm波段激光，在工业领域(如切割和焊接等)具有重要应用；掺铒光纤激光器可产生1.5μm波段激光，此波段是光通信波段的低损耗通信窗口，在光纤中传输的损耗通常只有0.2dB/km，研究1.5μm波段稳定光源在光纤通信中起到很重要的作用；同时，1.5μm波段的光位于人眼安全波段，该波段对许多目标(如车辆，舰船，水泥建筑等)与背景的反差较大，在激光雷达，目标识别等军事领域应用中很具吸引力。又如，掺铥或者掺钬光纤激光器可产生位于分子“指纹”区的2μm波段超短激光脉冲，此波段涵盖了CO2，H2O及NO2等分子吸收谱，可以构成高灵敏度的气体传感器，用于实现大气远程遥感，又因为人体组织75％以上是水分组成的，2μm波段超短激光脉冲也广泛应用在医疗事业方面(如激光手术刀、组织切除等)等；同时，以2μm波段超短脉冲作为激光器的种子源，利用光学非线性转换效应(如差频，超连续谱产生等技术)可以轻易地将激光波长扩展到10μm以上的中远红外波段。随着光纤制备技术以及相关领域的发展，性能更好更优的光纤激光器不断的被挖掘，高稳定、易锁模的保偏光纤激光器提高了激光器在应用中的整体环境稳定性，为光纤激光器的发展作出了重要的贡献，推动了光纤激光器的发展。From the appearance of the first solid-state laser to the development of today's fiber lasers, the laser pulse width has achieved breakthroughs from nanoseconds to femtoseconds, and the output performance of lasers is also developing in a higher and better direction. Compared with solid-state lasers, ultrafast fiber lasers have the advantages of good beam quality, high thermal management efficiency, flexible and compact structure, and low maintenance costs, so they have important applications in military, scientific research, industry, and medical fields. By changing the doped ion species of the gain fiber in the laser oscillation cavity, ultrashort pulses in different wavelength bands can be output, covering the working wavelength band of the fiber laser from the visible light band to the mid-far infrared band to meet different needs in different fields. For example, an ytterbium-doped fiber laser can generate laser light in the 1.0μm band, which has important applications in industrial fields (such as cutting and welding); an erbium-doped fiber laser can generate laser light in the 1.5μm band, which is a low-loss communication window in the optical communication band. The transmission loss in the optical fiber is usually only 0.2dB/km. The study of the stable light source in the 1.5μm band plays a very important role in optical fiber communication. Vehicles, ships, cement buildings, etc.) have a large contrast with the background, which is very attractive in military applications such as lidar and target recognition. For another example, thulium-doped or holmium-doped fiber lasers can generate ultra-short laser pulses in the 2μm band located in the molecular "fingerprint" region. This band covers the molecular absorption spectra of CO2 , H2 O and NO2 , and can form highly sensitive gases. The sensor is used to realize remote remote sensing of the atmosphere, and because more than 75% of human tissue is composed of water, ultra-short laser pulses in the 2μm band are also widely used in medical services (such as laser scalpels, tissue removal, etc.), etc. At the same time, with 2μm As the seed source of the laser, the ultra-short pulse of the wavelength band can easily extend the laser wavelength to the mid- and far-infrared band above 10 μm by using optical nonlinear conversion effects (such as difference frequency, supercontinuum generation and other technologies). With the development of fiber preparation technology and related fields, fiber lasers with better and better performance are constantly being explored. The polarization-maintaining fiber lasers with high stability and easy mode-locking improve the overall environmental stability of the lasers in applications, and are the best choice for fiber lasers. made important contributions to the development of fiber lasers.
传统的基于NPE锁模的光纤激光器通常使用非保偏光纤作为光纤组件，由于NPE基于干涉原理的锁模机制，锁模状态很容易受到外界环境的影响而无法长时间稳定运行。使用对环境影响不敏感的保偏光纤代替非保偏光纤，在光纤中传输的两个偏振态互相不影响，非线性相位变化只与功率有关，也不受环境影响，可以大大提高激光器的整体环境稳定性。因此，基于保偏光纤的光纤激光器具备天然的高稳定性，有利于实现商业化应用。随着光纤制备技术的不断发展，保偏掺稀土元素光纤已逐渐商用化，由于保偏光纤快慢轴群速度不同会导致快慢轴的光脉冲出现时延的问题无法实现偏振演化，因此NPE锁模技术较难应用于保偏光纤中，全保偏NPE锁模飞秒光纤激光器的相关报道还比较少。目前已有报道的环形腔结构，利用了光纤与光纤之间的角度熔接，解决了脉冲的时延问题，但这种技术一方面需要精确控制熔接角度，降低了制备的效率，另一方面需要精确控制光纤长度，同样是一项具有挑战的任务。其次，单纯利用NPE技术实现全保偏锁模飞秒光纤激光器通常还存在锁模阈值高的问题，往往需要较大泵浦功率才能以多脉冲的状态启动，随后进一步降低泵浦功率才能实现稳定可靠的单脉冲运转。此外，锁模阈值高限制了光纤激光器的应用，提高了对泵浦源的要求，增大了使用成本。因此，解决锁模阈值高的问题也是至关重要的一项关键科学问题。Traditional NPE-based mode-locking fiber lasers usually use non-polarization-maintaining fibers as fiber components. Due to the mode-locking mechanism of NPE based on the interference principle, the mode-locking state is easily affected by the external environment and cannot operate stably for a long time. Use a polarization-maintaining fiber that is not sensitive to environmental influences instead of non-polarization-maintaining fibers. The two polarization states transmitted in the fiber do not affect each other. The nonlinear phase change is only related to power and is not affected by the environment, which can greatly improve the overall performance of the laser. Environmental stability. Therefore, fiber lasers based on polarization-maintaining fibers have naturally high stability, which is beneficial for commercial applications. With the continuous development of optical fiber preparation technology, polarization-maintaining rare-earth element-doped fibers have been gradually commercialized. Due to the difference in the speed of the fast and slow axes of the polarization-maintaining fiber, the problem of time delay of the optical pulses of the fast and slow axes cannot be realized, and the polarization evolution cannot be realized. Therefore, NPE mode-locking The technology is difficult to apply to polarization-maintaining fibers, and there are few reports on all polarization-maintaining NPE mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers. At present, the reported annular cavity structure uses the angle fusion between the optical fiber and the optical fiber to solve the problem of pulse delay. Precise control of fiber length is also a challenging task. Secondly, the use of NPE technology alone to achieve full polarization-maintaining mode-locking femtosecond fiber lasers usually has the problem of high mode-locking threshold, which often requires a large pump power to start in a multi-pulse state, and then further reduce the pump power to achieve stability. Reliable single-pulse operation. In addition, the high mode-locking threshold limits the application of fiber lasers, increases the requirements for the pump source, and increases the cost of use. Therefore, solving the problem of high mode-locking threshold is also a crucial key scientific problem.
为此，本申请提供了一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器，在线形腔的一端加上法拉第旋光器和全反射镜，通过交换往返过程的光学路径实现群速度延迟和线性相位偏置的完美补偿，用自适应补偿的方法解决该技术问题，直接加入真实可饱和吸收体辅助锁模，以显著降低锁模阈值。To this end, the present application provides a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability. A Faraday rotator and a total reflection mirror are added to one end of the linear cavity, and the group velocity delay and Perfect compensation of linear phase offset, using adaptive compensation method to solve this technical problem, directly adding a real saturable absorber to assist mode locking to significantly reduce the mode locking threshold.
而本发明提出的高环境稳定性的线形腔保偏光纤激光器利用法拉第旋光器(FR，Faraday rotator)和反射镜(M，gold mirror)的组合补偿脉冲时延，不仅避免了角度熔接和长度控制的困难，而且线形结构腔相对简单，空间光的耦合难度低，后期也不需要太大的维护成本，有利于实现商业化发展。另外，本发明还通过引入半导体可饱和吸收镜、非互易相位偏置器等器件来辅助锁模，进一步提高锁模自启动能力。The linear cavity polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability proposed by the present invention utilizes the combination of Faraday rotator (FR, Faraday rotator) and mirror (M, gold mirror) to compensate pulse delay, which not only avoids angle fusion and length control Moreover, the linear structure cavity is relatively simple, the coupling difficulty of space light is low, and it does not require much maintenance cost in the later stage, which is conducive to the realization of commercial development. In addition, the present invention further improves the self-starting capability of the mode locking by introducing devices such as semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors, non-reciprocal phase biasers and the like to assist mode locking.
参见图1所示，本发明的一个实施例提供了一种高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器，所述高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器由泵浦源1和激光振荡腔20两部分构成，其中，所述泵浦源1通过二向色镜2将泵浦光依次照射经过第一准直透镜8、第一光纤连接头9、保偏光纤10、第二光纤连接头11、第二准直透镜12以及第二法拉第旋光器13到达第二反射镜14，所述第二反射镜14用于将泵浦光折返并经二向色镜2反射至第一法拉第旋光器3、第一二分之一波片4、第一四分之一波片5以及偏振分束器6后到达第一反射镜7。Referring to FIG. 1 , an embodiment of the present invention provides a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with high environmental stability. The high-environmental stability linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser is driven by a pump source It is composed of two parts with the
在本申请的一些实施例中，以第一反射镜7为端镜的激光振荡腔20和泵浦源1构成基于NPE锁模的线形腔保偏光纤激光器。In some embodiments of the present application, the
在本申请的实施例中，所述第一反射镜7为端镜的振荡器总腔长3.95m，其中光纤10部分长度3.55m，空间光路部分长0.4m。In the embodiment of the present application, the first reflecting
为有效减小空间光路的光斑半径，保证光斑不被空间光学器件通光孔径限制，所述保偏光纤10为保偏增益光纤101与无源光纤103的组合，保偏增益光纤101为2.9m的保偏掺钬光纤(PM-HDF，IXF-HDF-PM-8-125)，数值孔径为0.16，两端各熔接有一段用于对2μm波段低弯曲损耗的无源光纤103，型号为ThorlabsSM2000，所述无源光纤的数值孔径为0.12。In order to effectively reduce the spot radius of the space optical path and ensure that the spot is not limited by the clear aperture of the space optical device, the polarization-maintaining
其中，所述空间光路包括法拉第旋光器和反射镜，用以将保偏光纤快慢轴的光旋转90°，再返回线形腔中。Wherein, the spatial optical path includes a Faraday rotator and a reflection mirror, which are used to rotate the light of the fast and slow axes of the polarization-maintaining fiber by 90°, and then return to the linear cavity.
在本申请的实施例中，采用法拉第旋光器和反射镜的组合设置一方面解决了全光纤结构中角度熔接以及光纤长度精确控制的困难，另一方面可以完全抵消线性相位延迟，使得非线性相移不断积累，从而消除了腔内空间烧孔效应，降低了锁模自启动阈值，同时也解决了群速度失配的问题。In the embodiment of the present application, the combined arrangement of the Faraday rotator and the mirror solves the difficulty of angle fusion and precise control of the fiber length in the all-fiber structure on the one hand, and can completely cancel the linear phase delay on the other hand, so that the nonlinear phase delay can be completely eliminated. The displacement is accumulated continuously, thereby eliminating the hole burning effect in the cavity space, reducing the self-starting threshold of mode locking, and also solving the problem of group velocity mismatch.
在本申请的一些实施例中，在空间光路的另一部分，泵浦光通过二向色镜2(DM，Layertec separator 103086)泵入保偏光纤中，泵浦光由自制的掺铥光纤激光器(TDFL，thulium doped fiber laser)提供，可最高提供1.34W的1948nm连续光。In some embodiments of the present application, in another part of the spatial optical path, the pump light is pumped into the polarization-maintaining fiber through a dichroic mirror 2 (DM, Layertec separator 103086), and the pump light is pumped by a self-made thulium-doped fiber laser ( TDFL, thulium doped fiber laser), can provide up to 1.34W of 1948nm continuous light.
在本申请的一些实施例中，所述第一法拉第旋光器3、第一二分之一波片4(HWP，half-wave plate)和第一四分之一波片5(QWP，quarter-wave plate)构成非互易的相位偏置(nonreciprocal phase bias)装置，即移相器15，用于辅助锁模自启动。In some embodiments of the present application, the
在本申请的一些实施例中，所述偏振分束器6位于两个偏振态发生干涉的位置，所述偏振分束器6为激光器提供输出端口，位于激光振荡腔20内，其中，所述偏振分束器6的反射端作为输出端口监测从光纤往回射后透过偏振分束器6的水平偏振光。In some embodiments of the present application, the
参见图3所示，当泵浦功率加到1.07W时，可获得多脉冲锁模，随后将泵浦功率降低到303mW时，可获得稳定单脉冲孤子锁模状态，此时端口输出平均功率为0.1mW，锁模脉冲的光谱如图3所示，中心波长为2128nm，3-dB半高全宽约为6.5nm。由于功率较小，监测到的光谱略微不对称。输出光谱有着明显的凯利边带，是孤子锁模的典型特性，通过计算凯利边带与中心波长的关系，计算出腔体净色散为-0.827ps2。Referring to Figure 3, when the pump power is increased to 1.07W, multi-pulse mode-locking can be obtained, and then when the pump power is reduced to 303mW, a stable single-pulse soliton mode-locking state can be obtained. At this time, the average output power of the port is The spectrum of the 0.1mW, mode-locked pulse is shown in Figure 3, the center wavelength is 2128nm, and the 3-dB full width at half maximum is about 6.5nm. Due to the lower power, the observed spectrum is slightly asymmetric. The output spectrum has obvious Kelly sidebands, which are typical characteristics of soliton mode-locking. By calculating the relationship between the Kelly sidebands and the central wavelength, the net dispersion of the cavity is calculated to be -0.827ps2 .
在本申请的一些实施例中，参见图2所示，所述高环境稳定性的锁模保偏线形光纤激光中，第一反射镜7可替换为可饱和吸收镜18与第三准直透镜17的组合，以可饱和吸收镜18与第三准直透镜17的组合替换第一反射镜7部分的激光振荡腔20和泵浦源1则构成混合锁模线形腔保偏光纤激光器。In some embodiments of the present application, as shown in FIG. 2 , in the mode-locked polarization-maintaining linear fiber laser with high environmental stability, the first reflecting
在本申请的实施例中，所述真实可饱和吸收体锁模19部分由半导体可饱和吸收镜18(SESAM，BatopSAM-2150-8-10ps-4.0-25.0s-c)与非球面透镜的组合，并在偏振分束器6与透镜间插入第二四分之一波片16，其中，所述非球面透镜为第三准直透镜17。In the embodiment of the present application, the true saturable absorber mode-locking 19 is partly composed of a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror 18 (SESAM, BatopSAM-2150-8-10ps-4.0-25.0s-c) combined with an aspheric lens, and A second quarter-
将本申请中的第一反射镜7替换为半导体可饱和吸收镜18和第三准直透镜17后，激光器的锁模自启动所需泵浦阈值大大降低，此外，还可以加入第二四分之一波片16并在较大范围旋转波片控制端口输出功率，证明了锁模自启动能力得到提升。After replacing the
当泵浦功率达到420mW时，激光器锁模自启动，获得多脉冲锁模，随后将泵浦功率降至365mW，即可实现稳定单脉冲孤子锁模输出。相比未加入SESAM时，锁模自启动所需的泵浦功率由1.07W降低到了420mW(降低约60％)，锁模阈值显著降低。锁模激光器锁模输出光谱图如图4所示，此时端口输出平均功率为4.86mW。通过图4与图3的对比，可见光谱形状没有太大变化，这意味着即使加入了真实可饱和吸收体，该保偏锁模光纤振荡器中仍然是非线性偏振演化锁模机制起主导作用。When the pump power reaches 420mW, the laser mode-locking starts automatically to obtain multi-pulse mode-locking, and then the pump power is reduced to 365mW to achieve stable single-pulse soliton mode-locking output. Compared with when SESAM is not added, the pump power required for mode-locking self-starting is reduced from 1.07W to 420mW (about 60% reduction), and the mode-locking threshold is significantly reduced. The mode-locked output spectrum of the mode-locked laser is shown in Figure 4. At this time, the average output power of the port is 4.86mW. By comparing Fig. 4 and Fig. 3, the visible spectral shape does not change much, which means that even with the addition of a real saturable absorber, the nonlinear polarization evolution mode-locking mechanism is still dominant in the polarization-maintaining mode-locked fiber oscillator.
将第一反射镜7替换成了真实可饱和吸收体锁模19的过程导致光路微小变化，光谱中心波长发生偏移，变为2110nm。半导体可饱和吸收镜18的加入不仅将锁模自启动阈值的泵浦功率降低了60％，还大大提升了锁模的自启动能力，这个优势使得本申请可以从端口提取出更高质量的锁模脉冲。The process of replacing the
同时，半导体可饱和吸收镜18还对腔内的杂散光起到了滤波作用，因为杂散光大多功率不高，经过真实可饱和吸收体时被吸收，由此锁模光谱变得更加平滑，3-dB半高全宽也相对更大，为7nm左右。At the same time, the semiconductor
图5是孤子脉冲的自相关轨迹图。端口输出脉冲自相关图可用双曲正割曲线完好拟合，证明了激光器输出了孤子脉冲，经估算得到真实脉宽为1.13ps。Figure 5 is a graph of the autocorrelation trace of the soliton pulse. The autocorrelation diagram of the output pulse at the port can be perfectly fitted by a hyperbolic secant curve, which proves that the laser outputs a soliton pulse, and the real pulse width is estimated to be 1.13ps.
此外，为了表征激光器稳定性，本申请还对激光器的长时间功率稳定性进行了测量。利用实验室的电探头功率计(Thorlabs PM1000&S148C)对输出端口的输出功率进行了长时间监测。图6显示了激光器4个小时连续运转的功率稳定性，在测量功率稳定性前，激光器已开启五个小时，即便如此，监测得到的激光器4小时稳定性良好，输出功率的均方根抖动为0.14％，小于非保偏光纤激光振荡器。此外，以30分钟为间隔，本申请还记录了4小时以内脉冲光谱的变化情况，如图7所示，共计8组光谱，重合度极高，说明了该振荡器的稳定性。此外，图8和图5的光谱形状不同是因为我们在实验中有意调整了第二四分之一波片16角度，改变输出状态以进一步证明我们设计的激光器具有灵活多变得输出，并且不同输出状态下都能保持极好的稳定性。In addition, in order to characterize the laser stability, the present application also measures the long-term power stability of the laser. The output power of the output port was monitored for a long time using a laboratory electric probe power meter (Thorlabs PM1000&S148C). Figure 6 shows the power stability of the laser for 4 hours of continuous operation. Before measuring the power stability, the laser has been turned on for five hours. Even so, the monitored laser has good stability for 4 hours, and the rms jitter of the output power is 0.14%, less than the non-polarization maintaining fiber laser oscillator. In addition, at intervals of 30 minutes, the application also recorded the changes of the pulse spectrum within 4 hours. As shown in Figure 7, there are 8 sets of spectra in total, and the coincidence degree is extremely high, which shows the stability of the oscillator. In addition, the spectral shapes of Fig. 8 and Fig. 5 are different because we intentionally adjusted the angle of the second quarter-
本申请的上述实施例中的保偏掺钬光纤可以替换为其他保偏的高浓度掺稀土元素的增益光纤，实现不同工作波段的超短激光脉冲输出。例如，使用保偏掺铥光纤(PM-TDF)或者保偏铥钬共掺光纤(PM-THDF)实现2μm波段激光输出；使用保偏掺镱光纤(PM-YDF)实现1μm波段激光输出；使用保偏掺铒光纤(PM-EDF)和保偏铒镱共掺光纤(EYDF)实现1.5μm波段激光输出。The polarization-maintaining holmium-doped fiber in the above embodiments of the present application can be replaced with other polarization-maintaining high-concentration rare-earth element-doped gain fibers to achieve ultrashort laser pulse output in different working bands. For example, use polarization-maintaining thulium-doped fiber (PM-TDF) or polarization-maintaining thulium-holmium co-doped fiber (PM-THDF) to achieve 2μm band laser output; use polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped fiber (PM-YDF) to achieve 1μm band laser output; use Polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber (PM-EDF) and polarization-maintaining erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber (EYDF) achieve 1.5μm laser output.
本申请中的真实可饱和吸收体可以替换为其他二维材料，例如石墨烯、碳纳米管、磷烯、拓扑绝缘体等。与半导体可饱和吸收镜18作用相同，具有易于自启动、结构简单、性能稳定、锁模阈值低、响应时间短等优点。在激光器中构成混合锁模机制，有利于降低锁模自启动阈值，提高自启动能力，同时还可以起到平滑光谱的作用。The real saturable absorbers in this application can be replaced by other 2D materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, phosphorene, topological insulators, etc. It has the same function as the semiconductor
本申请中由二分之一波片、四分之一波片和法拉第旋光器构成的移相器是实现激光器锁模自启动的非互易相位偏置器，可以替换为其他可实现锁模自启动、实现非互易相位偏置的任何商用器件或光学器件。In this application, the phase shifter composed of a half-wave plate, a quarter-wave plate and a Faraday rotator is a non-reciprocal phase biaser that realizes self-starting of laser mode locking, and can be replaced with other modes that can realize mode locking Any commercial device or optical device that is self-starting, achieving non-reciprocal phase bias.
本申请中的光纤部分采用的是全负色散光纤，在腔内负群速度色散(GVD)和非线性效应的共同作用下会演变为孤子脉冲，受限于孤子面积定理其单脉冲能量在0.1nJ量级。整个光纤部分可替换为正色散光纤或负色散和正色散光纤的组合，构建输出锁模脉冲能量更高的高环境稳定性的线形腔锁模保偏光纤激光器。The fiber part in this application uses a fully negative dispersion fiber, which will evolve into a soliton pulse under the combined action of negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinear effects in the cavity. Due to the soliton area theorem, the single pulse energy is 0.1 On the order of nJ. The entire fiber part can be replaced with positive dispersion fiber or a combination of negative dispersion and positive dispersion fiber to construct a linear cavity mode-locked polarization-maintaining fiber laser with higher output mode-locked pulse energy and high environmental stability.
以上仅为本申请的优选实施例，并非因此限制本申请的专利范围，凡是利用本申请说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换，或直接或间接运用在其他相关的技术领域，均同理包括在本申请的专利保护范围内。The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the patent scope of the present application. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation made by using the contents of the description and drawings of the present application, or directly or indirectly applied in other related technical fields , are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of this application.
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