相关申请Related applications
本申请要求于2019年4月15日提交的标题为“用于轻度混合动力系统的电池-超级电容器混合能量储存系统架构”的美国临时申请序列号62/833,823的优先权，该申请的全部内容明确以引用方式并入本文中。This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/833,823 entitled "Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System Architecture for Mild Hybrid Power Systems" filed on April 15, 2019, in its entirety The contents are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
政府支持条款Government support terms
根据DOE授权的DE-EE0007761，本发明是在政府支持下完成的。政府拥有本发明的某些权利。This invention was made with government support under DOE grant DE-EE0007761. The government has certain rights in this invention.
技术领域Technical field
本公开总体上涉及混合能量储存系统架构，并且更具体地，涉及用于轻度混合动力系应用的HESS架构，该HESS架构采用电池和超级电容器专用的预充电电路和主接触器。The present disclosure relates generally to hybrid energy storage system architectures, and more specifically, to HESS architectures for mild hybrid powertrain applications that employ battery and supercapacitor specific precharge circuits and main contactors.
背景技术Background technique
低压(例如，48伏)轻度混合动力系系统是商用车辆感兴趣的，因为它们是相对低成本的并提供合理水平的燃料节省从而得到有吸引力的投资回报。某些轻度混合动力系系统采用包括电池和超级电容器(“UC”)的混合能量储存系统(“HESS”)。有时被称为超级电容器的UC是具有较低压限制的高容量电容器，高容量电容器填补了电解电容器和可再充电电池之间的空白。这样的UC可通过吸收快速电压和/或电流瞬变和非常快速地释放功率(但与通常具有更大数量级的能量储存容量的电池相比，以低能量释放功率)来减少HESS的电池上的负载。UC基本上平滑了电池的循环过渡，因此可改善电池的热行为和寿命。UC可以可靠地支持发动机起动功能，但不能本身支持具有目标水平的再生能量回收的轻度混合功能。需要包括诸如锂离子电池这样的电池的能量储存系统来实现轻度混合价值。Low voltage (eg, 48 volt) mild hybrid powertrain systems are of interest to commercial vehicles because they are relatively low cost and provide reasonable levels of fuel savings resulting in an attractive return on investment. Some mild hybrid powertrain systems employ hybrid energy storage systems ("HESS") that include batteries and ultracapacitors ("UC"). Sometimes called supercapacitors, UCs are high-capacity capacitors with lower voltage limits. High-capacity capacitors fill the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. Such a UC could reduce the stress on a HESS's battery by absorbing fast voltage and/or current transients and releasing power very quickly (but at a low energy compared to batteries that typically have orders of magnitude greater energy storage capacity). load. UC essentially smoothes the battery's cycling transitions and therefore improves the battery's thermal behavior and longevity. UC can reliably support engine starting functionality but cannot natively support mild hybrid functionality with target levels of regenerative energy recovery. Energy storage systems including batteries such as lithium-ion batteries are needed to realize mild hybrid value.
对利用48V发动机起动器电机的兴趣和完全依赖于用于发动机起动的锂离子电池的感知风险造成一些制造商添加UC，由此配置HESS。电池和UC的互连方面引入了成本与功能上的折衷，并可基于应用场景和设计要求进行优化。到目前为止，采用HESS的动力系系统要么将操作灵活性限制于不足以满足中型或重型商用车辆应用的水平，要么要求使用添加的部件从而增加了满足所期望操作要求的HESS的成本和复杂性。因此，低成本、高可靠、高性能的HESS架构对于诸如用于商用车辆的轻度混合应用来说是需要的。The interest in utilizing 48V engine starter motors and the perceived risk of relying solely on lithium-ion batteries for engine starting has caused some manufacturers to add UC and thus configure HESS. The interconnection of batteries and UC introduces trade-offs in cost and functionality, and can be optimized based on application scenarios and design requirements. To date, powertrain systems employing HESS have either limited operational flexibility to a level insufficient for medium or heavy commercial vehicle applications or required the use of added components that increase the cost and complexity of a HESS to meet the desired operational requirements. . Therefore, low-cost, highly reliable, and high-performance HESS architectures are needed for mild-hybrid applications such as those used in commercial vehicles.
发明内容Contents of the invention
根据一个实施方式，本公开提供了一种轻度混合能量储存系统架构，所述轻度混合能量储存系统架构包括：电池；超级电容器，其与所述电池并联连接；无源电池预充电电路，其连接在所述电池的端子和DC总线之间；电池主接触器，其与所述电池预充电电路并联地连接在所述电池的端子和所述DC总线之间；无源超级电容器预充电电路，其连接在所述超级电容器的端子和所述DC总线之间；超级电容器主接触器，其与所述超级电容器预充电电路并联地连接在所述超级电容器的端子和所述DC总线之间；以及控制模块，其被配置为独立地控制所述电池预充电电路、所述电池主接触器、所述超级电容器预充电电路和所述超级电容器主接触器的操作。在该实施方式的一方面，所述电池包括至少一个锂离子电池。在另一方面，所述无源电池预充电电路包括连接在所述电池的端子和预充电开关的输入端之间的电阻器，所述预充电开关的输出端连接到所述DC总线。在又一方面，所述无源超级电容器预充电电路包括连接在所述超级电容器的端子和预充电开关的输入端之间的电阻器，所述预充电开关的输出端连接到所述DC总线。在该实施方式的其他方面，所述电池的端子是正极端子并且所述超级电容器的端子是正极端子。另一方面还包括第一电压传感器，所述第一电压传感器被配置为将超级电容器电压测量值提供给所述控制模块。该方面的变形形式还包括第二电压传感器，所述第二电压传感器被配置为将DC总线电压测量值提供给所述控制模块。另一变形形式还包括第三电压传感器，所述第三电压传感器被配置为将电池电压测量值提供给所述控制模块。在该实施方式的另一方面，所述控制模块还被配置为：通过闭合所述无源电池预充电电路的电池预充电开关以对所述DC总线进行预充电，对所述超级电容器的电压近似为零作出响应；在对所述DC总线进行预充电之后，启动发动机起动器以起动发动机；以及在启动所述发动机起动器之后，闭合所述无源超级电容器预充电电路的超级电容器预充电开关，以对所述超级电容器进行充电。在该方面的变形形式中，所述控制模块还被配置为：关闭所述发动机；以及在关闭所述发动机之后，打开所述超级电容器预充电开关和所述超级电容器主接触器，以隔离所述超级电容器。在另一变形形式中，所述控制模块还被配置为：通过闭合所述超级电容器预充电开关并闭合所述超级电容器主接触器，之后闭合所述电池预充电开关，对所述电压超过预定阈值电压作出响应。在又一变形形式中，所述控制模块还被配置为：通过闭合所述超级电容器预充电开关、闭合所述超级电容器主接触器并大致同时地闭合所述电池预充电开关，对所述电压高于预定阈值电压作出响应。According to one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a mild hybrid energy storage system architecture, which includes: a battery; a supercapacitor connected in parallel with the battery; a passive battery precharge circuit, It is connected between the terminals of the battery and the DC bus; a battery main contactor, which is connected in parallel with the battery precharge circuit between the terminals of the battery and the DC bus; passive supercapacitor precharging a circuit connected between the terminals of the supercapacitor and the DC bus; a supercapacitor main contactor connected in parallel with the supercapacitor precharge circuit between the terminals of the supercapacitor and the DC bus and a control module configured to independently control operations of the battery precharge circuit, the battery main contactor, the supercapacitor precharge circuit and the supercapacitor main contactor. In one aspect of this embodiment, the battery includes at least one lithium ion battery. In another aspect, the passive battery precharge circuit includes a resistor connected between a terminal of the battery and an input of a precharge switch, the output of which is connected to the DC bus. In yet another aspect, the passive supercapacitor precharge circuit includes a resistor connected between a terminal of the supercapacitor and an input of a precharge switch, the output of the precharge switch being connected to the DC bus . In other aspects of this embodiment, the terminal of the battery is a positive terminal and the terminal of the supercapacitor is a positive terminal. Another aspect also includes a first voltage sensor configured to provide a supercapacitor voltage measurement to the control module. Variations of this aspect also include a second voltage sensor configured to provide a DC bus voltage measurement to the control module. Another variation also includes a third voltage sensor configured to provide battery voltage measurements to the control module. In another aspect of this embodiment, the control module is further configured to: precharge the DC bus by closing a battery precharge switch of the passive battery precharge circuit, changing the voltage of the supercapacitor responding to approximately zero; after precharging the DC bus, activating the engine starter to start the engine; and after activating the engine starter, closing the supercapacitor precharge of the passive supercapacitor precharge circuit switch to charge the supercapacitor. In a variation of this aspect, the control module is further configured to: shut down the engine; and after shutting down the engine, open the supercapacitor precharge switch and the supercapacitor main contactor to isolate all The supercapacitor. In another variant, the control module is further configured to: by closing the supercapacitor precharge switch and closing the supercapacitor main contactor, and then closing the battery precharge switch, the voltage exceeds a predetermined threshold voltage to respond. In yet another variation, the control module is further configured to: control the voltage by closing the supercapacitor precharge switch, closing the supercapacitor main contactor, and closing the battery precharge switch substantially simultaneously. responds above a predetermined threshold voltage.
在另一实施方式中，本公开提供了一种用于控制轻度混合系统中的发动机的方法，所述方法包括：感测超级电容器的电压；通过闭合连接在电池的端子和DC总线之间的无源电池预充电电路的电池预充电开关以对所述DC总线进行预充电，对所述电压近似为零作出响应，其中，所述DC总线联接到发动机起动器；在对所述DC总线进行预充电之后，启动所述发动机起动器以起动所述发动机；以及在启动所述发动机起动器之后，闭合连接在所述超级电容器的端子和所述DC总线之间的无源超级电容器预充电电路的超级电容器预充电开关，以对所述超级电容器进行充电。该实施方式的一方面还包括：关闭所述发动机；以及在关闭所述发动机之后，打开所述超级电容器预充电开关和与所述无源超级电容器预充电电路并联连接的主接触器，以隔离所述超级电容器。另一方面还包括：通过闭合所述超级电容器预充电开关并闭合与所述无源超级电容器预充电电路并联连接的主接触器，之后闭合所述电池预充电开关，对所述电压高于预定阈值电压作出响应。又一方面还包括：通过闭合所述超级电容器预充电开关、闭合与所述无源超级电容器预充电电路并联连接的主接触器并大致同时地闭合所述电池预充电开关，对所述电压高于预定阈值电压作出响应。In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for controlling an engine in a mild hybrid system, the method comprising: sensing a voltage of a supercapacitor; making a closed connection between a terminal of a battery and a DC bus a battery precharge switch of the passive battery precharge circuit to precharge the DC bus in response to the voltage being approximately zero, wherein the DC bus is coupled to the engine starter; After precharging, activating the engine starter to start the engine; and after activating the engine starter, closing a passive supercapacitor precharge connected between a terminal of the supercapacitor and the DC bus A supercapacitor precharge switch of the circuit to charge the supercapacitor. An aspect of this embodiment further includes: shutting down the engine; and after shutting down the engine, opening the supercapacitor precharge switch and the main contactor connected in parallel with the passive supercapacitor precharge circuit to isolate The supercapacitor. On the other hand, it also includes: by closing the supercapacitor precharge switch and closing the main contactor connected in parallel with the passive supercapacitor precharge circuit, and then closing the battery precharge switch, if the voltage is higher than a predetermined threshold voltage to respond. Yet another aspect also includes: by closing the supercapacitor precharge switch, closing a main contactor connected in parallel with the passive supercapacitor precharge circuit, and closing the battery precharge switch substantially simultaneously, the voltage is high. responds at a predetermined threshold voltage.
附图说明Description of the drawings
通过参考以下结合附图对本发明的实施方式的描述，本公开的以上提到的和其他的特征和优点及其实现方式将变得更清楚并且本发明本身将被更好地理解，其中:The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the present disclosure and the manner in which they are implemented will become clearer and the invention itself will be better understood by referring to the following description of embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
图1是现有技术的HESS架构的示意图；Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the HESS architecture of the prior art;
图2是另一现有技术的HESS架构的示意图；Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of another prior art HESS architecture;
图3是另一现有技术的HESS架构的示意图；Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of another prior art HESS architecture;
图4是另一现有技术的HESS架构的示意图；Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of another prior art HESS architecture;
图5是根据本公开的一个实施方式的HESS架构的示意图；以及Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a HESS architecture according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; and
图6是例示了相对于某些性能属性对各种HESS架构进行比较的表。Figure 6 is a table illustrating a comparison of various HESS architectures with respect to certain performance attributes.
贯穿多个视图，对应的附图标记指示对应的部分。本文中阐述的示例例示了本公开的示例性实施方式，并且这种示例将不被解释为以任何方式限制本公开的范围。Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The examples set forth herein illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, and such examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure in any way.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
出于促进对本公开原理的理解的目的，现在，参考以下描述的附图中例示的实施方式。本文中公开的示例性实施方式并非旨在是排他性的或者将本公开限于以下详细描述中公开的精确形式。相反，选择和描述这些示例性实施方式，使得本领域的其他技术人员可利用他们的教导。For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference now is made to the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings described below. The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be exclusive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the exemplary embodiments were chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may utilize their teachings.
术语“联接”、“被联接”及其变形形式用于既包括其中两个或更多个部件直接物理接触的布置，又包括其中两个或更多个部件彼此不直接接触的布置(例如，部件经由至少第三部件“联接”)，但仍然彼此协作或交互。此外，术语“联接”、“被联接”及其变形形式是指本领域中已知的用于机器零件的任何连接，包括但不限于用螺栓、螺钉、螺纹、磁体、电磁体、粘合剂、摩擦夹、焊缝、卡扣、夹子等进行的连接。The terms "coupled," "coupled," and variations thereof are intended to include both arrangements in which two or more components are in direct physical contact as well as arrangements in which two or more components are not in direct physical contact with each other (e.g., Components are "coupled" via at least a third component), but still cooperate or interact with each other. Furthermore, the terms "coupled", "coupled" and variations thereof refer to any connection known in the art for machine parts, including but not limited to bolts, screws, threads, magnets, electromagnets, adhesives , friction clamps, welds, buckles, clips, etc.
在整个本公开和权利要求书中，参考各种部件或特征使用诸如第一和第二这样的数字术语。这样的使用并不旨在表示部件或特征的排序。更确切地，使用数字术语来辅助读者识别被参考的部件或特征，不应该狭义地解释为提供部件或特征的特定顺序。Throughout this disclosure and claims, numerical terms such as first and second are used with reference to various components or features. Such use is not intended to indicate an ordering of components or features. Rather, the use of numerical terms to assist the reader in identifying the components or features being referenced should not be construed narrowly to provide a specific order of components or features.
本领域的普通技术人员将认识到，所提供的实施方式可以硬件、软件、固件和/或其组合来实现。根据实施方式的编程代码可以诸如C、C++、HTML、XTML、JAVA或任何其他可行的高级编程语言或高级编程语言与低级编程语言的组合这样的任何可行的编程语言来实现。Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the provided embodiments may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, and/or combinations thereof. Programming code according to embodiments may be implemented in any feasible programming language such as C, C++, HTML, XML, JAVA, or any other feasible high-level programming language or combination of high-level and low-level programming languages.
现在参照图1，示出了现有技术的无源HESS架构10。架构10是电信行业中使用的某些架构的示例，其具有UC与诸如锂离子电池这样的电池的直接并联组合。总体上，架构10包括与串联连接的碳-碳UC 14并联连接的电池12。并联组合连接到降压升压转换器16，降压升压转换器16将DC总线电压输出到与电机20连接的电机驱动器18。在该示例中，UC 14(当被适当确定大小时)供应传输期间所需的突发功率的主要部分(因为其等效串联电阻非常低)，而电池12提供基本上所有的备用功率和储用功率。在架构10中不使用预充电电路，因为它使用了降压升压转换器16。因此，架构10相对复杂且昂贵。Referring now to Figure 1, a prior art passive HESS architecture 10 is shown. Architecture 10 is an example of some architectures used in the telecommunications industry, with a direct parallel combination of UC and batteries such as lithium-ion batteries. Generally, the architecture 10 includes a battery 12 connected in parallel with a carbon-carbon UC 14 connected in series. The parallel combination is connected to a buck-boost converter 16 which outputs the DC bus voltage to a motor driver 18 connected to the motor 20 . In this example, UC 14 (when properly sized) supplies a major portion of the burst power required during transmission (because its equivalent series resistance is very low), while battery 12 provides substantially all of the backup power and storage. Use power. No pre-charge circuit is used in architecture 10 as it uses a buck-boost converter 16. Therefore, the architecture 10 is relatively complex and expensive.
图2描绘了具有都与监控模块(“SCM”)30通信的UC组24、锂离子电池组26和降压升压转换器28的有源并联连接HESS架构22。同样，使用降压升压转换器导致复杂度和成本增加。图3描绘了被配置为双向DC/DC转换器的另一现有技术的HESS架构32，该架构具有连接到第一降压升压转换器36的电池34、连接在第一降压升压转换器36和第二降压升压转换器40之间的多个UC 38，第二降压升压转换器40的输出连接到驱动电机44的电机驱动器42。图4还描绘了被配置为双向DC/DC转换器的现有技术的HESS架构46，该架构具有连接到第一转换器50的电池48和连接到第二转换器54的多个UC 52。转换器50、54的正极端子和负极端子连接在一起，以形成提供给驱动电机58的电机驱动器56的DC总线。图3和图4的配置也相对复杂且昂贵。FIG. 2 depicts an active parallel-connected HESS architecture 22 with a UC pack 24 , a lithium-ion battery pack 26 , and a buck-boost converter 28 all in communication with a supervisory control module (“SCM”) 30 . Likewise, using a buck-boost converter results in increased complexity and cost. Figure 3 depicts another prior art HESS architecture 32 configured as a bidirectional DC/DC converter with a battery 34 connected to a first buck-boost converter 36, A plurality of UCs 38 are provided between converter 36 and a second buck-boost converter 40 , the output of which is connected to a motor driver 42 that drives a motor 44 . FIG. 4 also depicts a prior art HESS architecture 46 configured as a bidirectional DC/DC converter with a battery 48 connected to a first converter 50 and a plurality of UCs 52 connected to a second converter 54 . The positive and negative terminals of converters 50 , 54 are connected together to form a DC bus provided to motor driver 56 that drives motor 58 . The configurations of Figures 3 and 4 are also relatively complex and expensive.
现在参照图5，示出了根据本公开的用于轻度混合动力系应用的混合能量储存系统(“HESS”)架构。架构100总体上包括电池102、超级电容器(“UC”)104、DC/DC转换器106、低压电池108、起动器110、电池管理系统(“BMS”)112和监控模块(“SCM”)114。由于BMS 112和SCM 114的某些功能可由装置中任一者或二者来执行，因此装置可简称为“控制模块”。架构100还包括与电池102的正极端子联接的主接触器116以及在主接触器116的两端并联连接的预充电电路118。类似地，主接触器120联接到UC 104的正极端子，并且预充电电路122在主接触器120的两端并联连接。预充电电路118包括电阻器124，电阻器124的一侧连接到电池102的正极端子而另一侧连接到预充电开关126的输入端。预充电开关126的输出端连接到主接触器116的输出端，这两个输出端都连接到DC总线的正极端子128。类似地，预充电电路122包括电阻器130，电阻器130的一侧连接到UC 104的正极端子而另一侧连接到预充电开关132的输入端。预充电开关132的输出端连接到主接触器120的输出端，这两个输出端都连接到DC总线的正极端子128。电池102的负极端子和UC 104的负极端子连接到DC总线的负极端子134。如所示出的，DC/DC转换器106连接在正极端子128和负极端子134之间，并被配置为向电池108提供低压(例如，12伏)电力。类似地，起动器110连接在正极端子128和负极端子134之间。正极端子128和负极端子134进而连接到由架构100供电的各种负载。Referring now to FIG. 5 , a hybrid energy storage system ("HESS") architecture for mild hybrid powertrain applications is shown in accordance with the present disclosure. Architecture 100 generally includes battery 102, ultracapacitor ("UC") 104, DC/DC converter 106, low voltage battery 108, starter 110, battery management system ("BMS") 112, and supervisory control module ("SCM") 114 . Since certain functions of BMS 112 and SCM 114 may be performed by either or both devices, the devices may be referred to simply as "control modules." The architecture 100 also includes a main contactor 116 coupled to the positive terminal of the battery 102 and a precharge circuit 118 connected in parallel across the main contactor 116 . Similarly, main contactor 120 is coupled to the positive terminal of UC 104 , and precharge circuit 122 is connected in parallel across main contactor 120 . Precharge circuit 118 includes resistor 124 with one side connected to the positive terminal of battery 102 and the other side connected to the input of precharge switch 126 . The output of the precharge switch 126 is connected to the output of the main contactor 116, both of which are connected to the positive terminal 128 of the DC bus. Similarly, precharge circuit 122 includes resistor 130 with one side connected to the positive terminal of UC 104 and the other side connected to the input of precharge switch 132 . The output of the precharge switch 132 is connected to the output of the main contactor 120, both of which are connected to the positive terminal 128 of the DC bus. The negative terminal of the battery 102 and the negative terminal of the UC 104 are connected to the negative terminal 134 of the DC bus. As shown, DC/DC converter 106 is connected between positive terminal 128 and negative terminal 134 and is configured to provide low voltage (eg, 12 volts) power to battery 108 . Similarly, starter 110 is connected between positive terminal 128 and negative terminal 134 . Positive terminal 128 and negative terminal 134 are in turn connected to various loads powered by architecture 100 .
电压传感器136被描绘为联接到电池102的正极端子。电压传感器136可按配置为测量电池102的电压的各种方式中的任一种来实现。电压传感器136将电池电压测量值提供给BMS 112。BMS 112进而将电池电压测量值提供给SCM 114。类似地，电压传感器138被描绘为联接到UC 104的正极端子。电压传感器138也可按配置为测量UC 104的电压的各种方式中的任一种来实现。电压传感器138将UC电压测量值提供给SCM 114。另一电压传感器140被描绘为联接到DC总线的正极端子128。电压传感器140也可按配置为测量正极端子128处的电压的各种方式中的任一种来实现。电压传感器140将DC总线电压测量值提供给SCM 114。如本文中进一步描述的，SCM 114连接到主接触器116、预充电电路118、主接触器120和预充电电路122，如图5中的虚线所指示的。总体上，SCM 114使用来自电压传感器136、138和140的电压测量值来控制主接触器116、预充电电路118、主接触器120和预充电电路122的操作。Voltage sensor 136 is depicted coupled to the positive terminal of battery 102 . Voltage sensor 136 may be implemented in any of a variety of ways configured to measure the voltage of battery 102 . Voltage sensor 136 provides battery voltage measurements to BMS 112 . The BMS 112 in turn provides the battery voltage measurement to the SCM 114 . Similarly, voltage sensor 138 is depicted coupled to the positive terminal of UC 104 . Voltage sensor 138 may also be implemented in any of a variety of ways configured to measure the voltage of UC 104 . Voltage sensor 138 provides UC voltage measurements to SCM 114 . Another voltage sensor 140 is depicted coupled to the positive terminal 128 of the DC bus. Voltage sensor 140 may also be implemented in any of a variety of ways configured to measure the voltage at positive terminal 128 . Voltage sensor 140 provides DC bus voltage measurements to SCM 114 . As further described herein, SCM 114 is connected to main contactor 116, precharge circuit 118, main contactor 120, and precharge circuit 122, as indicated by the dashed lines in Figure 5. Generally, SCM 114 uses voltage measurements from voltage sensors 136 , 138 , and 140 to control the operation of main contactor 116 , precharge circuit 118 , main contactor 120 , and precharge circuit 122 .
应该理解，一些超级电容器可包括内部电压传感器和通信电路。如果这种超级电容器用作UC 104，则电压传感器138将是不必要的并可被省略。另外，在某些实施方式中，可取消电压传感器140，并可以使用例如DC/DC转换器106或电池108或另一功率转换器/逆变器(图5中未示出)中已存在的电压传感器。此外，超级电容器预充电功能可在SCM 114外部在本地控制器内实现，该本地控制器在监控级别上与SCM 114通信(例如，响应于连接/断开命令并报告状态)。It should be understood that some supercapacitors may include internal voltage sensors and communication circuitry. If such a supercapacitor is used as UC 104, voltage sensor 138 will be unnecessary and can be omitted. Additionally, in some embodiments, the voltage sensor 140 may be eliminated and an existing sensor 140 may be used, such as the DC/DC converter 106 or battery 108 or another power converter/inverter (not shown in FIG. 5 ). voltage sensor. Additionally, the supercapacitor precharge functionality may be implemented external to the SCM 114 within a local controller that communicates with the SCM 114 at a supervisory level (eg, responds to connect/disconnect commands and reports status).
应该理解，在替代实施方式中，UC 104可直接连接到DC总线的正极端子128(即，将省略主接触器120和预充电电路122)。然而，在这样的实施方式中，将必须等待由电池102对UC 104进行预充电，这例如在发动机起动时出现。在起动时UC 104处于0伏或接近0伏的情形下，电池102进行的预充电会花费许多分钟(例如，20至30分钟)。发动机起动时的该延迟与架构100的开发期间考虑的设计考虑不一致。架构100被设计为在数秒而非数分钟内提供DC总线预充电和发动机起动功能。It should be understood that in alternative embodiments, UC 104 may be connected directly to the positive terminal 128 of the DC bus (ie, main contactor 120 and precharge circuit 122 would be omitted). However, in such an implementation, one would have to wait for the UC 104 to be precharged by the battery 102, which may occur at engine start, for example. With the UC 104 at or near 0 volts at startup, precharging the battery 102 can take many minutes (eg, 20 to 30 minutes). This delay in engine start is inconsistent with design considerations considered during the development of architecture 100 . Architecture 100 is designed to provide DC bus pre-charging and engine starting functions in seconds rather than minutes.
在操作中，架构100的SCM 114被配置为独立地控制预充电电路118、122和主接触器116、120以实现所期望的性能。例如，在发动机起动时UC 104处于或接近0伏的情形下(如电压传感器138向SCM 114提供的UC电压测量值所指示的)，SCM 114可以闭合仅预充电开关126(使UC 104与DC总线断开)或闭合预充电开关126和132二者。以这种方式，电池102可快速地对DC总线进行充电，同时推迟UC 104的预充电，UC 104的预充电可能花费了更长的时间段。因此，包括起动器110的连接到DC总线的所有负载可被快速使用(例如，在1或2秒内)。应该理解，如果预充电电路122和主接触器120不存在，则在操作与UC 104并联的任何电容性负载之前，将需要显著的延迟。该延迟将对应于UC 104充电所需的时间。可用电压阈值对SCM 114进行编程，以用于确定何时闭合和打开预充电开关126、132和主接触器116、120。In operation, the SCM 114 of the architecture 100 is configured to independently control the precharge circuits 118, 122 and main contactors 116, 120 to achieve desired performance. For example, with the UC 104 at or near 0 volts at engine start (as indicated by the UC voltage measurement provided by the voltage sensor 138 to the SCM 114 ), the SCM 114 may close the precharge-only switch 126 (bringing the UC 104 to DC bus open) or both precharge switches 126 and 132 closed. In this manner, the battery 102 can quickly charge the DC bus while delaying the pre-charging of the UC 104, which may take a longer period of time. Therefore, all loads connected to the DC bus, including starter 110, can be used quickly (eg, within 1 or 2 seconds). It should be understood that if precharge circuit 122 and main contactor 120 were not present, a significant delay would be required before operating any capacitive load in parallel with UC 104 . This delay will correspond to the time it takes for the UC 104 to charge. The SCM 114 can be programmed with voltage thresholds for determining when to close and open the precharge switches 126, 132 and main contactors 116, 120.
还应该从前面进一步理解的是，当发动机关闭时，UC 104和DC总线可以保持非零电压。DC总线不需要断电(因此不需要这样的电路)，因为轻度混合系统是相对低压系统(例如，48伏)，而没有高压安全问题。为了安全起见，可简单地通过BMS 112或SCAM 114断开主接触器116来断开电池102。当命令发动机起动时，BMS 112或SCM 114可使用传感器138或以其他方式感测UC 104的电压，并且如果感测到的电压高于预定阈值电压(例如，43伏)，BMS112或SCM 114可闭合主接触器116并且DC总线可快速达到所期望的操作电压，因为UC 104在发动机关闭期间将DC总线保持在较高的非零电压。It should also be understood further from the foregoing that when the engine is off, the UC 104 and DC bus can maintain a non-zero voltage. The DC bus does not need to be de-energized (and therefore does not require such a circuit) because mild hybrid systems are relatively low voltage systems (e.g., 48 volts) without high voltage safety concerns. For safety reasons, the battery 102 can be disconnected simply by opening the main contactor 116 through the BMS 112 or SCAM 114 . When commanding the engine to start, BMS 112 or SCM 114 may sense the voltage of UC 104 using sensor 138 or otherwise, and if the sensed voltage is above a predetermined threshold voltage (eg, 43 volts), BMS 112 or SCM 114 may The main contactor 116 is closed and the DC bus can quickly reach the desired operating voltage because the UC 104 maintains the DC bus at a higher non-zero voltage during engine shutdown.
架构100还被配置为应对UC 104随时间推移的电压泄漏。已知的是，如果UC 104与DC总线在延长的时间段内保持连接，则UC 104的电压将由于泄漏而缓慢下降。因此，架构100许可SCM 114通过在发动机关闭时打开开关132和主接触器120来隔离UC 104，由此在进一步延长的时间段内保持UC 104的操作电压。在下一次发动机起动后，SCM 114可在将电池102连接到DC总线之前或在连接电池102的同时，将UC 104连接到DC总线(通过闭合预充电开关132接着闭合主接触器120)。另选地，电池102可首先连接到DC总线，以确保所有预充电电流都被提供给DC总线，从而使得能够快速使用起动器110，而非将预充电电流中的一些用于UC 104的充电。在这种情形下，SCM 114将把UC 104保持在断开配置，以使用电池102提供的高电力来支持发动机起动。然而，应该理解，在冷起动条件下，因为在非常冷的天气中由诸如电池102这样的锂离子电池提供的起动电流可能不足，所以SCM 114可能必须在起动时连接电池102与UC 104二者。在任何情况下，架构100所支持的DC总线预充电过程与替代系统相比是快速的。Architecture 100 is also configured to handle voltage leakage of UC 104 over time. It is known that if the UC 104 remains connected to the DC bus for an extended period of time, the voltage of the UC 104 will slowly drop due to leakage. Thus, the architecture 100 permits the SCM 114 to isolate the UC 104 by opening the switch 132 and main contactor 120 when the engine is off, thereby maintaining the operating voltage of the UC 104 for a further extended period of time. After the next engine start, the SCM 114 may connect the UC 104 to the DC bus before or while connecting the battery 102 to the DC bus (by closing the precharge switch 132 followed by closing the main contactor 120 ). Alternatively, the battery 102 may be connected to the DC bus first to ensure that all precharge current is provided to the DC bus, thereby enabling quick use of the starter 110 rather than using some of the precharge current for charging the UC 104 . In this situation, the SCM 114 will maintain the UC 104 in a disconnected configuration to use the high power provided by the battery 102 to support engine starting. However, it should be understood that under cold cranking conditions, the SCM 114 may have to connect both the battery 102 and the UC 104 at cranking because the cranking current provided by a lithium-ion battery such as the battery 102 may be insufficient in very cold weather. . In any case, the DC bus pre-charging process supported by architecture 100 is fast compared to alternative systems.
图6提供了在许多属性或功能要求方面对各种不同架构进行比较的表。第一列列出了属性或功能要求。第二列示出了如图5中描绘的本公开的架构100的评级。其余的列示出了各种其他现有技术架构的评级。如所示出的，与诸如图1至图4中描绘的有源HESS架构这样的较高成本的有源HESS架构相比，架构100的成本属于中等。唯电池能量储存系统表现为是低成本的，但这样的系统不适于商用车辆的轻度混合动力系应用。与其他架构(除了唯电池系统)相比，架构100在组装复杂度和控制复杂度方面的评级低。架构还提供了隔离UC104的能力以减少泄漏并不再需要对UC 104进行预充电，如本文中所述。其他架构提供了如所示出的该特征，但要么成本更高，要么复杂度更高，或二者兼有。架构100还提供了非常快速的DC总线预充电以及发动机起动的高可靠性，这部分是因为隔离UC104的能力。Figure 6 provides a table comparing various architectures in terms of a number of attributes or functional requirements. The first column lists the attribute or functional requirements. The second column shows the ratings for the architecture 100 of the present disclosure as depicted in Figure 5. The remaining columns show ratings for various other existing technology architectures. As shown, the cost of architecture 100 is moderate compared to higher cost active HESS architectures such as the active HESS architecture depicted in Figures 1-4. Battery-only energy storage systems appear to be low-cost, but such systems are not suitable for mild hybrid applications in commercial vehicles. Compared to other architectures (except battery-only systems), Architecture 100 is rated low in assembly complexity and control complexity. The architecture also provides the ability to isolate the UC104 to reduce leakage and eliminate the need to precharge the UC104 as described in this article. Other architectures offer this feature as shown, but at either greater cost, greater complexity, or both. Architecture 100 also provides very fast DC bus pre-charging and high reliability of engine starting, due in part to the ability to isolate the UC104.
从前述应该清楚的是，根据本公开的架构100被设计为部分地因不再需要专用DC总线放电电路来提供低组件数，这造成成本低且可靠性高。代替专用放电电路(例如，电阻器)，本公开的实施方式利用了已是整个轻度混合系统的一部分的功率逆变器和DC/DC转换器所支持的有源放电机制。It should be clear from the foregoing that the architecture 100 in accordance with the present disclosure is designed to provide low component count, in part by eliminating the need for dedicated DC bus discharge circuitry, resulting in low cost and high reliability. Instead of dedicated discharge circuits (eg, resistors), embodiments of the present disclosure take advantage of active discharge mechanisms supported by power inverters and DC/DC converters that are already part of the overall mild hybrid system.
虽然本发明已被描述为具有示例性设计，但可在本公开的精神和范围内进一步修改本发明。本申请因此旨在涵盖使用其大体原理的本发明的任何变形形式、使用形式或改变形式。另外，本申请旨在涵盖相对于本发明所属领域和落入随附权利要求书的限制内的已知实践或惯例内的本公开的这些偏离。While the invention has been described as having an exemplary design, the invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Furthermore, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known practice or usage within the art to which this invention belongs and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.
此外，本文中包含的各种图中示出的连接线旨在表示各种元件之间的示例性功能关系和/或物理联接。应该注意，在实际系统中可存在许多替代或附加的功能关系或物理连接。然而，益处、优点、问题的解决方案以及会造成发生任何益处、优点或解决方案或变得更加显著的任何要素将不被解释为是关键、需要或必要的特征或元件。因此，范围仅受所附权利要求的限制，其中对单数形式的元件的引用并非旨在表示“一个且仅一个”，除非明确地如此陈述，而是“一个或多个”。Furthermore, the connecting lines illustrated in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may exist in an actual system. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems and any element that would cause any benefit, advantage or solution to occur or become more significant shall not be construed as being a critical, required or necessary feature or element. Accordingly, the scope is limited only by the appended claims, where references to elements in the singular are not intended to mean "one and only one" unless expressly so stated, but rather "one or more."
此外，在权利要求书中使用类似于“A、B或C中的至少一个”的短语的情况下，意图是将该短语解释为意指在实施方式中可存在单单A，在实施方式中可存在单单B，在实施方式中可存在单单C，或者在单个实施方式中可存在元件A、B或C的任何组合；例如，A和B、A和C、B和C或A和B和C。Furthermore, where a phrase similar to "at least one of A, B, or C" is used in a claim, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that in embodiments A alone may be present, in which embodiments B alone may be present, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or any combination of elements A, B, or C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. .
本文中提供了系统、方法和设备。在本文中的具体实施方式中，对“一个实施方式”、“实施方式”、“示例实施方式”等的引用指示所描述的实施方式可包括特定特征、结构或特性，但是每个实施方式可不一定包括特定的特征、结构或特性。此外，这些短语不一定是指同一实施方式。另外，当结合实施方式描述特定特征、结构或特性时，提出在本领域技术人员的常识内实现与其他实施方式(无论是否明确描述)结合的有本公开益处的这种特征、结构或特性。在阅读说明书之后，相关领域的技术人员将明白如何在替代实施方式中实现本公开。Systems, methods, and devices are provided herein. In the Detailed Description herein, references to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "example embodiment," etc., indicate that the described embodiment may include particular features, structures, or characteristics, but that each embodiment may not Must include specific features, structures or properties. Furthermore, these phrases are not necessarily referring to the same implementation. Additionally, when a particular feature, structure or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is suggested that it is within the common knowledge of one skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure or characteristic to the benefit of the present disclosure in combination with other embodiments (whether explicitly described or not). After reading the specification, those skilled in the relevant art will understand how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments.
此外，不管本公开中的元件、组件或方法步骤是否在权利要求书中明确地叙述，元件、组件或方法步骤都不旨在贡献于公众。本文中的任何权利要求要素都不应根据35U.S.C.§112(f)的规定来解释，除非使用短语“用于...的装置”来明确叙述该要素。如本文中使用的，术语“包括”、“包含”或其任何其他变形形式旨在涵盖非排他性包含物，使得包括一系列要素的处理、方法、制品或设备并不仅仅包括这些元件，而是可包括未明确列出或此处理、方法、制品或设备固有的其他要素。Furthermore, no element, component or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public, regardless of whether it is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein shall be construed under 35 U.S.C. §112(f) unless that element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for." As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprises," or any other variation thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements, but May include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to the process, method, article or apparatus.
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