CN113067159B - High-efficiency infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna and implementation method thereof - Google Patents
High-efficiency infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna and implementation method thereofDownload PDFInfo
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Abstract
Translated fromChinese
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of microwave frequency band surface wave antennas, in particular to a high-efficiency infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna and an implementation method thereof.
Background
A surface wave is an electromagnetic wave that has a transmission constant greater than the free-space wave vector attached to the surface of a structure. Due to the specific sub-wavelength local attachment and local field enhancement characteristics, the super-resolution imaging material has a huge application prospect in the fields of super-resolution imaging, novel photonic integrated circuits, perfect wave-absorbing materials, on-chip terahertz wave sources, biosensing and the like. Due to the huge mismatch of wave vectors between the surface waves and the spatial traveling waves, it is a huge challenge to achieve efficient and flexible coupling of the spatial traveling waves to the surface waves. To overcome this difficulty, many conventional antennas that can compensate for wave-vector adaptation, such as metal gratings, are introduced to achieve perfect coupling of the traveling wave to the surface wave. However, these conventional antennas suffer from the disadvantages of being bulky and inefficient.
Based on these problems, in 2012, a concept of a novel reflection-type super-surface antenna that can be used as a bridge connecting a space traveling wave and a surface wave was proposed. Different from the traditional method, the super-surface antenna can directly superpose the specified wave vector on the incident spatial traveling wave to realize the wave vector matching with the surface wave by accurately adjusting the phase gradient. Further structural optimization based on the transmission type super-surface antenna shows that the coupling efficiency of the spatial traveling wave to the surface wave can reach 73%. Besides higher efficiency, the traveling wave-surface wave coupling based on the super-surface antenna has the advantages of high flexibility and ultra-thinness compared with the traditional coupling means. However, limited by the inherent one-dimensional nature, almost all traveling wave-surface wave antennas, including both conventional antennas and super-surface antennas, have only one fixed spatial channel (efficient coupling can only be achieved at a certain spatial angle of incidence). This property severely limits its prospects in practical applications. In order to break through the limitation and realize the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave coupling, scientific researchers propose and experimentally verify a super-surface antenna which realizes the double-channel surface wave coupling by changing the orthogonal linear polarization direction of the incident traveling wave. Thereafter, a two-channel surface wave antenna for orthogonal circularly polarized incident waves was also designed and experimentally verified using a geometric phase super-surface. More recently, a hypersurface that implements a two-phase gradient of the two-channel surface wave coupling for a certain single polarization state incident traveling wave has also been proposed and validated. The method introduced above provides a new idea for designing and realizing the dual-channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna. However, the number of channels that these methods bring to increase is extremely limited (theoretically not more than 4) and the channels are discrete. This means that the traveling wave-surface wave coupling efficiency of a designed antenna is greatly reduced when the incident traveling wave is slightly offset from the specified angle of incidence.
Disclosure of Invention
The traveling wave-surface wave antenna has the advantages of high coupling efficiency, large number of channels and continuity, and has wide and profound significance for the development and application of novel photonic integrated circuits, biosensing and sub-wavelength resolution imaging.
The invention aims to provide an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna.
The invention provides an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna, comprising: the device comprises a scattering array, an artificial surface plasmon SSP hyperbolic super-surface and a supporting structure; the scattering array comprises a plurality of metal cylinders which are periodically arranged in a one-dimensional mode, the shape and the size of each metal cylinder are the same, the one-dimensional periodic arrangement direction is perpendicular to the central axes of the metal cylinders, the central axes of all the metal cylinders are located in the same plane, the radius of each metal cylinder is R, the length of each metal cylinder is L, and the distance between every two adjacent metal cylinders is d; the SSP hyperbolic super-surface comprises M multiplied by N hyperbolic super-surface units which are periodically distributed in a two-dimensional manner, the periods of the two dimensions are p, each hyperbolic super-surface unit is completely the same and is composed of a dispersion structure at the top and a support base at the bottom, the dispersion structure comprises an upper cuboid and a lower cuboid, the widths of the upper cuboid and the lower cuboid are the same and are bxAnd aligned in the width direction, the upper and lower cuboids having a height h1And h2The length of the upper cuboid and the length of the lower cuboid are respectively byP, the supporting base is a square column, the cross section of the square column is a square with the side length of p, the height of the square column is t, the size of t only influences the supporting strength and does not influence the work of the antenna, the lower cuboid is aligned with the base along the length direction, and the centers of the upper cuboid, the lower cuboid and the supporting base are positioned on the same straight line; the plane of the scattering array is parallel to the plane of the periodic two-dimensional distribution direction of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface(ii) a The distance between the plane where the bottom end of the scattering array is located and the plane where the top end of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface is located enables the +/-1 order spatial harmonic to be coupled to the SSP hyperbolic super-surface with maximum efficiency;
incident wave is TE polarized traveling wave, TE polarization is that the polarization direction of an electric field is the same as the periodic arrangement direction of the metal cylinders in the scattering array, the plane of the wave vector of the traveling wave is perpendicular to the plane of the scattering array and parallel to the central axis of the metal cylinders, the traveling wave is incident on the scattering array at any angle delta, and the tangential wave vector is ki，ki＝k0sinδexThe tangential wave vector is the component of the incident traveling wave vector on the plane of the scattering array, where exIs a unit vector, k, in the x-direction of the wave vector space0Is the wave vector of the incident traveling wave; when the incident traveling wave impinges on the scattering array, an additional FloQueby wavevector k according to the FloQueby theoremFWill be introduced into the transmitted wave through the scattering array, which is an evanescent wave consisting of an infinite number of spatial harmonics of a specific order and amplitude, an additional FlowuwIve wave vector kF2n pi/d, wherein n is the order number of spatial harmonics and is an arbitrary integer; the radius of the metal cylinder of the scattering array is adjusted to maximize the transmission intensity of the +/-1 order spatial harmonic in the transmitted wave, so that the transmitted wave of the scattering array only contains the tangential wave vector kt＝k0sinδex±2π/deyEvanescent wave of (k)tIs the tangential wave vector of the evanescent wave, where eyIs a unit vector in the y direction of the wave vector space; constant frequency dispersion curve k of hyperbolic super-surface when SSPeSatisfies the double parallel line form k at the working frequencye＝±2π/deyAccording to the wave vector matching principle, evanescent waves transmitted from the scattering array can efficiently excite artificial surface plasmons on the SSP hyperbolic super surface; the artificial surface plasmon is a surface wave and can be directionally transmitted along the SSP hyperbolic super-surface, and the transmission direction is vertical to the central axis of the metal cylinder; therefore, the incident traveling wave excited surface wave is directionally transmitted along the surface, and the multi-channel and continuous traveling wave-surface wave antenna with any angle is realized.
The distance H between the plane where the bottom end of the scattering array is located and the plane where the top end of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface is located meets the range from 0.16 lambda to 0.2 lambda, wherein lambda is the working wavelength of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna.
The more the number of the metal cylinders is, the longer the length is, the better the scattering effect is, and the minimum number of the metal cylinders is 7; the cycle number of the length of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface in two dimensions is M and N respectively, the larger M and N are, the better the coupling effect is, and the minimum dimension is M multiplied by N which is 20 multiplied by 20.
The working frequency band of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna comprises a microwave band and a terahertz band.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method for implementing an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna.
The invention relates to a method for realizing an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna, which comprises the following steps:
1) determining hyperbolic hyper-surface parameters of SSP;
a) since SSP hyperbolic super-surface supports transmission of surface wave, its constant frequency dispersion curve keIs expressed as ke＝±mk0eyWherein wave vector coefficient m>1, firstly, determining a numerical value of m, considering that the coupling effect of the surface wave and the space traveling wave and the wave vector difference between the surface wave and the space traveling wave are in a negative correlation relationship, the smaller m is better in practical application, and the value range of the m is generally 1.05-1.5;
b) further, in order to determine the dispersion structure parameters of the hyperbolic super-surface unit, the intrinsic phase difference of the unit in the y direction is determined
The size distribution is between 0 and pi, and no theoretical selection limit exists, but the actual value range is between 0.2 pi and 0.6 pi in consideration of the actual engineering realization, and the intrinsic phase difference is determined
Then, the structural period of the hyperbolic super-surface unit is further determined
Will be provided with
And p is brought into finite element calculation, and finally parameters of the dispersion structure of the hyperbolic super-surface unit are determined; the parameters of the structure comprise the width b of the upper cuboid and the lower cuboidxLength b of upper and lower cuboidsyP and the height h of the upper and lower cuboids1And h2(ii) a At the moment, the unit sizes meeting the given dispersion relation are many, and a group of unit size parameters meeting the given dispersion relation are selected from the unit sizes;
2) scattering array parameter determination:
when the incident traveling wave impinges on the scattering array, an additional FloQueby wavevector k according to the FloQueby theoremFIs introduced into the transmitted wave through the scattering array, producing a plurality of spatial harmonics of a particular order and amplitude, with an additional FloQuebve wavevector of kF，kF2n pi/d, the tangential wave vector of the spatial harmonics is k0sinδ±2πn/d；
a) Determining the radius R of the metal cylinder:
calculating the power proportion of n + -1 order component in scattered waves of metal cylinders with different radii R under the irradiation of normal incidence plane waves by using a finite element method to be | a±1|2/Σ|an|2N is the order number of order spatial harmonics, anIs the amplitude of the n-th order spatial harmonics, a±1The amplitude of the spatial harmonics of order ± 1; in addition, the total power transmittance (| t |) of the metal cylinder is further calculated by a finite element method2) The power proportion | a of the +/-1 order spatial harmonic component is changed along with the change of the radius R of the metal cylinder±1|2/Σ|an|2(ii) Power transmittance | t! of the Metal Cylinder2Multiplying to obtain the total transmission efficiency eta of the +/-1 order spatial harmonic component, so that the transmission efficiency eta is maximum, and determining the final optimized radius R according to the maximum result of the calculated transmission efficiency eta;
b) determining the distance d between adjacent metal cylinders:
consider thatThe relation k exists between the constant frequency dispersion curve and the distance d between the adjacent metal columnse＝±mk0eyAnd ke＝±2π/deyFurther obtaining the distance d between the adjacent metal cylinders as 2 pi/mk0So as to obtain the distance d between the adjacent metal cylinders;
3) determining the distance H between the plane of the bottom end of the scattering array and the plane of the top end of the SSP hyperbolic hyper-surface: calculating the relation between the coupling efficiency and the distance through finite elements, and taking the distance when the coupling efficiency is maximum as the distance H between the plane where the bottom end of the scattering array is located and the plane where the top end of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface is located;
4) incident wave is TE polarized traveling wave, TE polarization is that the polarization direction of an electric field is the same as the periodic arrangement direction of the metal cylinders in the scattering array, the plane of the wave vector of the traveling wave is perpendicular to the plane of the scattering array and parallel to the central axis of the metal cylinders, the traveling wave is incident on the scattering array at any angle delta, and the tangential wave vector is ki，ki＝k0sinδexThe tangential wave vector is the component of the incident traveling wave vector on the plane of the scattering array, where ex is the unit vector of the wave vector space in the x direction, and k is0Is the wave vector of the incident traveling wave;
5) when the incident traveling wave impinges on the scattering array, an additional FloQueby wavevector k according to the FloQueby theoremFWill be introduced into the transmitted wave through the scattering array, which is an evanescent wave consisting of an infinite number of spatial harmonics of a specific order and amplitude, an additional FlowuwIve wave vector kF2n pi/d, wherein n is the order number of spatial harmonics and is an arbitrary integer; the radius of the metal cylinder of the scattering array is adjusted to maximize the transmission intensity of the +/-1 order spatial harmonic in the transmitted wave, so that the transmitted wave of the scattering array only contains the tangential wave vector kt＝k0sinδex±2π/deyIn an evanescent wave ofyIs a unit vector in the y direction of the wave vector space;
6) constant frequency dispersion curve k of hyperbolic super-surface when SSPeSatisfies the double parallel line form k at the working frequencye＝±2π/deyAccording to the wave vector matching principle, evanescent waves transmitted from the scattering array can efficiently excite artificial surface plasmons on the SSP hyperbolic super surface; the artificial surface plasmon is a surface wave and can be directionally transmitted along the SSP hyperbolic super-surface, and the transmission direction is vertical to the central axis of the metal cylinder; therefore, the incident traveling wave excited surface wave is directionally transmitted along the surface, and the multi-channel and continuous traveling wave-surface wave antenna with any angle is realized.
The invention has the advantages that:
the invention adopts a scattering array and an artificial surface plasmon polariton SSP hyperbolic super surface; TE polarized traveling waves are incident on the scattering array at any angle delta, additional Florokui wave vectors are introduced into transmitted waves, when an equal-frequency dispersion curve of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface meets a wave vector matching condition, evanescent waves transmitted from the scattering array can efficiently excite artificial surface plasmons on the SSP hyperbolic super-surface and are directionally transmitted along the SSP hyperbolic super-surface, and therefore traveling wave-surface wave coupling of an infinite channel can be achieved, and meanwhile high efficiency is achieved; when the incident angle is less than 44 degrees, the total coupling efficiency of the TE polarization incident traveling wave exceeds 50 percent, and in addition, when the incident angle is 0 degree, the maximum coupling efficiency can reach 91.9 percent; the invention is not limited to microwave wave band, and can obtain traveling wave-surface wave antenna with infinite channel in terahertz wave band.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of one embodiment of an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a parameter diagram of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna of the present invention, wherein (a) is a constituent unit diagram and a structural parameter of an SSP hyperbolic super-surface, and (b) is a part of a metal cylinder array and a corresponding structural parameter;
FIG. 3 is a plot of the resulting isochromatic dispersion and transmission of one embodiment of an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna in accordance with the present invention, wherein (a) is the plot of the isochromatic dispersion of a SSP hyperbolic super-surface; (b) the total transmittance of scattered waves of a metal cylinder, the power proportion of +/-1 order spatial harmonic and the total transmittance of +/-1 order spatial harmonic under the irradiation of plane waves;
fig. 4 is a graph of electric fields at different angles obtained by an embodiment of an infinitesimal-channel traveling-wave antenna according to the present invention, where (a) and (b) show the distribution of the electric field at 4mm directly above the SSP hyperbolic super-surface under illumination by 0 ° and 30 ° incident traveling waves, respectively;
fig. 5 is a graph of efficiency and reflection coefficient obtained for an embodiment of an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna in accordance with the present invention, wherein (a) the total efficiency measured experimentally for the antenna is related to the angle of incidence, and (b) the antenna pattern is the pattern for a 30 ° traveling wave illumination and the pattern for a perfect electrical conductor.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further elucidated by means of specific embodiments in the following with reference to the drawing.
As shown in fig. 1, the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna of the present embodiment includes: the device comprises ascattering array 1, an artificial surface plasmon SSP hyperbolic super-surface 2 and asupport structure 3; thescattering array 1 comprises a plurality of metal cylinders which are periodically arranged in a one-dimensional mode, the shape and the size of each metal cylinder are the same, the one-dimensional periodic arrangement direction is perpendicular to the central axes of the metal cylinders, the central axes of all the metal cylinders are located in the same plane, the radius of each metal cylinder is R, the length of each metal cylinder is L, and the distance between every two adjacent metal cylinders is d; SSP hyperbolic super surface 2 includes M N hyperbolic super surface unit of periodic two-dimensional distribution, and the period in two dimensions is p, and every hyperbolic super surface unit is the same completely, comprises the dispersion structure at top and the support base of bottom, and the dispersion structure includes upper rectangular body and lower cuboid, and the width of upper rectangular body and lower cuboid is the same, is bxAnd aligned in the width direction, the upper and lower cuboids having a height h1And h2The length of the upper cuboid and the length of the lower cuboid are respectively byAnd p, the supporting base is a square column, the cross section of the square column is a square with the side length of p, the height of the square column is t, the size of the t only influences the supporting strength and does not influence the work of the antenna, the lower cuboid is aligned with the base along the length direction, and the centers of the upper cuboid, the lower cuboid and the supporting base are positionedOn a straight line; the plane where the scattering array is located is parallel to the plane where the periodic two-dimensional distribution direction of the SSP hyperbolic super surface is located, and the centers of the scattering array and the artificial surface plasmon SSP hyperbolic super surface are completely aligned in the z direction; the distance between the plane where the bottom end of the scattering array is located and the plane where the top end of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface is located enables the +/-1 order spatial harmonic to be coupled to the SSP hyperbolic super-surface with maximum efficiency; the supportingstructure 3 is responsible for connecting and supporting the scattering array and the artificial surface plasmon polariton SSP hyperbolic super surface, in the embodiment, two flat plates are respectively connected with thescattering array 1 and the artificial surface plasmon polariton SSP hyperbolic super surface 2 in a welding mode, and the length, width, height and size of each flat plate are 210mm × 42mm × 2 mm.
In this embodiment, the relationship between the size of the upper cuboid, the size of the lower cuboid, the size of the support base and the central operating wavelength satisfies: the side length p of the supporting base is 0.16 lambda, and the width b of the upper cuboid and the lower cuboidx0.053 λ, length b of upper rectangular bodyy0.106 λ, height h of upper rectangular body10.157 λ, height h of lower rectangular parallelepiped2The thickness t of the supporting base is 0.1 lambda, and the final working effect is not influenced when the sizes float up and down within 5% at a given value; in the scattering array, the radius of the metal cylinders is 0.26 lambda, the length of the metal cylinders is 6.7 lambda, and the distance between the adjacent metal cylinders is 0.8 lambda; the length, width and height of the supporting structure are 210mm multiplied by 42mm multiplied by 2 mm; the materials are all aluminum alloy 6061; the number of the metal cylinders is 7; the length of the SSP hyperbolic hyper-surface has a minimum dimension of M × N ═ 20 × 20 in two dimensions. The operating band of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna of the present embodiment is a microwave band.
The implementation method of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1) SSP hyperbolic hyper-surface parameter;
a) since SSP hyperbolic super-surface supports transmission of surface wave, its constant frequency dispersion curve keIs expressed as ke＝±mk0eyWherein wave vector coefficient m>1, first, the value of m is determined, taking into account the coupling effect of the surface wave and the spatial traveling wave and the wave vector difference between themThe relationship of negative correlation is present, in practical application, the smaller m is, the better is, and m in the embodiment is 1.25;
b) further, in order to determine the dispersion structure parameters of the hyperbolic super-surface unit, the intrinsic phase difference of the unit in the y direction is determined
The size distribution is between 0 and pi, and there is no theoretical selection limit, but considering the practical engineering realization, the practical value range is between 0.2 pi and 0.6 pi, in this embodiment,
determining intrinsic phase difference
Then, the structural period of the hyperbolic super-surface unit is further determined
Will be provided with
And p is brought into finite element calculation, and finally parameters of the dispersion structure of the hyperbolic super-surface unit are determined; the parameters of the structure comprise the width b of the upper cuboid and the lower cuboidxLength b of upper and lower cuboidsyP and the height h of the upper and lower cuboids1And h2(ii) a There are many unit sizes satisfying a given dispersion relation, and in this embodiment, the side length p of the supporting base is 0.16 λ and 6mm, and the widths b of the upper and lower rectangular solids are selectedx0.053 λ 2mm, length b of upper rectangular bodyy0.106 λ 4mm, height h of upper rectangular body10.157 λ 5.9mm, height h of lower rectangular parallelepiped2The thickness t of the supporting base is 0.1 lambda and 3.75mm, and the sizes can not be influenced by the final working effect when the sizes are within 5 percent of the upper and lower parts at the given value; in order to verify the dispersion characteristics, the isochromatic dispersion line of the structure was calculated, as shown in fig. 3 (a). It can be seen from the figure that when the operating frequency is 8GHz, the operating frequency is equal to the frequencyThe dispersion line is approximately a straight line, and the corresponding wave vectors satisfy the relation kyp is 0.4 pi, and the characteristics are basically consistent with the theoretical requirements;
2) designing a scattering array:
when the incident traveling wave impinges on the scattering array, an additional FloQueby wavevector k according to the FloQueby theoremFIs introduced into the transmitted wave through the scattering array, producing spatial harmonics of a number of specific orders and amplitudes, with an additional FloQuebve wavevector of kF，kF2n pi/d, the tangential wave vector of the spatial harmonics is k0sinδ±2πn/d；
a) Determining the radius R of the metal cylinder:
calculating the power proportion of n + -1 order component in scattered waves of metal cylinders with different radii R under the irradiation of normal incidence plane waves by using a finite element method to be | a±1|2/Σ|an|2N is the order number of order spatial harmonics, anIs the amplitude of the n-th order spatial harmonics, a±1The amplitude of the spatial harmonics of order ± 1; in addition, the total power transmittance (| t |) of the metal cylinder is further calculated by a finite element method2) Changing the radius R of the metal cylinder to make n ═ 1 order space harmonic component power ratio | a±1|2/Σ|an|2(ii) Power transmittance | t! of the Metal Cylinder2Multiplying to obtain the total transmission efficiency eta of the n-1 order spatial harmonic component, so that the transmission efficiency eta is maximum, and determining the final optimized radius R-0.26 lambda and the length L-6.7 lambda according to the maximum result of the calculated transmission efficiency eta;
b) determining the distance d between adjacent metal cylinders:
considering the relation k between the constant frequency dispersion curve and the distance d between adjacent metal columnse＝±mk0eyAnd ke＝±2π/deyFurther obtaining the distance d between the adjacent metal cylinders as 2 pi/mk0So as to obtain the distance d between the adjacent metal cylinders being 0.8 lambda;
3) determining the distance H between the plane of the bottom end of the scattering array and the plane of the top end of the SSP hyperbolic hyper-surface: the higher-order spatial harmonic component attenuates faster along with the distance, however, the smaller distance can generate a better coupling effect, the relation between the coupling efficiency and the distance is calculated through finite elements, the distance when the coupling efficiency is maximum is taken as the distance H between the plane where the bottom end of the scattering array is located and the plane where the top end of the SSP hyperbolic super-surface is located, and H is 0.18 lambda 6.75 mm; the coupling efficiency is the ratio of the power of the excited surface wave to the incident traveling wave;
4) incident wave is TE polarized traveling wave, TE polarization is that the polarization direction of an electric field is the same as the periodic arrangement direction of the metal cylinders in the scattering array, the plane of the wave vector of the traveling wave is perpendicular to the plane of the scattering array and parallel to the central axis of the metal cylinders, the traveling wave is incident on the scattering array at any angle delta, and the tangential wave vector is ki，ki＝k0sinδexThe tangential wave vector is the component of the incident traveling wave vector on the plane of the scattering array, where exIs a unit vector, k, in the x-direction of the wave vector space0Is the incident traveling wave vector;
5) when the incident traveling wave impinges on the scattering array, an additional FloQueby wavevector k according to the FloQueby theoremFWill be introduced into the transmitted wave through the scattering array, which is an evanescent wave, producing spatial harmonics of a number of specific orders and amplitudes, with an additional flerokuve wave vector kF，kF2n pi/d, wherein n is the order number of spatial harmonics and is an arbitrary integer; the transmitted wave of the scattering array has a tangential wave vector kt＝k0sinδex±2π/deyIn an evanescent wave ofyIs a unit vector in the y direction of the wave vector space;
6) constant frequency dispersion curve k of hyperbolic super-surface when SSPeSatisfying k at the operating frequency of an infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antennae＝±2π/deyAccording to the wave vector matching principle, evanescent waves transmitted from the scattering array can efficiently excite artificial surface plasmons on the SSP hyperbolic super surface; the artificial surface plasmon is a surface wave and can be directionally transmitted along the inside of the hyperbolic super surface, and the transmission direction is vertical to the central axis of the metal cylinder; whereby the surface is excited by the incident travelling waveThe wave is directionally transmitted along the surface, and a multi-channel and continuous traveling wave-surface wave antenna with any angle is realized.
And finally, verifying the complete function of the designed infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave antenna. In order to demonstrate the practical effect of coupling waves incident at different angles, the field distribution of the antenna under the irradiation of a Gaussian beam with the beam waist width w of 2.1 lambda is calculated numerically. Fig. 4(a) and (b) show the z-direction electric field E4 mm directly above the artificial surface plasmon hyperbolic super-surface at the incident anglesδ 0 ° and δ 30 °zWherein the dotted line represents the boundary of the array of metal cylinders. The guided wave wavelength (30mm) in both figures, which is identical to theory, effectively verifies the function of the antenna. Next, we will experimentally verify the actual effect of the antenna. In the experiment, we illuminated the metal cylinder array of the antenna with one feedhorn and the other receiving feedhorn measured its specular reflection. Both loudspeakers are connected with a vector network analyzer. In addition, a sufficient amount of wave absorbing material is placed around the traveling wave-surface wave antenna. Since the energy of the surface wave cannot be directly measured, we use the formulA η ═ 1-R- A to obtain the actual coupling efficiency of the antennA, where η, R and A represent the total coupling efficiency, reflection loss and absorption loss, respectively. The absorption loss cannot be obtained directly from the experiment. Simulation calculations show that the size is approximately 1%. To obtain the reflection loss R, we designed another set of comparative experiments that replaced the antenna with only a perfect electrical conductor. In this case, the reflection loss can be approximated by the difference between the reflection coefficient measured in the presence of the antenna and the reflection coefficient measured in the presence of a perfect electrical conductor. The electric field patterns for both cases at 30 ° incidence are shown in fig. 5 (b). The exact reflection coefficient can be obtained from the integration of the electric field pattern. But as can be seen from the contrast pattern, the reflection pattern in both cases has a stable 10dB amplitude difference over a wide range of angles. This means that the calculation of the reflection loss can be simplified to be approximated by the difference between the pattern peaks only. With this simplification, the relationship between the total coupling efficiency and the incident angle is calculated as shown in fig. 5 (a). According to the experimental result, the half-power lobe of the antennaThe width can reach 88 degrees, and the result verifies the characteristics of the infinite channel traveling wave-surface wave coupling of the antenna and the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Finally, it is noted that the disclosed embodiments are intended to aid in further understanding of the invention, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that: various substitutions and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and the appended claims. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed, but the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
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